Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Archaic humans

2012-05-16T04:06:58Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:انسان خردمند باستانی

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Archaic ''Homo sapiens''}}
{{redirect|Dawn men|the stone circle|Dawn's Men}}
[[File:Broken Hill Skull (Replica01).jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'' "Broken Hill Cranium": dated to either 130,000 years ago (using amino acid racemization determination) or 800,000 to 600,000 years ago (within the same time as ''Homo erectus''), depending on which dating method is used.]]

'''Archaic ''Homo sapiens''''' is a loosely defined term used to describe a number of varieties of ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'', as opposed to [[anatomically modern humans]] (''Homo sapiens sapiens''), in the period beginning 500,000 years ago.
The term is typically taken to include ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'', ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' and sometimes ''[[Homo antecessor]]''.<ref name="dawkins"/>

Modern humans are believed to have evolved from archaic ''Homo sapiens'', who in turn evolved from ''[[Homo erectus]]''.
Varieties of archaic ''Homo sapiens'' (also "Archaics" for short{{Dubious|date=March 2010}}) are included under the binomial name "''Homo sapiens''" because their brain size is very similar to that of modern humans. Archaic ''Homo sapiens'' had a brain size averaging 1200 to 1400 cubic centimeters, which overlaps with the range of modern humans. Archaics are distinguished from [[anatomically modern humans]] by having a thick skull, prominent [[brow ridge]]s and the lack of a prominent [[chin]].<ref name="dawkins">{{cite book|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=rR9XPnaqvCMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA62,M1|chapter=Archaic homo sapiens|last=Dawkins|authorlink=Richard Dawkins|title=The Ancestor's Tale|year=2005|isbn=0-618-61916-X|publisher=Mariner|location=Boston}}</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=c4BZ7vu0WRsC&pg=RA1-PA783&lpg=RA1-PA783&dq=punctuated+equilibrium+archaic+homo+sapiens&source=bl&ots=bTy2NIi8Bm&sig=QeRgYZ1HskygoiRcKv62-HRUo0A&hl=en&ei=2KULSofuFZy6tAOf_ZD4Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3#PRA1-PA783,M1 Companion encyclopedia of archaeology]</ref>

Anatomically modern humans appear from about 200,000 years ago and after 70,000 years ago (see [[Toba catastrophe theory]]) gradually marginalize the "archaic" varieties. Non-modern varieties of ''Homo'' are certain to have survived until after 30,000 years ago, and perhaps until as recent as 10,000 years ago. Which of these, if any, are included under the term "archaic ''Homo sapiens''" is a matter of definition and varies among authors. Nonetheless, and according to recent [[genetics|genetic studies]], [[modern humans]] seem to have bred with "at least two groups" of [[ancient humans]]: [[Neanderthals]] and [[Denisovans]].<ref name="NYT-01302012">{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alanna |title=DNA Turning Human Story Into a Tell-All |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/science/gains-in-dna-are-speeding-research-into-human-origins.html |date=January 30, 2012 |publisher=[[NYTimes]] |accessdate=January 31, 2012 }}</ref>
New evidence suggests another group may also have been extant as recently as 11,500 years ago, the ''[[Red Deer Cave people]]'' of China.<ref name="bbc20120314">{{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17370170 |title=Human fossils hint at new species |date=March 14, 2012 |publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=March 14, 2012 }}</ref>

==Terminology and definition==
[[File:Sapiens neanderthal comparison.jpg|thumb|right|460px|Anatomical comparison of the skulls of anatomically modern humans "wise men" (left) and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' (right)]]

The category archaic ''Homo sapiens'' is disputed<ref name="dawkins"/> and lacks a single, agreed upon definition. According to one definition, ''Homo sapiens'' is a single species comprising several subspecies that include the archaics and modern humans. Under this definition, modern humans are referred to as ''Homo sapiens sapiens'' and Archaics are also designated with the prefix "''Homo'' ''sapiens''". For example, the Neanderthals are '''''Homo sapiens neanderthalensis''''', and ''Homo heidelbergensis'' is '''''Homo sapiens heidelbergensis'''''. Other taxonomists prefer not to consider archaics and modern humans as a single species but as several different species. In this case the standard taxonomy is used, ie ''Homo rhodesiensis'', or ''Homo neanderthalensis''.<ref name="dawkins"/>

The dividing lines that separate modern humans from archaic ''Homo sapiens'' and archaics from ''Homo erectus'' are blurry. The earliest known fossils of anatomically modern humans such as the [[Omo remains]] from 195,000 years ago, ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' from 160,000 years ago, and [[Qafzeh]] remains from 90,000 years ago are recognizably modern humans. However, these early modern humans do exhibit a mix of some archaic traits, such as moderate, but not prominent, brow ridges.

==Brain size expansion==
The emergence of [[Archaic]] ''Homo sapiens'' is sometimes used as an example of [[punctuated equilibrium]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=67NUz_HVJfQC&printsec=frontcover#PPA62,M1 Alone in the Universe]</ref> This occurs when a species undergoes significant biological evolution within a relatively short period. Subsequently, the species undergoes very little change for long periods until the next punctuation. The brain size of ''Archaic Homo sapiens'' expanded significantly from 900 cubic centimeters in erectus to 1300 cubic centimeters. Since the emergence of archaics, brain size has remained stable up until the present.

==Origin of language==
{{Main|Origin of language}}
[[Robin Dunbar]] has argued that Archaic ''Homo sapiens'' were the first to use language. Based on his analysis of the relationship between brain size and hominid group size, he concluded that because Archaic ''Homo'' ''sapiens'' had large brains, they must have lived in groups of over 120 individuals. Dunbar argues that it was not possible for Hominids to live in such large groups without using language, otherwise there could be no group cohesion and the group would disintegrate. By comparison, chimpanzees live in smaller groups of up to 50 individuals.<ref>[http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.dunbar.html CO-EVOLUTION OF NEOCORTEX SIZE, GROUP SIZE AND LANGUAGE IN HUMANS]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language|url=http://books.google.com/?id=nN5DFNT-6ToC&printsec=frontcover#PPA112,M1|year=1993|last=Dunbar|authorlink=Robin Dunbar | isbn=978-0-674-36336-6 | publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref>

==Fossils==
{{See|List of human evolution fossils}}
* [[Sima de los Huesos]]
* [[Saldanha Man]]
* [[Altamura Man]]
* [[Kabwe Skull]]
* [[Steinheim Skull]]

==See also==
* [[Human]]
* [[Human evolution]]
* [[Evolution of human intelligence]]
* [[Homo sapiens idaltu]]
* [[Homo erectus]]
* [[Recent African Origin]]
* [[Early human migrations]]
* [[Middle Paleolithic]]
* [[Neanderthal extinction hypotheses]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Pietrusewsky/anth310/labs/Lab05.pdf EARLY AND LATE “ARCHAIC“HOMO SAPIENS AND “ANATOMICALLY MODERN” HOMO SAPIENS]
* [http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?]
* [http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humanevolution/sapiens.html Homo sapiens, Museum of Natural History]


{{Human Evolution}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}


[[Category:Recent single origin hypothesis]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]
[[Category:Humans]]
[[Category:Middle Stone Age]]
[[Category:Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category:Early species of Homo|Homo sapiens]]



[[ar:إنسان بدائي]]
[[ca:Homo sapiens arcaic]]
[[de:Archaischer Homo sapiens]]
[[el:Αρχαϊκοί Homo sapiens]]
[[fa:انسان خردمند باستانی]]
[[id:Homo sapiens purba]]
[[pl:Archaiczny Homo sapiens]]
[[pt:Homo sapiens arcaico]]
[[ro:Homo sapiens arhaic]]
[[sk:Archaický Homo sapiens]]
[[sl:Arhaični Homo sapiens]]
[[tr:Arkaik sapiens]]
[[uk:Археоантропи]]
[[zh:早期智人]]

Anatomically modern human

2012-05-16T04:06:30Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:انسان به‌کالبد امروزی

{{Refimprove|date=August 2009}}

The term '''anatomically modern humans''' ('''AMH''') in [[paleoanthropology]] refers to early individuals of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' with an [[Human physical appearance|appearance]] consistent with the [[Human variability|range]] of [[phenotype]]s in modern humans.

Anatomically modern humans evolved from [[archaic Homo sapiens|archaic ''Homo sapiens'']] in the [[Middle Paleolithic]], about 200,000 years ago. The emergence of anatomically modern human marks the dawn of the subspecies '''''Homo sapiens sapiens''''', i.e. the subspecies of ''Homo sapiens'' that includes all modern humans. The oldest fossil remains of anatomically modern humans are the [[Omo remains]], which date to 196,000 years and include two partial skulls as well as arm, leg, foot and pelvis bones.<ref>{{cite journal|date=February 17, 2005|title=Fossil Reanalysis Pushes Back Origin of Homo sapiens|journal=[[Scientific American]]|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fossil-reanalysis-pushes}}</ref>

Other fossils include ''[[Homo sapiens idaltu]]'' from [[Herto Bouri|Herto]] in [[Ethiopia]] that are 150,000 years old and remains from [[Skhul]] in Israel that are 90,000 years old.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

==Anatomy==
[[File:Sapiens neanderthal comparison.jpg|thumb|right|460px|Anatomical comparison of the skulls of a modern human (left) and ''[[Homo neanderthalensis]]'' (right), from the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]].]]
Anatomically modern humans are distinguished from their immediate ancestors, archaic ''Homo sapiens'', by a number of anatomical features. Archaic ''Homo sapiens'' had robust skeletons, indicating that they lived a physically demanding life; this may mean that anatomically modern humans, with their more [[gracile (disambiguation)|gracile]] frames, had become more dependent on technology than on raw physical power to meet the challenges of their environment. Archaic ''Homo sapiens'' also had very prominent [[brow ridge]]s (protruding layers of bone above the [[eye socket]]). With the emergence of anatomically modern humans, the brow ridges had significantly reduced, and in modern humans they are, on average, barely visible. Another distinguishing feature of AMH is a prominent chin, something which is lacking in archaic ''Homo sapiens''.

AMH commonly have a vertical [[forehead]] whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped backwards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Encarta, Human Evolution|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566394_9/human_evolution.html|work=|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwKK5j9T|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes}}</ref> According to [[Desmond Morris]], the vertical forehead in humans not only houses larger brains, but the prominent forehead plays an important role in human communication through [[eyebrow]] movements and forehead skin wrinkling.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body|chapter=The Brow|chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=Wa9zntiEKeAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA22,M1|last=Desmond Morris|authorlink=Desmond Morris|year=2007|isbn=0-312-33853-8}}</ref>

==Early modern humans==
[[File:Skhul.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Skhul V]] exhibiting a mix of archaic and modern traits.]]
The [[Omo remains|Omo]], [[homo sapiens idaltu|Hertho]], [[Skhul remains|Skhul]], and [[Jebel Qafzeh remains]] are sometimes referred to as "Early Modern Humans" because their skeletal remains exhibit a mix of [[archaic homo sapiens|archaic]] and modern traits. Skhul V, for example, has prominent brow ridges and a projecting face. However the brain case of Skhul V is distinct from that of the Neanderthals and is similar to the brain case of modern humans.

In Europe, the early modern humans were the [[Cro-Magnon]].

==Origins of modern humans==
{{Main|Recent African origin|Multiregional evolution|Neanderthal admixture}}
As it is usually presented, there are two major competing models on this subject – [[recent African origin]] and [[multiregional evolution]]. The debate concerns both the ''relative'' amount of replacement or interbreeding that occurred in areas outside of Africa, when waves of humans (or human ancestors) left it to colonize other areas, and the relative importance of more recent waves as opposed to more ancient ones.

The mainstream view, known as the recent African origin model, holds that all or nearly all modern human genetic diversity around the world can be traced back to the first anatomically modern humans to leave [[Africa]]. This model is supported by multiple and independent lines of evidence, such as the fossil record and genetics.

Historically, critics of this view are often bracketed together as holding a "[[multiregional hypothesis]]", which has waned in popularity since the early 1990s. Such critics argue that significant amounts of older non-African genetic lineages have survived in various parts of the world through inter-breeding with anatomically modern humans. According to strong versions of the multiregional model the various human populations around the world today will have surviving genetic material that goes back as far as early humans such as ''[[Homo erectus]]''. A wide set of data in [[human evolutionary genetics]] (Jobling, Hurles and Tyler-Smith, 2004) strongly favour the “[[Recent African origin of modern humans|Out of Africa]]" model. Analyses of modern Europeans suggest that no [[mitochondrial DNA]] (direct maternal line) originating with [[Neanderthals]] has survived into modern times.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzki H, Stoneking M, Pääbo S |title=Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans |journal=Cell |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=19–30 |year=1997 |month=July |pmid=9230299 |doi=10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80310-4}}</ref><ref>[http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2004/316/2 No Neandertals in the Gene Pool], Science (2004).</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Serre|year=2004|title=No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans|journal=PLoS Biology|volume=2|issue=3|pages=313–7|pmid=15024415|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020057|last2=Langaney|first2=A|last3=Chech|first3=M|last4=Teschler-Nicola|first4=M|last5=Paunovic|first5=M|last6=Mennecier|first6=P|last7=Hofreiter|first7=M|last8=Possnert|first8=G|last9=Pääbo|first9=S|pmc=368159|first1=D}}</ref> However the recent sequencing of the Neanderthal and [[Denisova hominin|Denisovan]] genomes show some admixture. A draft sequence publication by the [[Neanderthal Genome Project]] in May 2010 indicates some form of hybridization between archaic humans and modern humans have taken place after modern humans emerged from Africa. An estimated 1 to 4 percent of the DNA in Europeans and Asians (i.e. French, Chinese and Papua probands) is non-modern, and shared with ancient [[Neanderthal]] [[DNA]] and not with Sub-Saharan Africans (i.e. Yoruba and San probands).<ref>Green RE, Krause J, et al. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science. 2010 May 7;328(5979):710-22. {{DOI|10.1126/science.1188021}} PMID 20448178</ref> while Melanesians have an additional 1-6% of Denisovan origin.<ref>Reich D ., et al. Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into southeast Asia and oceania. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Oct 7;89(4):516-28, {{DOI|10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005}} PMID 21944045 .</ref>

In practice, controversy is generally about specific periods and specific proposals for periods of such interbreeding. The existence and importance of [[gene flow]] out of Africa is generally accepted, while the possibility of isolated instances of inter-breeding between recent sub-Saharan arrivals and their less "modern" contemporaries at various stages of prehistory is not particularly controversial.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Nonetheless, and according to recent [[genetics|genetic studies]], [[modern humans]] seem to have mated with "at least two groups" of [[ancient humans]]: [[Neanderthals]] and [[Denisovans]].<ref name="NYT-01302012">{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alanna |title=DNA Turning Human Story Into a Tell-All |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/science/gains-in-dna-are-speeding-research-into-human-origins.html |date=January 30, 2012 |publisher=[[NYTimes]] |accessdate=January 31, 2012 }}</ref>

==Modern human behavior==
{{Main|Behavioral modernity}}
There is considerable debate regarding whether the earliest anatomically modern humans behaved similarly to recent or existing humans. Modern human behaviors characteristic of recent humans include fully [[Origin of language|modern language]], the capacity for abstract thought and the use of [[symbolism]] to express cultural [[creativity]]. There are two opposing hypotheses regarding the origins of modern behavior. Some scholars argue that humans achieved anatomical modernity first, around 200[[Tya|kya]], and only later did they adopt modern behaviors around 50kya. This hypothesis is based on the limited record of fossils from periods before 50kya and the abundance of human artifacts found after 50kya.{{elucidate|date=November 2011}} Proponents of this view distinguish "anatomically modern humans" from "behaviorally modern humans".<ref name="mellars">{{cite journal|authorlink=Paul Mellars|last=Mellars |first=Paul|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0510792103v1|title=Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago?|year=2006|doi=10.1073/pnas.0510792103|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=103|pages=9381–6|pmid=16772383|issue=25|pmc=1480416|bibcode=2006PNAS..103.9381M}}</ref>

The opposing view is that humans achieved anatomical and behavioral modernity simultaneously. For example, proponents of this view argue that humans had evolved a lightly built skeleton during the transition to anatomical modernity, and this could have only occurred through increased human cooperation and the increased use of technology, traits characteristic of modern behavior.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

==See also==
*[[Cro-Magnon]]
*[[Mitochondrial Eve]]
*[[Peştera cu Oase]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikispecies|Homo_sapiens_sapiens}}
*[http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Pietrusewsky/anth310/labs/Lab05.pdf EARLY AND LATE “ARCHAIC“HOMO SAPIENS AND “ANATOMICALLY MODERN” HOMO SAPIENS]
*[http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?]
*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humanevolution/sapiens.html ''Homo sapiens'' - Museum of Natural History]

{{Human Evolution}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anatomically Modern Humans}}
[[Category:Recent single origin hypothesis]]
[[Category:Human evolution]]
[[Category:Humans]]
[[Category:Middle Stone Age]]
[[Category:Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category:Early species of Homo|Homo sapiens]]

[[el:Ανατομικά σύγχρονοι άνθρωποι]]
[[fa:انسان به‌کالبد امروزی]]
[[id:Manusia modern anatomis]]
[[zh:晚期智人]]

Lisse

2012-05-16T03:49:50Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:لیسه (هلند)

{{Infobox settlement
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|image_skyline = Lisse Heereweg.jpg
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|image_caption = Heereweg, the main street in Lisse.
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|coordinates_region = NL
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]]
|subdivision_type1 = Province
|subdivision_name1 = [[South Holland]]
|area_footnotes = (2006)
|area_total_km2 = 16.11
|area_land_km2 = 15.70
|area_water_km2 = 0.41
|population_as_of = 1 January, 2007
|population_note = Source: [[Statistics Netherlands|CBS]], [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline].
|settlement_type = Municipality
|population_total = 21981
|population_density_km2 = 1400
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
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|website = [http://www.lisse.nl www.lisse.nl]
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[[File:Molenlisse.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Windmill in Lisse.]]

'''Lisse''' ({{pronunciation|Nl-Lisse.ogg}}) is a town and municipality in the western [[Netherlands]], in the province of [[South Holland]]. The municipality covers an area of 16.11 km² (10.01 mile²) of which 0.41 km² (0.25 mile²) is water. Its population is 21864 (1 November 2006, source: [[Central Bureau for Statistics (The Netherlands)|CBS]]). Located within the municipal boundary is also the community [[De Engel]].

==History==
The history of Lisse is closely related and similar to the neighboring towns of [[Hillegom]] and [[Sassenheim]]. Based on a document from 1198 which makes official mention of the town's name, Lisse celebrated its 800-year anniversary in 1998, although there is an indication that there was already a settlement there in the 10th century.

In the Middle Ages, Lisse was a small settlement; there were only 50 houses in 1500. Because of prolonged warfare (particularly the wars of [[Charles I, Duke of Burgundy|Charles the Bold]] and the [[Eighty Years' War]]), poverty was prevalent. Its population lived from agriculture, [[animal husbandry]], and [[peat]] harvesting.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, Lisse was, like [[Hillegom]], home to many [[Estate (house)|estate]]s of rich merchants and nobility. The forests and gardens of the [[Keukenhof]], Meerenburg, Wildlust, Zandvliet, Overduin en Akervoorde, Wassergeest, Grotenhof, Ter Specke, Dubbelhoven, Rosendaal, Veenenburg en Berkhout, Middelburg, Ter Beek, and Uytermeer estates all added to the town's beauty and glory.

Yet in the following centuries, every one of these estates (except Keukenhof) was removed to make way for the cultivation of [[bulb]] flowers. The sandy soil in Lisse's surroundings were highly suitable for its growth provided the soil was fertilized. The nearby [[dune]]s were excavated and forests cut down progressively over time for more fields for the flower business. This brought employment and prosperity to this area.

== Floriculture centre ==

In the 20th century, the bulb flower business continued to boom, resulting in the establishment of auction and trading houses, large-scale cultivators and [[cooperative]]s. Today, Lisse exports bulbflowers in large quantities to over a hundred countries worldwide.

Located at the centre of the "Dune and Bulb Region" ([[Duin- en Bollenstreek]]), Holland's flower-growing region, Lisse is also a major tourist attraction. During the spring when the fields around Lisse are in a colourful bloom, hundreds of thousands of local and foreign tourists visit the area. Ironically, the only remaining estate that was not removed for flower cultivation ([[Keukenhof]]) became world-famous for its flower displays.

==Tourism and attractions==
The most popular attractions in Lisse is [[Keukenhof]], open only during spring when the [[tulip]]s are flowering. Also each spring a [[flower parade]] called the Bollenstreek ''[[Bloemencorso]]'' is held through the main streets of Lisse. In August the fantasy festival [[Castlefest]] is held in the gardens of Castle Keukenhof.

Other places of interest are the museums:
*Huys Dever, a restored castle tower from the 14th century
*Castle Keukenhof, part of the Keukenhof estate but open year-round
*Museum ''De Zwarte Tulp'' (Black Tulip Museum), exhibiting the history of the Dutch' bulb-growing region

===Sports===
Lisse is the home of [[FC Lisse]], a [[football (soccer)|football]] team currently playing in the Zaterdag [[Topklasse]]. On May 3 2008 [[FC Lisse]] sealed the championship of the 2007/2008 season in the [[Hoofdklasse]] A.

==Notable people born in Lisse==
* [[Joseph Smit]] (1836-1929), zoological illustrator
* [[Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten]] (1927-1977), KLM aircraft pilot and captain
* [[Adrianus Johannes Simonis]] (26 November 1931), cardinal and archbishop of Utrecht
* [[Jenny Arean]] (4 October 1942), singer, actress and comedian
* [[Harry Mens]] (29 January 1947), real estate broker and television presenter
* [[Hans Kroes]] (3 June 1965), freestyle and backstroke swimmer
* [[Bastiaan Ragas]] (30 June 1971), actor and singer
* [[Hannah Jong]] (Born 1967), artist

== External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.lisse.nl/ Town of Lisse official website]
*[http://www.keukenhof.com/ Keukenhof]
*[http://www.lisse-actueel.nl/ Lisse Actueel]
*http://www.plattegronden.nl/lisse/
*[http://www.magnifiosi.nl/ OJC Magnifiosi Lisse]
*[http://www.jeugdlisse.nl/ Jeugd Opbouwwerk Lisse]
*[http://www.weerstation-bollenstreek.nl/ Weerstation-Lisse, het actuele weer in Lisse]

{{wide image|Lisse.JPG|800px|<center>Lisse</center>}}

{{South Holland Province}}

[[Category:Lisse| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in South Holland]]

[[ca:Lisse]]
[[de:Lisse]]
[[es:Lisse]]
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[[eu:Lisse]]
[[fa:لیسه (هلند)]]
[[fr:Lisse]]
[[fy:Lisse]]
[[hy:Լիսե]]
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[[war:Lisse]]
[[zh:利瑟]]

Tian Shan

2012-05-16T03:33:44Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:تیان شان

{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}
{{Cleanup|date=December 2008}}
{{Geobox|Range
| name=Tian Shan
| image=West Tian Shan mountains.jpg
| image_caption=The Tian Shan range on the border between China and Kyrgyzstan with [[Khan Tengri]] (7,010 m) visible at center.
| country=People's Republic of China| country1=Pakistan| country2=India| country3=Kazakhstan| country4=Kyrgyzstan |country5=Uzbekistan
| region_type=
| region=Xinjiang
| region=Fergana Province
| region1=Jammu and Kashmir| region2=[[Northern Areas (Pakistan)|Northern Areas of Pakistan]]
| highest=Jengish Chokusu
| highest_elevation=7439
| highest_lat_d=42|highest_lat_m=02|highest_lat_s=06|highest_lat_NS=N
| highest_long_d=80|highest_long_m=07|highest_long_s=32|highest_long_EW=E
| geology= | period=Cenozoic | orogeny=
}}

The '''Tian Shan''' ({{zh|c=天山|l=celestial mountains|p=Tiān Shān}}; [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Тэнгэр уул; {{ug|تەڭرى تاغ|Tengri Tagh}}), also spelled '''Tien Shan''', is a large system of mountain ranges located in [[Central Asia]]. The highest peak in the Tian Shan is [[Victory Peak]] (Jengish Chokusu), {{convert|7439|m|ft|0}}.

The Chinese name for Tian Shan may be derived from the [[Xiongnu#Languages:_origins_and_descendants|Xiongnu language]] name ''[[qilian]]'' ({{lang|und-Hant|祁连}}), which was described by [[Sima Qian]] in the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' as the homeland of the pre-[[Xiongnu]] peoples of the region, the [[Yuezhi]], and has been said<ref>{{citation |first=Xinru |last=Liu |authorlink=Xinru Liu |title=Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan: Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies |year=2001 |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_world_history/v012/12.2liu.html |journal=Journal of World History |volume=Volume 12 |issue=Issue 2, Fall 2001 |pages=261–291 |publisher=Journal of World History}}</ref> to refer to the Tian Shan rather than to the range {{convert|1500|km}} further east now known by this name. The nearby [[Tannu-Ola Mountains]] ([[Tuvan language|Tuvan]]: Таңды-Уула Tangdy-Uula) bear the same name ("heaven/celestial mountains" or "god/spirit mountains").

==Geography==
Tian Shan lies to the north and west of the [[Taklamakan Desert]] and directly north of the [[Tarim Basin]] in the border region of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] and the [[Xinjiang]] [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] [[provinces of China|Autonomous Region]] of western [[China]]. In the south it links up with the [[Pamir Mountains]] and to north and east it meets the [[Altai Mountains]] of [[Mongolia]]. It also extends into the Chinese province of [[Xinjiang]] and into the northern areas of [[Pakistan]], where it joins the [[Hindu Kush]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} 

In Western cartography, the eastern end of the Tian Shan is usually understood to be just west of [[Ürümqi]], while the range to the east of that city is known as the [[Bogda Shan]]. In Chinese cartography from the [[Han Dynasty]] to the present, however, the Tian Shan also includes the Bogda Shan and [[Barkol]] ranges.
[[File:tien shan sat.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Tian Shan Mountains from space, October 1997, with [[Issyk-Kul Lake]] in Kyrgyzstan at the northern end]]

The Tian Shan are a part of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] [[Orogeny|orogenic belt]], which was formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian [[Plate tectonics|plates]] in the [[Cenozoic]] era. They are one of the longest mountain ranges in [[Central Asia]] and stretch some {{convert|2800|km}} eastward from [[Tashkent]] in [[Uzbekistan]].

The highest peak in the Tian Shan is [[Victory Peak]] (пик Победы in Russian or [[Jengish Chokusu]] in Kyrgyz) which, at {{convert|7439|m|ft|0}}, is also the [[Geography of Kyrgyzstan|highest point in Kyrgyzstan]] and is on the border with China.
The Tian Shan's second highest peak, [[Khan Tengri]] (Lord of the Spirits), straddles the Kazakhstan-Kyrgyzstan border and at {{convert|7010|m}} is the [[Geography of Kazakhstan|highest point of Kazakhstan]]. [[Mountaineering|Mountaineers]] class these as the two most northerly peaks over {{convert|7000|m}} in the world.

The [[Torugart Pass]], at {{convert|3752|m|ft|0}}, is located at the border between Kyrgyzstan and China's [[Xinjiang]] province. The forested [[Alatau]] ranges, which are at a lower altitude in the northern part of the Tian Shan, are inhabited by pastoral tribes that speak [[Turkic languages]].

The Tian Shan are separated from the [[Tibetan Plateau]] by the [[Taklimakan Desert]] and the [[Tarim Basin]] to the south.

The major rivers rising in the Tian Shan are the [[Syr Darya]], the [[Ili River]] and the [[Tarim River]]. The [[Aksu Canyon]] is a notable feature in the northwestern Tian Shan.

One of the first Europeans to visit and the first to describe the Tian Shan in detail was the Russian explorer [[Peter Semenov of Tian Shan|Peter Semenov]], who did so in the 1850s.

==Ranges of the Tian Shan==

The Tian Shan have a number of named ranges which are often mentioned separately. (all distances are approximate)
[[Image:Seidenstrasse GMT Ausschintt Zentralasien.jpg|350px|Thumb|right| Tian Shan with the ancient silk road]]

In China the Tian Shan starts north of [[Kumul City]] (Hami) with the U-shaped Barkol Mountains, from about {{convert|600|to|400|km}} east of [[Ürümqi]]. Then the [[Bogda Shan]] (god mountains) run from {{convert|350|to|40|km}} east of Ürümqi. Then there is a low area between Ürümqi and the [[Turfan Depression]]. The [[Borohoro]] mountains start just south of Ürümqi and run west northwest {{convert|450|km}} separating [[Dzungaria]] from the [[Ili River]] basin. Their north end abuts on the {{convert|200|km}} [[Dzungarian Alatau]] which run east northeast along Sino-Kazakh border. They start {{convert|50|km}} east of [[Taldykorgan]] in Kazakhstan and end at the [[Dzungarian Gate]]. The [[Dzungarian Alatau]] in north, (name?) in middle and Borohoro range in south make a reversed Z or S, the northeast enclosing part of Dzungaria and the southwest enclosing the upper Ili valley.
[[Image:Kyrgyzstan Topography.png|thumb|350px|Kyrgyzstan (borders marked in red) The indentation on the west is the Fergana Valley]]
[[Image:E8314-Koshkol-beach-umbrellas.jpg|thumb|Snow-capped peaks of [[Kengey Alatau]] seen from an [[Issyk Kul Lake]] beach]]
In [[Kyrgyzstan]] the main line of the Tian Shan continues as (name?) from the base of the [[Borohoro]]s west {{convert|570|km}} to the point where China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan meet. Here is the highest part of the range – the Central Tian Shan, with [[Peak Pobeda]] and [[Khan Tengri]]. West of this, the Tian Shan split into an ‘eye’, with [[Issyk Kul Lake]] in its center. The south side of the lake is the [[Terskey Alatau]] and the north side the [[Kyungey Ala-Too]] (shady and sunny Ala-Too). North of the Kyungey Ala-Too and parallel to it is the [[Trans-Ili Alatau]] in Kazakhstan just south of [[Almaty]]. West of the eye, the range continues {{convert|400|km}} as the [[Kyrgyz Ala-Too]], separating [[Chui Province]] from [[Naryn Oblast]] and then Kazakhstan from the [[Talas Province]]. This [[oblast]] is the upper valley of the [[Talas River]], the south side of which is the {{convert|200|km}} [[Talas Ala-Too Range]] ('Ala-too' is a Kirgiz spelling of Alatau). At the east end of the Talas Alatau the [[Suusamyr Too]] range runs southeast enclosing the [[Suusamyr Valley]] or plateau.

As for the area south of the [[Fergana Valley]] there is a {{convert|800|km}} group of mountains that curves west-southwest from south of Issyk Kul Lake separating the [[Tarim Basin]] from the [[Fergana Valley]]. The [[Fergana Range]] runs northeast towards the Talas Ala-Too and separaties the upper Naryn basin from Fergana proper. The southern side of these mountains merge into the [[Pamirs]] in Tajikistan ([[Alay Mountains]] and [[Trans-Alay Range]]). West of this is the [[Turkestan Range]], which continues almost to Samarkand.

==Ecology==
The Tian Shan holds important forests of [[Schrenk's Spruce]] (''Picea schrenkiana'') at altitudes of over {{convert|2000|m}}; the lower slopes have unique natural forests of wild [[Persian Walnut|walnut]]s and [[apple]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2011/10/25/how_the_pple_took_over_the_planet/ |title=How the apple took over the earth |date=October 25, 2010 |work=Salon: History |first=Erika |last=Janik}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* ''The Contemporary Atlas of China''. 1988. London: Marshall Editions Ltd. Reprint 1989. Sydney: Collins Publishers Australia.
* ''The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World''. Eleventh Edition. 2003. Times Books Group Ltd. London.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tian Shan}}
* [http://mountains.tos.ru/tiensh.htm Russian mountaineering site]
* [http://concise.britannica.com/dday/print?articleId=110526&fullArticle=true&tocId=47937 Tien Shan]
* [http://www.youtube.com/user/UNUChannel#p/a/u/2/G2oHQ6Al0kQ United Nations University (2009) digital video "Finding a place to feed: Kyrgyz shepherds & pasture loss": Shepherd shares family's observations and adaptation to the changing climate in highland pastures of Kyrgyzstan's Tian Shan mountains] Accessed 1 December 2009

{{Mountain ranges of China}}
{{Xinjiang topics}}

{{Coord|42|00|N|80|00|E|region:KG_type:mountain|display=title}}

[[Category:Mountain ranges of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of China]]
[[Category:Sites along the Silk Road]]

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[[zh:天山山脉]]

Benjamin Stoddert

2012-05-16T03:24:44Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:بنجامین استودرت

{{Infobox US Cabinet official
| name=Benjamin Stoddert
| image=Benjamin_Stoddert_SecNavy.jpg
| order=1st
| title=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]]
| term_start=June 18, 1798
| term_end=March 31, 1801
| predecessor=''(none)''
| successor=[[Robert Smith (cabinet)|Robert Smith]]
| birth_date=1751
| birth_place=[[Charles County, Maryland]], [[United States]]
| death_date=December 13, {{Death year and age|1813|1751}}
| death_place=[[Bladensburg, Maryland]], [[United States]]
| party=[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]
| spouse=Rebecca Lowndes
| alma_mater=[[University of Pennsylvania]]
| profession=[[Politician]], [[Merchant]]
| religion=
}}

'''Benjamin Stoddert''' (1751 – December 13, 1813) was the first [[United States Secretary of the Navy]] from May 1, 1798 to March 31, 1801.

==Early life==
Stoddert was born in [[Charles County, Maryland]], in 1751, the son of Captain Thomas Stoddert. He was educated at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], and then worked as a merchant. He served as a captain in the [[Pennsylvania]] cavalry and later as secretary to the [[Continental Board of War]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. During the war, he was severely injured in the [[Battle of Brandywine]] and was subsequently released from active military service.<ref name="Ecker, Grace Dunlop 1933 12">{{cite book |title=A Portrait of Old Georgetown |year=1933 |publisher=Garrett & Massie, Inc. |author=Ecker, Grace Dunlop |pages=12}}</ref> In 1781, he married Rebecca Lowndes, daughter of [[Christopher Lowndes]], a [[Maryland]] merchant, and they had eight children. They resided at the home of his father-in-law, [[Bostwick (Bladensburg, Maryland)|Bostwick]], located at [[Bladensburg, Maryland]].

In 1783, Forest established a [[tobacco]] export business in [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]], with business partners [[Uriah Forrest]] and John Murdock.<ref name="Ecker, Grace Dunlop 1933 12" />

After [[George Washington]] was elected [[President of the United States|President]], he asked Stoddert to purchase key parcels of land in the area that would become the nation's capital, before the formal decision to establish the federal city on the banks of the [[Potomac River|Potomac]] drove up prices there. Stoddert then transferred the parcels to the government. During the 1790s, he also helped found the [[Bank of Columbia]] to handle purchases of land in the [[District of Columbia]] for the federal government.

==Secretary of the Navy==
In May 1798, President [[John Adams]] appointed Stoddert, a loyal [[Federalist Party|Federalist]], to oversee the newly established [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]].<ref>[[John Thomas Scharf|Scharf, J. Thomas]] (1879). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9IEjAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=thomas+scharf+history+maryland History of Maryland: From the Earliest Period to the Present Day]''. Baltimore: John B. Piet. Vol. II, p. 437.</ref> As the first [[Secretary of the Navy]], Stoddert soon found himself dealing with an undeclared naval war with [[France]], which would come to be known as the [[Quasi-War]]. Stoddert realized that the infant Navy possessed too few warships to protect a far-flung merchant marine by using convoys or by patrolling the [[North America]]n coast. Rather, he concluded that the best way to defeat the French campaign against American shipping was by offensive operations in the [[Caribbean]], where most of the French cruisers were based. Thus at the very outset of the conflict, the Department of the Navy adopted a policy of going to the source of the enemy's strength. American successes during the conflict resulted from a combination of Stoddert's administrative skill in deploying his limited forces and the initiative of his seagoing officers. Under Stoddert's leadership, the reestablished [[United States Navy]] acquitted itself well and achieved its goal of stopping the depredations of French ships against American commerce.

Stoddert concerned himself not only with the Navy's daily administration and operations, but also with the service's future strength. He established the first six navy yards and advocated building twelve [[frigates]]. [[United States Congress|Congress]] initially approved construction of six frigates in the [[Naval Act of 1794]], but following the peace accord with France, changed its mind, ceasing production after the construction of three frigates and reducing the officer corps. Stoddert left a legacy of able administration and successful war fighting.{{Peacock term|date=October 2009}} Despite subsequent shifting political sentiments, the American people would ever after depend on the Navy to defend their commerce and assert their rights on the high seas.{{Peacock term|date=October 2009}}

Stoddert established the Navy Department Library as a result of instructions received from President Adams in a letter dated 31 March 1800.

==Post-Navy life==
[[File:Stoddert Grave Sept 09.JPG|thumb|200px|Grave of Benjamin Stoddert, September 2009]]
He left office in March 1801 to return to commercial life. Following his term as Secretary of the Navy, Stoddert's final years witnessed a decline in his fortunes: as Stoddert lost heavily in land speculation, Georgetown declined as a commercial center, and the Embargo and the [[War of 1812]] brought American overseas trade to a halt. During this period he lived at [[Halcyon House]], on the corner at 3400 Prospect Street NW.<ref>Candyce H. Stapen (2000), ''Washington DC Blue Guide'' (London: A&C Black, Publishers), p. 572</ref>

Benjamin Stoddert died on December 13, 1813, and is buried in the graveyard at [[St. Matthew's Church (Seat Pleasant, Maryland)|Addison Chapel]], [[Seat Pleasant, Maryland]].

==Things named for Benjamin Stoddert==
* Two [[United States Navy|Navy]] ships: [[USS Stoddert (DD-302)|USS ''Stoddert'' (DD-302)]], 1920–1935, and [[USS Benjamin Stoddert (DDG-22)|USS ''Benjamin Stoddert'' (DDG-22)]], 1964–1991
* [[Fort Stoddert]] in the [[Mississippi Territory]] (today [[Alabama]])
* [http://www.ccboe.com/stoddert/ Benjamin Stoddert Middle School] in [[Waldorf, Maryland]]
* [http://www.pgcps.org/~stoddert/ Benjamin Stoddert Middle School] in [[Temple Hills, Maryland]]
* [http://www.stoddert.org/ Benjamin Stoddert Elementary School] in [[Washington D.C.]]

In the [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]] section of Washington, DC, there was a Stoddert Street named after Benjamin Stoddert.[http://books.google.com/books?id=3scgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA372&dq=%22stoddert+street%22+georgetown+history&ei=7xLaRr62O4jm6wL826DvBQ&ie=ISO-8859-1]. In the [[Georgetown street renaming]] of 1895 the name was changed to Q Street NW. An apartment building that today stands at 2900 Q Street NW is named ''The Stoddert''.{{Coord|38.910354|-77.058481|region:US_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:Wikimapia}}

==Notes and references==
<references/>

==References==
*{{NHC}}
*{{DANFS}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/stoddert.htm Biography on Benjamin Stoddert]
*[http://www.woodleysociety.org/BenjaminStoddartPage.htm Brief on Benjamin Stoddert]

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | before=''(none)'' | title=[[United States Secretary of the Navy]] | years=1798–1801 | after=[[Robert Smith (cabinet)|Robert Smith]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{USSecNavy}}

{{Adams cabinet}}
{{Jefferson cabinet}}

{{Persondata
|NAME= Stoddert, Benjamin
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= United States Secretary of the Navy
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1751
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Charles County, Maryland]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|DATE OF DEATH= December 13, 1813
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Bladensburg, Maryland]], [[United States|U.S.]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stoddert, Benjamin}}
[[Category:1751 births]]
[[Category:1813 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Charles County, Maryland]]
[[Category:Maryland Federalists]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of the Navy]]
[[Category:People of the Quasi-War]]
[[Category:Jefferson administration cabinet members]]

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Brix

2012-05-16T02:13:01Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:درجه بریکس

{{otheruses}}

'''Degrees Brix''' (symbol °Bx) is the [[sugar]] content of an aqueous solution.
One degree Brix is 1 gram of [[sucrose]] in 100 grams of solution and represents the strength of the solution as [[Weight percent|percentage by weight]] (% w/w) (strictly speaking, by [[mass]]). If the solution contains dissolved solids other than pure sucrose, then the °Bx is only approximate the dissolved solid content. The °Bx is traditionally used in the [[wine]], [[sugar]], [[fruit juice]], and [[honey]] industries.

Comparable scales for indicating sucrose content are the [[Plato scale|degree Plato]] (°P), which is widely used by the [[brewing industry]], and the degree Balling, which is the oldest of the three systems and therefore mostly found in older textbooks, but also still in use in some parts of the world.<ref>Hough, J.S., D. E. Briggs, R. Stevens and T. W. Young, "Malting and Brewing Science, Vol 2 Hopped Wort and Beer", Chapman & Hall, London,1971</ref>

A sucrose solution with an apparent [[Relative density|specific gravity]] (20°/20°C) of 1.040 would be 9.99325 °Bx or 9.99359 °P while the representative sugar body, the [[International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis]] (ICUMSA), in favor of [[Mass fraction (chemistry)|mass fraction]], would report the solution strength as 9.99249%. Because the differences between the systems are of little practical significance (the differences are less than the precision of the instruments) and wide historical use of the Brix unit, modern instruments calculate mass fraction using ICUMSA official formulas but report the result as °Bx.

==Background==
First Karl Balling, then [[Adolf Ferdinand Wenceslaus Brix|Adolf Brix]] and finally the ''Normal-Eichungskommission'' under Fritz Plato prepared pure sucrose solutions of known strength, measured their specific gravities and prepared tables of percent sucrose by weight vs. measured specific gravity. Balling measured specific gravity to 3 decimal places, Brix to 5 and the Normal-Eichungskommission to 6 with the goal of the Kommission being to correct errors in the 5th and 6th decimal place in the Brix table.

Equipped with one of these tables, a brewer wishing to know how much sugar was in his [[wort]] could measure its specific gravity and enter that specific gravity into the Plato table to obtain °Plato which is the same as % sucrose w/w. A [[vintner]] could measure the specific gravity of his [[must]] and enter the Brix table to find the must °Bx value i.e. its % sucrose w/w. It is important to point out that neither wort nor must is a solution of pure sucrose in pure water. Many other compounds are dissolved as well but these are either sugars, which behave very similarly to sucrose with respect to specific gravity as a function of concentration, or compounds which are present in small amounts (minerals, [[hops|hop]] [[acid]]s in wort, [[tannins]], acids in must). In any case, even if °Bx are not representative of the exact amount of sugar in a must or fruit juice they can be used for comparison of relative sugar content.

==Measurement==
As specific gravity was the basis for the Balling, Brix and Plato tables dissolved sugar content was originally estimated by measurement of specific gravity using a [[hydrometer]] or [[pycnometer]]. In modern times hydrometers are still widely used but where greater accuracy is required an electronic [[oscillating U-tube]] meter will be employed. Whichever means are used, the analyst enters the tables with specific gravity and takes out (using interpolation if necessary) the sugar content in percent by weight. If he uses the Plato tables (maintained by the [[American Society of Brewing Chemists]]<ref> "ASBC Methods of Analysis", ASBC; St. Paul Table 1: Extract in Wort and Beer </ref>) he reports in °P. If using the Brix table (the current version of which is maintained by NIST and can be found on their website)<ref>"Circular of the National Bureau of Standards C440 Polarimetry, Saccharimetry and the Sugars Table 114</ref> he reports in °Bx. If using the ICUMSA tables,<ref> "ICUMSA Methods Book" op. cit. Specification and Standard SPS-4 Densimitry and Tables: Sucrose - Official; Glucose, Fructose and Invert Sugars - Official</ref> he would report in mass fraction (m.f.). It is not, typically, actually necessary to consult tables as the tabulated °Bx or °P value can be printed directly on the hydrometer scale next to the tabulated value of specific gravity or stored in the memory of the electronic U-tube meter or calculated from polynomial fits to the tabulated data. Both ICUMSA and ASBC have published suitable polynomials, in fact the ICUMSA tables are calculated from the polynomials. The opposite is true with the ASBC polynomial. Also note that the tables in use today are not those published by Brix or Plato. Those workers measured true specific gravity reference to water at 4 °C using, respectively, 17.5 and 20 °C, as the temperature at which density of the sucrose solutions was measured. Both NBS and ASBC converted to apparent specific gravity at 20°C/20°C. The ICUMSA tables are based on more recent measurements on sucrose, fructose, glucose and invert sugar and tabulate true density and weight in air at 20 °C against mass fraction.

Dissolution of sucrose and other sugars in water changes not only its specific gravity but its optical properties in particular its [[refractive index]] and the extent to which it rotates the plane of linearly [[Polarization (waves)|polarized]] light. The refractive index, nD, for sucrose solutions of various strengths by weight has been measured and tables of nD vs. °Bx published. As with the hydrometer, it is possible to use these tables to calibrate a [[refractometer]] so that it reads directly in °Bx. Calibration is usually based on the ICUMSA tables,<ref> "ICUMSA Methods Book", op. cit.; Specification and Standard SPS-3 Refractometry and Tables - Official; Tables A-F </ref> but the user of an electronic refractometer should verify this.

Sugars also have known [[infrared]] absorption spectra and this has made it possible to develop instruments for measuring sugar concentration using NIR (Near Infra Red) and FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry) techniques. In the former case, in line instruments are available which allow constant monitoring of sugar content in sugar refineries, beverage plants, wineries, etc. As with any of the other instruments NIR and FT-IR instruments can be calibrated against pure sucrose solutions and thus report in °Bx but there are other possibilities with these technologies as they have the potential to distinguish between sugars and interfering substances.

== Tables ==
Approximate values of °Bx can be computed from 261.3 × (1 − 1/S), where S is the apparent [[specific gravity]] of the solution 20°C/20°C. More accurate values are available from °Bx = (((182.4601*S -775.6821)*S +1262.7794)*S -669.5622), derived from the NBS table with S as above. This should not be used above S = 1.17874 (40 °Bx). RMS disagreement between the polynomial and the NBS table is 0.0009 °Bx. The [[Plato scale]] can be approximated by the Lincoln Equation °P = (463-205*S)*(S-1) or values obtained with high accuracy with respect to the ASBC table from the ASBC polynomial °P = (((135.997*S - 630.272)*S + 1111.14)*S - 616.868).

The difference between the °Bx and °P as calculated from the respective polynomials is: °P - °Bx = (((-2.81615*S +8.79724)*S - 9.1626)*S +3.18213). The difference is generally less than ±0.0005 °Bx or °P with the exception being for weak solutions. As 0 °Bx is approached °P tend towards as much as 0.002 °P higher than the °Bx calculated for the same specific gravity. Disagreements of this order of magnitude can be expected as the NBS and the ASBC used slightly different values for the density of air and pure water in their calculations converting to apparent specific gravity. It should be clear from these comments that Plato and Brix are, for all but the most exacting applications, the same. Note: all polynomials in this article are in a format that can be pasted directly into a spreadsheet.

When a refractometer is used, the Brix value can be obtained from the polynomial fit to the ICUMSA table: Bx = (((((11758.74*nD -88885.21)*nD + 270177.93)*nD - 413145.80)*nD + 318417.95)*nD -99127.4536) where nD is the refractive index, measured at the wavelength of the sodium D line (589.3 nm) at 20 °C. Temperature is very important as refractive index changes dramatically with temperature. Many refractometers have built in "Automatic Temperature Compensation" (ATC) which is based on knowledge of the way the refractive index of sucrose changes. For example, the refractive index of a sucrose solution of strength less than 10 °Bx is such that a 1 °C change in temperature would cause the Brix reading to shift by about 0.06 °Bx. Beer, conversely, exhibits a change with temperature about three times this much. It is important, therefore, that users of refractometers either make sure the sample and prism of the instrument are both at very close to 20 °C or, if that is difficult to insure, readings should be taken at 2 temperatures separated by a few degrees, the change per degree noted and the final recorded value referenced to 20°C using the Bx vs. Temp slope information.

==Usage==

The three scales are often used interchangeably since the differences are minor.
*Brix is primarily used in fruit juice, [[wine making]], [[carbonated beverage]] industry, [[starch]] and the [[sugar]] industry.
*Plato is primarily used in [[brewing]].
*Balling appears on older saccharimeters and is still used in the [[South Africa]]n wine industry and in some breweries.

{{See also|Ripeness in viticulture}}

Brix is used in the food industry for measuring the approximate amount of sugars in [[fruits]], [[vegetables]], juices, [[wine]], soft drinks and in the starch and sugar manufacturing industry. Different countries use the scales in different industries; in the UK brewing is measured with [[Gravity (beer)|specific gravity]] X 1000, European brewers use [[Plato scale|Plato degrees]], and US industries use a mix of specific gravity, Brix, [[Baumé scale|degrees Baumé]] and Plato degrees. For fruit juices, 1.0 degree Brix is denoted as 1.0% sugar by weight. This usually correlates well with perceived sweetness.

Modern optical Brix meters are divided into two categories. In the first are the Abbe based instruments in which a drop of the sample solution is placed on a prism; the result is observed through an eyepiece. The critical angle (the angle beyond which light is totally reflected back into the sample) is a function of the refractive index and the operator detects this critical angle by noting where a dark-bright boundary falls on an engraved scale. The scale can be calibrated in Brix or refractive index. Often the prism mount contains a thermometer which can be used to correct to 20°C in situations where measurement cannot be made at exactly that temperature. These instruments are available in bench and hand held versions.

Digital refractometers also find the critical angle, but the light path is entirely internal to the prism. A drop of sample is placed on its surface (at the center of the circular well in the accompanying photograph) and so the critical light beam never penetrates the sample. This makes it easier to read turbid samples. The light/dark boundary, whose position is proportional to the critical angle, is sensed by a [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] array. These meters are also available in bench top (laboratory) and portable (pocket) version. These are the easiest to use of all the methods for estimating Brix and can be used on location with minimal training. A drop of distilled water is placed on the prism and the calibrate button pressed. The distilled water is now replaced by a drop of juice from the fruit being measured. The read button is pressed and the display indicates °Bx directly. This ability to easily measure Brix in the field makes it possible to determine ideal harvesting times of fruit and vegetables so that products arrive at the consumers in a perfect state or are ideal for subsequent processing steps such as vinification.

==Brix and Actual Dissolved Solids Content==
When a sugar solution is measured by [[refractometer]] or densitometer, the °Bx or °P value obtained by entry into the appropriate table only represents the amount of dry solids dissolved in the sample if the dry solids are exclusively sucrose. This is seldom the case. Grape juice (must), for example, contains little sucrose but does contain glucose, fructose, acids and other substances. In such cases the °Bx value clearly cannot be equated with the sucrose content but it may represent a good approximation to the total sugar content. For example, an 11.0 %w/w D-Glucose ("grape sugar") solution measured 10.9 °Bx using a hand held instrument similar to the one in the photograph. For these reasons, the sugar content of a solution obtained by use of refractometry with the ICUMSA table is often reported as "Refractometric Dry Substance" (RDS)<ref> "ICUMSA Methods Book, op. cit. Method GS4/3/8-13 (2009) "The Determination of Refractometric Dry Substance (RDS %) of Molasses - Accepted and Very Pure Syrups (Liquid Sugars), Thick Juice and Run-off Syrups - Official",</ref> which could be thought of as an equivalent sucrose content. Where it is desirable to know the actual dry solids content empirical correction formulas can be developed based on calibrations with solutions similar to those to be tested. For example in sugar refining dissolved solids can be accurately estimated from refractive index measurement corrected by an optical rotation (polarization) measurement.

Alcohol has a higher refractive index at 1.361 than water at 1.333. As a consequence, a refractometer measurement made on a sugar solution once fermentation has begun will result in a reading substantially higher than the actual solids content. Thus, an operator must be certain that the sample he is testing has not begun to ferment, if the results are to be relied upon. Brix or Plato measurements based on specific gravity are also affected by fermentation, but in the opposite direction. As ethanol is less dense than water, an ethanol/sugar/water solution gives a Brix or Plato reading which is low compared to the actual dissolved sugar content.

==See also==
*[[Baumé scale]]
*[[Oechsle scale]]
*[[Sweetness of wine]]
*[[polarimetry]]
*[[Plato Scale]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| first=Roger
| last=Boulton
| coauthors=Vernon Singleton, Linda Bisson, Ralph Kunkee
| title=Principles and Practices of Winemaking
| year=1996
| publisher=Chapman & Hall
}} ISBN 0-412-06411-1
* {{cite web|title= VS1000B Series In-Line Brix Sensors for the Beverage Industry|author=Rene Martinez VitalSensors Technologies LLC|url=http://vitalsensorstech.com/PDF%27s/VS-1000B%20Brix%20Sensor%20Data%20Sheet.pdf}}— Martinez describes the theory and practice of measuring brix on-line in beverages.

==External links==
*[http://www.davidberryman.co.uk/technical/density/ Brix vs relative density]
*[http://www.fermsoft.com/gravbrix.php Brix to Specific Gravity Table]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20010828094600/http://www.byo.com/mrwizard/730.html Brix, Plato, Balling, Specific gravity]

{{Viticulture}}

[[Category:Units of density]]
[[Category:Oenology]]
[[Category:Food science]]

[[ca:Escala Brix]]
[[da:Brix-skalaen]]
[[de:Grad Brix]]
[[es:Grado Brix]]
[[fa:درجه بریکس]]
[[fr:Échelle de Brix]]
[[ko:브릭스 당도]]
[[it:Brix]]
[[nl:Brix-waarde]]
[[ja:ショ糖濃度]]
[[pl:Skala Ballinga]]
[[pt:Brix]]
[[ru:Шкала Брикса]]
[[sv:Brix-skalan]]
[[th:บริกซ์]]
[[zh:白利糖度]]

Cricklade

2012-05-16T00:03:50Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:کریکلید

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2010}}
{{infobox UK place
|official_name= Cricklade
|latitude= 51.640
|longitude= -1.945
|os_grid_reference= SU0993
|label_position= bottom
|population= 4132
|population_ref= ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=4&containerAreaId=790550 |title=Area selected: North Wiltshire (Non-Metropolitan District) |work=Neighbourhood Statistics: Full Dataset View |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref>
|civil_parish= Cricklade
|unitary_england= [[Wiltshire Council|Wiltshire]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Wiltshire]]
|region= South West England
|country= England
|constituency_westminster= [[North Wiltshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North Wiltshire]]
|post_town= [[Swindon]]
|postcode_district= SN6 6
|postcode_area= SN
|dial_code= 01793
|website= [http://www.cricklade-tc.gov.uk/ Cricklade Town Council]
}}

'''Cricklade''' is a town and [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] on the [[River Thames]] in north [[Wiltshire]] in England, midway between [[Swindon]] and [[Cirencester]].

On 25 September 2011 Cricklade was awarded The [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s 'Champion of Champions' award in the [[Britain in Bloom]] competition.<ref name="RHS Award">{{cite web |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/Gardening/Community-gardening/Britain-in-Bloom/News/RHS-Britain-in-Bloom-results-announced|title=RHS 2011 Results}}</ref>

Cricklade is twinned with [[Sucé-sur-Erdre]] in France. Cricklade's [[Latin]] [[motto]] is ''In Loco Delicioso'', which means "in a pleasant place".<ref name="motto">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricklade-tc.gov.uk/ |title=Criclade town council}}</ref>

The [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]] recorded Cricklade's population as 4,132.<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getcensus.php?id=86 |title=Cricklade Census Information |accessdate=13 December 2006 |publisher=Wiltshire Council}}</ref>

There is a large clock, called the [[Jubilee clock]], which was erected in 1898 in honour of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]'s [[Diamond Jubilee]] the preceding year. It stands outside The Vale Hotel in the High Street, where the Town Cross once stood. There are two replicas of the cross in Cricklade; one is in the churchyard of St Sampson's, the other at St Mary's, and there is local rivalry as to which one is now believed to be the original.

==History==
Cricklade was founded in the 9th century by the [[Anglo Saxons]], who chose it for the fact that it is where the [[Roman road]] [[Ermin Street]] crosses the River Thames. It was the home of a Saxon royal mint.<ref name="Mint">{{cite web |url=http://www.northwilts-communityweb.com/site/Cricklade-Historical-Society/ |title=Criclade Historical Society}}</ref>

It is one of thirty [[burh]]s (fortresses or fortified towns) recorded in the [[Burghal Hidage]] document, which describes a system of fortresses and fortified towns built around [[Wessex]] by [[Alfred the Great|King Alfred]]. Recent research has suggested that these burhs were built in the short period 878-9 both to defend Wessex against the [[Vikings]] under [[Guthrum]], and to act as an offensive to the Viking presence in [[Mercia]]. It is argued that the completion of this system, of which Cricklade – situated only a little way down Ermin Street from [[Cirencester]], the Viking base for a year – was a key element, precipitated the retreat of the Vikings from Mercia and London to [[East Anglia]], according to the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]] in late 879.

The square defences of the fortification were laid out on a regular module. They have been excavated in several places on all four of its sides by a number of [[archaeologist]]s since the 1940s, and is possibly the most extensively sampled fortification of the period. In the initial phase, a walkway of laid stones marked the rear of a bank of stacked turves and clay, which had been derived from the three external ditches.

In the second phase, the front of the bank, which after probably only a short period of time had become somewhat degraded, was replaced by a stone wall. This encircled the defences on all four of its sides. The manpower needed to build this was probably roughly the same as was needed to build the original turf and clay defences. This wall, which would have considerably strengthened the defensive capabilities of the burh, has recently been suggested as having been inserted in the 890s. That other burhs of the Burghal Hidage were also strengthened with stone walls suggests that this was part of a systematic upgrade of the original defensive provision for Wessex which was ordered at this time by the king.

The third phase is marked by the systematic razing of the stone wall, which was pulled down over the inner berm (the space between the wall and the inner ditch). Stones from the wall were used to fill the inner two ditches, which demonstrates that this process was deliberate. A similar phase can be observed in the archaeological record at [[Christchurch, Dorset]], another burh of the Burghal Hidage. Similar observations at other burhs suggests that this phase of destruction of the defences was implemented over the whole of Wessex, and must therefore have been the result of a concerted policy, again by inference on the part of the king. The most reasonable historical context for this seems to be accession of [[King Cnut]] in the early 11th century, in order to prevent the burhs being seized and used against him by his rivals.

The fourth phase is marked by the reuse of the original Anglo Saxon defences by the insertion of a timber palisade along the line of the original wall. This probably marks a phase of the re-defence of the town during the [[The Anarchy|civil war]] of 1144 under [[Stephen of England]].

There is little archaeological evidence for the community who were protected by these defences in the Saxon period. There is some indication that streets were laid out in a regular fashion behind the main north-south High Street. This led through a gate in the northern line of the defences to a causeway over the floodplain of the Thames to a bridge over the river, which was probably of a defensive nature.

On [[John Speed]]'s map of [[Wiltshire]] (1611), the town's name is recorded as ''Crekelade''.

==Culture==
===Sport===
====Cricklade Fun Run====
Run annually in the first Sunday in October, the Cricklade Fun Run hosts a [[half marathon]], [[10000 metres|10 km]] and Fun Run event for around 750 runners. This raises funds for a number of local charities.<ref>[http://www.crickladefunrun.co.uk/ Cricklade Fun Run]</ref>

====Cricklade Triathlon====
The Cricklade [[Triathlon]] runs in the summer for both adult and Junior forms; for the last few years the events were held on different days. The first to coincide with the Leisure Centre's open day, run to say thanks to the town for their support to keep it open. This year it returns to a single day event.<ref>[http://www.crickladetri.net Cricklade Triathlon]</ref>

====Cricklade Leisure Centre====
Towards the end of 2006, the local council (North Wiltshire District Council) tried to close the [[leisure centre]]. After a very active campaign, the local residents successfully managed to take over the running of the centre and were successful in turning its declining fortunes around. It has a swimming pool, squash courts, sports hall with a range of markings, tennis/five a side football courts, bar and lounge area with balcony and barbecue, skate park and children's play areas. In 2009 money was raised for a climbing wall.<ref>[http://www.crickladeleisure.co.uk/ Cricklade Leisure Centre]</ref>

====Cricklade Cricket Club====
Cricklade [[Cricket]] Club has been established for over 100 years, located on the North side of Cricklade the ground (Southam) is sited on the edge of the river Thames. For the 2011 season the club is running 2 Senior Saturday League teams and 3 youth teams (U-15, U-11 & U-9's) in the Cotswold District Cricket Association (CDCA).

====Cricklade Town F.C.====
[[Cricklade Town F.C.]] are a [[Non-League football]] team who play at the Cricklade leisure centre.

====Cricklade Youth Football Club ====
Cricklade Youth Football Club exists to provide and promote the playing of Association Football for the youth of Cricklade from U7's to U16's. The club was the first club in Wiltshire to gain the Wiltshire FA Charter Standard – an award for clubs across the country that meet the very high standards required by the FA. We always welcome new players and any adults who wish to help in coaching or managing teams. Further details can be found on the club web site.<ref>[http://www.crickladetownfootballclub.co.uk/ Cricklade Youth Football Club]</ref>

===Nature===
====North Meadow====
Today, the town's main claim to fame is the large nature reserve, [[North Meadow, Cricklade|North Meadow]], which preserves some 80% of Britain's wild [[Fritillaria meleagris|Snake's Head Fritillaries]] in its 150 acres (just over 60 hectares), which flower in late April to early May. The [[meadow]] is situated between two rivers, the [[Thames]] and the [[River Churn|Churn]], and the unique habitat for the fritillary was created by winter flooding. Such meadows were once common in Britain, but with the advent of modern farming many were drained and ploughed for arable crops from the 1730s onwards. In the case of North Meadow, it escaped such a fate by virtue of the preservation of the [[Court Leet]], the Saxon system of town governance which made sure the land was held in common. The land is managed by Natural England<ref>[http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1006112.aspx Natural England]</ref> and is run with the support of the [[Court Leet]]

====Blakehill====
In 2000, a disused airfield called Blakehill was bought from the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] by Wiltshire Wildlife Trust<ref>[http://www.wiltshirewildlife.org/Spl4X5Oo7U2VLnhmY7gjxw%3D%3D/Reserve.aspx Wiltshire Wildlife Trus]</ref> to form a second larger meadow of around {{convert|600|acre|ha}}, which was opened to the public in 2005. It rears a small quantity of organic grade beef, usually using rare breeds such as Longhorns.

===Schools===
====Prior Park Preparatory School====
There is an independent school called [[Prior Park Preparatory School]]. The school is a non-selective school and has around 200 pupils aged from 7 to 13 years. It provides both day and boarding places and is home to a number of children from overseas and Forces families. Children are prepared for [[Common Entrance]] and leave at 13 for a variety of independent schools including the school's own senior school, [[Prior Park College]] in Bath. Prior Park is a Roman Catholic School but has children from all faiths among its pupils. The school has particular strengths in sport, music and art as well as achieving high academic results with a large number of scholarships to senior schools awarded each year.

====St Sampson’s C of E School====
There was a state primary school called [[Samson of Dol|St Sampson]]'s [[Church of England]] School, which was linked with the major local landmark, the [[Anglican]] St Sampson's [[parish church]]. It was separated in 1979 into two schools; St Sampsons Infant school, for children aged 4–7, and St Sampsons C of E Junior school, for children aged 7–11 <ref>http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getschool.php?id=652</ref>. Mrs Bayne is the headteacher of the junior school, and Mrs Dougil is the interim headteacher of the infants.

===Churches===
====St Sampson's====
Dating back to the 11th century, the church has the third longest [[Bell (instrument)|bellropes]] in Britain. The present church was built on the remains of another, Saxon church, of 890AD.
The main part of the church was built between 1240 and 1280, though on closer inspection, earlier work can be found. The grand, four spired belltower, the dominating landmark of the town, was built much later, between 1551 and 1553, by the Duke of Northumberland, father in law to [[Lady Jane Grey]].

====St Mary’s====
When St Mary's Church of England parish church (The Parish of North Meadow – one of the smallest parishes in Britain) was declared redundant by the [[Church of England]] [[Diocese of Bristol]], it was leased in January 1984 for use by the local Roman Catholic congregation. The building was founded nearly 1,000 years ago and its features include a fine 12th century [[chancel]] arch and mediæval [[preaching cross]].

The Friends of St Mary's Cricklade was formed in 1998 to care for the building and a restoration appeal has been launched. A Latin rite mass has been celebrated at various places in Cricklade from about 1939.

====United Methodist Church====
In 1955, a former Baptist church was acquired by the United Reformed Church<ref>[http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getprinted.php?id=1013 Wiltshire Council Historical Document]</ref> and re-opened as the Church of St Augustine of Canterbury.

===Town Twinning===
Cricklade has been twinned with the French town of [[Sucé-sur-Erdre]] since 1990. In June 2010 the Twentieth Anniversary was celebrated in Cricklade.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://newsletter.crickladetwinning.org.uk/?Letter=1&Type=2 |publisher=Cricklade and District Twinning Association |title= May 2010 Newsletter |accessdate= 6 July 2010}}</ref>
Sucé is located just north of Nantes in the Loire valley, {{convert|30|mi|km}} from the Atlantic coast. In alternate years Cricklade visit Sucé and the following year Sucé visit Cricklade. Cricklade Twinning Association also hold social events throughout the year to raise funds towards hosting the visits by Sucé to Cricklade.

===Saxons Rest===
Cricklade Town Council with help from Cricklade Bloomers built a town garden on an open space near Waylands called Saxons Rest which included two large flag poles. This caused some controversy but only from some residents in the immediate area who considered that their view across the open space would be spoilt and that there would be noise from the halyards on the flag poles. Once built the consensus was that it was an attractive feature in the town and enhanced the area. The open space to the rear of the garden is a scheduled monument as this is the location of the Saxon Town walls, although no longer visible, whereas the land that the garden is built on, whilst historically as important had been built on in the past and therefore the ground has been desturbed and is of less significant.

==Business==
[[Alex Tew]] was a resident of Cricklade at the time of creating [[The Million Dollar Homepage]].

Cricklade Business Association<ref>http://www.crickladebusiness.org.uk/</ref> was set up to represent the local business community, the association also has close links to other non-profit making businesses, such as the Rotarians, Waylands Trust and the charity running the Leisure Centre.

Cricklade has many [[public house]]s; the list currently includes The Vale, The Old Bear, The White Hart, The White Lion, The Red Lion, The White Horse Member's Club and the Leisure Centre.

There is also the local museum in Calcutt Street run by the Cricklade Historical Society housed in a former Baptist chapel. T.R. Thomson of Costorphine was a long-time resident of Cricklade and a moving spirit behind the establishment of the society. His book, Materials for a History of Cricklade, and various articles have served to preserve and enhance a study of local history in the town.

==Transport==
The [[Thames Path]] runs through Cricklade. It heads downstream on the southern bank, until it reaches [[Eysey Footbridge]], where it crosses to the other side.

The [[North Wilts Canal]], opened in 1819, passed just to the west of the town. It linked the [[Thames and Severn Canal]] with the [[Wilts and Berks Canal]]. Abandoned in the early twentieth century, parts are now being restored.<ref>[http://www.northwiltscanal.org.uk/ North Wilts Canal]</ref>

[[Cricklade railway station]] was on the [[Midland and South Western Junction Railway]], which linked [[Swindon Town railway station|Swindon]] with [[Cirencester Watermoor railway station|Cirencester]], but this was closed in 1961 and all trace of the station has now gone. Part of the railway route, though, has been opened as a cycle path (national cycle route 45).

South of the town, however, the [[Swindon and Cricklade Railway]] is restoring the line as a leisure facility. Since 2007 passenger trains have been run between [[Blunsdon railway station]] and [[Hayes Knoll]] station, and the line is currently being extended towards both Cricklade and Swindon.

The [[A419]] Swindon to Cirencester road by-passes the town to the north-east.

==See also==
* [[Cricklade (UK Parliament constituency)]]
* [[Down Ampney]] birthplace of English pastoral composer and collector of folk tunes Ralph Vaughan Williams, music editor of the first edition of the ''[[English Hymnal]]'', {{convert|5|mi|km}} north of Cricklade.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Pevsner |first1=Nikolaus |authorlink1=Nikolaus Pevsner |last2=Cherry |first2=Bridget (revision) |series=[[Pevsner Architectural Guides#Buildings of England|The Buildings of England]] |title=Wiltshire |origyear=1963 |year=1975 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0 14 0710.26 4 |pages=199–202}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pugh |first1=R.B. |last2=Crittall |first2=Elizabeth (eds.) |series=[[Victoria County History]] |title=A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 3 |year=1956 |pages=335–336}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.cricklade-tc.gov.uk/ Cricklade Town Council]
*{{dmoz|/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Wiltshire/Cricklade/}}

[[Category:Populated places established in the 9th century]]
[[Category:Towns in Wiltshire]]
[[Category:Redundant churches]]

[[cy:Cricklade]]
[[de:Cricklade]]
[[fa:کریکلید]]
[[fr:Cricklade]]
[[ko:크리클레이드]]
[[it:Cricklade]]
[[la:Cricklade]]
[[nl:Cricklade]]
[[pl:Cricklade]]
[[ru:Криклейд]]
[[uk:Криклейд]]

Computed tomography angiography

2012-05-15T22:24:29Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:سی تی آنژیوگرافی

{{Interventions infobox |
Name = {{PAGENAME}} |
Image = SagitalAAA.jpg |
Caption = Sagital multiplanar reformation (SPR) of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) (arrows) |
ICD10 = |
ICD9unlinked = |
MeshID = |
OPS301 = {{OPS301|3-228}} |
OtherCodes = |
}}
'''Computed tomography angiography''' (CTA) is a [[computed tomography]] technique used to visualize arterial and venous vessels throughout the body. This ranges from arteries serving the brain to those bringing blood to the lungs, kidneys, arms and legs.

==Technique==
CT combines the use of [[x-ray]]s with computerized analysis of the images. Beams of x-rays are passed from a rotating device through the area of interest in the patient's body from several different angles to obtain projection images, which then are assembled by computer into a three-dimensional picture of the area being studied.

==4D CT==
4D CT Digital Subtracted Angiogram. The ability to see whole brain dynamic flow of contrast from arterial to venous.

==Clinical applications==
CTA is commonly used to:
*Examine the pulmonary arteries in the lungs to rule out pulmonary embolism, a serious but treatable condition. This is called a [[CTPA]].
*Visualize blood flow in the renal arteries (those supplying the kidneys) in patients with high blood pressure and those suspected of having kidney disorders. Narrowing (stenosis) of a renal artery is a cause of high blood pressure (hypertension) in some patients and can be corrected. A special computerized method of viewing the images makes renal CT angiography a very accurate examination. Also done in prospective kidney donors.
*Identify aneurysms in the aorta or in other major blood vessels. Aneurysms are diseased areas of a weakened blood vessel wall that bulges out—like a bulge in a tire. Aneurysms are life-threatening because they can rupture.
*Identify dissection in the aorta or its major branches. Dissection means that the layers of the artery wall peel away from each other—like the layers of an onion. Dissection can cause pain and can be life-threatening.
*Identify a small aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation inside the brain that can be life-threatening.
*Detect atherosclerotic disease that has narrowed the arteries to the legs.

==Benefits and Risks==
'''Benefits'''
*CTA can be used to examine blood vessels in many key areas of the body, including the brain, kidneys, pelvis, and the lungs. The procedure is able to detect narrowing of blood vessels in time for corrective therapy to be done.
*This method displays the anatomical detail of blood vessels more precisely than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound. Today, many patients can undergo CTA in place of a conventional catheter angiogram.
*CTA is a useful way of screening for arterial disease because it is safer and much less time-consuming than catheter angiography and is a cost-effective procedure. There is also less discomfort because contrast material is injected into an arm vein rather than into a large artery in the groin.

'''Risks'''
*There is a risk of an allergic reaction, which may be serious, whenever contrast material containing iodine is injected. A patient with a history of allergy to x-ray dye may be advised to take special medication for 24 hours before CTA to lessen the risk of allergic reaction or to undergo a different exam that does not call for contrast material injection.
*CTA should be avoided in patients with kidney disease or severe diabetes, because x-ray contrast material can further harm kidney function.
*If a large amount of x-ray contrast material leaks out under the skin where the IV is placed, skin damage can result.
*Compared with other imaging modalities, CTA is associated with a significant dose of ionizing radiation... Depending on patient age and exam protocol, CTA may cause a non-negligible increase in lifetime cancer risk.<ref>Einstein AJ, Henzlova MJ, Rajagopalan S. "Estimating risk of cancer associated with radiation exposure from 64-slice computed tomography coronary angiography." JAMA. 2007 Jul 18;298(3):317-23. Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17635892.</ref> However, there are many clinical situations for which the benefits of performing the procedure outweigh this risk.

==See also==
*[[Angiography]]
*[[Magnetic resonance angiography]]

==External links==
*VIDEO: [http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videoInfo.php?videoid=160 CT Angiography], John Keevil, MD, speaks at the University of Wisconsin Cardiovascular Medicine Grand Rounds (2007)

*http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=angioct&bhcp=1#part_one

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

{{Medical imaging}}
[[Category:X-ray computed tomography]]

[[ar:تصوير الأوعية الطبقي المبرمج]]
[[de:CT-Angiographie]]
[[es:Angiografía por tomografía computarizada]]
[[fa:سی تی آنژیوگرافی]]
[[ru:КТ-ангиография]]

The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader

2012-05-15T22:08:30Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:سرگذشت نارنیا: سفر کشتی سپیده پیما

{{About|the film|the novel|The Voyage of the Dawn Treader}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox film
|name = The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader
|image = The voyage of the dawn treader poster.jpg
|caption = Theatrical poster
|director = [[Michael Apted]]
|producer = [[Mark Johnson (producer)|Mark Johnson]] [[Andrew Adamson]] Philip Steuer
|screenplay = [[Christopher Markus]] [[Stephen McFeely]] [[Michael Petroni]]
|based on = {{Based on|''[[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]''|[[C. S. Lewis]]}}
|starring = [[Georgie Henley]] [[Skandar Keynes]] [[Will Poulter]] [[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]] [[Liam Neeson]] [[Simon Pegg]]
|music = [[David Arnold]] [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] {{small|(additional music)}}
|cinematography = [[Dante Spinotti]]
|editing = Rick Shaine
|studio = [[Walden Media]] Dune Entertainment
|distributor = [[20th Century Fox]] [[MGM]] (Indian Subcontinent)
|released = {{Film date|2010|11|30|[[Royal Film Performance]]|2010|12|9|United Kingdom|2010|12|10|United States}}
|runtime = 113 minutes
|budget = $140<ref name="Collett-White (2010)"/>–155<ref name="L.A. Times 1"/><ref name="mojo"/> million
|gross = $415,686,217<ref name="mojo"/>
|country = {{ubl|{{FilmUK}}|{{FilmUS}}}}
|language = English
|italic title = force
}}
'''''The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader''''' is a 2010 fantasy-adventure film based on ''[[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'', the third novel in [[C. S. Lewis]]'s epic fantasy series ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' (and fifth in internal chronological order). It is the third installment in [[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|''The Chronicles of Narnia'' film series]] from [[Walden Media]]. Unlike the earlier two films, it was distributed by [[20th Century Fox]] and the only film to be released in [[Digital 3D]].

The film is set three Narnian years after the events of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|Prince Caspian]]''. The two youngest Pevensie siblings, [[Edmund Pevensie|Edmund]] ([[Skandar Keynes]]) and [[Lucy Pevensie|Lucy]] ([[Georgie Henley]]), are transported back to Narnia along with their cousin [[Eustace Scrubb]] ([[Will Poulter]]). They join the new king of Narnia, [[Caspian X|Caspian]] ([[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]]), in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and to save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a dark island. Each character is tested as they journey to the home of the great lion [[Aslan]] at the far end of the world.

Development on ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' began in 2007, while ''Prince Caspian'' was still in production. Filming was supposed to take place in [[Malta]], [[Czech Republic]] and [[Iceland]] in 2008 with [[Michael Apted]] as its new director, for a planned release in 2009. But production was halted after a budgetary dispute between Walden Media and [[Walt Disney Pictures]] concerning ''Prince Caspian'''s performance at the [[box office]], resulting in Disney's departing the production and being replaced by [[20th Century Fox]]. Filming later took place in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] in 2009 and was converted into 3D in 2010. It was released in traditional [[Two-dimensional|2D]], [[RealD 3D]], and [[Digital 3D]], and a limited release in [[4-D film|4D]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/12/south-korea-to-see-dawn-treader-in-4d/|title=South Korea to See 'Dawn Treader' in 4D|publisher=Narniaweb.com|accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0980970/releaseinfo|title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader — Release dates|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>

The film premiered on November 30, 2010, at a [[Royal Film Performance]] in London<ref name="BBCNews.co.uk">{{cite news | title = Voyage of the Dawn Treader film chosen for royal gala | publisher = BBC News| date = 2010-08-16 | url =http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-10987423 | accessdate=2010-08-18}}</ref> and was released worldwide on December 10, 2010 and was commercially successful but met with mixed reviews praising the performances and visual effects but criticizing the script and pace. The film received moderate success in North America with a gross of $104 million, which was lower than its predecessors. However, it fared better than ''Prince Caspian'' internationally with $310 million. The film was the 12th highest-grossing film of 2010 worldwide with nearly $415 million and received a nomination at the [[68th Golden Globe Awards]]. It then became 20th Century Fox's highest-grossing film in 2010.<ref name="2010 Yearly Box Office Results">[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2010&p=.htm 2010 Yearly Box Office Results]. [[Box Office Mojo]]. Retrieved January 28, 2011.</ref> ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]'' was to be the fourth entry to the series,<ref>[http://www.christianpost.com/news/narnia-4-will-be-magicians-nephew-not-silver-chair-49517/ Narnia 4 Will Be 'Magician's Nephew,' Not 'Silver Chair']</ref><ref>[http://www.charismamag.com/index.php/news/30308-the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader-most-inspiring-faith-family-and-values-movie-of-2011 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Most Inspiring Faith, Family and Values Movie of 2011]</ref> but in fall 2011 [[Walden Media]]'s contract with the C.S. Lewis Estate expired, placing the possibility of another film on indefinite hold.<ref name="Gresham Confirmation">[http://www.aslanscountry.com/2011/10/gresham-confirms-waldens-contract-expired/ Gresham Confirms: Walden’s Contract Expired]</ref><ref name="Expire">[http://www.christiancinema.com/catalog/newsdesk_info.php?newsdesk_id=1886# Walden Media’s Option for a Fourth Narnia film Expires]</ref>

== Plot ==
Three Narnian years after the events of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|Prince Caspian]]'', [[Lucy Pevensie|Lucy]] and [[Edmund Pevensie]] are staying with their irritating cousin [[Eustace Scrubb]]. A magical painting of a ship on the ocean transports Lucy, Edmund and Eustace into an ocean in [[Narnia (world)|Narnia]].

They are rescued by the ''[[Dawn Treader]]''. [[Caspian X|Caspian]] invites them on a voyage to rescue the seven Lords of Narnia whom his uncle [[Miraz]] banished. In the Lone Islands, where people are sold as slaves, Caspian and Edmund are captured and imprisoned while Lucy and Eustace are sold as slaves. Caspian meets one of the lost lords, who reveals that the slaves are not sold, but sacrificed to a mysterious green mist. The crew of the ''Dawn Treader'' then rescue the four. The lord, who becomes the new governor, gives Caspian a sword originally given by Aslan.

At another island, Lucy is abducted by invisible [[Dufflepuds]] who force her to enter the manor of the magician [[Coriakin]] to find a visibility spell. Coriakin encourages the crew to defeat the mist by laying the lords' seven swords at Aslan's Table, but warns them that they are all about to be tested. Lucy recites a beauty incantation she found, and enters a dream in which she has transformed into Susan, and neither Lucy nor Narnia exist. Aslan chides Lucy for her self-doubt, explaining that her siblings only know of Narnia because of her.

Another sword is recovered from a magical pool that turns anything that touches it (including one of the lost lords) into gold. Meanwhile, Eustace discovers and steals treasure from a dragon hoard. While Edmund and Caspian look for Eustace, a dragon approaches and is driven away from the ''Dawn Treader''. The dragon is Eustace, transformed by the enchanted treasure after succumbing to its temptations. [[Reepicheep]] befriends Eustace, and Eustace is touched by the mouse's kindness. Eustace has a change of heart and becomes useful to the crew.

They arrive at Aslan's Table to find three lost lords sleeping. As they place the swords on the table they realize one is still missing. A star descends from the sky and transforms into [[Ramandu's Daughter|Lilliandil]], a beautiful woman who guides them to the Dark Island, lair of the mist, where they discover the last surviving Lord. Edmund's fear manifests itself as a monstrous [[sea serpent]] that attacks the ship. Eustace as a dragon fights the serpent, but Eustace is wounded by the last sword and flies away. He encounters Aslan, who transforms him back into a boy and sends him to Ramandu's island with the last sword. The mist tries to distract Edmund by appearing as [[White Witch|Jadis, the White Witch]]. Eustace overcomes the mist and puts the sword on the table, awakening the three sleeping lords and destroying the mist and Dark Island; Edmund slays the sea serpent and they liberate the sacrificed slaves.

Eustace rejoins Lucy, Edmund, Caspian and Reepicheep, and they sail to a mysterious shore before a massive wave. Aslan appears and tells them that [[Aslan's Country|his country]] lies beyond, although if they go there they may never return. Caspian refuses, but Reepicheep is determined to enter, and Aslan blesses him before he paddles beyond the wave. Aslan opens a portal to send Lucy, Edmund and Eustace home, but informs Lucy and Edmund they have grown up and can never return to Narnia. Aslan encourages them to know him in their world by [[Jesus|another name]], and tells a reformed Eustace that he may return. The three enter the portal and are returned to the bedroom. Eustace hears his mother announcing a visitor, [[Jill Pole]].

==Cast==
{{See also|List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members}}

===Pevensies and Scrubbs===
* [[Georgie Henley]] as [[Lucy Pevensie]]: Lucy is the youngest of the Pevensie children. A Queen of Narnia who first discovered the world of Narnia during the events of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'', she comes back to Narnia to save it from a threatening evil while her faith is being tested along the way. Henley feels that Lucy's desire to be more beautiful than her sister Susan represents the dilemma of modern teenage girls on beauty and image.<ref name="CastCrew">{{cite web |url=http://www.narniaweb.com/info/cast-crew/cast-the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader |title=Cast: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader |publisher=NarniaWeb.com |accessdate=2010-11-23}}</ref>
* [[Skandar Keynes]] as [[Edmund Pevensie]]: Edmund is the second-youngest of the Pevensie children and a King of Narnia. He is more matured after the events of ''Prince Caspian'', and he takes good care of his younger sister and cousin while they embark on a voyage to defeat the enemy. On his last journey, his hunger for more power against Caspian and the White Witch is being tested.<ref name="CastCrew" />
* [[Will Poulter]] as [[Eustace Scrubb]]: Eustace is the Pevensie children's annoying cousin who gets transported to Narnia for the first time. At first, he irritates everyone with his bad attitude, but he dramatically changes after he is cursed and becomes a dragon. With the support of his cousins and the warrior mouse Reepicheep, Eustace becomes a more generous and cooperative soul. He uses his dragon form to good advantage first when the ''Dawn Treader'' is caught in magically induced [[doldrum]]s by towing the ship and later attacking the sea serpent, earning the crew's respect.<ref name="CastCrew" />

===''Dawn Treader'' crew===
* [[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]] as [[Caspian X|King Caspian]]: Caspian was raised as a [[Telmar]]ine prince and was helped by the Pevensie children to ascend to the throne as the new King of Narnia during the events of ''Prince Caspian''. As the King of Narnia, he has grown into a wise young man and embarks on a voyage to seek the seven lost lords of Narnia and to defeat an enemy who threatens to corrupt it. Along the way, his faith is tested when he is tempted by the green mist of Dark Island, which appears to him as his greatest fear - his father feeling nothing but disappointment in him. Also on the voyage, Caspian finds a new love interest when he meets Lilliandil on Ramandu's Island and is instantly smitten with her. The Spanish accent that Barnes used in the film ''Prince Caspian'' was changed to his own English accent for this film.<ref name="CastCrew" />
* [[Simon Pegg]] as the voice of [[Reepicheep]]: Reepicheep is the valiant swashbuckling mouse who aided Caspian and the Pevensie children during the events of ''Prince Caspian''. He joins Caspian in the voyage on the ''Dawn Treader'' because he is aware that his time is at an end; he must seek the unseen Aslan's Country as his last voyage. Pegg replaced [[Eddie Izzard]] because director [[Michael Apted]] thought that his voice is more mature and serious compared to Izzard's.<ref name="CastCrew" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/06/simon-pegg-replaces-bill-nighy-as-the-voice-of-reepicheep/ |title=Simon Pegg Replaces Bill Nighy as the Voice of Reepicheep |publisher=NarniaWeb.com |author=Tirian |accessdate=2010-11-23}}</ref>
* [[Gary Sweet]] as [[Lord Drinian]]: Drinian is the captain of the ''Dawn Treader'' and Caspian's best friend. He is a very cautious and protective captain, and is somewhat superstitious about stories of [[sea serpent]]s.<ref name="CastCrew" />
* [[Shane Rangi]] as Tavros the [[Minotaur]]: Rangi also played Asterius the Minotaur in ''Prince Caspian'' and [[General Otmin]] in ''The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe''.<ref name="CastCrew" />
* Morgan Evans as Randy the [[Faun]]<ref name="CastCrew" />
* [[Steven Rooke]] as Nausus the Faun<ref name="CastCrew" />
* Tony Nixon as 1st Mate (Rynelf)<ref name="CastCrew" />

===Narnians===
* [[Liam Neeson]] as the voice of [[Aslan]]: Aslan is a great lion and the highest of all the Kings of Narnia. He tests everyone's faith as they embark on a voyage to defeat evil and to seek his country in the ends of the world. He finally reveals to Lucy and Edmund that they will no longer visit Narnia and they must know him as [[Aslan#Christian interpretation|someone else]] in their own world.<ref name="CastCrew" />
* [[Laura Brent]] as [[Ramandu's Daughter|Lilliandil]]: Lilliandil is the daughter of the retired star, [[Ramandu]] and the Blue Star that shines over Ramandu's Island; the crew on the ''Dawn Treader'' follow her position in the sky to reach the island. She aides the crew in destroying the evil of Dark Island and is also Caspian's love interest. The name of Ramandu's Daughter is not mentioned in the novel, so producer [[Douglas Gresham]] coined the name "Lilliandil".<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarah Bull |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1334493/Narnia-Dawn-Treader-premiere-Georgie-Henley-Anna-Popplewell-brave-snow.html |title=Narnia Dawn Treader premiere: Georgie Henley and Anna Popplewell brave the snow | Mail Online |publisher=Dailymail.co.uk |date= 2010-12-02|accessdate=2010-12-17 |location=London}}</ref>
* [[Bille Brown]] as [[Coriakin]]: Coriakin is a wizard and a retired star who guides the [[Dufflepuds]] to wisdom. He reveals to the crew the evil that threatens to corrupt Narnia and warns them that each one of them will be tested in their faith by Aslan.
* [[Terry Norris (actor)|Terry Norris]] as [[Lord Bern]]: Bern is one of the Lost Lords of Narnia who settled on the Lone Islands. He later succeeds as its new Governor.<ref name="CastCrew" />
* [[Bruce Spence]] as [[Lord Rhoop]]: Rhoop of the Lost Lords of Narnia. He gets trapped on the Dark Island.<ref name="CastCrew" />
* Arabella Morton as Gael: Gael is a Lone Islander whose mother was sacrificed to the green mist. She later sneaks onboard the ''Dawn Treader'' to follow her father, (Rhince, played by Arthur Angel) who also joins the ''Dawn Treader'' crew to look for his wife. She is good friends with Lucy and sees her as her heroine, as Lucy acts much like a big sister to her.
*[[Nathaniel Parker]] as [[Caspian IX]]: The late father of Caspian X, who was murdered by his brother [[Miraz]] shortly after his son's birth. The green mist of Dark Island appears to Caspian as his father, telling him that he is ashamed to call him his son.
* David Vallon as Governor Gumpas<ref name="CastCrew" />
* Michael Foster as Gumpas's money collector<ref name="CastCrew" />
* [[Roy Billing]] as [[Dufflepuds|Chief Dufflepud]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Meet-Narnia-s-Chief-Dufflepud-14367.html |title=Meet Narnia's Chief Dufflepud |publisher=Cinemablend |date=2009-08-14 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>

===Cameos===
* [[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]] as [[Peter Pevensie]]: Peter is the oldest of the Pevensie children, who was crowned as the High King of Narnia during the events of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''. He was too old to experience the wonders of Narnia after the events of ''Prince Caspian''.<ref name="Archives8559" />
* [[Anna Popplewell]] as [[Susan Pevensie]]: Susan is the second-oldest of the Pevensie children and a Queen of Narnia. She was too old to visit Narnia a third time along with her older brother Peter. She went to America with her parents, leaving her younger siblings to spend their vacation with their cousin.<ref name="Archives8559">{{cite web|author=Paul Martin |url=http://www.narniafans.com/archives/8559 |title=Voyage of the Dawn Treader Display Photos [Updated – High Res!] |publisher=Narnia Fans |date=2010-05-22 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>
* [[Tilda Swinton]] as [[White Witch|Jadis, the White Witch]]:<ref name="Archives8559" /> The White Witch is a former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after the events of ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]'' and during the events of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''. Edmund's memories of her are revived by the mist to torment him in his test to defeat temptation.
* [[Douglas Gresham]] as a slave buyer: Douglas Gresham is the step son of C. S. Lewis and has made cameos in all three Narnia films all of which he produced.

==Production==
===Development===
[[Michael Apted]] took over as the film's director from [[Andrew Adamson]], who opted to produce, with [[Mark Johnson (producer)|Mark Johnson]], [[Perry Moore]], and [[Douglas Gresham]]. [[Steven Knight]] wrote the script following a draft by [[Christopher Markus]] and [[Stephen McFeely]]. [[Richard Taylor (filmmaker)|Richard Taylor]], Isis Mussenden, and Howard Berger continued their roles working on the production design and practical effects, while visual effects supervisor [[Jim Rygiel]], composer [[David Arnold]], and cinematographer [[Dante Spinotti]] are newcomers to the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Crew Listing |publisher=NarniaWeb |url=http://www.narniaweb.com/castcrew.asp?castcrew=1&MovieID=3 |accessdate=2008-12-14}}</ref> The film was officially budgeted at $140 million,<ref name="Collett-White (2010)">{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE6AS2SK20101129|title=Will Narnia blockbuster sink or sail?|author=Mike Collett-White|date=2010-11-29|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2010-12-02 |quote=Mark Johnson, a producer on all three Narnia films, told the Wall Street Journal that the new movie was made for a relatively modest $140 million.}}</ref> although some estimates put the cost at $155 million.<ref name="L.A. Times 1">{{cite news |title = Company Town: 'Dawn Treader's' foreign appeal| work=Ben Fritz|publisher=[[L.A. Times]]| date= 2010-12-13| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/13/entertainment/la-et-box-office-20101213| accessdate= 2010-12-27}}</ref><ref name="mojo">{{cite news |title =The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader| work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=boxofficemojo.com| date = 2010-12-19 | url =http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=narnia3.htm | accessdate=2010-12-19}}</ref>
[[Image:Dawn treader.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Dawn Treader]]'' as featured in the film]]
When Apted signed on to direct ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' in June 2007, filming was set to begin in January 2008 for a May 1, 2009 release date.<ref name="Peter Gilstrap">{{cite news |title=Apted to direct 'Narnia' sequel |date=2007-06-19 |author=Peter Gilstrap |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117967228.html |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> Shooting would have begun in [[Malta]], and then moved to [[Prague]] and [[Iceland]].<ref>{{cite news | title =
Dawn Treader Locations | work = NarniaWeb | date = 2007-09-09 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1284&dl=13719540 | accessdate=2007-09-09}}</ref> A few months later, Disney announced that "in consideration of the challenging schedules for [its] young actors", they were delaying the release date to May 7, 2010,<ref>{{cite news | title=Next Narnia Delayed |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/821/821154p1.html |work=[[IGN]] | date=2007-09-19 |accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> and filming was moved to October 2008.<ref>{{cite news | author = Paul Martin | title = Douglas Gresham Interview on Prince Caspian, Voyage of the Dawn Treader | work = NarniaFans | date = 2008-02-15 | url = http://www.narniafans.com/?id=1341 | accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> Johnson rescheduled the shoot to [[Playas de Rosarito, Baja California]] ([[Mexico]]), where two-thirds of the film would be shot at the water tank that was used for ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' and ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]''.<ref>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = Dawn Treader Starts Shooting in October | work = ComingSoon.net | date = 2008-04-19 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/nycomicconnews.php?id=44247 | accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> Filming was also scheduled for Australia.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117988448.html | author = Marc Graser | title = 'Narnia' to be found in Mexico | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date =2008-07-02 | accessdate=2008-07-02}}</ref> Disney and Walden eventually grew concerned over safety in Mexico, and Australian officials at [[Warner Roadshow Studios]] in [[Queensland]] offered to become the project's base for the whole shoot.<ref>{{cite news |author=Emily Dunn and Garry Maddox |title=Narnia says nah to Mexico |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=2008-12-18 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/stay-in-touch/narnia-says-nah-to-mexico/2008/12/17/1229189710132.html |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref>

Disney announced on December 24, 2008, that it would no longer co-produce the film. Disney and Walden disputed over the budget after the box office performance of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|Prince Caspian]]'' grossed far less than ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]''; Disney wanted to limit it to $100 million, whereas Walden wanted a $140 million budget, of which Disney would only need to provide half.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jim Hill |title=Monday Mouse Watch: Waiting for the "Dawn" |work=Jim Hill Media |date=2008-11-17 |url=http://jimhillmedia.com/blogs/jim_hill/archive/2008/11/17/monday-mouse-watch-waiting-for-the-dawn.aspx |accessdate=2008-12-14}}</ref> Another reason why Disney opted not to produce the film was because they feared the budget would only grow during filming and post-production. The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' also reported "creative differences" led to the split.<ref>{{cite news |author=Claudia Eller |title=Disney pulls out of next 'Narnia' |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2008-12-25 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/dec/25/business/fi-narnia25 |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> ''Times'' columnist Mary McNamara noted that Disney leaving the series could be a mistake, because ''Voyage'' is the most popular Narnia book, while ''Caspian'' was the series' least popular and did not create the anticipation surrounding the first film.<ref>{{cite news |author=Mary McNamara |title=A 'Chronicles of Narnia' voyage Disney should take |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2009-01-01 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/01/entertainment/et-narnia1 |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> Walden had to find a new distributor for the film. Several other studios, including [[Sony]]'s [[Columbia Pictures]], [[Paramount Pictures]], [[Warner Bros.]], and [[20th Century Fox]] were in negotiations to distribute the film, although several markets already predicted that Fox would take over.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/2008/12/29/daily3.html |title=Disney opts out of 3rd 'Narnia' film |publisher=Biz Journals |date=2008-12-29 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>

It was announced in January 2009 that [[20th Century Fox]] would replace [[Walt Disney Pictures]] as the distributor while Disney would still retain the rights for the first two. Fox had pursued the ''Narnia'' film rights in 2001 and distributed various other Walden projects. Producer Mark Johnson admitted that "we made some mistakes with ''Prince Caspian'' and I don't want to make them again." He said it was "very important" that filmmakers regain the magic for ''Dawn Treader''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/movies/news/2010/willdawntreaderfloat.html | title=Will 'The Dawn Treader' Float? | publisher=[[Christianity Today]] | accessdate=2010-03-09}}</ref>

===Writing===
[[Michael Petroni]] was hired to rewrite the script with [[Christopher Markus]] and [[Stephen McFeely]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Tatiana Siegel |title=Next 'Narnia' writer tapped |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2009-02-2 6|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118000632.html |accessdate=2009-02-27}}</ref> following a draft written by [[Richard LaGravenese]] and [[Steven Knight]].<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE6B94JV20101210?pageNumber=1|title=Director Michael Apted takes movie fans to "Narnia"|last=Collett-White|first=Mike|date=2010-12-10|work=Reuters UK website|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Michael Fleming, Tatiana Siegel |title=Fox to develop 'Narnia' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2009-01-28 |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117999226.html|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> The previous two films have been described as remaining more faithful to the original stories than the third installment.<ref name="cinblend"/> Apted noted the episodic and disconnected nature of the story would need to be revised for a film version, such as the material involving the Dark Island, the Sea Serpent, and Eustace. They even discussed combining ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' with ''[[The Silver Chair]]'', much as the BBC combined ''Dawn Treader'' and ''Prince Caspian'' in its television serial. As a result, some elements were borrowed from ''The Silver Chair'', where Narnians are held hostage and rescued. The author's estate did not initially receive the change well, but it gained favor after review.<ref name="Reuters"/>

Eustace has a greater role as a dragon in the film such as not only allowed to proceed with the ship to the next islands in that state, but also proves a valuable asset for the crew for the remainder of the voyage. This is so he could take a major part in the action and not merely do expedition work duty as in the book. The book's [[stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness]] description about Eustace gradually realizing that he had become a dragon while sleeping is effective as text, but it could not easily be translated onto film. Further, a noted passage from the book where Aslan peels Eustace's dragon skin off in layers is not used.<ref name="cinblend">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/10-Big-Differences-Between-Narnia-Voyage-Of-The-Dawn-Treader-Book-And-Movie-22165.html|title=10 Big Differences Between Narnia: Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Book And Movie|last=Grabert|first=Jessica|date= 2010-12-10|work=Cinema Blend|publisher=Cinema Blend LLC|accessdate= 2010-12-12}}</ref> Walden President Micheal Flaherty remarked about it that "people don't earn grace; they receive it once they are humbled and aware of their need." <ref name="Reuters"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/03/dawn-treader-plot-details/|title=Dawn Treader Plot Details|date= 2010-12-10|publisher=NarniaWeb|accessdate=2010-12-12}}</ref> The old dragon which Eustace finds, and sees it die of old age, in the valley in the book, is not used in the film.

===Filming===
Ernie Malik, a unit publicist for the film, confirmed<ref>{{cite news |author=Aslan's Country |date=2009-07-27 |url=http://www.aslanscountry.com/2009/07/the-mysterious-filming-date-confirmed/ |title=The Mysterious Filming Date... Confirmed. |publisher=Aslan's Country |accessdate=2010-01-09}}</ref> that filming began on July 27, 2009, on location in [[Queensland]], Australia.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mitchell, Wendy|date=2009-07-28|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/production/asia-pacific/apted-starts-australian-shoot-for-narnia-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader/5003964.article|title= Apted starts Australian shoot for Narnia: Voyage Of The Dawn Treader|work=Screen International|publisher=Emap Media|accessdate=2009-07-28}}</ref> Filming took place at [[Village Roadshow Studios]] in August and September 2009, with filming of exterior shots on board the ship at [[Cleveland, Queensland|Cleveland Point]] and the [[Gold Coast Seaway]] in September 2009. Apted stated that fellow directors [[Gore Verbinski]] and [[Peter Weir]] recommended him not to shoot on water, so they built a giant ''Dawn Treader'' on a [[gimbal]] at, which allowed it to rock and shift as if on the high seas. At the extreme end of the town's peninsula, jutting into [[Moreton Bay]], the {{convert|145|tonne|adj=on}} boat could be rotated through 360 degrees to keep the sun angles consistent.<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Scott |title=Chronicles of Narnia: Voyage of the Dawn Treader|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|work=Mornings with Madonna King|date=2009-11-06|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/queensland/2009/11/chronicles-of-narnia-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader.html?program=612_morning|accessdate=2009-11-08}}</ref> Additional shots were taken at the Southport School, also located on the Gold Coast.<ref name="starscrewlovecoast">{{cite news |first=Marcia |last=Lewis |url=http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2009/08/08/106115_gold-coast-top-story.html |title=Stars, crew love Coast |accessdate=2009-08-08 |work=[[The Courier-Mail]] |publisher=[[News Corporation]] |date=2009-08-08}}</ref> It was also filmed at White Island in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10617842|title=Narnia film to be shot at White Island|date=December 20, 2009|work=nzherald.co.nz}}</ref>

===Effects===
[[Image:Dawn Treader Cambridge.jpg|thumb|left|The two stages of animating the [[King's College, Cambridge|King's College Gatehouse]] in [[Cambridge University]]]]
There are 1,400 special effects shots that were made for ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'',<ref>[http://www.fxguide.com/article665.html Narnia: The Dawn Treader's VFX Crew | fxguide]</ref> more than ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''{{'s}} 800 and fewer than ''Prince Caspian''{{'s}} 1,500 shots. Angus Bickerton served as the lead visual effects supervisor of the film while [[Jim Rygiel]], who supervised the effects on ''[[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy]]'', worked as the senior visual effects supervisor.<ref name="imdb.com">[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0980970/companycredits IMDB-The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]</ref> British visual effects companies the [[Moving Picture Company]], [[Framestore CFC]], and The Senate VFX were hired to create the visual effects alongside [[Cinesite]] and [[The Mill (post-production)|The Mill]].<ref>{{cite web|author= Paul Martin |url=http://www.narniafans.com/archives/8422 |title=The Voyage of the Dawn Treader CGI – Effects Houses are Busy |publisher=Narnia Fans |date=2010-04-11 |accessdate=2010-12-17}}</ref> Moving Picture worked on the dragon Eustace and the ''Dawn Treader''. They say the dragon is "amongst the most heroic characters ever created, and is scheduled to be featured in around 200 shots of the movie." They also revised Reepicheep from the previous film by saturating his color, giving him bushier eyebrows and ear hair, and made his whiskers a little more wiry just to give him a sense of age. Framestore also revised [[Aslan]], changing his color palette to be a more realistic lion than a golden lion and adding a darker mane; they also created 16 different dufflepuds to replace Jonathan Fawkner and Angus Bickerton running around first as dufflepuds on the set; The Senate worked on the opening shot of [[King's College, Cambridge]], as well as the star effect on Liliandil at Ramandu's Island; Cinesite worked on the Dark Island, and Fugitive Studios did the end titles and credits, which featured original drawings created by [[Pauline Baynes]] for the Narnia books.<ref name="imdb.com"/> These illustrations were included because the film's creators wanted the credits to have visual interest, and also because they wished to include an acknowledgement to Pauline Baynes, who died in August 2008.<ref>DVD Commentary by Michael Apted and Mark Johnson</ref>

====Conversion to 3D====
{{Quote box
|title =
|quote = "Well, the thing about us is that we have a long time. We decided in February [2010] to make ''Dawn Treader'' a 3D movie, so we had nine months to do it. Some of these other films put 3D in very quickly. I believe something like ''[[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' had about eight weeks. So we have had time to think about it, so it hasn't been a rush. I think we'll get very good value out of it. They won't see anything cheap or nasty. Rest assured on that."
|source = —Michael Apted defending the film's conversion to 3D after a series of media criticism of 3D conversions of films released in 2010,<ref name="K. C. Morgan">{{cite web|author = K. C. Morgan |url=http://movies.gearlive.com/movies/article/q107-will-narnias-dawn-treader-bring-magic-back-to-the-franchise/ |title=First Look: Voyage of the Dawn Treader |publisher=Gear Live |date=2010-09-30 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref><ref name="Edward Douglas">{{cite web|author=Edward Douglas |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=70197 |title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Presentation |publisher=Coming Soon |date=2010-09-28 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>
|align = right
|width = 35%
}}

After the success of the 3D release of ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'', [[20th Century Fox]] announced on February 2010 that ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' would be released in [[Digital 3D]] and [[RealD 3D]] formats; it is the first ''Narnia'' film to have a 3D release. Walden had previous experience creating 3D films, having released [[James Cameron|James Cameron's]] documentaries ''[[Ghosts of the Abyss]]'' and ''[[Aliens of the Deep]]'', as well as ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' with [[New Line Cinema]]. The filmmakers initially discussed shooting the film in 3D during principal photography but later decided to shoot in [[two-dimensional]] cameras to save on costs. [[Prime Focus Group]] was hired in June 2010 to convert the film to 3D during post-production. Film director [[Joe Dante]] remarked that Apted was at first skeptical about the conversion, stating "If I was gonna do a 3D movie, I would have done it differently." Later, he remarked that he was excited after seeing progress during the conversion. ''Dawn Treader'' was his first 3D film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herald.ie/entertainment/film-cinema/dante-digs-being-busy-once-again-2346128.html |title=Dante digs being busy once again |publisher=Herald.ie |date=2010-09-21 |accessdate=2010-12-09}}</ref> Johnson later said that the reason for the film's 3D release was to help ''Dawn Treader'' at the box office, where it would be in competition with films such as ''[[Tangled (2010 film)|Tangled]]'', ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'', and ''[[Yogi Bear (film)|Yogi Bear]]'' which were released in 3D.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aslanscountry.com/2010/09/simon-pegg-voices-discontent-with-3-d/ |title=Simon Pegg Voices Discontent with 3-D |publisher=''Aslan's Counrry'' |date=2010-09-28 |accessdate=2010-12-09}}</ref>

===Music===
{{main|The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (soundtrack)}}
Composer [[David Arnold]] scored the film, with themes composed by [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] (who scored the first two films). It was the Arnold's fourth collaboration with Apted, after ''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'', ''[[Enough]]'', and ''[[Amazing Grace (2006 film)|Amazing Grace]]''. Arnold worked with Paul Apted in editing the score, which he said was "going to be epic."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/09/arnold-recording-the-vdt-score |title=Arnold Recording the VDT Score |publisher=NarniaWeb |date=2010-09-03 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> The scoring sessions took place during September and work was completed on October 8, 2010. An original song, "[[There's a Place for Us (song)|There's A Place for Us]]" written by Carrie Underwood, [[David Hodges]], and [[Hillary Lindsey]], and recorded by [[Carrie Underwood]], was released on November 16, 2010 exclusively on [[iTunes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carrieunderwoodofficial.com/us/news/carrie-chronicles-narnia-movie |title=Carrie Underwood is the featured artist in the Voyage of the Dawn Treader |publisher=Carrie Underwood |date=2010-11-14 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mjsbigblog.com/new-carrie-underwood-song-for-chronicles-of-narnia-coming-1116.htm |title=New Carrie Underwood Song For 'Chronicles of Narnia' Hits iTunes 11/16 |publisher=MJ's Bigblog |date=2010-10-29 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carrieunderwoodofficial.com/us/news/carrie-co-writes-records-title-song-chronicles-narnia |title=Carrie Co-Writes & Records Title Song For "The Chronicles Of Narnia"! |publisher=Carrie Underwood |date=2010-11-01 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2010/11/carrie-underwood-narnia-track-available-nov-16/1 |title=Carrie Underwood 'Narnia' track available Nov. 16 |publisher=[[USA Today]] |date=2010-11-01 |accessdate=2010-11-27 |first=Brian |last=Mansfield}}</ref> It was released on December 7, 2010 by [[Sony Masterworks]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Covers of the song have recorded by various singers around the world.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

==Marketing==
===Promotions===
In addition to its production budget, Fox and Walden spent around $100 million to promote the film around the world.<ref name="The LA Times" >{{cite news|author = Los Angeles Times |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/03/news/la-ct-narnia-20101203 |title=Producers hope 'Dawn Treader' has magic of first 'Narnia' film |publisher=LAtimes.com |date=2010-12-01 |accessdate=2010-12-07}}</ref> In late November 2009, three still pictures from the film were released on the social networking site Facebook.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=212775292888 |title=Dedicated to the Ones He Loves |publisher=Facebook |date=2009-12-16 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> In February 2010, Narnia.com, the official domain, returned after a nine-month hiatus, bringing exclusive reports from the set. The full site, with the first trailer, information on the film's story and cast, and other content, opened on June 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/02/narnia-com-returns/ |title=Narnia.com Returns |publisher=NarniaWeb |date=2010-02-03 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> The film's first promotional banner was presented at the [[2010 Cannes Film Festival]], which was followed by a teaser poster in May 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/05/the-first-dawn-treader-movie-poster/ |title=The First Dawn Treader Movie Poster |publisher=NarniaWeb |date=2010-05-14 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> A Christian ''Narnia'' conference was held from June 3–6, 2010, at [[Taylor University]] in [[Upland, Indiana]]. Director [[Michael Apted]] and some of the producers gave exclusive [[Audio commentary|commentary]] on and first looks at the film, including a 5-minute "super trailer". [[Franklin Graham|Franklin Graham's]] [[Samaritan's Purse]] program promoted an international relief campaign entitled ''Operation Narnia'' to donate relief goods to children around the world from July to December 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.operationnarnia.org |title=About |publisher=Operation Narnia |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>

The historic [[caravel]] ship ''[[Matthew (ship)|The Matthew]]'' was transformed into a replica of ''The Dawn Treader'' to promote the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/08/first-look-at-the-matthew-as-the-dawn-treader/ |title=First Look at the Matthew as the Dawn Treader |publisher=NarniaWeb |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> It sailed from the Atlantic Ocean to the [[English Channel]] on August 2010. [[National Geographic Channel]] and Fox conducted a series of contests in Europe for people who want to visit the ship for three days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/07/11022/ |title=Italian Narnia Fans: Win a Trip to Sail on the Dawn Treader |publisher=NarniaWeb |date=2010-07-12 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> The National Maritime Museum in [[Cornwall]] made the ship available to the public on August 28 to August 30, 2010.<ref>{{cite news | title = Chronicles of Narnia boat arrives in Padstow | work = [[BBC News]] | date = 2010-07-26 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/cornwall/hi/people_and_places/newsid_8946000/8946247.stm | accessdate = 2010-10-16}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|title =
|quote = "It's a story that has English roots but its relatable to every child on the planet because its about growing up, finding yourself, coming to terms with yourself and knowing what your values are."
|source = —Michael Apted on the heart of the film<ref name="K. C. Morgan"/><ref name="Edward Douglas"/>
|align = right
|width = 35%
}}

''IGN'' said that the film "was far more reminiscent of the vibrant and optimistic ''The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe'' than of its dark and violent sequel, ''Prince Caspian''".<ref>{{cite news | author = Jim Vejvoda | title = Come Aboard the Dawn Treader | work = IGN.com | date = 2010-09-30 | url = http://movies.ign.com/articles/112/1124295p2.html | accessdate = 2010-10-16}}</ref> ''UGO'' said that "''Narnia's'' gone back to the magic" and remarked that "sailing the high seas looks fun!"<ref>{{cite news | author = Mark Patches | title = 6 Realizations After Watching New Narnia: Dawn Treader Footage | work = UGO.com | date = 2010-09-30 | url = http://www.ugo.com/movies/narnia-voyage-of-the-dawn-trader-footage?page=2 | accessdate = 2010-10-16}}</ref>

The first official trailer for the film was released online on June 17, 2010. The trailer was attached to the theatrical release of ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' on June 18, 2010. and then attached to ''[[Alpha and Omega (film)|Alpha and Omega]]'' on September 17, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/06/the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader-trailer-is-here/|title='The Voyage of the Dawn Treader’ Trailer is Here!|date=2010-06-17|publisher=NarniaWeb|accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> [[20th Century Fox]] released the trailer on the ''[[Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film)|Diary of a Wimpy Kid]]'' DVD release. An international poster and trailer for the film was shown on October 7, 2010. A third trailer was released November 9, 2010.<ref name=NarniaTheVoyageoftheDawntrailer>{{cite web|title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader-Spectacular trailer|publisher=Filmissimo |url=http://www.filmissimo.it/blog/le-cronache-di-narnia-il-viaggio-del-veliero-spettacolare-il-nuovo-full-trailer.html|accessdate=November 10, 2010}}</ref> To promote the film's release, American television networks [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] and [[Disney Channel]] broadcast ''The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe'' on December 11, 13, and 14. Cable network [[Syfy]] screened ''Prince Caspian'' on December 12 and 13.

===Books===
[[HarperCollins]] published new editions of ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' and ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' on October 26, 2010, with new images of the film. Harper published a new edition of ''The Chronicles of Narnia'', commemorating the 60th anniversary of ''The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe'', and released it the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harpercollinscatalogs.com/harper/503_1595_313932303835.htm#readmore |title=The Chronicles of Narnia 60th Anniversary Edition |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harpercollinscatalogs.com/harper/507_1733_333033333435.htm |title=The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Movie Tie-in Edition |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> A movie storybook and several other tie-in books were released by HarperChildrens, Walden Pond Press, and [[Zondervan]] to promote the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harpercollins.com.au/books/Voyage-Dawn-Treader-Movie-Storybook-No-Author/?isbn=9780007366224 |title=The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Movie Storybook |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |date=2010-03-24 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> On November 12, 2010, HarperCollins released an enhanced multimedia [[e-book]] of ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' for several platforms including [[iPad]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Tim Carmody | title = Enhanced Narnia E-Book Has Promise, Restrictions | work = Wired | date = 2010-11-12 | url = http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/11/enhanced-narnia-e-book-has-promise-restrictions/ | accessdate = 2010-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | author = CNN | title = Narnia's 'Dawn Treader' sails enhanced e-book wave | work = CNN.com | date = 2010-11-12 | url = http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2010/11/12/narnias-dawn-treader-sails-enhanced-e-book-wave/ | accessdate = 2010-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/the-voyage-dawn-treader-enhanced/id396557408?mt=11 |title=iBooks: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (Enhanced Version) |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |date=2010-10-26 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>

Group Publishing released three previews from the film and included it in their vacation Bible school resource kit called ''Fun for the Whole Family Hour'' on August 19, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Matthew Reynolds |url=http://www.aslanscountry.com/2010/08/three-new-video-clips-from-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader/ |title=Three New Video Clips from Voyage of the Dawn Treader [Updated] |publisher=AslansCountry |date=2010-08-19 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> Grace Hill Media released a resource tool entitled ''Narnia Faith'' for ministers and pastors on October 12, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniafaith.com/ |title=Narnia-Inspired Resources for People of Faith |publisher=Narnia Faith |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>

===Games===
{{main|The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (video game)}}
[[Nihilistic Software]] and [[Disney Interactive Studios]] was supposed to develop a video game based on the film for [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]], and [[Wii]] when Disney was still involved in the project. But when Fox took over the production, Nihilistic sought out negotiations with Fox Digital Entertainment division. They failed to agree on a settlement, which resulted in the cancellation of the video game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/07/the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader-video-game-has-been-cancelled/ |title=The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Video Game Has Been Cancelled! |publisher=NarniaWeb |date=2010-07-12 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> Fox Digital Entertainment later collaborated with [[Gameloft]] to produce a mobile game for [[iPhone]] and [[iPod Touch]] which was released on November 18, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameloft.com/minisites/narnia/ |title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader for Mobile |publisher=Gameloft |date= |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>

==Release==
''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' held its world premiere on November 30, 2010 in London at the [[Royal Film Performance]] in [[Leicester Square]]. It was the first time the Royal Film Performance was screened in Digital 3D and the second time a ''Narnia'' film premiered at the event, the first being ''The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe'' in 2005.<ref name="BBCNews.co.uk"/> The premiere was attended by various personalities, including [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Showbiz-News/Royal-Premiere-Of-The-Chronicles-Of-Narnia-The-Voyage-Of-The-Dawn-Treader/Article/201011415843233?lpos=Showbiz_News_Third_Home_Page_Feature_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15843233_Royal_Premiere_Of_The_Chronicles_Of_Narnia:_The_Voyage_Of_The_Dawn_Treader |title=New Narnia Film Gets Royal Approval|date=2010-11-30|publisher=Sky News|accessdate=2010-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1334493/Chronicles-Narnia-Dawn-Treader-premiere-Georgie-Henley-stakes-claim-Emma-Watson.html?ito=feeds-newsxml |title=Where's the White Witch when you need her? Chronicles Of Narnia stars Georgie Henley and Anna Popplewell brave the snow for Voyage Of The Dawn Treader premiere|date=2010-11-30|publisher=Daily Mail UK|accessdate=2010-12-01|location=London|first=Sarah|last=Bull}}</ref> It was given a pre-release gala on December 8 in [[Knoxville, Tennessee]] followed by a North American premiere in [[Louisville, Kentucky]] on December 9, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/2010/11/dawn-treader-to-get-two-premieres-in-the-us-first-in-knoxville-tn/|title=Dawn Treader to Get Two Premieres in the US — First in Knoxville, TN|date=2010-11-12|publisher=NarniaWeb|accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref> The film was originally set to have a May 2009 release date when Disney was still producing it.<ref name="Peter Gilstrap"/> But was later delayed when Disney pulled itself and Fox helmed the production. Fox later announced a December 2010 release date because it felt that ''Narnia'' will do better during the holidays. It had its major release in [[Digital 3D]], [[RealD 3D]], and 2D formats in Asia and Australia on December 2, 2010 and in North America and Europe on December 10, 2010.<ref>{{cite news|author=Naman Ramachandran |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118027479|title='Narnia' to get record release in India |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]]|date=2010-11-14 |accessdate=2010-11-27}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' has been met with mixed reviews from critics. Film review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports that 49% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on a sample of 153 reviews, with a rating average of 5.7 out of 10. Among Rotten Tomatoes' ''Top Critics'', which consists of popular and notable critics from the top newspapers, websites, television and radio programs, the film holds an overall approval rating of 50%, based on a sample of 28 reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_the_voyage_of_the_dawn_treader/ |title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Movie Reviews, Pictures |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |date= |accessdate=2011-01-14}}</ref> The consensus was: "Its leisurely, businesslike pace won't win the franchise many new fans, but ''Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' restores some of the Narnia franchise's lost luster with strong performances and impressive special effects." On [[Metacritic]], which assigns a weighted mean rating from film critics, the film has a rating score of 53% based on 33 reviews.<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Metacritic]]|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-chronicles-of-narnia-the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader |title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010) – Metacritic review |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=2010-12-09 |accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> [[CinemaScore]] polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave the film an A- on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2010/12/box-office-weak-starts-for-new-narnia-film-depp-and-jolies-tourist-turn-attention-overseas.html | work=Los Angeles Times | title=Company Town}}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' praised the film and gave it three stars out of four, saying "This is a rip-snorting adventure fantasy for families, especially the younger members who are not insistent on continuity."<ref>{{cite news|author=Roger Ebert|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20101208/REVIEWS/101209969 |title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010) – RogerEbert.com :: review |publisher=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=2010-12-09 |accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> Roger Moore of the ''[[Orlando Sentinel]]'' gave it a three stars out of four; he remarked it is "a worthy challenger to the far more popular ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' pictures".<ref>{{cite web|author=Roger Moore|url=http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_movies_blog/2010/12/movie-review-the-chronicles-of-narnia-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader.html |title=Movie Review: The Chronicles of Narnia-The Voyage of the Dawn Treader |publisher=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date=2010-12-09 |accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the film a positive review. They stated that the film "arrives with confidence and bravado intact. ... and arguably the most Tolkien-esque of the Narnia books".<ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew Pulver |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/dec/01/chronicles-of-narnia-review |title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader — review |publisher=The Guardian |date=2010-12-01 |accessdate=2010-12-02 |location=London}}</ref> [[IGN]] was positive, stating "''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' is a solid sequel that might even surpass the first entry as the best in the series for some fans. It also bodes well for the future of this once iffy franchise." <ref>{{cite web|author=Jim Vejvoda|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/113/1138130p1.html |title=The Chronicles of Narnia-The Voyage of the Dawn Treader review |publisher=IGN |date=2010-12-09 |accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> Several film critics have praised Apted's direction in character development and Poulter's performance as Eustace. Among them, ''[[Arizona Republic|Arizona Republic's]]'' Kerry Lengel said, "the best thing about the film is neither the top-notch CGI nor the shallow moral lessons but the performance of [[Georgie Henley]] as Lucy as well as the performance of her and Edmund's insufferable cousin Eustace Scrubb." <ref>{{cite news|author=Kerry Lengel|url=http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117944164 |title=The Chronicles of Narnia-The Voyage of the Dawn Treader review |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |date=2010-12-09 |accessdate=2010-12-10}}</ref> Luke Y. Thompson from [[E! Online]] praised the performances, stating "Henley and Keynes are charming as ever, and Poulter's turn as Eustace injects a welcome note of comedic cynicism into the sea of sentimentality. Simon Pegg ably succeeds [[Eddie Izzard]] as mouse warrior Reepicheep, Bille Brown's sorcerer Coriakin has a fun performance and a sequence in which Lucy inadvertently wishes her life away is brilliantly disorienting and nightmarish."<ref>[http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/movie_reviews/b215325_movie_review_narnias_dawn_treader_fun.html#ixzz17mD1ck4W Narnia's The Dawn Treader a Fun Family Adventure on the High Seas]</ref>

Despite the movie adaptation of the book to appeal to the "everyman" and not just to Christian audiences and Lewis fans (with the introduction of the search for the seven swords side plot, the continued reoccurrence of the White Queen, and the larger role for the dragon Eustace), Christian reviewers found much to like about the movie. Key for many was the closing scene with Lucy and Aslan in which Aslan assures a sobbing Lucy "that he's very much in her world, where he has 'another name'. and that "This was the very reason why (Lucy was) brought to Narnia, that by knowing (Aslan) here for a little, (she) may know (him) better there." This was in direct contradiction to the first two ''Narnia'' movies in which Christian reviewers felt that the director failed to grasp and accurately reproduce key sections and overriding themes from ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe]]'' and ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|Prince Caspian]]''.<ref>[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/movies/news/2010/willdawntreaderfloat.html Will 'The Dawn Treader' Float? | Movies & TV | Christianity Today]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbn.com/entertainment/screen/voyage-of-dawn-treader-movie-review-goodwyn.aspx |title=The Voyage of the Dawn Treader: Christian Movie Review < Entertainment |publisher=CBN.com |date=2010-12-10 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>

===Commercial analysis===
Brandon Gray of ''Box Office Mojo'' stated that "There certainly will be an audience for this picture, I just don't think it is going to restore the franchise to its former glory." He added that the film would be considered a relative success if it made anything close to ''Prince Caspian's'' box office numbers, which would increase the likelihood of further Narnia films.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mike Collett-White |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AS2R820101129 |title=Will Narnia blockbuster sink or sail, pundits ask |publisher=Reuters |date=2010-12-01 |accessdate=2010-12-07}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|title =
|quote = "They got a little careless by taking the faith group for granted — and by neglecting it paid the price. We realized we can't make the same mistake. We've got to sell the film to everybody."
|source = —Michael Apted on focusing ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' to the Christian audiences<ref name="The NY Times" >{{cite news|author = Brooks Barnes |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/06/business/06narnia.html?_r=3&src=twrhp&pagewanted=all |title=Studios Battle to Save Narnia (From Grip of Sequel Fatigue) |publisher=The New York Times |date=2010-12-01 |accessdate=2010-12-07}}</ref>
|align = right
|width = 35%
}}

Mark Johnson, the producer of the Narnia films, later remarked that ''Prince Caspian'' "had strayed from its core audience," referring to the Christian and family audience who catapulted ''The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe'' to the top at the box office. [[Thomas Rothman|Tom Rothman]], co-chairman of [[Fox Filmed Entertainment]], remarked, "We think this is a tremendously undervalued asset, we believe there is great life in the franchise." He feels the film is not just a single motion picture, but a re-launch of a movie series that still has long-term potential. He commented that Fox and Walden had engaged in talks about further potential Narnia films, though such discussions were made prior to the opening of ''Dawn Treader''.<ref name="The LA Times" />

===Box office performance===
The film grossed $415,686,217 worldwide, including $104,386,950 in North America as well as $311,299,267 in other territories.<ref name="mojo"/> It is the 12th highest-grossing film worldwide of 2010, as well as Fox's highest-grossing film of that year since, ahead of ''[[Knight and Day]]'' and ''[[Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief]]''.<ref name="2010 Yearly Box Office Results"/>

''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' opened in 3,555 theaters across the United States and Canada on December 10, 2010. On its opening day, the film grossed $8.3 million, which was far lower than the $23.0 million that ''The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe'' made on its opening day in 2005, and also much lower than ''Prince Caspian'', which had an opening day gross of $19.4 million in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3008&p=.htm |title=Friday Report: Third 'Narnia' Flounders, 'Tourist' Doesn't Sizzle |publisher=Boxofficemojo.com |date=2010-12-11 |accessdate=2010-12-17}}</ref> Although ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' debuted at #1 at the box office and grossed $24.0 million for its opening weekend, it was far less than the opening weekends of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' ($65.6 million) and ''Prince Caspian'' ($55.0 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.yahoo.com/news/movies.ap.org/narnia-cruises-no-1-debut-with-modest-245m-ap |title='Narnia" cruises to No. 1 debut with modest $24.5M (AP) |publisher=Movies.yahoo.com |date=2010-12-12 |accessdate=2010-12-17}}</ref> Despite ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader's'' disappointing opening weekend, Fox believed that word of mouth and the holiday season would help the film hold well.<ref>{{cite web|last=Young |first=John |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2010/12/12/box-office-report-narnia-dawn-treader/ |title=Box office report: 'Narnia' underperforms but finishes first with $24.5 mil |publisher=Insidemovies.ew.com |date=2010-12-12 |accessdate=2010-12-17}}</ref> In its second weekend, ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' dropped 48%, the smallest second-weekend drop in the franchise, and came in with $12.4 million, in third place to ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' and ''[[Yogi Bear (film)|Yogi Bear]]''.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3018 Weekend Report: 'Tron' Recycles the Power]</ref> During its third weekend, the 2010 Christmas weekend, ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' dropped only 24%, the smallest decline among nationwide releases, and grossed $9.5 million.<ref>[http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3030&p=.htm 'Fockers' Fester, 'Grit' Has Gumption Over Christmas Weekend]</ref> In the 2011 New Year's weekend, the film increased 8% from the previous weekend, grossing $10.3 million.<ref>[http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/01/02/box-office-report-little-fockers/ Jan 2 Box office report: 'Little Fockers' wins New Year's weekend with $26.3 mil, 'True Grit' close behind]</ref> On January 22, 2011, the film's forty-fourth day in theaters, ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' became [[20th Century Fox]]'s first film to gross $100 million in the United States and Canada since ''[[Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel]]'' crossed that mark in December 2009. However, it is the slowest ''Narnia'' film to reach $100 million in these regions, taking much longer than ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' (nine days) and ''Prince Caspian'' (thirteen days).<ref>[http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3055&p=.htm 'Narnia' Becomes Fox's First $100 Million Movie in 13 Months]</ref>

Overseas, the film performed better. On its limited opening weekend (Dec. 3-5, 2010) when it opened in only 9 territories (among them some limited releases), it earned $11.9 million ranking 4th for the weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2010&wk=49&p=.htm|title=Overseas Total Box Office|accessdate=2011-03-19}}</ref> On its first weekend of wide release (Dec. 10-12, 2010), it expanded to 58 countries and topped the box office, earning $65.8 million, for an overseas total of $79.8 million. The film's biggest opening market was Russia, where it opened with $10.9 million (the best start for the franchise) including previews. It had the best opening of for a ''Narnia'' film in Mexico ($7.1 million including previews) and South Korea ($5.3 million including previews). Its opening in the UK, a mere $3.9 million, was less than half of what ''Prince Caspian'' opened with and about a quarter of the first film's UK opening in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|last=Subers |first=Ray |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3013&p=.htm |title=Around-the-World Roundup: 'Dawn Treader' Makes Waves Overseas|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|work=[[boxofficemojo.com]]|date=2010-12-15 |accessdate=2011-01-04}}</ref> However, the film held well throughout the holiday season in the UK, and on the weekend ending January 9, 2011 it outgrossed the £11,653,554 that ''Prince Caspian'' made in that region.<ref>[http://www.ukfilmcouncil.org.uk/article/17270/UK-Box-Office-7---9-January-2011 UK Box Office: 7 - 9 January 2010]</ref> It made £14,317,168 ($23,650,534) at the UK box office.<ref>[http://www.25thframe.co.uk/detail_page.php?rimage=the_chronicles_of_narnia_the_voyage_of_the_dawn_treader The Voyage of the Dawn Treader UK Box Office]</ref>

On its second weekend, it held to the top spot at the box office, but declined 53% to $31.2 million for an overseas total of $125.2 million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Subers |first=Ray |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3022&p=.htm|title=Around-the-World Roundup: 'Dawn Treader' Crashes, 'Tron' Starts in Third|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|work=[[boxofficemojo.com]]|date=2010-12-15 |accessdate=2011-01-04}}</ref> It fell to fifth place on the Christmas weekend ($23.1 million) and on New Year's weekend it went down to sixth place ($19.3 million) for an overseas total of $210.2 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2010&wk=53&p=.htm|title=Overseas Total Box Office|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=2011-03-19}}</ref> It eased 5% to $18.4 million from 53 markets on its fifth showing for a fourth place finish. It had a major opening of $6.3 million in China, which was better than ''Prince Caspian's'' $3.9 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/?yr=2010&p=.htm|title=Overseas Total Box Office|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=2011-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/intl/china/?yr=2011&wk=1&p=.htm|title=China Box Office|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=2011-03-19}}</ref> On its 12th weekend (February 25–27), it surpassed ''Prince Caspian's'' foreign gross ($278 million) when it opened in Japan, with a $6.6 million gross, which is behind the first film's opening ($8.9 million) but better than the second film's ($5 million).<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3102&p=.htm Around-the-World Roundup: 'Number Four' Edges Out 'Swan' - Box Office Mojo]</ref>

===Accolades===
On 14 December 2010, The [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] nominated ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song]] ("[[There's a Place for Us (song)|There's a Place for Us]]") at the [[68th Golden Globe Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/nominations/ |title=HFPA: Nominations and Winners |publisher=[[Golden Globe Awards]] |date=2010-12-14 |accessdate=2010-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsroom.mtv.com/2010/12/14/golden-globe-nominations-music/ |title=Golden Globe Nominations: Christina Aguilera, Trent Reznor Score Nods |publisher=MTV |date=2010-12-14 |accessdate=2010-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Billboard">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/news/glee-aguilera-reznor-score-golden-globe-1004134594.story?tag=hpfeed#/news/glee-aguilera-reznor-score-golden-globe-1004134594.story?tag=hpfeed |title='Glee,' 'Burlesque,' Reznor Score Golden Globe Nominations |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=2010-12-14 |accessdate=2010-12-15}}</ref><ref name="Billboard"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/12/14/2010-golden-globe-nominees/ |title=Golden Globes: 'The King's Speech,' 'The Social Network' and 'The Fighter' reign supreme |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=2010-12-14 |accessdate=2010-12-15}}</ref> It received three nominations at the [[Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards]]: Best Youth Actor ([[Will Poulter]]), Best Live Action Family Film, and Best Original Song.<ref name="Phoenix Film Critics Society">{{cite web |url=http://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/article/135/12-14-10-2010-phoenix-film-critics-society-awards-nominations.html |title= 2010 Phoenix Film Critics Socieety Awards Nominations |publisher=[[Phoenix Film Critics Society]] |date=2010-12-14 |accessdate=2010-12-15}}</ref> Poulter received a nomination for Young British Performer of the Year at the [[London Film Critics Circle Awards 2010|2010 London Film Critics Circle Awards]].<ref name="London Film Critics Circle">{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/kings-speech-year-lead-nominations-61748 |title='The King's Speech,' 'Another Year' Lead Nominations at London Critics' Circle Film Awards |publisher=[[London Film Critics Circle]] |date=2010-12-14 |accessdate=2010-12-15}}</ref> The film also received four nominations at the [[37th Saturn Awards]]. It was awarded the Epiphany Prize as the Most Inspiring Movie of 2010.<ref name="charismamag.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.charismamag.com/index.php/news/30308-the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader-most-inspiring-faith-family-and-values-movie-of-2011#ixzz1FUpDlMtT |title=The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Most Inspiring Faith, Family and Values Movie of 2011 |publisher=Charismamag.com |date=2011-02-25 |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Awards|Accolades}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category/Recipient(s)
! Result
! Reference
|-
|rowspan="5"|2010
|rowspan="3" |[[Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards]]
|Best Family Film
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="3" |<center><ref name="Phoenix Film Critics Society"/></center>
|-
|Best Youth Actor ([[Will Poulter]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Song ("There's a Place for Us")
|{{nom}}
|-
||[[London Film Critics Circle Awards 2010|2010 London Film Critics Circle Awards]]
|Young Performer of the Year ([[Will Poulter]])
|{{nom}}
||<center><ref name="London Film Critics Circle"/></center>
|-
||[[ADG Excellence in Production Design Award|2010 Art Directors Guild Awards]]
|Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Feature Film
|{{nom}}
||<center><ref>[http://www.adg.org/?art=nominee_10 Home Page - Art Directors Guild: Art Director, Graphic Artist, Illustrator, Matte Artist, Model Maker, Digital Artist, Scenic Artist, Set Designer, Title Artist]</ref></center>
|-
|rowspan="14"|2011
||[[68th Golden Globe Awards]]
|Best Original Song ("[[There's a Place for Us (song)|There's a Place for Us]]")
|{{nom}}
||<center><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a293138/in-full-golden-globes-movie-nominees.html|title=In Full: Golden Globes - Movie Nominees|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|first=Simon|last=Reynolds|date=December 14, 2010|accessdate=December 14, 2010}}</ref></center>
|-
||[[Visual Effects Society|9th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards]]
|Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture ([[Reepicheep]])
|{{nom}}
||<center><ref>http://www.visualeffectssociety.com/system/files/15/files/ves-awards-nominees-2011-final.pdf</ref></center>
|-
||People's Choice Awards
|Favorite 3D Live Action Movie
|{{won}}
|| <center><ref>[http://www.narniafans.com/archives/11369?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+narniafans+%28Narnia+Fans+-+Narnia+and+C.S.+Lewis+Movie+News%29 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Wins People's Choice Award for Favourite Live 3D Action Film]</ref></center>
|-
| [[London Critics Circle Film Awards|2011 London Critics Circle Film Awards]]
| Young British Performer of the Year ([[Will Poulter]])
| {{nom}}
| <center><ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0980970/awards http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0980970/awards]</ref></center>
|-
|[[Young Artist Awards 2011|32nd Young Artist Awards]]
|Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast ([[Georgie Henley]], [[Skander Keynes]], [[Will Poulter]])
|{{nom}}
|<center><ref>[http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms32.html http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms32.html]</ref></center>
|-
|[[Movieguide|19th MovieGuide Faith and Values Awards]]
|Most Inspiring Movie
|{{won}}
|<center><ref name="charismamag.com"/></center>
|-
|Crystal Dove Seal Award
|Best Adventure
|{{won}}
|<center><ref>[http://www.dove.org/news.asp?ArticleID=229 2010 Crystal Dove Seal Award Winners | The Dove Foundation provides online family movie and video reviews and ratings and awards the Dove Family Approved Seal]</ref></center>
|-
|rowspan="4" |[[37th Saturn Awards]]
|Best Fantasy Film
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="4" |<center> <ref name="Saturn Awards">[http://scifimafia.com/2011/02/37th-annual-saturn-award-nominations/ 37th Annual Saturn Award Nominations]</ref>
</center>
|-
|Best Performance by a Younger Actor ([[Will Poulter]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Costume
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Special Effects
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[National Movie Awards#4th NMA (2011)|National Movie Awards]]
|Fantasy
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="3" |<center> <ref>[http://www.nationalmovieawards.com/vote 2011 National Movie Awards nominations]</ref>
|-
|Performance of the Year ([[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|Performance of the Year ([[Georgie Henley]])
|{{nom}}
|}

===Home media===
[[20th Century Fox Home Entertainment]] released ''The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' on [[Blu-Ray]] and [[DVD]] on April 8, 2011.<ref>[http://filmonic.com/voyage-of-the-dawn-treader-dvd-release-date The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader DVD and Blu-ray set for April]</ref> The release included a single disc DVD, a two-disc DVD double pack, a single disc Blu-Ray, and a three-disc Blu-Ray with DVD and Digital Copy.<ref>[http://bluray.ign.com/articles/114/1147127p1.html Chronicles of Narnia: Voyage of the Dawn Treader Sails to DVD and Blu-ray]</ref>

The two-disc DVD double pack will feature an animated short film entitled ''The Untold adventures of the Dawn Treader'', a guide to the ''Dawn Treader'', seven featurettes aired on [[Fox Movie Channel]] and 5 minutes of deleted scenes.<ref>[http://www.cinemablend.com/dvdnews/Voyage-Dawn-Treader-Casts-Off-Blu-Ray-Waters-29779.html Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Casts Off Into Blu-Ray Waters]</ref> The three-disc Blu-Ray edition will also feature 8 international music videos, a sword game, five Island explorations, two additional short films entitled ''Portal to Narnia: A Painting Comes to Life'' & ''Good vs. Evil: Battle on the Sea'', a visual effects progression reel, and a digital copy.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B002ZG99PY Amazon.com: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader [Blu-ray]: Ben Barnes, Skandar Keynes, Michael Apted: Movies & TV]</ref><ref>[http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=5823 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Blu-ray Announced]</ref>

====Collector's Edition and Blu-ray 3D====
20th Century Fox, have announced that the 3D [[Blu-ray]] will be released in the US on August 30, 2011.<ref>[http://uk.blu-ray.com/news/?id=6845 3D Blu-rays of Rio, Ice Age 3 and The Chronicles of Narnia: Voyage of the Dawn Treader Announced]</ref>

Walden Media President [[Michael Flaherty (educator)|Micheal Flaherty]] stated in an interview that 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment]] are developing a collector's edition box set DVD and Blu-ray containing the first three films.<ref>[http://live.hollywoodjesus.com/?p=6802 HJ Live! » The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]</ref>

==Prequel==
On March 22, 2011, it was confirmed ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]'' would be the next film in the series. The C. S. Lewis Estate were in final negotiations to produce it and were yet to confirm a release date and the screenwriter.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_the_voyage_of_the_dawn_treader/news/1922353/weekly_ketchup_narnia_to_continue_with_the_magicans_nephew Weekly Ketchup: Narnia To Continue With The Magican's Nephew - Rotten Tomatoes]</ref> However, in fall 2011, [[Douglas Gresham]], a co-producer of the films, said that [[Walden Media]] no longer owns the rights to produce another ''Narnia'' film. If another film was to be made, it would not be for another three or four years.<ref name="Gresham Confirmation" /><ref name="Expire" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal| Narnia }}
* {{Official website|http://www.narnia.com}}
* {{IMDb title|0980970}}
* {{allmovie title|402092}}
* {{mojo title|narnia3}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|chronicles_of_narnia_the_voyage_of_the_dawn_treader}}
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/djackmanson/tags/treader/ Photographs of the Dawn Treader at the Cleveland Point, Queensland set]

{{Michael Apted}}
{{Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely}}
{{Narnia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chronicles Of Narnia: The Voyage Of The Dawn Treader}}
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:2010s 3D films]]
[[Category:2010s fantasy films]]
[[Category:Christian films]]
[[Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:The Chronicles of Narnia films]]
[[Category:Walden Media films]]
[[Category:British fantasy films]]

[[cs:Letopisy Narnie: Plavba Jitřního poutníka]]
[[da:Narnia: Morgenvandrerens rejse (film)]]
[[de:Die Chroniken von Narnia: Die Reise auf der Morgenröte]]
[[es:Las crónicas de Narnia: la travesía del Viajero del Alba]]
[[fa:سرگذشت نارنیا: سفر کشتی سپیده پیما]]
[[fr:Le Monde de Narnia : L'Odyssée du passeur d'aurore]]
[[ko:나니아 연대기: 새벽 출정호의 항해]]
[[hy:Նարնիայի խրոնիկաներ՝ Լուսաբացի նվաճող]]
[[hi:द क्रॉनिकल्स ऑफ़ नार्निया: द वोयाज ऑफ़ द डॉन ट्रेडर]]
[[id:The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]
[[it:Le cronache di Narnia - Il viaggio del veliero]]
[[he:סיפורי נרניה: המסע בדורך השחר]]
[[hu:Narnia Krónikái: A Hajnalvándor útja]]
[[ms:The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]
[[nl:De kronieken van Narnia: De reis van het drakenschip (film)]]
[[ja:ナルニア国物語/第3章: アスラン王と魔法の島]]
[[pl:Opowieści z Narnii: Podróż Wędrowca do Świtu]]
[[pt:The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]
[[ru:Хроники Нарнии: Покоритель Зари]]
[[fi:Narnian tarinat: Kaspianin matka maailman ääriin]]
[[sv:Berättelsen om Narnia: Kung Caspian och skeppet Gryningen]]
[[th:อภินิหารตํานานแห่งนาร์เนีย 3 : ผจญภัยโพ้นทะเล]]
[[uk:Хроніки Нарнії: Підкорювач Світанку]]
[[zh:納尼亞傳奇：黎明行者號]]

Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price

2012-05-15T21:36:18Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:وال‌مارت: هزینه بالای قیمت کم

{{Refimprove|date=May 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price
| image = Wal-Mart The High Cost of Low Price.jpg
| caption = ''Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price'' film poster
| director = [[Robert Greenwald]]
| writer =
| starring =
| producer = [[Jim Gilliam (filmmaker)|Jim Gilliam]]
| distributor = [[Brave New Films]] [[Disinfo|Disinformation Company]]
| budget = ~ US$1,500,000
| released = November 4, 2005 (USA)
| runtime = 95 minutes
| language = [[English language|English]]
| }}
'''''Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price''''' is a [[2005]] [[documentary film]] by [[film director|director]] [[Robert Greenwald]]. The film presents an unfavorable picture of [[Wal-Mart]]'s business practices through interviews with former employees, small business owners, and footage of Wal-Mart executives. The film intersperses statistics between the interviews to provide large-scale examinations beyond personal opinions. The documentary was released on [[DVD]] on November 4, 2005.

==Synopsis==
While the film begins with footage of Wal-Mart CEO [[Lee Scott (businessman)|Lee Scott]] praising the corporation at a large employee convention, the film spends a majority of its running time on personal interviews. A variety of criticisms of the corporation emerge from these interviews, demonstrating Wal-Mart's anti-[[trade union|union]] practices, detrimental impacts on small businesses, insufficient environmental protection policies, and poor record on workers' rights in the [[United States]] and internationally. The film ends with interviews of community leaders that have prevented Wal-Mart stores from being built in their communities and an exhortation for others to do the same.

==Reaction==
The film has been endorsed and promoted by, among others, [[MoveOn|MoveOn.org]] and unions through the [[Wake Up Wal-Mart]] and [[Wal-Mart Watch]] campaigns. Wal-Mart has disputed the factual accuracy of the statements made in the film. ''Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price'' has been credited as one of the reasons that Wal-Mart created a public relations "war room" in late 2005 to respond to criticism. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/01/business/01walmart.ready.html?pagewanted=all/ Barbaro, Michael. "A New Weapon for Wal-Mart: A War Room." The New York Times [New York City] 1 November 2005.]</ref>

''Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price'' is currently #25 on [[Rotten Tomatoes]]' top films of 2005 with a rating of 93%.<ref>[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wal_mart_the_high_cost_of_low_price/ Wal Mart: The High Cost of Low Prices page on RottenTomatoes]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.walmartmovie.com Official website]
*{{IMDB title|id=0473107|title=Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=wal_mart_the_high_cost_of_low_price|title= Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price}}

{{Wal-Mart}}
{{Robert Greenwald}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wal-Mart: The High Cost Of Low Price}}
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2000s documentary films]]
[[Category:American documentary films]]
[[Category:Walmart]]
[[Category:Documentary films about business]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

[[fa:وال‌مارت: هزینه بالای قیمت کم]]
[[pt:Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price]]

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

2012-05-15T17:45:49Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:شیر، کمد و جادوگر

{{About||the film adaptation of the novel|The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|other uses|The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
| title_orig = The Lion. The Witch and the Wardrobe
| translator = LWW
| image = [[File:TheLionWitchWardrobe(1stEd).jpg]]
| image_caption = Cover of 1950 first edition (hardcover)
| author = [[C.S. Lewis]]
| illustrator = [[Pauline Baynes]]
| cover_artist = Pauline Baynes
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series = [[The Chronicles of Narnia]]
| genre = [[Fantasy genre|Fantasy]], [[children's literature]]
| publisher = Geoffrey Bles
| release_date = 16 October 1950
| media_type = Print ([[hardcover]] and [[paperback]])
| pages = 208 (modern hardcover)
| isbn = ISBN 0-06-023481-4 (modern hardcover)
| dewey= [Fic] 20
| congress= PZ7.L58474 Li 1994
| oclc= 28291231
| followed_by = [[Prince Caspian]]
}}

'''''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''''' is a [[fantasy fiction|fantasy]] novel for children by [[C. S. Lewis]]. Published in [[1950 in literature|1950]], it is the first-published book of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' and is the best known book of the series. Although it was written and published first, it is second in the series' internal chronological order, after ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]''. [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine included the novel in its ''TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005''.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/0,24459,the_lion_the_witch_and_the_wardrobe,00.html | work=Time | title=All Time 100 Novels | date=October 16, 2005 | accessdate=May 25, 2010}}</ref> It has also been published in 47 foreign languages.<ref>[http://inklingsfocus.com/translation_index.html Glen H. GoodKnight. ''Narnia Editions & Translations.'' Last updated August 03, 2010.]</ref>

Lewis dedicated the book to his god-daughter, [[Lucy Barfield]].

==Plot summary==
The story begins in 1940 during [[World War II]], when four siblings—[[Peter Pevensie|Peter]], [[Susan Pevensie|Susan]], [[Edmund Pevensie|Edmund]], and [[Lucy Pevensie]]—are [[Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II|evacuated]] from [[London]] to escape [[the Blitz]]. They are sent to live with Professor [[Digory Kirke]], who lives in a [[English country house|country house]] in the [[England|English]] [[rural|countryside]].

While the four children are exploring the house, Lucy looks into a [[wardrobe]] and discovers a doorway to a magical world named [[Narnia (world)|Narnia]]. There she meets a [[faun]] named [[Mr Tumnus]]. He invites her to have tea in his home. There he confesses he planned to report her to the pretend queen of Narnia, otherwise known as the [[White Witch]] but has thought better of it. Upon returning to our world, Lucy's siblings do not believe her story about Narnia. Her older brother Edmund enters the wardrobe and meets the White Witch, who befriends him and offers him magical [[Turkish delight]] which enchants him. She encourages him to bring his siblings to her in Narnia, with the promise that he shall rule over them. Edmund returns with Lucy to the Professor's house, having met her in Narnia. But after returning he lies to Peter and Susan: he denies Lucy's claim that Narnia lies behind the wardrobe.

Eventually all four of the children enter Narnia together while hiding in the wardrobe. They meet Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, who invite them to dinner. The beavers recount a prophecy that the witch's power will fall when two Sons of [[Adam and Eve|Adam]] and two Daughters of [[Adam and Eve|Eve]] fill the four thrones at [[Cair Paravel]]. The beavers tell of the true king of Narnia, a great lion named [[Aslan]] who has been absent for many years but is now "on the move again."

Edmund sneaks away to the White Witch. Her castle is filled with stone statues--enemies she has [[Petrifaction in mythology and fiction|petrified]]. The beavers realize where Edmund has gone and abandon their home, leading the children to Aslan. As they travel, they notice that the snow is melting, indicating that the White Witch's spell is breaking. A visit by Father Christmas confirms this. Father Christmas gives the three children and the beavers presents. Peter receives a sword and shield, Susan a horn and bow, Lucy a vial of magical healing liquid, Mrs. Beaver a sewing machine and Mr. Beaver's dam was finally finished.

The children and the Beavers meet with Aslan and his army. Peter engages in his first battle, killing a wolf who threatens Susan.

The Witch approaches to speak with Aslan, insisting that according to "deep magic from the dawn of time" she has the right to execute Edmund as a traitor. Aslan speaks with her privately and persuades her to renounce her claim on Edmund's life. That evening, Aslan secretly leaves the camp, but is followed by Lucy and Susan. Aslan has bargained to exchange his own life for Edmund's. The Witch ties Aslan to the Stone Table and then kills him with a knife. The following morning Aslan is restored to life.

Aslan allows Lucy and Susan to ride on his back as he hurries to the Witch's castle. There he breathes upon the statues, restoring them to life. Peter and Edmund lead the Narnian army in a battle against the White Witch's army but are losing. Aslan arrives with the former statues as reinforcements. The Narnians rout the evil army, and Aslan kills the Witch.

The Pevensie children are named kings and queens of Narnia: King Peter the Magnificent, Queen Susan the Gentle, King Edmund the Just and Queen Lucy the Valiant. Several years later, now adults and mounted on horseback, the siblings go hunting for a White Stag. They see the lamppost and go towards it. Just beyond the lamppost, branches become coats. The siblings are back in the wardrobe and are children again. They reenter the Professor's house.

==Chapters==
# Lucy Looks into a Wardrobe
# What Lucy Found There
# Edmund and the Wardrobe
# Turkish Delight
# Back on This Side of the Door
# Into the Forest
# A Day with the Beavers
# What Happened After Dinner
# In the Witch's House
# The Spell Begins to Break
# Aslan is Nearer
# Peter's First Battle
# Deep Magic from the Dawn of Time
# The Triumph of the Witch
# Deeper Magic from Before the Dawn of Time
# What Happened about the Statues
# The Hunting of the White Stag

==Character list==
*[[Lucy Pevensie]] is the youngest Pevensie child. She is the first to discover the land of Narnia when she slips through the magical wardrobe in the professor's house. When Lucy tells her three siblings, they don't believe her: Peter and Susan think she is just playing a game, but Edmund persistently ridicules and teases her about it. After the restoration of Narnia, Lucy is crowned Queen of Narnia with her sister Susan, and becomes known as Queen Lucy the Valiant.
*[[Edmund Pevensie]] is the second-youngest of the Pevensie children. In Narnia he meets the White Witch, who plies him with treats ([[Magical]] [[Turkish Delight]]) and smooth talk. Tempted by the White Witch's promise of power and seemingly unending supplies of Turkish Delight, Edmund betrays his siblings. He eventually regrets his actions and repents. After he helps Aslan and the good denizens of Narnia defeat the White Witch, he is crowned King of Narnia with his brother and becomes known as King Edmund the Just.
*[[Susan Pevensie]] is the second-oldest of Pevensie children. She does not believe in Narnia until she actually goes there. She is crowned Queen of Narnia, and becomes known as Queen Susan the Gentle.
*[[Peter Pevensie]] is the oldest of the Pevensie siblings. At first, Peter disbelieves Lucy's stories about Narnia, but changes his mind when he sees it for himself. He is hailed as a hero for his part in the overthrow of the [[White Witch]]. He is eventually crowned High King of Narnia, and becomes known as King Peter the Magnificent.
*[[Aslan]], a lion, is the true ruler of Narnia. He sacrifices himself to save Edmund, but is resurrected in time to aid the denizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children against the White Witch and her minions.
*[[White Witch|The White Witch]] is the land's self-proclaimed queen. She tyrannizes Narnia through her magically imposed rule. Her spell on Narnia has made it "always winter but never Christmas" for a hundred years. When provoked, she turns creatures to stone with her wand. She fears the fulfillment of a prophecy that "two sons of Adam" and "two daughters of Eve" will come to Narnia and help Aslan overthrow her. Her name ''Jadis'' appears in one proclamation in this book,<ref>She is mentioned by name in the notice left by Maugrim after the arrest of Tumnus in chapter 6, "Into the Forest".</ref> and Lewis's later prequel ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]'' tells of her origin and how she came to the Narnian world.
*[[Mr. Tumnus|Tumnus]], a faun, is the first person Lucy meets in Narnia. Tumnus befriends her, despite the White Witch's standing order to kidnap any human who enters Narnia. After getting to know Lucy, he changes his mind about handing her over to the witch. He is betrayed accidentally by Edmund, who tells the White Witch that Lucy met a faun. The witch arrests Tumnus and turns him to stone. He is later restored to life by Aslan.
*[[Digory Kirke|The Professor]] is a kind gentleman who takes the Pevensie children in when they are evacuated from London. He is the only one who believes that Lucy did indeed visit Narnia and tries to convince the others of her veracity. ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' hints that he knows more of Narnia than he wants to tell. He is identified in ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' as Professor Kirke, and appears as a young boy, Digory Kirke, a main character in the prequel ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]'' in which he is present at Aslan's creation of Narnia.
*[[Mr and Mrs Beaver]] are friends of Tumnus. They hide Peter, Susan, and Lucy and lead them to Aslan.
*The Dwarf is the White Witch's servant. Unnamed in the book, he is called Ginnarbrick in the film, where he has a more significant role.
*[[Maugrim]] (Fenris Ulf in some editions), a wolf, is the chief of the White Witch's secret police. She sends him to hunt down the Pevensie children. He tries to kill Susan but is killed by Peter.
*[[Father Christmas]] arrives when the Witch's magical hold over Narnia begins to break. He gives gifts to Peter, Susan and Lucy but not to Edmund, who is with the witch. The gifts, which include the sword Peter uses to slay Maugrim, ultimately help the children defeat the White Witch. Mrs Beaver receives a better sewing machine and Mr. Beaver gets his dam completed.
*Mrs. Macready is the housekeeper for the Professor.
*[[Giant Rumblebuffin]] is a character who was turned to stone by the White Witch. Aslan restores him to life. He breaks down the gate of the Witch's castle and crushes some of her army.

==Writing==
Lewis described the origin of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' in an essay entitled ''It All Began with a Picture'' <ref>C. S. Lewis. ''On Stories: And Other Essays on Literature''. 1982, p. 53. ISBN 0-15-668788-7</ref>:
<blockquote>
"The ''Lion'' all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood. This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen. Then one day, when I was about forty, I said to myself: 'Let's try to make a story about it.'"
</blockquote>
Shortly before World War II, many children were evacuated from London to the English countryside to escape attacks on London by Nazi Germany. On 2 September 1939 three school girls: Margaret, Mary and Katherine,<ref>Paul F. Ford. ''Companion to Narnia. Revised Edition.'' 2005, p. 106. ISBN 978-0-06-079127-8</ref> came to live at [[The Kilns]] in [[Risinghurst]], Lewis's home three miles east of [[Oxford]] city centre. Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September<ref>Owen Dudley Edwards. ''British Children's Fiction in the Second World War.'' 2007, p. 129. ISBN 978-0-7486-1650-3</ref> he began a children's story on an odd sheet which has survived as part of another manuscript:
<blockquote>
"This book is about four children whose names were Ann, Martin, Rose and Peter. But it is most about Peter who was the youngest. They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids, and because Father, who was in the Army, had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work. They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country." <ref>[[Roger Lancelyn Green]] and [[Walter Hooper]]. ''C. S. Lewis: A Biography. Fully Revised and Expanded Edition''. 2002, p. 303. ISBN 0-00-715714-2</ref>
</blockquote>
How much more of the story Lewis then wrote is uncertain. [[Roger Lancelyn Green]] thinks that he might even have completed it. In September 1947 C. S. Lewis wrote in a letter about stories for children: "I have tried one myself but it was, by the unanimous verdict of my friends, so bad that I destroyed it."<ref>C. S. Lewis. ''Collected Letters: Volume 2 (1931-1949)''. 2004, p. 802. ISBN 0-06-072764-0. Letter to E.L. Baxter of 10 September 1947</ref>

In August 1948, during the visit of the American writer Chad Walsh, Lewis vaguely talked about completing a children's book which he had begun "in the tradition of E. Nesbit".<ref>Chad Walsh. ''C. S. Lewis: Apostle to the Skeptics''. Norwood Editions. 1974, p. 10. ISBN 0-88305-779-4</ref> After this conversation not much happened – until the beginning of the next year. Then everything changed.

In his essay ''It All Began With a Picture'' C. S. Lewis continues: "At first I had very little idea how the story would go. But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it. I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time. Apart from that, I don't know where the Lion came from or why he came. But once he was there, he pulled the whole story together, and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him.":<ref>C. S. Lewis. ''On Stories: And Other Essays on Literature''. 1982, p. xix & 53. ISBN 0-15-668788-7. ''It all Began with a Picture'' is reprinted there from the ''Radio Times'', 15 July 1960.</ref>

On 10 March 1949 [[Roger Lancelyn Green]] dined with him at [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]. After the meal, Lewis read two chapters from his new children's story to Green. Lewis asked Green's opinion of the tale, and Green thought it was good. The manuscript of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' was complete by the end of March 1949. Lucy Barfield received it by the end of May.<ref>Walter Hooper. ''Lucy Barfield (1935-2003)''. In SEVEN; An Anglo-American Literary Review. Volume 20, 2003, p. 5. ISSN 0271-3012 "The dedication... was probably taken from Lewis's letter to Lucy of May 1949".</ref> When on 16 October 1950 Geoffrey Bles in London published the first edition, three new Chronicles – ''Prince Caspian'', ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' and ''The Horse and His Boy'' – had also been completed.

==Illustrations==
Lewis’s publisher, Geoffrey Bles allowed him to choose the illustrator for the novel and the Narnia series. His choice was [[Pauline Baynes]], possibly as a result of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]’s recommendation. Baynes had greatly impressed Tolkien with her illustrations for his ''[[Farmer Giles of Ham]]'' (1949). However Baynes claimed that Lewis learned about her work after going into a bookshop and asking for a recommendation of an illustrator who was skilled at portraying both humans and animals. In December 1949 Geoffrey Bles showed Lewis the first drawings for the novel and Lewis sent Baynes a note congratulating her, particularly on the level of detail. Lewis’s appreciation of the illustrations is evident in a letter Lewis wrote to Baynes after ''[[The Last Battle]]'' won the Carnegie Medal for best Children’s book of 1956: “is it not rather ‘our’ medal? I’m sure the illustrations were taken into account as well as the text".<ref name="schakel30-1">{{cite book | last = Schakel| first = Peter J. | title = Imagination and the arts in C. S. Lewis: journeying to Narnia and other worlds | pages = 30–1 | publisher = University of Missouri Press | year = 2002 | ISBN = 0-8262-1407-X}}</ref>

The British edition of the novel had 43 illustrations. American editions generally had fewer. The popular United States paperback edition published by Collier between 1970 and 1994, which sold many millions, had only 17 illustrations, many of them severely cropped from the originals, giving many readers in that country a very different experience when reading the novel. All the illustrations were restored for the 1994 worldwide HarperCollins edition, although these lacked the clarity of early printings.<ref name="schakel32">{{cite book | last = Schakel| first = Peter J. | title = Imagination and the arts in C. S. Lewis: journeying to Narnia and other worlds | page = 32 | publisher = University of Missouri Press | year = 2002 | ISBN = 0-8262-1407-X}}</ref>

==Reception==
Lewis very much enjoyed writing ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' and embarked on the sequel ''[[Prince Caspian]]'' soon after finishing the first novel. He completed the sequel in less than a year, by the end of 1949. ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' had not been widely released until 1950; thus his initial enthusiasm did not stem from favourable reception by the public.<ref name=" Veith11-12 ">{{cite book | last = Veith | first = Gene | title = The Soul of Prince Caspian: Exploring Spiritual Truth in the Land of Narnia | pages = 11–12 | publisher = David C. Cook | year = 2008 | ISBN = 0-7814-4528-0}}</ref>

While Lewis is known today on the strength of the Narnia stories as a highly successful children’s writer, the initial critical response was muted. At the time it was fashionable for children’s stories to be realistic: fantasy and fairy tales were seen as indulgent, appropriate only for very young readers, and potentially harmful to older children, even hindering their ability to relate to everyday life. Some reviewers thought the tale overtly moralistic, or the Christian elements over-stated — attempts to indoctrinate children. Others were concerned that the many violent incidents might frighten children.<ref name=" Veith 2 ">{{cite book | last = Veith | first = Gene | title = The Soul of Prince Caspian: Exploring Spiritual Truth in the Land of Narnia | page = 12 | publisher = David C. Cook | year = 2008 | ISBN = 0-7814-4528-0}}</ref>

Lewis’s publisher, Geoffrey Bles, feared that the Narnia tales would not sell and might damage Lewis’s reputation and affect sales of his other books. Nevertheless the novel and its successors were highly popular with young readers, and Lewis’s publisher was soon anxious to release further Narnia stories.<ref name=" Veith13 ">{{cite book | last = Veith | first = Gene | title = The Soul of Prince Caspian: Exploring Spiritual Truth in the Land of Narnia | page = 13 | publisher = David C. Cook | year = 2008 | ISBN = 0-7814-4528-0}}</ref>

The novel was included on ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'''s 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923.<ref>{{cite news
| url= http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html
| title=All-Time 100 Novels: The Complete List |work=Time |first=Lev |last=Grossman |coauthors=Richard Lacayo |year=2005}}</ref>

==Allusions==
Professor Kirke is based on [[W.T. Kirkpatrick]], who tutored a 16-year-old Lewis. "Kirk," as he was sometimes called, taught the young Lewis much about thinking and communicating clearly, skills that would be invaluable to him later.<ref name = "Institute">[http://www.cslewisinstitute.org/pages/resources/cslewis/ CS Lewis Institute Resources].</ref>

Narnia is caught in endless winter that has lasted a century when the children first enter. Norse tradition mythologises a "great winter," known as the [[Fimbulwinter]], said to precede [[Ragnarök]]. The trapping of Edmund by the White Witch is reminiscent of the seduction and imprisonment of Kay by [[The Snow Queen]] in [[Hans Christian Andersen]]'s novella of that name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/No+sex+in+Narnia%3f+How+Hans+Christian+Andersen's+%22Snow+Queen%22...-a0211707037 |title=No sex in Narnia? How Hans Christian Andersen's "Snow Queen" problematizes C. S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia. – Free Online Library |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-21}}</ref>

The dwarves and giants are found in [[Norse mythology]]; [[faun]]s, [[centaur]]s, [[minotaur]]s and [[dryad]]s derive from [[Greek mythology]]. Father Christmas, of course, was part of popular English folklore.

The main story is an allegory of Christ's crucifixion:<ref>See Kathryn Lindskoog "Journey into Narnia" pp. 44-46. See also "C. S. Lewis: the man behind Narnia" by Beatrice Gormley p. 122</ref> Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund, a traitor who may deserve death, in the same way that Christians believe Jesus sacrificed himself for sinners. The cross may be suggested by the Stone Table (reminiscent of Neolithic [[dolmens]]). As with the Christian Passion, it is women (Susan and Lucy) who tend Aslan's body after he dies and are the first to see him after his resurrection. The significance of the death contains elements of both the [[Atonement (ransom view)|ransom theory of atonement]] and the [[Atonement (satisfaction view)|satisfaction theory]]: Aslan suffers Edmund's penalty (satisfaction), and buys him back from the White Witch, who was entitled to him by reason of his treachery (ransom). In Christian tradition, Christ is associated with the Biblical "[[Lion of Judah]]," mainly on the strength of Revelation 5:5.

There are several parallels between the White Witch and the immortal protagonist of [[H. Rider Haggard]]'s ''[[She (novel)|She]]'', a novel greatly admired by C.S. Lewis.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson |first=Tracy V. |url=http://www.howstuffworks.com/narnia.htm/printable |title=Howstuffworks "The World of Narnia" |publisher=Howstuffworks.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-21}}</ref>

[[The Story of the Amulet]] written by [[Edith Nesbit]] also contains scenes that can be considered as sources to sequences presenting Jadis, mostly in ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=MxQMhcQ1ShF0WM9n3sCkX0JX1bJnQLxHMLQnwlTYmhGwZLyJwYJY!-635994487!-1057694165?docId=5001406018 |title=C. S. Lewis And The Scholarship Of Imagination In E. Nesbit And Rider Haggard – Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library |publisher=Questia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-12-21}}</ref>

The freeing of Aslan's body from the stone table by field mice is reminiscent of [[Aesop]]'s fable of "[[The Lion and the Mouse]]." In the fable, a lion catches a mouse, but the mouse persuades the lion to release him, promising that the favor would be rewarded. Later in the story, he gnaws through the lion's bonds after he has been captured by hunters. It is also reminiscent of a scene from [[Edgar Allan Poe]]'s story "[[The Pit and the Pendulum]]," in which a prisoner is freed when rats gnaw through his bonds.<ref name = "Æsop">[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/21 Project Gutenberg].</ref>

==Differences between the British and American editions==
Prior to the publication of the first American edition of ''Lion'', [[C. S. Lewis|Lewis]] made the following changes.
*In chapter one of the American edition, the animals that Edmund and Susan express interest in are snakes and foxes rather than the foxes and rabbits of the British edition.
*In chapter six of the American edition, the name of the White Witch's chief of police is changed to "[[Fenrir|Fenris Ulf]]" from "[[Maugrim]]" in the British.
*In chapter thirteen of the American edition, "the trunk of the [[Yggdrasil|World Ash Tree]]" takes the place of "the fire-stones of the Secret Hill".

When [[HarperCollins]] took over publication of the series in 1994, they used the British edition for all subsequent editions worldwide.<ref>Ford, Paul (2005). ''Companion to Narnia, Revised Edition''. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 0-06-079127-6.</ref>

==Adaptations==
The story has been adapted three times for television. The [[The Lion The Witch & The Wardrobe (TV series)|first adaptation]] was a ten-part serial produced by [[Associated British Corporation|ABC Weekend Television]] for [[ITV]] and broadcast in 1967. In 1979, an animated TV-movie,<ref>{{IMDb title|0079474}}</ref> directed by ''[[Peanuts]]'' director [[Bill Meléndez]], was broadcast and won the first [[Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)|Outstanding Animated Program]]. A [[The Chronicles of Narnia (TV serial)|third television adaptation]] was produced in 1988 by the [[BBC]] using a combination of live actors, [[Animatronics|animatronic]] puppets and animation. The programme was nominated for an Emmy and won a [[British Academy Television Awards|BAFTA]]. It was followed by three further Narnia adaptations.

Stage adaptations include a 1984 version staged at London's Westminster Theatre, produced by Vanessa Ford Productions. The play, adapted by Glyn Robbins, was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood.<ref>{{cite book |title=C. S. Lewis: A Complete Guide to His Life & Works |last=Hooper |first=Walter |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=HarperCollins |location= |isbn= |page=787 |page=960 |url= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The Royal Shakespeare Company did an adaptation in 1998, for which the acting edition has been published.<ref>[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Lion-Witch-Wardrobe-Shakespeare-Adaptation/dp/1840020490] Amazon page</ref>
In 2003, there was an Australian commercial stage production which toured the country by Malcolm C. Cooke Productions, using both life-size puppets and human actors. It was directed by notable film director Nadia Tass, and starred Amanda Muggleton, Dennis Olsen, Meaghan Davies and Yolande Brown).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/01/02/1041196697769.html |title=Mythical, magical puppetry|author=Jim Murphy |date=January 2, 2003 |work= |publisher=The Age |accessdate=December 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theblurb.com.au/Issue35/LWW.htm |title=Welcome to the lion's den |author=Belinda Yench |date= |work= |publisher=The Blurb (Australian arts and Entertainment) |accessdate=December 11, 2010}} This review mistakenly identifies C. S. Lewis as the author of ''Alice in Wonderland''</ref>

In 2002, the Philippines' Christian-based "Trumpets Playshop" did a musical rendition that Douglas Gresham, Lewis' stepson (and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations), has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis' intent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thebachelorgirl.com/2005/218/trumpets-the-lion-the-witch-and-the-wardrobe/ |title=Trumpets The Lion The Witch and the Wardrobe |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=December 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>See also blog reprint of local paper article at [http://www.pinoyexchange.com/forums/showthread.php?t=111671&page=6]. Article in English. Blog in Filipino.</ref> It starred among others popular young Filipino singer Sam Concepcion as Edmund Pevensie<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pep.ph/news/12692/Is-Sam-Concepcion-the-next-Christian-Bautista|title=Is Sam Concepcion the next Christian Bautista? |author=Rose Garcia |date=March 29, 2007 |work= |publisher=PEP (Philippine Entertainment Portal) |accessdate=December 11, 2010}}</ref> The book and lyrics were by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian. Music was composed by Lito Villareal.

In 2005, the story was adapted for a [[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|theatrical film]], co-produced by Walt Disney and [[Walden Media]]. It has so far been followed by two films, the third one co-produced by Twentieth-Century Fox and Walden Media.

Multiple audio editions have been released. The best-known consists of all the books read aloud by [[Michael York (actor)|Michael York]], [[Anthony Quayle]], [[Patrick Stewart]], [[Kenneth Branagh]], [[Derek Jacobi]], [[Alex Jennings]], [[Lynn Redgrave]], [[Ian Richardson]], [[Claire Bloom]] and [[Jeremy Northam]]. However, three audio CDs in the form of "radio plays" with various actors, sound effects, and music have also been released, one by the BBC, one by Radio Theatre, and one by [[Focus on the Family]].

In the film [[Shadowlands (film)|Shadowlands]], based on Lewis' life and his marriage to [[Joy Gresham]], there is a scene where Joy's son [[Douglas Gresham|Douglas]] opens the wardrobe in Lewis' home, hoping to find Narnia, and is disappointed to find it an ordinary wardrobe.

==Spoofs==
1980s UK comedy show [[The Young Ones (TV series)|The Young Ones]] spoofed ''The Lion, The Witch & The Wardrobe'' in the episode [[Flood (The Young Ones episode)|Flood]].<ref>The parody was noted in the review of the extended edition of the Disney film {{cite web |url=http://www.dvdverdict.com/reviews/chroniclesnarnia4disc.php |title=The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe 4-disc extended edition (review) |author=Ryan Keefer |date=January 1, 2007 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=January 2, 2011}} and in an overview of the show ''The Young Ones'' {{cite web |url=http://www.fountainoflanguage.com/youngones.html |title=The Young Ones |author= John Mann |date=1999,2000 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=January 2, 2011}}</ref> Punk rocker Vyvyan ([[Ade Edmondson]]) enters Narnia while playing [[hide-and-seek]] via a wardrobe and meets the White Queen and her dwarf Shirley ([[David Rappaport]]). Like Edmund in the original story the queen offers Vyvyan Turkish Delight only to be met with "No thanks. Got any kebabs?" She then demands to know who farted to which Shirley and Vyvyan squabble over who has the most ridiculous name.

==See also==
{{Portal|Narnia}}
* [[The Chronicles of Narnia]]
* [[Aslan]]
* [[White Witch|The White Witch]]
* [[Peter Pevensie]]
* [[Susan Pevensie]]
* [[Edmund Pevensie]]
* [[Lucy Pevensie]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Downing |first=David C. |title=Into the Wardrobe: C. S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles |year=2005 |publisher=[[Jossey-Bass]] |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-7879-7890-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Ryken |first=Leland |coauthors=and Mead, Marjorie Lamp |title=A Reader's Guide Through the Wardrobe: Exploring C. S. Lewis's Classic Story |year=2005 |publisher=[[InterVarsity Press]] |location=London |isbn=0-8308-3289-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Sammons |first=Martha C. |title=A Guide Through Narnia |year=1979 |publisher=Harold Shaw Publishers |location=Wheaton, Illinois |ISBN=0-87788-325-4}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe}}
* [http://inklingsfocus.com/index.html Glen H. GoodKnight. (2010). ''Narnia Editions & Translations.''] Internet Resource.
*{{isfdb title|id=1629|title=The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe}}

{{Narnia}}
{{C. S. Lewis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lion, The Witch, And The Wardrobe, The}}
[[Category:1950 novels]]
[[Category:Christian fiction and allegory]]
[[Category:The Chronicles of Narnia books]]
[[Category:British children's novels]]
[[Category:Novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:1950s fantasy novels]]

[[bg:Лъвът, Вещицата и дрешникът]]
[[bs:Lav, vještica i ormar]]
[[ca:El lleó, la bruixa i l'armari]]
[[cs:Lev, čarodějnice a skříň]]
[[cy:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]
[[da:Løven, heksen og garderobeskabet]]
[[de:Der König von Narnia]]
[[et:Lõvi, nõid ja riidekapp]]
[[es:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]
[[eo:La Leono, la Sorĉistino, kaj la Ŝranko]]
[[fa:شیر، کمد و جادوگر]]
[[fr:Le Lion, la Sorcière blanche et l'Armoire magique]]
[[ga:An Leon, an Cailleach agus an Feisteas]]
[[ko:사자와 마녀와 옷장]]
[[hr:Lav, vještica i ormar]]
[[id:Sang Singa, Sang Penyihir dan Lemari]]
[[it:Il leone, la strega e l'armadio]]
[[he:האריה, המכשפה וארון הבגדים]]
[[ka:ლომი, კუდიანი და კარადა]]
[[la:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]
[[hu:Az oroszlán, a boszorkány és a ruhásszekrény]]
[[ml:ദ ലയൺ, ദ വിച്ച് ആന്റ് ദ വാർഡ്രോബ് (നോവൽ)]]
[[ms:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]
[[nl:De Kronieken van Narnia: Het betoverde land achter de kleerkast]]
[[ja:ライオンと魔女]]
[[no:Løven, heksa og klesskapet]]
[[uz:Arslon, Jodugar va Kiyimlar shkafi]]
[[pl:Lew, czarownica i stara szafa]]
[[pt:O Leão, a Feiticeira e o Guarda-Roupa]]
[[qu:Liyun, layqa warmi, p'acha waqaychana ima]]
[[ru:Лев, колдунья и платяной шкаф]]
[[simple:The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe]]
[[sk:Lev, šatník a čarodejnica]]
[[sr:Лав, вештица и орман]]
[[fi:Velho ja leijona]]
[[sv:Häxan och lejonet]]
[[th:ตู้พิศวง]]
[[tr:Aslan, Cadı ve Dolap]]
[[zh:獅子·女巫·魔衣櫥]]

Avachinsky

2012-05-15T17:43:47Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:آواچینسکی

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Avachinsky
| photo = Avachinsky Volcano.jpg
| photo_caption = Avachinsky, seen from base camp.
| elevation_m = 2741
| elevation_ref = <ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp|vnum=1000-10=|name=Avachinsky|accessdate=2010-03-05}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 1550
| prominence_ref =
| map = Russia
| map_size = 200
| label_position = right
| listing = [[Ultra prominent peak|Ultra]]
| location = [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]], [[Russia]]
| range =
| lat_d = 53 | lat_m = 15 | lat_s = 18 | lat_NS = N
| long_d = 158 | long_m = 49 | long_s = 48 | long_EW = E
| region = RU
| coordinates_ref = <ref name=gvp/>
| topo =
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age =
| last_eruption = 2001<ref name=gvp/>
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = basic rock/snow climb
}}

'''Avachinsky''' (also known as '''Avacha''' or '''Avacha Volcano''' or '''Avachinskaya Sopka''') ({{lang-ru|Авачинская сопка, Авача}}) is an active [[stratovolcano]] on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] in the far east of [[Russia]]. It lies within sight of the capital of [[Kamchatka Krai]], [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]. Together with neighboring [[Koryaksky]] volcano, it has been designated a [[Decade Volcano]], worthy of particular study in light of its history of explosive eruptions and proximity to populated areas.

Avachinsky's last eruption occurred in 2001. This eruption was tiny compared to the volcano's major [[Volcanic Explosivity Index]] 4 eruption in 1945.

==Geological history==
Avachinsky lies on the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]], at a point where the [[Pacific Plate]] is sliding underneath the [[Eurasian Plate]] at a rate of about 80 mm/year. A wedge of [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] material lying between the [[subduction|subducting]] Pacific Plate and the overlying Eurasian Plate is the source of dynamic volcanism over the whole Kamchatka Peninsula.

The volcano is one of the most active volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula, and began erupting in the middle to late [[Pleistocene]] era. It has a horseshoe-shaped [[caldera]], which formed 30-40,000 years ago in a major [[landslide]] which covered an area of 500 km² south of the volcano, underlying the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Reconstruction of a new cone inside the caldera occurred in two major eruption phases, 18,000 and 7,000 years ago.<ref>{{Citation |last=Droznin |first=D. |last2=Levin |first2=V. |last3=Park |first3=J. |last4=Gordeev |first4=E. |year=2002 |title=Detailed Mapping of Seismic Anisotropy Indicators in Southeastern Kamchatka |work=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2002 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Levin |first=V. |last2=Park |first2=J. |last3=Gordeev |first3=E. |last4=Droznin |first4=D. |year=2002 |title=Complex Anisotropic Structure of the Mantle Wedge Beneath Kamchatka Volcanoes |work=American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2002 }}.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Taran |first=Y. A. |last2=Connor |first2=C. B. |last3=Shapar |first3=V. N. |last4=Ovsyannikov |first4=A. A. |last5=Bilichenko |first5=A. A. |year=1997 |title=Fumarolic activity of Avachinsky and Koryaksky volcanoes, Kamchatka, from 1993 to 1994 |journal=Bulletin of Volcanology |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=441–448 |doi=10.1007/s004450050152 }}.</ref>

<gallery>
Image:Avachinsky Summit.jpg|Avachinsky Summit.
Image:Koryaksky and Avachinsky volcanoes from the ISS.jpg|Avachinsky (centre, nearest coast) from space.
Image:Avachinsky Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula.JPG|Astronaut photograph highlighting the summit crater and snow-covered slopes of the Avachinsky.
</gallery>

==Recorded history==
In his Journal of Captain Cook's Last Voyage, [[John Ledyard]] records the eruption of Avachinsky on June 15, 1779. He refers to [[Koryaksky]] and Avachinsky as Peter and Paul.
{{Cquote|On the 15th it continued calm until noon when it clouded up and became very black and dark: the two mountains Peter and Paul were covered with the atmosphere near half way from their summits down, and at two o'clock we had again a small shock of an earthquake, and heard a hollow rumbling noise in the air, and the atmosphere continuing to condense, it became almost as dark as night, and the face of heaven looked very wild: we singled the stops of the sheet-anchor and eased the ship aloft at all the portentous appearances. Between three and four the mountain Paul exploded with a tremendous shock that convulsed everything around us: The report that attended the explosion was very loud at first, but gradually decreased until it subsided to a sound like that of grumbling distant thunder.<ref>{{Citation |editor-last=Zug |editor-first=James |year=2005 |title=The Last Voyage of Captain Cook: The Collected Writings of John Ledyard |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Geographic Society |isbn=0-7922-9347-9 |page=115 }}.</ref>}}

==Recent activity==
Avachinsky has erupted at least 16 times in recorded history. Eruptions have generally been explosive, and [[pyroclastic flow]]s and [[lahar]]s have tended to be directed to the south west by the breached caldera. The most recent large eruption ([[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]=4) occurred in 1945, when about 0.25 km³ of [[magma]] was ejected. The volcano has since had small eruptions in 1991 and 2001.

The volcano continues to experience frequent [[earthquake]]s, and many [[fumarole]]s exist near the summit. The temperature of gases emitted at these fumaroles has been measured at over 400°C. In light of its proximity to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Avachinsky was designated a [[Decade Volcano]] in 1996 as part of the [[United Nations]]' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, together with the nearby [[Koryaksky]] volcano.

==See also==
{{commons category|Avachinsky Volcano}}
*[[List of volcanoes in Russia]]

{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/kamchatka/Avachinsky.html VolcanoWorld information]
* {{cite gvp|vnum=1000-10=|name=Avachinsky}}

{{Decade Volcanoes}}

[[Category:Decade Volcanoes]]
[[Category:Stratovolcanoes]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of Kamchatka]]
[[Category:Mountains of Russia]]
[[Category:Active volcanoes]]
[[Category:VEI-5 volcanoes]]

[[ca:Avatxinski]]
[[cs:Avačinská sopka]]
[[de:Awatschinskaja Sopka]]
[[et:Avatša]]
[[es:Avachinsky]]
[[fa:آواچینسکی]]
[[fr:Avachinsky]]
[[it:Avačinskij]]
[[ka:ავაჩის სოპკა]]
[[lt:Avačos Sopka]]
[[nl:Avatsjinskaja Sopka]]
[[nn:Avatsjinskij]]
[[ru:Авачинская сопка]]
[[sk:Avačinskaja sopka]]
[[sv:Avatjinskaja Sopka]]
[[tk:Awaça sopkasy]]
[[uk:Авачинська Сопка]]
[[zh:阿瓦恰火山]]

The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)

2012-05-15T16:43:21Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:سرگذشت نارنیا (مجموعه فیلم)

{{Infobox film
|name = The Chronicles of Narnia
|image = The Chronicles of Narnia boxed set.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = French box set of the first three films
|director = [[Andrew Adamson]] {{Small|([[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe|1st]] and [[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|2nd film]])}} [[Michael Apted]] {{Small|([[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader|3rd film]])}}
|producer = [[Mark Johnson (producer)|Mark Johnson]]
|writer = '''''The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe''''' Ann Peacock Andrew
Adamson [[Christopher Markus]] Stephen McFeely '''''Prince Caspian''''' [[Andrew Adamson]] [[Christopher Markus]] Stephen McFeely '''''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader''''' Christopher Markus Stephen McFelly [[Steven Knight]] Michael Petroni [[Richard LaGravenese]] 
[[C. S. Lewis]] {{Small|(Novels)}}
|based on = {{Based on|''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]''|[[C. S. Lewis]]}}
|starring = ''[[List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members]]''
|studio = [[Walden Media]]
|distributor = [[Walt Disney Pictures]] (2005–2008) [[20th Century Fox]] (2010–present)
|released = 2005–present
|runtime = 406 minutes (to date)
|country = {{Film US}} {{Film UK}}
|language = English
|budget = $545 million
|gross = ${{val|{{#expr:745013115+419665568+415686217}}}}
|music = [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] {{Small|(1st and 2nd film)}} [[David Arnold]] {{Small|(3rd film)}}
}}
'''''The Chronicles of Narnia''''' is a series of English [[fantasy film]]s from [[Walden Media]] that are based on ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'', a series of novels written by [[C. S. Lewis]]. From the seven books, there have been three film adaptations so far—''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' (2005), ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|Prince Caspian]]'' (2008), and ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader|The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'' (2010).<ref name=Caspian-release-date>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/schedule/?view=bydate&release=theatrical&yr=2008&p=.htm Box Office Mojo]</ref>

The series revolves around the adventures of children in the fictional world of [[Narnia (world)|Narnia]], guided by [[Aslan]], a talking lion and the true king of Narnia. Most of the children featured were the Pevensie siblings and the prominent antagonist featured was the [[White Witch]] (sometimes known as Jadis, who came from a different world in ''The Magicians Nephew'').

The first two films were directed by [[Andrew Adamson]], produced by [[Mark Johnson (producer)|Mark Johnson]], and distributed by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. The third film is the first of the chronicles to be released in [[Digital 3D]]. It was directed by [[Michael Apted]] and distributed by [[20th Century Fox]].<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/2008/12/29/daily3.html Disney opts out of 3rd 'Narnia' film]</ref>

The series is considered to be one of the biggest [[movie franchise]]s around the world due to the legacy of the novels.{{Whom?|date=August 2011}} The first film is the [[List of highest-grossing films|41st highest-grossing film of all-time]]. The series has now grossed over $1.5 billion making it the [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing film series|20th highest-grossing film series of all time]].

==Development==
[[C. S. Lewis]] never sold the film rights to the ''Narnia'' series, being skeptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically.<ref>A general dislike of cinema can be seen in ''Collected Letters'', Vol. 2, a letter to his brother Warren on March 3, 1940, p. 361; see also ''All My Road Before Me'', June 1, 1926, p. 405</ref> Only after seeing a demo reel of [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] animals did [[Douglas Gresham]] (Lewis's stepson and [[literary executor]], and film co-producer) give approval for a film adaptation.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

==Films==
===''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' (2005)===
{{Main|The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe}}
[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'']] was directed by New Zealander [[Andrew Adamson]] and was shot mainly in [[New Zealand]], though locations were used in [[Poland]], the [[Czech Republic]] and [[England]].

The story follows four British children who are evacuated during the [[The Blitz|Blitz]] to the countryside and find a wardrobe that leads to the [[fantasy world]] of [[Narnia (world)|Narnia]]; there, they must ally with the Lion [[Aslan]] against the forces of the [[White Witch]], who has the world under an eternal winter.

The film was released theatrically starting on December 7, 2005. The film grossed over $745 million worldwide, making it the 41st highest grossing movie worldwide of all time.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=narnia.htm Worldwide Grosses] Box Office Mojo</ref>

The DVD was released on April 3, 2006 in the UK and April 4, 2006, in North America and Europe.

===''Prince Caspian'' (2008)===
{{Main|The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian}}
[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|''Prince Caspian'']] was the second adaption to the ''Chronicles of Narnia'' franchise. The whole production team from ''The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe'' returned but also new cast members joined the Narnia team such as [[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]], [[Peter Dinklage]] and [[Eddie Izzard]].

The story follows four British children who were transported to Narnia in the [[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|previous film]] returning to Narnia and finding out that over 1300 years have passed and the land has been invaded by Telmarines. The four Pevensie children ([[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]], [[Anna Popplewell]], [[Skandar Keynes]], and [[Georgie Henley]]) return to aid [[Caspian X|Prince Caspian]] ([[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]]) in his struggle for the throne against his corrupt uncle, King [[Miraz]] ([[Sergio Castellitto]]).

The film was released on May 16, 2008.<ref name=Caspian-release-date/> It grossed $419 million worldwide and was considered a moderate success. This film was the last in the ''Narnia'' film series to be distributed by [[Walt Disney Pictures]].

===''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader'' (2010)===
{{Main|The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader}}
''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader|The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'', based on the [[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader|novel with the same title]], was directed by [[Michael Apted]] and was the third official film in the series.

The story follows the two younger Pevensie children as they return to Narnia with their cousin, Eustace. They join the new king of Narnia, Caspian, in his quest to rescue seven lost lords to save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a dark island.<ref name=NarniaTheVoyageoftheDawntrailer>{{cite web|title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader-Spectacular trailer|author=Alexonx|date=November 10, 2010|publisher=[[filmissimo.it]] |url=http://www.filmissimo.it/blog/le-cronache-di-narnia-il-viaggio-del-veliero-spettacolare-il-nuovo-full-trailer.html|accessdate=November 10, 2010}}</ref>

Production was put on hold when [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] chose not to produce the film after a budget dispute with [[Walden Media]], who then negotiated with [[20th Century Fox]] to replace them.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Borys Kit|title=Disney jumps ship on next 'Narnia'|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=2008-12-24|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i13db0577bde6c55bef3697eead65b919|accessdate=2008-12-24}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Fox officially joined [[Walden Media]] on January 28, 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Emily; Martin, Paul|title=Fox To Pick Up Dawn Treader|work=NarniaFans.com|date=2009-01-28|url=http://www.narniafans.com/archives/3269|accessdate=2009-01-28}}</ref> They announced a December 10, 2010 release date shortly afterwards. It was released on December 10, 2010 in the US in [[Digital 3D]] in select theaters, along with its wide [[Two-dimensional|2D]] release. It grossed over $415 million worldwide.


===Future===
As there are seven books in ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]'', each book could potentially become a [[theatrical]] [[feature film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=895&dl=|title=NarniaWeb — Walden Media Outlines Narnia Series|accessdate=}}</ref> Although they originally produced the films in the same order as the book series' original publication, 20th Century Fox, Walden Media, and the C.S Lewis Estate selected ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]'', which recounts the creation of Narnia, to be the basis for the fourth movie, instead of ''[[The Silver Chair]]''.<ref name="Christianity Today">{{cite web |url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/movies/interviews/2011/lionwitchboxoffice.html |title=The Lion, the Witch, and the Box Office |publisher=Christianity Today |last=Moring |first=Mark |date=April 7, 2011 |accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Shortly before [[Perry Moore]]'s death in February 2011, he told his family that he had secured funding for such a film.<ref name="TVObit">["Virginia Beach Native and 'Narnia' Producer, Perry Moore, Found Dead at 39." February 18, 2011.] Accessed 2011-02-18.</ref> In March 2011, Walden Media confirmed that they intended ''The Magician's Nephew'' to be next in the series, but stressed that it was not yet in development.<ref>[http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/03/23/magicians-nephew-new-narnia-film/ 'Narnia': Walden, Fox in discussions on 'The Magician's Nephew']</ref>

However, in October 2011, Douglas Gresham stated that [[Walden Media]]'s contract with the C. S. Lewis estate had expired, and any production of a future film was on hold indefinitely. It is assumed that 2014 is the earliest that production on another ''Narnia'' film could begin, as that would be the earliest the [[moratorium]] placed on the C.S. Lewis Estate's right to sell the film option of the series will be lifted.<ref name="Gresham Confirmation">[http://www.aslanscountry.com/2011/10/gresham-confirms-waldens-contract-expired/ Gresham Confirms: Walden’s Contract Expired]</ref><ref name="Expire">[http://www.christiancinema.com/catalog/newsdesk_info.php?newsdesk_id=1886# Walden Media’s Option for a Fourth Narnia film Expires]</ref><ref>[http://www.narniaweb.com/narnia-4/ Narnia 4?]</ref>

==Main cast==

{{Main|List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members}}

===Children===
*[[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]] as [[Peter Pevensie]], title: King Peter the Magnificent, the eldest Pevensie child and the High King of Narnia.
*[[Anna Popplewell]] as [[Susan Pevensie]], title: Queen Susan the Gentle, the eldest Pevensie girl and Queen of Narnia.
*[[Skandar Keynes]] as [[Edmund Pevensie]], title: King Edmund the Just, the youngest Pevensie boy and King of Narnia.
*[[Georgie Henley]] as [[Lucy Pevensie]], title: Queen Lucy the Valiant, the youngest Pevensie child and Queen of Narnia.
*[[Will Poulter]] as [[Eustace Scrubb]], the Pevensie children's cousin.

===Other recurring characters===
*[[Liam Neeson]] as the voice of [[Aslan]], the magnificent and powerful lion who helps govern Narnia, his own creation. He is the only character to appear in all of the books.
* [[Tilda Swinton]] as [[White Witch|Jadis, the White Witch]], the former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after the events of ''The Magician's Nephew'' and during the events of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''.
*[[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]] as [[Caspian X]], the Telmarine prince who becomes King of Narnia after overthrowing his evil uncle [[Miraz]].
*[[Eddie Izzard]] and later [[Simon Pegg]] as the voice of [[Reepicheep]], the noble and courageous mouse who fights for [[Aslan]] and the freedom of Narnia. Izzard played the character in ''Prince Caspian'', and Pegg took over the role in ''The Voyage of the Dawn Treader''.

==Reception==
===Box office===
:''See also: [[List of highest-grossing films#Highest-grossing film series|List of Highest-grossing films]]''

{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Film
! rowspan="2" | Release date
! rowspan="2" | Director
! rowspan="2" | Distributor
! colspan="2" | Box office revenue
! colspan="2" | Box office ranking
! rowspan="2" | Budget
|-
! North America
! Total Worldwide
! Yearly worldwide<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm?page=1&p=.htm Domestic Box Office Results]</ref>
! [[List of highest-grossing films|All time worldwide]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/|accessdate=July 22, 2010|title=All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''
| 9 December [[2005 in film|2005]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Andrew Adamson]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Walt Disney Pictures]]
| $291,710,957
| $745,013,115<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=narnia.htm |title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005) |publisher=Box Office Mojo |date= |accessdate=2012-01-09}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| #3
| style="text-align:center;"| #38
| style="text-align:center;"| $180,000,000
|-
| ''The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian''
| 16 May [[2008 in film|2008]]
| $141,621,490
| $419,665,568<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=narnia2.htm Boxofficemojo.com]</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| #10
| style="text-align:center;"| #120
| style="text-align:center;"| $225,000,000
|-
| ''The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader''
| 10 December [[2010 in film|2010]]
| [[Michael Apted]]
|| [[20th Century Fox]]
| $104,386,950
| $415,686,217<ref>[http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=narnia3.htm Boxofficemojo.com]</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| #12
| style="text-align:center;"| #122
| style="text-align:center;"| $140,000,000 - $155,000,000
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|'''Total'''
| '''${{val|{{#expr:291710957+141621490+104386950}}}}'''
| '''${{val|{{#expr:745013115+419665568+415686217}}}}'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"| '''#20'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''$545,000,000 - $560,000,000'''
|}

===Critical===
{{Main|Critical response to the Chronicles of Narnia films}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Film
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Metacritic]]
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]]
|-
! style="text-align:center;"| Overall
! style="text-align:center;"| Top Critics
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]''
| 76% (210 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_lion_witch_wardrobe/ | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| 77% (39 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_lion_witch_wardrobe/?critic=creamcrop | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (Top Critics) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| 75/100 (39 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/lionthewitchandthewardrobe | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005): Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| B (13 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808475642/critic | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe — Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian|Prince Caspian]]''
| 66% (184 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_prince_caspian/ | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| 62% (39 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_prince_caspian/?critic=creamcrop | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (Top Critics) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| 62/100 (34 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/princecaspian | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008): Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| B- (14 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1809244324/critic | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian — Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader|The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]''
| 49% (155 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_the_voyage_of_the_dawn_treader/ | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| 50% (28 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_the_voyage_of_the_dawn_treader/?critic=creamcrop | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (Top Critics) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| 53/100 (33 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-chronicles-of-narnia-the-voyage-of-the-dawn-treader | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010): Reviews | publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
| C+ (10 reviews)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1809874898/critic | title=The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader — Critics Reviews | publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]] | accessdate=? }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal| Narnia }}
* ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' novels:
** ''[[The Magician's Nephew]]''
** ''[[The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]''
** ''[[Prince Caspian]]''
** ''[[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]''
** ''[[The Silver Chair]]''
** ''[[The Horse and His Boy]]''
** ''[[The Last Battle]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0363771|The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe}}
* {{IMDb title|0499448|The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian}}
* {{IMDb title|0980970|The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader}}

{{Narnia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chronicles Of Narnia}}
[[Category:Epic films]]
[[Category:Film series]]
[[Category:The Chronicles of Narnia films]]
[[Category:Fantasy films by series]]
[[Category:Action films by series]]
[[Category:Adventure films by series]]
[[Category:C. S. Lewis]]

[[de:Die Chroniken von Narnia (Walden Media)]]
[[es:Las Crónicas de Narnia (franquicia)]]
[[eo:The Chronicles of Narnia (filmo)]]
[[fa:سرگذشت نارنیا (مجموعه فیلم)]]
[[fr:Le Monde de Narnia (films)]]
[[hi:द क्रॉनिकल्स ऑफ़ नार्निया (फ़िल्म शृंखला)]]
[[id:The Chronicles of Narnia (serial film)]]
[[ka:ნარნიის ქრონიკები (ფილმების სერია)]]
[[ja:ナルニア国物語 (映画)]]
[[no:Legenden om Narnia (film)]]
[[pt:The Chronicles of Narnia (série cinematográfica)]]
[[simple:The Chronicles of Narnia movie series]]
[[sv:Berättelsen om Narnia (filmserie)]]
[[th:อภินิหารตำนานแห่งนาร์เนีย]]

The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian

2012-05-15T15:56:41Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:سرگذشت نارنیا: شاهزاده کاسپین

{{About||the book|Prince Caspian|the video game|The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (video game)}}
{{Infobox film
|italic title = force
|name = The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
|image = PrinceCaspianposter.jpg
|caption = Theatrical poster
|director = [[Andrew Adamson]]
|producer = {{ubl|Andrew Adamson|[[Cary Granat]]|[[Mark Johnson (producer)|Mark Johnson]]|[[Perry Moore]]|[[Douglas Gresham]]|Philip Steuer}}
|screenplay = {{ubl|Andrew Adamson|Christopher Markus|Stephen McFeely}}
|based on = {{Based on|''[[Prince Caspian]]''|[[C. S. Lewis]]}}
|starring = {{ubl|[[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]]|[[Georgie Henley]]|[[Skandar Keynes]]|[[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]]|[[Anna Popplewell]]|[[Liam Neeson]]|[[Sergio Castellitto]]|[[Peter Dinklage]]}}
|music = [[Harry Gregson-Williams]]
|cinematography = [[Karl Walter Lindenlaub]]
|editing = Sim Evan-Jones
|studio = [[Walden Media]]
|distributor = [[Walt Disney Pictures]] [[MGM]] (Indian Subcontinent)
|released = {{Film date|2008|5|16|United States|2008|6|26|United Kingdom}}
|runtime = 150 minutes
|country = {{FilmUS}}
|language = English
|budget = $225 million<ref name=dump/>
|gross = $419,665,568<ref>{{cite web | title = The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=narnia2.htm | accessdate = 2009-08-08 | publisher = [[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian''''' is a 2008 epic [[fantasy film]] based on ''[[Prince Caspian]]'', the second published, fourth chronological novel in [[C. S. Lewis]]'s [[epic film|epic]] [[fantasy]] series, ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia]]''. It is the second in ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)|The Chronicles of Narnia]]'' film series from [[Walden Media]], following ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'' (2005). The four Pevensie children ([[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]], [[Anna Popplewell]], [[Skandar Keynes]], and [[Georgie Henley]]) return to Narnia to aid [[Caspian X|Prince Caspian]] ([[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]]) in his struggle for the throne against his corrupt uncle, King [[Miraz]] ([[Sergio Castellitto]]). The film was released on May 16, 2008 in the United States and on June 26, 2008 in the United Kingdom.

''Prince Caspian'' is also the second ''Narnia'' film distributed by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. Work on the script began before ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' was released, so filming could begin before the actors grew too old for their parts. Director [[Andrew Adamson]] wanted to make the film more spectacular than the first, and created an action sequence not in the novel. The Narnians were designed to look wilder as they have been hiding from persecution, stressing the darker tone of the sequel. The filmmakers also took a Spanish influence for the antagonistic race of the [[Telmarines]]. Filming began in February 2007 in New Zealand, but unlike the previous film, the majority of shooting took place in [[Central Europe]], because of the larger sets available in those countries. To keep costs down, Adamson chose to base post-production in the UK, because of recent [[tax credit]]s there.

The film was a moderate success in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] with a total sum of $141 million.<ref>{{cite web | title =Preview: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2677&p=.htm 2010 | accessdate = 2010-06-08 | publisher = [[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> It also made $278 million in the rest of the world.

== Plot ==


1,300 years after the Pevensie siblings left [[Narnia]], a [[Telmarine]] prince, [[Caspian X|Caspian]], is awakened by his mentor [[Doctor Cornelius]], informing him that his aunt, Prunaprismia, has given birth to a son and Caspian's life is endangered. Cornelius gives him [[Susan Pevensie|Queen Susan's]] ancient magical horn, instructing him to blow it only at his greatest need. Knowing that his uncle, [[Miraz]], would kill him to steal the kingship, Caspian flees. Pursued into the woods, Caspian hits a branch and falls off his horse. He is rescued by two Narnian dwarfs, [[Trumpkin]] and Nikabrik, and a talking [[European Badger|badger]] named Trufflehunter. While Trumpkin acts as a decoy, Nikabrik saves Caspian. Confused, Caspian blows the horn to summon help.

In England, one year has passed since the Pevensie children returned from Narnia. Their route to their [[boarding school]], the [[London Underground]] station they are in collapses and the Pevensies are transported to Narnia. They discover the ruins of [[Cair Paravel]] and realize it was attacked.

In the Telmarine castle, the lords of the council learn that Prince Caspian is gone. Lord Sopespian blames Miraz, but Miraz blames the Narnians and tells the lords to fight them to get Caspian back, though Miraz actually intends to kill Caspian.

The Pevensies save Trumpkin from being drowned by two Telmarines; he quickly realizes that the four children are the Kings and Queens of Old and they continue on together. On the way, [[Lucy Pevensie|Lucy]] glimpses [[Aslan]] and tries to convince the others that she has seen him, but only [[Edmund Pevensie|Edmund]] believes her.

Nikabrik and Trufflehunter lead Caspian to the Dancing Lawn, where the old Narnians have assembled. Caspian convinces them to help him win his throne so he can return their land. Caspian and the Narnians steal weapons from the Telmarines. They also encounter the Pevensies and Trumpkin; they all journey to Aslan's How, a huge [[Tumulus|barrow]] built over the [[Stone Table]]. [[Peter Pevensie|Peter]] decides they will preemptively attack Miraz's castle. Lucy suggests waiting for Aslan to return, but Peter thinks they have waited long enough.

The Narnians raid Miraz’s castle, but Peter calls a retreat when they are overwhelmed by Telmarine soldiers. Peter, Susan, Edmund, Caspian, and half of the Narnians manage to escape, but the rest are slaughtered. When they return to Aslan's How, Peter and Caspian argue about the attack on the castle. Back at the castle, Miraz is crowned King of Narnia.

Nikabrik, with the aid of a [[hag]] and a [[werewolf]], tells Caspian that they can help him claim his throne and guarantee Miraz's death. The hag uses black sorcery to summon [[White Witch|Jadis, the White Witch]]. From inside a wall of ice, the White Witch tries to convince Caspian to free her with a drop of blood. Peter, Edmund, Lucy and Trumpkin arrive. Edmund kills the werewolf and Trumpkin stabs Nikabrik just as he is about to kill Lucy. Peter kills the hag and then, seeing Caspian being manipulated by the White Witch, knocks him down and faces the White Witch. She tries to convince Peter to release her. Before he can do anything, Edmund shatters the ice, destroying the White Witch.

As Miraz and his army arrive at Aslan's How, Caspian suggests Peter and Miraz duel one-on-one under the condition of surrender, to buy Lucy and Susan time to find Aslan. Miraz agrees to the duel, not wanting to look like a coward in front of his men. The girls are spotted by Telmarine soldiers, so Susan sends Lucy off alone, remaining behind to face the soldiers. A soldier on a horse runs into her, knocking her down. She is rescued by Caspian and they return to the battle. After a fierce fight, Peter defeats Miraz, but gives his sword to Caspian to finish him off. Caspian spares Miraz's life but says that he will give Narnia back to its people.

Sopespian kills Miraz with one of Susan's arrows and accuses the Narnians of shooting Miraz, leading to a battle between the Telmarines and the Narnians, with the Telmarines gradually winning. Lucy finds Aslan in the woods and he awakens the [[dryad|trees]]. The battle turns as the trees attack the Telmarines. Lord Sopespian orders retreat to a bridge, where they are confronted by Lucy and Aslan. Aslan summons the [[river god]], who destroys the bridge, killing Sopespian. The battle is won with the surviving Telmarine soldiers surrendering.

Before the Pevensies depart Narnia, Peter and Susan are told by Aslan that they have gained everything they could from their experiences in Narnia and will never return. Caspian invites the Telmarines to remain in Narnia if they will coexist peacefully with the Narnians; but if they wish, they can return to the human world, from whence they originally hailed. Some agree to do so, and Aslan creates a portal for them and the four Pevensies. Susan kisses Caspian, knowing they will never meet again. The Pevensies return to England, leaving Caspian as King of Narnia.

== Cast and characters ==
{{See also|List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members}}

=== Pevensies ===
* [[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]] reprises his role as [[Peter Pevensie]]. In a departure from the novel, Peter has a rivalry with Caspian. Moseley explained, "Peter's got his own issues to deal with, and Caspian's got his own issues to deal with, and when neither is willing to compromise, there's bound to be friction. Peter came back to Narnia expecting to be king again and that everyone would do as he said, and Caspian is unwilling to let him take over, so that causes some of it. That's really what happens. And it's a lot about humility. I think they both have to learn a certain humility [...] and that's really what a great king needs is to be humble, to listen to his people, to be willing to compromise, and they start off as these sort of angry teenagers, and become kings at the end." In real life, the two actors got on well together. Moseley also stated that he identified with Peter, having gone back to school between shooting both films.<ref>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = William Moseley is Peter Pevensie | publisher = Comingsoon.net | date = 2007-10-19 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/interviewsnews.php?id=38420 | accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref> He trained for three months in New York City to improve his performance and his physicality.<ref name=nycwillandgeorgie>{{cite news | title = NYC Interview Series: Will and Georgie | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-05-16 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1749&dl=18688065 | accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref>
* [[Anna Popplewell]] reprises her role as [[Susan Pevensie]], the second oldest Pevensie. Popplewell had been disappointed she barely used her bow and arrow in the first film.<ref name=inside/> Adamson convinced [[Douglas Gresham]] to have her present during the battles by suggesting her passive role in the novel indicated Lewis' view of women before he met [[Joy Gresham]]. "I think [Lewis] cast women down in the earlier books, but when you look at ''[[The Horse and His Boy]]'', it has a strong female character. Doug's mother was a strong woman."<ref>{{cite news | author = Mark Moring | title = The Weight of Story | publisher = [[Christianity Today]] | date = 2008-05-06 | url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/movies/interviews/andrewadamson.html | accessdate=2008-05-07|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080709082954/http://www.christianitytoday.com/movies/interviews/andrewadamson.html |archivedate = July 9, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Adamson also chose to have her fall for Caspian, because "The kids are growing up. If you look at Ben and you look at Anna, it seems really implausible that they wouldn't have some feelings for each other." He knew it had to be "sensitively handled" though,<ref>{{cite news | author = Josh Horowitz | title = 'Chronicles Of Narnia: Prince Caspian' Stars Get Royal Red-Carpet Treatment As They Defend Movie's Romantic Twist | publisher = [[MTV]] | date = 2008-05-08 | url = http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1587063/story.jhtml | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> and ultimately it is not about romance, but "[accepting] the fact that you can have a wondrous experience, enjoy it and move on".<ref name=moviefone>{{cite news | author = Tom Johnson | title = The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian Character Guide | publisher = [[Moviefone]] | date = 2008-04-11 | url = http://movies.aol.com/movie/the-chronicles-of-narnia-prince-caspian/24862/character-guide | accessdate=2008-04-11|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080413090133/http://movies.aol.com/movie/the-chronicles-of-narnia-prince-caspian/24862/character-guide |archivedate = April 13, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Popplewell added that it would not make sense for the Narnians not to use Susan, a talented archer, in battle, and that the romance contributed to her character's reconciliation with losing Narnia in the first place.<ref name=empirevideo>{{cite web | title = Prince Caspian Video Interviews | publisher = [[Empire (magazine)|Empire Online]] | url = http://www.empireonline.com/interviews/interview.asp?IID=761 | accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref>
* [[Skandar Keynes]] reprises his role as [[Edmund Pevensie]], the second youngest Pevensie. Edmund matured during the events of ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'', so the writers saw him "as our [[Han Solo]]", "[doing] the right thing" and "probably going to be a little low-key about it", highlighting the immaturity of his older brother.<ref>{{cite news | title = NYC Interview Series: Chris Markus and Steve McFeely | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-05-17 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1751&dl=18709435 | accessdate=2008-05-17}}</ref> Keynes bruised his heel when performing a stunt where he jumped onto a horse. He narrowly missed landing on it and hit his foot against a column when holding on. Excepting that, he enjoyed performing the action.<ref>{{cite news | author = Joe Utichi | title = RT Interview: Skandar Keynes on the Action Challenge of Prince Caspian | publisher = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date = 2008-06-25 | url = http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_prince_caspian/news/1736822/2/rt_interview_skandar_keynes_on_the_action_challenge_of_prince_caspian | accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref>
* [[Georgie Henley]] reprises her role as [[Lucy Pevensie]]. Henley acknowledged Lucy represents faith in the story, being the youngest and therefore most open-minded of the Pevensies.<ref name=nycwillandgeorgie/> During filming, Henley's [[deciduous teeth|baby teeth]] were falling out, so she wore fake teeth to fill in the gaps.<ref>{{cite news | author = Linda Canup | title = Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia | publisher = [[In Touch Ministries]] | date = May 2008 | pages = 26–27}}</ref>

=== Telmarines ===
* [[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]] as [[Caspian X|Prince Caspian]]. Adamson said "''Caspian'' is a [[coming of age]] and, to some degree, a loss of innocence story, with Caspian starting out quite naïve, then craving revenge and finally letting go of the vengeance."<ref name=moviefone/> While many readers interpret Caspian as a child, a passage in the novel mentions his age to be near that of Peter's, so an older actor was sought to match Moseley. Barnes had read the novel as a child, and was cast in two-and-a-half weeks after meeting with the filmmakers. He spent two months in New Zealand horse riding and stunt training to prepare for shooting.<ref>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = Ben Barnes is Prince Caspian | publisher = Comingsoon.net | date = 2007-10-19 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/interviewsnews.php?id=38419 | accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref><ref name=plucked>{{cite news | author = Brook Barnes | title = Disney’s Newly Crowned Prince, Plucked From a London Stage | publisher = [[The New York Times]] | date = 2008-05-08 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/08/movies/08casp.html | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> Barnes modelled his Spanish accent on [[Mandy Patinkin]]'s performance as [[Inigo Montoya]] in ''[[The Princess Bride (film)|The Princess Bride]]'',<ref>{{cite news | author = Dan Jolin | title = Ben Barnes is Prince Caspian | publisher = [[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] | date = April 2008 | pages = 96}}</ref> though he also had a [[dialect coach]] aiding him.<ref name=plucked/> Adamson did not expect to cast a British actor as Caspian, and said Barnes fitted well into the surrogate family of Adamson and the four actors playing the Pevensies.<ref name=orchestra>{{cite web | title = Orchestrating Magic in Narnia All Over Again | publisher = Disney Insider | url = http://disney.go.com/inside/mainattraction/080401/index.html | accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref> When cast, Barnes was set to tour with the [[Royal National Theatre]]'s production of ''[[The History Boys]]'': producer [[Mark Johnson (producer)|Mark Johnson]] joked Barnes "probably isn't the Nation's favourite actor right now". Barnes left England without telling the Theatre.<ref name=starlog>{{cite news | author = Joe Nazzaro | title = Return to Narnia | publisher = [[Starlog]] | date = May 2008 | pages = 47–50}}</ref> They were furious when they found out that he had left them without permission, so they considered suing him for breach of contract, but decided against it.<ref name=plucked/>
* [[Sergio Castellitto]] as [[Miraz|King Miraz]]. Castellitto was not familiar with the novel, but his four children had enjoyed the first film. Miraz marks the first time the Italian actor has portrayed a villain, and he found it interesting to "act out a stereotype." Nonetheless, he also felt that he and Adamson brought depth to the role, explaining Miraz is a soldier, not a coward, and that he takes the throne for his son. He compared the character to [[King Claudius]] in ''[[Hamlet]]''.<ref name=miraz>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = Castellitto and Favino are King Miraz and Gen. Glozelle | publisher = Comingsoon.net | date = 2007-10-19 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/interviewsnews.php?id=38422 | accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref>
* [[Pierfrancesco Favino]] as Lord Glozelle, Miraz's general, who intends to have his king killed in combat with Caspian and Peter in order to lead his own attack on the Narnians. However, in the end, Glozelle repents and is the first to volunteer to go into the Pevensies' world, and in return, is granted a good future by Aslan. This was Favino's idea, because originally Glozelle would have died in battle.<ref name=commentary/> Adamson dubbed the character "a real [[Benedict Arnold]]".<ref name=moviefone/> Favino is able to speak several languages and generally acted as a translator to Adamson on set while working with actors and crew members of multiple nationalities.<ref name=inside/>
* [[Damián Alcázar]] as Lord Sopespian.<ref>{{cite news | title = Damián Alcázar Cast as Sopespian| publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2007-03-14 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1130&dl=12074050 | accessdate = 2007-03-14}}</ref> "In some ways Sopespian turns out to be the real bad guy of the film," Adamson said. "Where it seems that Miraz has the upper hand at the beginning, we see that Sopespian, like Shakespeare's [[Iago]], is trying to manipulate the situation."<ref name=moviefone/>
* [[Vincent Grass]] as Doctor Cornelius: Caspian's mentor,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1089&dl=11635965 | title=Vincent Grass Cast as Doctor Cornelius | publisher = NarniaWeb | date= 2007-02-05 | accessdate = 2007-02-06}}</ref> who is half-dwarf. Adamson compared Caspian and Cornelius' relationship to [[Aristotle]] and [[Alexander the Great]].<ref name=moviefone/> Cornelius' role in the movie is significantly smaller than in the novel, and he is not named on screen, being referred to only as "Professor".
* [[Alicia Borrachero]] as Queen [[Prunaprismia]].<ref>{{cite news | author = John Hopewell | title = Borrachero cast in 'Prince Caspian' | publisher = Variety | date = 2007-02-05 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117958678.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | accessdate = 2007-02-05}}</ref> Prunaprismia was Miraz's wife. When she had learned that her husband had killed his own brother, she became heartbroken. After Miraz's death, Prunaprismia was the second volunteer to go back to our world (with her child). Because of her repenting, Prunprismia and her child were promised a good life back in our world.
* [[Simón Andreu]] as Lord Scythley.<ref>{{cite news | title = Simon Andreu Cast as Lord Scythley| publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2007-03-24 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1136&dl=12138160 | accessdate = 2007-03-24}}</ref>
* [[Predrag Bjelac]] as Lord Donnon.<ref>{{cite news | title = The First and Best Predrag Bjelac Resource| publisher = http://www.predrag-bjelac.com/ | date = 2007-06-15 | url = http://www.predrag-bjelac.com/ | accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref>
* David Bowles as Lord Gergiore. He served as one of the marshals during the duel between Peter and Miraz.
* Juan Diego Montoya Garcia as Lord Montoya.

=== Narnians ===
* [[Liam Neeson]] reprises his role as the voice of the lion [[Aslan]]. Aslan is "more parental here, [he] lets the kids, well, make their own mistakes".<ref name=moviefone/> Aslan's entrance was filmed as a dream sequence to emphasize his messianic nature, and not make it reflect badly on his absence when Narnia is in turmoil.<ref name=nycadamson/> Although the character is considered C.S. Lewis' version of [[Jesus]], Neeson "see[s] him more as the spirit of the planet – this living, breathing planet. That's what he stands for, for me; more what the native Americans would believe."<ref>{{cite news|author=Edel Coffey|title=Lion heart|publisher=[[Irish Independent]]|date=2008-07-01|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/news-gossip/lion--heart-1422462.html|accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref> As Aslan has fewer action scenes than in the first film, the animators found it difficult to make him move interestingly. His pose had to be regal, but if he moved his head too much, he would remind viewers of a dog. As well as having his size increased by fifteen percent,<ref name=cgsociety>{{cite news|author=Jack Egan|title=Disney brings in two VFX Supervisors to break CGI barriers in the second Narnia.|work=CGSociety|date=2008-06-04|url=http://features.cgsociety.org/story_custom.php?story_id=4546|accessdate=2008-09-18}}</ref> Aslan's eyes were also changed to look less "[[Egyptians|Egyptian]]".<ref name=digitalarts>{{cite news|title=Framestore details Prince Caspian's detailed FX|work=Digital Arts|date=2008-07-01|url=http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=10750&pn=1|accessdate=2008-09-18}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Many of his shots were finished at the last minute.<ref name=inside>''Inside Narnia: The Adventure Returns'', 2008 DVD featurette</ref>
* [[Peter Dinklage]] as [[Trumpkin]], a cynical red dwarf. Dinklage was Adamson and Johnson's first choice, having seen him in ''[[The Station Agent]]''.<ref name=starlog/> He accepted because "often, you get the hero and the villain and not much in between. Trumpkin is in between. He is not a lovable [[Snow White]] dwarf. Audiences appreciate these cynical characters. It helps parents and adults to go along with the journey."<ref name=dinklage>{{cite news | author = Susan Wloszczyna | title = Peter Dinklage is big on dwarf role in 'Caspian' | publisher = [[USA Today]] | date = 2008-01-21 | url = http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2008-01-20-caspian-side_N.htm?loc=interstitialskip | accessdate=2008-01-21}}</ref> Dinklage's prosthetics took three hours to apply,<ref name=starlog/> and restricted his performance to his eyes. Even his frown was built into the make-up.<ref name=commentary/> On his first day of filming, he was bitten by sand flies and fell into a river. "We were lucky that he returned after his first day!" recalled Johnson.<ref name=starlog/>
* [[Warwick Davis]] as [[Nikabrik]], a black dwarf. He is descendant of [[Ginarrbrik]], who served the White Witch, and bears one of his rings, which was passed down from each generation.<ref name=mussendenblog/> Mark Johnson acknowledged casting Davis as the treacherous Nikabrik was casting against type:<ref name=starlog/> Berger covered all his face bar his eyelids in prosthetics, to allow Davis to ward off the audience's perceptions of him.<ref name=master/> Nikabrik's nose was based on Berger.<ref>''Warwick Davis: The Man Behind Nikabrik'' DVD featurette, 2008</ref> Davis feared filming in the Czech Republic, because the grass is filled with [[tick]]s, so he put elastic bands to hold his trousers against his legs.<ref name=tick>{{cite news | title = Total Film/Sky Movies Event Previews PC | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-03-20 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1517&dl=16209145 | accessdate=2008-03-20}}</ref> Davis portrayed Reepicheep in the [[The Chronicles of Narnia (TV serial)|1989 BBC production]] of ''Prince Caspian''.
* [[Eddie Izzard]] as the voice of [[Reepicheep]], a swashbuckling [[mouse]]. Over 100 actors auditioned to voice the character.<ref name=notes/> Izzard approached Reepicheep as less camp and more of a bloodthirsty assassin with a sense of honour (a cross between [[Max Rockatansky|Mad Max]] and [[William the Conqueror]]): Izzard interpreted Reepicheep as someone whose family was killed by the Telmarines.<ref name=master/> The ''Narnia'' series were some of the few books Izzard read as a child, and he cherished them.<ref>{{cite news | author = Anita Singh | title = Eddie Izzard lends voice to The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian | publisher = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | date = 2008-04-22 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/22/nizzard122.xml | accessdate=2008-04-22 | location=London}}</ref> When discussing Reepicheep to the animators, Adamson told them to rent as many [[Errol Flynn]] films as possible.<ref name=starlog/> Adamson credits Izzard for making the role his own; beforehand, the director was approaching the character similarly to [[Puss in Boots (Shrek)|Puss in Boots]] in ''[[Shrek 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news | author = Eric Vespe | title = Quint visits the PRINCE CASPIAN edit bay and sees 45 minutes of the movie! | publisher = [[Ain't It Cool News]] | date = 2008-04-03 | url = http://www.aintitcool.com/node/36254 | accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref>
* [[Ken Stott]] as the voice of Trufflehunter the [[European Badger|badger]].<ref name="filming begins"/> Adamson called Trufflehunter "a walking and talking Narnian library [who is] totally old-school".<ref name=moviefone/> The animators visited a badger sanctuary to aid in depicting his performance.<ref name=digitalarts/>
* Cornell John as Glenstorm the Centaur.<ref>{{cite news | title = Cornell John Cast as Glenstorm| publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2007-04-18 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1153&dl=12319805 | accessdate = 2007-04-19}}</ref> Adamson had seen John perform in ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' in London, and liked his long face.<ref name=master/> John imagined the character as being 170-years old, and wanted to convey "honour, pride and tradition".<ref name=notes>{{cite web|title=Production notes|work=[[Disney.com]]|url=http://adisney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/downloads/about/narnia_productionnotes.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-09-18 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080611181848/http://adisney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/downloads/about/narnia_productionnotes.pdf |archivedate = June 11, 2008}}</ref>
** Lejla Abbasová as Windmane (Glenstorm's wife).<ref name=master/>
** Yemi Akinyemi as Ironhoof (Glenstorm's son).<ref name=companion/>
** [[Carlos Da Silva]] as Suncloud (Glenstorm's son).<ref name=companion/>
** Ephraim Goldin as Rainstone (Glenstorm's son). He dies in the Attack on Miraz' castle, but pops up in the end of the movie.
* [[David Walliams]] as the voice of the Bulgy Bear.<ref>{{cite news | title = David Walliams to Voice the Bulgy Bear | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-03-15 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1502&dl=16048870 | accessdate = 2008-03-15}}</ref>
* [[Klara Issova]] as a [[Narnian Hag]] who attempts to resurrect the White Witch.<ref name=master/> She used some [[Arabic]] words in her incantation.<ref name=commentary/>
* Gomez Mussenden (son of costume designer Isis Mussenden) plays Lightning Bolt, a child Centaur.<ref name=lightningbolt/>
* [[Jan Pavel Filipensky]] as Wimbleweather the giant.<ref name=companion/>
* [[Shane Rangi]] as Asterius the Minotaur and [[Josh Campbell]] as the voice of Asterius. An elderly [[minotaur]] who aids Caspian. He is killed during the raid while holding the gate open to allow some of the army to escape. Rangi also stood in for Aslan, the Bulgy Bear, the Werewolf, another Minotaur, and the Wild Bear on set.<ref name=NarniaWeb>{{cite news | author = NarniaWeb | title = Shane Rangi Interview | publisher = NarniaWeb.com | date = 2007-07-23 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1262&dl=13484470 | accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> Rangi played [[General Otmin]] in the previous film and Tavros in ''The Voyage of The Dawn Treader''. He was able to see more in the redesigned animatronic minotaur heads, though "in order to make the eye line straight and correct, you've actually got to hold your head down, so your view is only about a foot and a half in front of you, which still makes it a little bit hard". This resulted in Rangi knocking himself against the rising gate of the Telmarine castle, although he was fine and it was the animatronic head that bore the brunt of the damage.<ref name=rangi/> The costumes were still very hot, reducing him to a "walking waterfall". Although a head sculpt of Aslan was used to stand in for the character on the first film, Rangi had to portray the character on set because Lucy interacts with him more.<ref>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = Narnia Creature Performer, Shane Rangi | publisher = Comingsoon.net | date = 2007-09-04 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/narnianews.php?id=36745 | accessdate=2008-02-21|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080209204653/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/narnianews.php?id=36745 |archivedate = February 9, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Rangi lost four kilograms wearing all his costumes.<ref name=rangi>Shane Rangi DVD easter egg, 2008</ref>
* David Mottl and Michaela Dvorska each portrayed Tyrus, a satyr. He is shot by Glozelle when attempting to kill Miraz and then pushed off the balcony by Miraz.

=== Cameos ===
* [[Tilda Swinton]] reprises her role as [[White Witch|Jadis, the White Witch]]. Her ghost appears as the hag and werwolf attempt to resurrect her. Swinton and her two children also cameoed towards the film's end as centaurs.<ref name=commentary/>
* Composer [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] made a vocal cameo as Patterwig the squirrel, as Adamson felt he had a "squirrel-like energy".<ref name=commentary/>
* [[Douglas Gresham]] cameos as a Telmarine crier.<ref>{{cite news | title = Gresham to Have Cameo in Prince Caspian| publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2007-08-20 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1268&dl=13548580 | accessdate = 2007-08-20}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Writing ===
{{quote box|width=40%|quote=We had some difficulty figuring out how to make ''Caspian'' work as a film. In the book, the children arrive in Narnia, and they all sit down around the campfire and Trumpkin tells them the story of Prince Caspian – which means that the four Pevensie children vanish for half of the book.|source=[[Douglas Gresham]]<ref>{{cite news | author = Mark Moring | title = 'A Poorer Story, but a Better Movie' | publisher = [[Christianity Today]] | date = 2008-04-08 | url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/movies/interviews/douglasgresham3.html|accessdate=2008-04-09|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080709082159/http://www.christianitytoday.com/movies/interviews/douglasgresham3.html |archivedate = July 9, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref>}}
Before the release of ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe]]'', the screenplay for the sequel ''Prince Caspian'' had already been written.<ref>{{cite news | author = Ian Nathan | title = Narnia | pages = 97 | publisher = [[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] Issue 198 | date = 2005-10-28}}</ref> Director [[Andrew Adamson]] said the decision was made to follow the [[The Chronicles of Narnia#Reading order|publication order]] of the novels because "if we don't make it now we'll never be able to, because the [actors will] be too old". ''Prince Caspian'', the second published novel in the series, is the fourth chronologically. ''[[The Horse and His Boy]]'' takes place during a time only hinted at in ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''.<ref name="return">{{cite news | title = Caspian to be second Narnia movie | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = 2006-01-18 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4625478.stm | accessdate = 2006-12-01 }}</ref> The writers briefly considered combining ''Caspian'' with ''[[The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'', which the [[BBC]] did for their [[The Chronicles of Narnia (TV serial)|television adaptation]].<ref name=companion>{{cite news | title = The Official Movie Companion Book Review | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-03-29 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1542&dl=16476270 | accessdate = 2008-03-31}}</ref>

Screenwriters Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely wanted to explore how the Pevensies felt after returning from Narnia, going from being kings and queens back to an awkward year as school children. They noted, "<nowiki>[</nowiki>[[C. S. Lewis]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> doesn't much consider what it would be like for a King of Narnia to return to being a 1940's schoolchild." They also decided to introduce the Pevensies back into Narnia nearer the start, in order to weave the two separate stories of the Pevensies and Caspian, in contrast to the book's structure.<ref>{{cite news | author = Christopher Markus, Stephen McFeely | title = Adapting Caspian | publisher = Movie Blog | date = 2007-05-04 | url = http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ | accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071219210520/http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ |archivedate = December 19, 2007 }}</ref> A sense of [[guilt]] on the Pevensies' part was added, seeing the destruction of Narnia in their absence,<ref name=audio>{{cite news | author = Heather Newgen | title = Prince Caspian Audio Interviews | publisher = Comingsoon.net | date = 2007-07-30 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=22926 | accessdate=2007-07-31}}</ref> as was [[hubris]] for Peter to enhance the theme of belief: his arrogance means he is unable to see [[Aslan]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Rebecca Cusey | title = 'Prince Caspian' walks tightrope for Christian fans | publisher = [[USA Today]] | date = 2008-05-16 | url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2008-05-16-narnia-christian-caspian_N.htm | accessdate=2008-05-19}}</ref>

Adamson also desired to make the film larger in scale; "I've gained confidence having gone through the first. This time, I was able to go larger [in] scale, with more extras and bigger battle scenes."<ref name=dinklage/> Inspired by a passage in the novel where Reepicheep says he would like to attack the castle,<ref name=principals>{{cite news | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117985260.html | title='Narnia' director guided by principals | author=Peter Debruge | publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=2008-05-07 | accessdate=2008-05-08 }}</ref> a new battle scene in which Peter and Caspian make an attempted raid on Miraz's castle was created.<ref name=prague1>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = Prince Caspian Prague Set Visit Part 1 | publisher = Comingsoon.net | date = 2007-07-23 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=22237 | accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> Adamson felt the imagery of mythological Greek creatures storming a castle was highly original.<ref name=orchestra/> Markus and McFeely used the sequence to illustrate Peter and Caspian's conflict and Edmund's maturity, in an effort to tighten the script by using action as drama. Adamson preferred subtlety to the drama scenes, asking his young male actors not to perform angrily. Adamson copied [[Alfred Hitchcock]] by "tell[ing] people at the end of the scene, 'Now just give me something where you're not thinking about anything.' By using it in context, the audience will read an emotion into it."<ref name=principals/>

=== Design ===
[[Image:Mirazarmour.jpg|thumb|Concept art of [[Miraz]]'s armour. The Telmarines are stereotypically Spanish in appearance, and their masked helmets are partly based on conquistadors]]
[[Andrew Adamson]] described the film as being darker, as it takes place "another 1300 years later, [and] Narnia has been oppressed by Telmarines for a large period of that time, so it's a dirtier, grittier, darker place than the last world was".<ref name=pragueadamson>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = Prince Caspian Director Andrew Adamson | publisher = Comingsoon.net | date = 2007-07-23 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=22240 | accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> He added, "This one is more of a boy's movie. It's a harsher world. The villains are human, and that lends a more realistic attitude."<ref name=dinklage/> Creatures were designed by veteran horror and monster concept artist [[Jordu Schell]]<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.surrealaward.com/avatar/bioschellj.shtml | title = Jordu Schell: Avatar Lead Characters Designer | work = Avatar Movie Zone | accessdate = 2010-04-20}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> and supervised by [[Howard Berger]], who said that ''Prince Caspian'' would be more [[medieval]] than ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''.<ref name=audio/> Alongside Adamson, Berger's children critiqued his designs, aiding the process:<ref name=tick/> his son thought the werewolf's ears were silly, so they were made smaller.<ref name=master>{{cite news | author = Jonathan Crocker | title = The Monster Master | publisher = [[Total Film]] | date = June 2008 | pages = 94–98}}</ref>

For the Narnians, Berger envisioned them as more wild in appearance, as they have been forced into the forests. He also decided to increase the portrayal of various ages, sizes and races.<ref>{{cite news | author = Howard Berger | title = A Look Into The Creatures Of Narnia | publisher = Movie Blog | date = 2007-04-17 | url = http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ | accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071219210520/http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ |archivedate = December 19, 2007 }}</ref> The black dwarfs are distinguished from the red dwarfs as they have more leather and jewellery, and a darker colour scheme in their costumes.<ref name=mussendenblog/> Each race of creatures also had their fighting styles made more distinguishable.<ref>{{cite news | author = Eric Vespe | title = Quint catches up on Disney's PRINCE CASPIAN and WALL-E panel at Comic-Con!!! | publisher = [[Ain't It Cool News]] | date = 2007-08-01 | url = http://www.aintitcool.com/node/33519 | accessdate=2007-08-01}}</ref> The [[minotaur]]s have [[Mace (weapon)|maces]], and the [[centaur]]s use [[swords]].<ref name=taylorblog>{{cite news | author = Richard Taylor | title = Weta Workshop on Prince Caspian | publisher = Official blog | date = 2007-09-07 | url = http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ | accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071219210520/http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ |archivedate = December 19, 2007 | authorlink = Richard Taylor (filmmaker)}}</ref> The [[satyr]]s were redesigned, as their creation on the first film had been rushed.<ref name=lightningbolt>{{cite news | title = Interview: Howard Berger & Dean Wright | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2007-08-14 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1263&dl=13495155 | accessdate = 2007-08-14}}</ref> 4,600 make-up jobs were performed, which Berger believes is a record.<ref name=notes/>

The filmmakers interpreted the [[Telmarines]], including Caspian, as being [[Spanish people|Spanish]] because of their [[pirate]] origins, which producer [[Mark Johnson (producer)|Mark Johnson]] noted made Caspian "a contrast to the lily-white [Pevensies]".<ref name=heroes>{{cite news | author = Tom Ambrose | title = Heroes of 2008 | pages = 78 | publisher = [[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] | date = 2007-07-26 | accessdate=2007-07-26}}</ref> Production designer Roger Ford originally wanted the Telmarines to be [[French people|French]], as they had a confrontational history with the English, who are represented by the Pevensies. This was scrapped as the crew were unable to shoot at [[Château de Pierrefonds|Pierrefonds Castle]], for Miraz's lair, so they went for the Spanish feel.<ref name=fordblog/> [[Weta Workshop]] created masked helmets for their army, and faceplates for the live horses on set. The stunt soldiers wield two-hundred [[polearms]] in two different styles, two-hundred [[rapier]]s of varying design, over a hundred [[falchion]]s, two-hundred and fifty shields and fifty-five [[crossbow]]s. Caspian's own sword is a variation of the Royal Guard's weapons.<ref name=taylorblog/> Costume designer Isis Mussenden looked to the paintings of [[El Greco]] to inspire the Telmarines' costumes.<ref name=audio/> She wanted to use colours that looked "acidic and hot and cool at the same time", unlike the red and gold seen in the Narnian soldiers.<ref name=mussendenblog>{{cite news | author = Isis Mussenden | title = Costume Design | publisher = Official blog | date = 2007-11-15 | url = http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ | accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071219210520/http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ |archivedate = December 19, 2007}}</ref> Their masked helmets are based on [[conquistador]]s and [[samurai]].<ref name=mirazblog>{{cite news | title = Miraz | publisher = Official blog | date = 2007-10-04 | url = http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ | accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071219210520/http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ |archivedate = December 19, 2007}}</ref> She visited the armour archives of the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] for inspiration.<ref name=notes/> An [[eagle]] emblem was incorporated into the characters' lairs to make them feel [[fascist]].<ref name=facist>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = Narnia Production Designer Roger Ford | publisher = ComingSoon.net | date = 2007-09-04 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/narnianews.php?id=36746 | accessdate=2008-02-21|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080209204701/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/narnianews.php?id=36746 |archivedate = February 9, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Eight months were spent scouting locations,<ref name=companion/> including Ireland,<ref>{{cite news | title = Ireland Considered for Narnia | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2006-01-30 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=797&dl=8515945 | accessdate = 2007-01-13}}</ref> China and [[Argentina]],<ref name="one video">{{cite news | title = Close up: Andrew Adamson | publisher = TV One NZ | date = 2006-02-05 | url = http://tvnz.co.nz/view/video_popup_windows_skin/979326 | format = Video | accessdate = 2007-02-05 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070210182423/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/video_popup_windows_skin/979326 |archivedate = 2007-02-10}}</ref> before New Zealand, [[Prague]], [[Slovenia]] and [[Poland]] were chosen.<ref name=companion/> Whereas the previous film was predominantly shot in New Zealand with a few months of filming in [[Central Europe]], Adamson decided New Zealand lacked enough [[sound stage]]s to accommodate the larger scale of the film.<ref name=pragueadamson/> The decision to film most of the picture in Europe also allowed the ability to shoot during summer in both continents,<ref>{{cite news | author = Joanna Hunkin | title = Adamson back in NZ to shoot next Narnia film | publisher = [[The New Zealand Herald]] | date = 2007-02-05 | url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/search/story.cfm?storyid=00044CCA-71F6-15C6-8FC283027AF1010E | accessdate = 2007-02-05}}</ref> although the weather turned out to be so erratic during filming that Adamson joked he had been lied to.<ref name=inside/>

[[File:Cathedral Cove, Coromandel.JPG|thumb|left|The Pevensies' return to Narnia was shot at [[Te Whanganui-A-Hei (Cathedral Cove)|Cathedral Cove]] because of an arch which mirrors the train tunnel the children are transported from]]

Filming began on February 12, 2007 in [[Auckland]].<ref name="filming begins">{{cite news | author=[[Walt Disney Pictures]] | title=''Narnia'' Sequel Starts Principal Photography | publisher=ComingSoon.net | date=2007-02-16 | url=http://comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=18970 | accessdate= 2007-02-16}}</ref> The scene where the Pevensies return to the ruined [[Cair Paravel]] was shot at [[Te Whanganui-A-Hei (Cathedral Cove)|Cathedral Cove]]. The filmmakers chose the location because it had a tunnel-like arch, which echoed the train tunnel the children go into before being summoned back into Narnia.<ref name=fordblog>{{cite news | author = Roger Ford | title = Designing Narnia | publisher = Official blog | date = 2007-11-01 | url = http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ | accessdate=2007-12-14 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071219210520/http://disney.go.com/disneypictures/narnia/portal/blog/ |archivedate = December 19, 2007}}</ref> [[Henderson Valley Studios]] was used for the Pevensies' ancient treasure room and the Underground station.<ref name=notes/><ref name=walsh>{{cite news|author=Jeremie Noyer|title=Frank Walsh: Setting The World of Narnia|work=Animated Views|date=2008-12-04|url=http://animated-views.com/2008/frank-walsh-art-director-on-narnia-caspian/|accessdate=2008-12-04}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

On April 1, 2007, the crew began filming at [[Barrandov Studios]] in Prague.<ref>{{cite news|author=Steffen Silvis|title=Stillking is still king|work=[[The Prague Post]]|date=2007-04-04}}</ref> There, sets such as Miraz's castle, [[Aslan's How]] and the underground hiding places of the Narnians were created.<ref name=prague1/> The {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} castle was built to scale because Adamson felt he overused digital sets on the last film.<ref name=principals/> The castle was built in the open air during winter, where the temperature would drop to minus 20 °C.<ref name=walsh/> Miraz's courtyard is the largest set in production designer Roger Ford's career, including the previous ''Narnia'' film. Aslan's How was modified into the hideout after filming for those scenes was finished.<ref name=prague1/> To create Trufflehunter's den, Ford's crew put a camera inside a badger's den to study what it should look like.<ref name=companion/> The den's roof had to be raised by three inches because Ben Barnes was too tall.<ref name=commentary>[[Audio commentary]] with [[Andrew Adamson]], [[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]], [[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]], [[Anna Popplewell]], [[Skandar Keynes]] and [[Georgie Henley]], 2008 DVD by Walt Disney Home Entertainment</ref>

In June 2007, they shot the bridge battle near [[Bovec]] in the [[Soča]] Valley, Slovenia.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bovec|title=Parts of Disney's Chronicles of Narnia to Be Shot in Slovenia|publisher=Republic of Slovenia |date=2007-02-22 |url= http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4382/4389/ |accessdate=2007-04-08|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070809211238/http://www.ukom.gov.si/eng/slovenia/publications/slovenia-news/4382/4389/ |archivedate = August 9, 2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref> The location was chosen for its resemblance to New Zealand. A large bridge was built, which was modelled on the one [[Julius Caesar]] built to cross the [[Rhine]].<ref name=fordblog/> Whereas Caesar supposedly built his bridge in ten days, the filmmakers had around forty. The schedule was short though, but the authorities would only allow them this build time to not completely disrupt normal summer activities on the lake. The filmmakers made a trench to change the river's course, so they could deepen the drained sides of the riverbed so it looked like one could drown in it. The crew also cut down 100 trees for shots of the Telmarines building the bridge; the trees were moved to another side of the river for decoration.<ref name=bridge>{{cite news|author=Jeremie Noyer|title=Frank Walsh: On set with Prince Caspian’s Final Battle – The Beruna Bridge Sequence|work=Animated Views|date=2008-12-02|url=http://animated-views.com/2008/frank-walsh-on-set-with-prince-caspian%E2%80%99s-final-battle-the-beruna-bridge-sequence/|accessdate=2008-12-04}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The bridge stood for two months before being dismantled.<ref name=fandango>{{cite news | author = Lizerne Guiting | title = Narnia's New Zealand & Eastern Europe | publisher = [[Fandango (ticket service)|Fandango]] | url = http://summermovies.fandango.com/roadtrips/index.php?show=0&artid=29 | accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> As part of the clean-up, the cut-down trees and parts of the bridge were sent to a recycling plant, while other portions of the bridge were sent to the studio for close-ups shot against bluescreen.<ref name=bridge/>

Part of the battle was shot at [[Ústí nad Labem]] in the Czech Republic.<ref name=moriarty>{{cite news | author = [[Drew McWeeny]] | title = Moriarty Visits Narnia... In Prague! | publisher = [[Ain't It Cool News]] | date = 2008-03-13 | url = http://www.aintitcool.com/node/35996 | accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> Only the entrance to Aslan's How was built on location. Adamson wanted Peter and Miraz's duel to feel unique and not like a controlled, overly choreographed fencing match: Moseley and Castellitto began training for the scene in November 2006. The stunt coordinator Allan Poppleton doubled for Castellitto in some shots because they are similar in size. For claustrophobic shots, cameras were built into their shields.<ref>''Secrets of the Duel'', 2008 DVD featurette</ref> The main camera was placed on a 360 degree track surrounding the ruin it takes place on.<ref name=companion/> The filmmakers dug a large hole in the ground for the scene where the Narnians cause the pillars supporting the growth near Aslan's How to collapse on the Telmarines. The earth was then restored following completion of the scene. They also had to restore the grass after filming numerous cavalry charges. 18,000 fern plants were imported to the Czech Republic to create a forest. A scene shot in Poland, which involved building a cliff face, also had to leave no trace behind.<ref name=walsh/> Filming finished by September 8, 2007.<ref>{{cite news | title = Dawn Treader Locations | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2007-09-09 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1284&dl=13719540 | accessdate=2007-09-09}}</ref>{{Clear}}

=== Effects ===
''Prince Caspian'' has over 1,500 special effects shots, more than ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 800 effects shots, yet the film had less time to complete them.<ref name=audio/> The scale of special effects led Andrew Adamson to base production in the UK, to take advantage of new [[tax credit]]s. Therefore, it legally qualifies as a British film.<ref>{{cite news | author = Adam Dawtrey | title = 'Caspian' to qualify as U.K. movie | publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = 2006-12-13 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117955660.html?categoryid=13&cs=1&query=Prince+Caspian | accessdate = 2006-12-21}}</ref> This also meant the director only had to walk five minutes from the editing room to supervise the effects.<ref name=animated>{{cite news | author = Joe Strike | title = Adamson Gets Animated About Narnia and VFX In 1991 | publisher = VFXWorld | date = 2008-05-17 | url = http://vfxworld.com/?atype=articles&id=3641 | accessdate=2008-05-17}}</ref> British visual effects companies the [[Moving Picture Company]] and [[Framestore CFC]] were hired to create the visual effects alongside [[Weta Digital]]. Framestore worked on [[Aslan]], Trufflehunter and the door in the air; Scanline did the River-god; Weta created the werewolf, the wild bear and Miraz's castle; MPC and [[Escape Studios]] did the main battle, the tunnel scene, the castle assault, the council scenes and all the other creatures.<ref name=animated/><ref>{{cite news | author = Bill Desowitz | title = 2008 VFX Sneaks: The Top 20 Movies | publisher = VFXWorld | date = 2008-01-10 | url = http://www.vfxworld.com/?atype=articles&id=3515&page=3 | accessdate=2008-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Pixar Releases RenderMan Certified Courseware | publisher = [[Pixar]] | url = https://renderman.pixar.com/products/news/courseware_release.html | accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref>

Alex Funke, who worked on ''[[The Lord of the Rings film trilogy|The Lord of the Rings]]'', directed the film's miniatures unit.<ref name=audio/> These include 1/24th and 1/100th scale miniatures of Miraz's castle.<ref name=taylorblog/> A scale model was built of the Narnians' cave hideouts during the climactic battle, which the actor playing the [[giant (mythology)|giant]] Wimbleweather was filmed against.<ref name=wrightberger>{{cite news | author = Edward Douglas | title = Narnia FX Gurus Dean Wright & Howard Berger | publisher = ComingSoon.net | date = 2007-09-04 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/narnianews.php?id=36747 | accessdate=2008-02-21|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080209204703/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/narnianews.php?id=36747 |archivedate = February 9, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> One of the improvements made over the previous film was to make the [[centaur]]s walk during dialogue scenes, so Cornell John as Glenstorm wore [[Powerbocking|Power Risers]] (mechanical [[stilts]] with springs), to mimic a horse's [[canter]] and height.<ref name=prague1/> The animatronic Minotaur heads were also improved to properly [[lip sync]],<ref name=wrightberger/> although this was not as successful as hoped and had to be revamped digitally.<ref>{{cite news|author=Mike Szymanski|title=More Creatures In Dawn Treader|work=[[SCI FI Wire]]|date=2008-12-04|url=http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?id=62530|accessdate=2008-12-07|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20081207195525/http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?id=62530 |archivedate=2008-12-07}} </ref>

In the climactic battle, 150 extras stood in for the Narnians, while 300 extras were used for the Telmarines. These were digitally duplicated until there were 1,000 Narnians and 5,000 Telmarines onscreen. The animators found it easier to create entirely digital centaurs and [[faun]]s, rather than mix digital legs with real actors.<ref name=animated/> The dryads were entirely computer-generated, whereas in the first film digital petals had been composited over actors.<ref name=digitalarts/> However, Adamson had chosen to make the centaurs not wear armour, meaning the animators had to make the human–horse join behave more cohesively. Combining digital characters with actors, such as when Lucy hugs Aslan, had become easier since the first film, as lighting had improved.<ref name=animated/> To achieve Lucy hugging Aslan, Framestore even replaced Georgie Henley's arm with a digital version.<ref name=digitalarts/> For the gryphons, a [[motion control]] rig was created for the actors to ride on. The rig could simulate subtle movements such as wing beats for realism.<ref name=cgsociety/> Adamson cited the river-god as the character he was most proud of. "It was a really masterful effect: to control water like that is incredibly difficult", he said. "The [visual effects company] told us they'd been waiting to do a shot like that for ten years."<ref name=animated/>

The film features [[catapult]]s resembling [[windmill]]s, that can fire rapidly, and a [[ballista]] that can fire three projectiles at a time. The practical versions of these were metal with fibreglass painted and aged to resemble wood on top. Weta created props of the missiles thrown by the Telmarine equipment. The practical version of the catapult had its upper half painted blue, to composite a digital version programmed for rapid firing movement.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jeremie Noyer|title=Frank Walsh: On set with Prince Caspian’s Final Battle|work=Animated Views|date=2008-07-04|url=http://animated-views.com/2008/frank-walsh-on-set-with-prince-caspians-final-battle/|accessdate=2008-12-04}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

=== Music ===
{{Further2|[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (soundtrack)]]}}
''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' composer [[Harry Gregson-Williams]] began composing the sequel in December 2007. Recording began at [[Abbey Road Studios]] the following month, and finished by April 2008. The [[Crouch End Festival Chorus]],<ref>{{cite news | author = Dan Goldwasser | title = Harry Gregson-Williams returns to Narnia with ''The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian'' | publisher = ScoringSessions.com | date = 2008-03-20 | url = http://www.scoringsessions.com/news/129/ | accessdate=2008-03-20}}</ref> [[Regina Spektor]]'s song, "The Call", [[Oren Lavie]]'s song, "Dance 'Round The Memory Tree" and [[Switchfoot]]'s song, "[[This Is Home]]", are featured on the soundtrack. [[Imogen Heap]], who sang "Can't Take It In" for the first film, wrote a new song which Gregson-Williams considered too dark.<ref>{{cite news|title=Composer Harry Gregson-Williams: What Goes Around, Comes Around|work=Tracksounds|date=2008-05-30|url=http://www.tracksounds.com/specialfeatures/Interviews/interview_harry_gregson_williams_2008_page2.htm|accessdate=2008-09-17}}</ref>

Gregson-Williams' score is darker to follow suit with the film. Gregson-Williams wanted Caspian's theme to convey a vulnerability, which would sound more vibrant as he became more heroic. It originally used a 3/4 [[time signature]], but the opening scene required a 4/4 and thus it was changed. To represent Miraz's cunning, the heroic theme from the first film was inverted. For Reepicheep, a [[mute (music)|muted]] [[trumpet]] was used to present his militaristic and organised character.<ref name=enotes>{{cite news | author = Daniel Schweigher | title = E-Notes: Harry Gregson-Williams returns to 'Narnia' with 'Prince Caspian' | publisher = iF Magazine | date = 2008-06-05 | url = http://www.ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=2820 | accessdate=2008-06-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080605224419/http://www.ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=2820  |archivedate = 2008-06-05}}</ref> Gregson-Williams considered arranging his theme for a small [[tinwhistle|pennywhistle]], but found that it sounded too cute and broke the tension of the night raid.<ref>{{cite news | title = ScoreKeeper With Composer Harry Gregson-Williams About PRINCE CASPIAN, THE TAKING OF PELHAM 123, And More!! | publisher = [[Ain't It Cool News]] | date = 2008-07-01 | url = http://www.aintitcool.com/node/37302 | accessdate=2008-07-01}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[Image:2008Narniapremiere.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the O2 premiere in London on June 19, 2008]]
During pre-production, Disney announced a December 14, 2007 release date,<ref>{{cite news | title = Narnia pushed back to Summer 2008 | publisher = Comingsoon.net | date = 2006-05-17 | url = http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=14575 | accessdate = 2006-10-02 }}</ref> but pushed it back to May 16, 2008, because Disney opted to not release it in competition with ''[[The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep|The Water Horse]]'', another [[Walden Media]] production.<ref name=mistake>{{cite news|url=http://today.reuters.com/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=comktNews&rpc=33&storyid=2008-05-29T072650Z_01_N29354108_RTRIDST_0_FILM-NARNIA.XML |title=Disney errs on 'Prince Caspian' release date |accessdate=2008-05-30 |author=Paul Bond |date=2008-05-29 |publisher=[[Reuters]]/[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Disney also felt the ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' films comfortably changed their release dates from (northern hemisphere) winters to summers, and ''Narnia'' could likewise do the same because the film was darker and more like an action film.<ref name=dump>{{cite news|author=Patrick Goldstein|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/the_big_picture/2009/01/the-secret-hist.html|title=The secret history of why Disney dumped 'Narnia|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=2009-01-19|accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref> The [[world premiere]] was held at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on May 7, 2008.<ref>{{cite news | title = Prince Caspian Premiere Details | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-04-07 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1568&dl=16754080 | accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> The British premiere was held at the [[The O2 Arena (London)|O2 Arena]] on June 19, the first time the dome has hosted a film screening. Around 10,000 people attended the event, the proceeds of which went to [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Archie Thomas | title = Brits set 'Narnia' arena bash | publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = 2008-05-08 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117985312.html?categoryid=19&cs=1 | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref>

The film opened in 3,929 theaters in the United States and Canada on May 16, 2008.<ref>{{cite news | author = Josh Friedman | title = 'Prince Caspian' will rule at the box office | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 2008-05-16 | url = http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-projector16-2008may16,0,2777831.story | accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> The [[Motion Picture Association of America]] gave the film a PG. To earn this rating, which the filmmakers were contractually bound by Disney to do, Adamson altered a shot of a fallen helmet to make clear that it did not contain a severed head.<ref>{{cite news | author = John Horn | title = Action speaks louder in 'The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian' | publisher = [[Los Angeles Times]] | date = 2008-05-03 | url = http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/la-ca-narnia4-2008may04%2c0%2c3032085.story | accessdate=2008-04-03}}</ref> Adamson made numerous edits to the film beforehand after showing the film to a young audience, explaining "When you sit down and you're watching it, and you see the kids' faces while making the film, you're just making an attempt, you're making it exciting, you're doing all of these things because you're essentially making the film for yourself. When you start showing it to an audience, that then influences how you feel about the film."<ref name=nycadamson>{{cite news | title = NYC Interview Series: Andrew Adamson | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-05-15 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1750&dl=18698750 | accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
Adding to the film's $225 million budget (almost $100 million of which were spent on the effects), Disney also spent $175 million on promoting the film.<ref name=dump/> [[Play Along Toys]] created a [[playset]] of Miraz's castle, a series of 3¾-inch and 7-inch [[action figures]], and [[roleplaying]] costumes. [[Weta Workshop]]'s Collectibles unit also created statues, busts and helmets based on their props for the film,<ref>{{cite news | author = [[Disney Consumer Products]] | title = The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian Product Line Brings Action & Adventure to Life | publisher = [[Business Wire]] | date = 2008-05-06 | url = http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20080506005550&newsLang=en | accessdate=2008-05-08}}</ref> and there was also a [[Monopoly (game)|Monopoly]] edition based on the film.<ref>{{cite news | title = Prince Caspian Monopoly | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-02-09 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1432&dl=15300920 | accessdate=2008-03-11}}</ref> In the UK, Damaris Trust was commissioned to produce resources relating to the film for churches and schools, which are available from the official UK Narnia website.<ref>{{cite web| title = Church and school resources for The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian | url = http://www.narnia.co.uk/resources | accessdate=2008-06-26| archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20080608110603/http://www.narnia.co.uk/resources | archivedate =2008-06-08}}</ref> In June 2008, the ''Journey into Narnia: Prince Caspian Attraction'' opened at [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]], featuring a recreation of the Stone Table, behind-the-scenes footage, concept art, storyboards, props and costumes from the film.<ref>{{cite web | title = Opening June 2008 – Journey into Narnia: Prince Caspian Attraction | publisher = [[Disney's Hollywood Studios]] | url = http://disneyworld.disney.go.com/wdw/parks/attractionDetail?id=NarniaAttractionPage&bhcp=1 | accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref> The tone of the film's marketing focused on the film's action, and unlike ''The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe'' Disney and Walden did not screen the film for pastors or give Bible-based study guides in North America.<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul O'Donnell|title=Disney: The Narnia Thing Gets Old|work=[[Beliefnet]]|date=2009-01-09|url=http://blog.beliefnet.com/idolchatter/2009/01/disney-gets-too-old-for-narnia.html|accessdate=2009-01-09}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
The film received mostly positive reviews.<ref name=meta/> The review aggregate website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported that 66% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 184 reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chronicles_of_narnia_prince_caspian/ |title=The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian Movie Reviews, Pictures – Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=2010-09-12 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] reported the film had an average score of 62 out of 100, based on 34 reviews.<ref name=meta>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/princecaspian |title=Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, The (2008): Reviews |accessdate=2008-05-16 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> Audience members polled by [[CinemaScore]] mostly gave it an A-.<ref>{{cite news | author = Scott Bowles | title = 'Prince Caspian' rules, but 'Iron Man' stays strong at box office | publisher = [[USA Today]] | date = 2008-05-18 | url = http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2008-05-18-boxoffice_N.htm | accessdate=2008-05-18}}</ref> Film critic [[Leonard Maltin]] gave the film 3 out of 4 stars (as he did with ''The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe''), calling the performances "strong", the storytelling "solid", and the scenery "breathtaking", though he also said, "it's a dark tale, and the climactic battle scenes go on at length."<ref>[Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide page 245]</ref>

Two film industry [[trade journal]]s gave the film positive reviews. Todd McCarthy of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' felt Adamson's direction had a "surer sense of cinematic values" and praised the improved special effects, the "timeless" locations and production design. On the performances, he felt "the four kids overall have more character and are therefore more interesting to watch than they were before, and Italian actor [[Sergio Castellitto|Castellitto]] registers strongly with evil that's implacable but not overplayed."<ref>{{cite news | author = Todd McCarthy | title = The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian | publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = 2008-05-09 | url = http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117937080.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 | accessdate=2008-05-10}}</ref> Michael Rechtshaffen of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' noted the film was darker than its predecessor, with "the loss of innocence theme [...] significantly deepened". He highlighted [[Peter Dinklage]]'s performance, which "outmaneuver[ed] the title character as Narnia's most colorful new inhabitant";.<ref name=hr>{{cite news | author = Michael Rechtshaffen | title = A bit of the magic is gone, but the enchantment lives on | publisher = [[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date = 2008-05-09 | url = http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=11075 | accessdate=2008-05-10 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080511112019/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=11075  |archivedate = 2008-05-11}}</ref>

A number of critics took issue with what they interpreted as the film's underlying messages. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' critic [[Mick Lasalle]] wrote in his parental advisory that "basically, this is a movie about kids who go into another world and dimension and spend the whole time killing people."<ref>{{cite news | author = Mick Lasalle | title = 'Narnia' sequel lacks magic | publisher = [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date = 2008-05-15 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/05/15/DDIS10M921.DTL | accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> [[MSNBC]] reviewer [[Alonso Duralde]] noted that "all the heroes have British accents while the Telmarines are all decidedly [[Mediterranean]] in appearance and inflection".<ref>{{cite news | author = Alonso Duralde| title = Return to ‘Narnia’ a trip worth taking | publisher = [[MSNBC.com]] | date = 2008-05-13 | url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24600327/ | accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> An ''[[Anglican Journal]]'' review described the movie as reasonably faithful to the adventure elements of the book, much lighter on the religious faith aspects, which they found integral to the novel, and deficient on character and emotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglicanjournal.com/100/article/narnia-film-long-on-action-short-on-faith/ |title=Narnia film long on action, short on faith |author=John Arkelian |accessdate=2008-05-25 |date=2008-05-20 |publisher=Anglican Journal}} {{Dead link|date=June 2010| bot=DASHBot}}</ref>

The [[Visual Effects Society]] nominated it for Best Visual Effects and Best Compositing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Visual Effects Society|work=IESB.net|date=2009-01-19|url=http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6128&Itemid=99|accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> It was nominated for Best Fantasy Film, Best Costumes, Best Make-up, and Best Special Effects at the [[Saturn Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.saturnawards.org/nominations.html | title=Nominations for the 35th Annual Saturn Awards | publisher=[[Saturn Award|Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films]] | accessdate=2009-03-17}}</ref> Keynes and Henley received nominations at the [[Young Artist Award]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=30th Annual Young Artist Awards|publisher=[[Young Artist Award]]s|url=http://youngartistawards.org/noms30.html|accessdate=2009-03-16}}</ref>

In 2010 [[Mark Johnson (producer)|Mark Johnson]], a producer from all of the ''Narnia'' movies, admitted that "We made some mistakes with ''Prince Caspian'' and I don't want to make them again." He also said ''Caspian'' lacked some of the "wonder and magic of Narnia," was "a little bit too rough" for families, and too much of a "boys' action movie."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/movies/news/2010/willdawntreaderfloat.html | title=Will 'The Dawn Treader' Float? | publisher=[[Christianity Today]] | accessdate=2010-03-09}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
When released on May 16 in the United States and Canada, the film grossed $55 million from 8,400 screens at 3,929 theaters in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the box office.<ref>{{cite news | author = Brandon Gray | title = 'Narnia' Retreats with Sequel | publisher = [[Box Office Mojo]] | date = 2008-05-19 | url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2497&p=.htm | accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> Disney said it was happy with the film's performance, although the opening fell short of industry expectations of $80 million and was also behind ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe|The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe]]'''s opening gross of $65.6 million.<ref name=short/> By June 1 it grossed $115 million, while the first film had grossed $153 million in the same amount of time.<ref>{{cite news | title = 'Iron Man' Jumps 'Caspian' | publisher = NarniaWeb | date = 2008-06-01 | url = http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1826&dl=19510810 | accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref> Disney CEO [[Robert Iger]] attributed the film's underperformance to being released between two of the year's biggest hits, ''[[Iron Man (film)|Iron Man]]'' and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]''.<ref name=mistake/><ref>{{cite news | author = Britt Russ | title = Disney's Iger: 'Narnia' falls victim to crowded field | publisher = [[Market Watch]] | date = 2008-05-18 | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSN1848808720080518?sp=true | accessdate=2011-10-06}}</ref>

On May 16, the film also opened at number one in twelve other countries,<ref name=short>{{cite news | author = Dean Goodman | title = New 'Narnia' film falls short at box office | publisher = [[Reuters]] | date = 2008-05-18 | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSN1848808720080518?sp=true | accessdate=2008-05-20}}</ref> grossing $22.1 million, and bringing the worldwide opening total to about $77 million.<ref>{{cite news | title = Overseas Total Box Office – May 16–18, 2008 | publisher = [[Box Office Mojo]] | date = 2008-05-18 | url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/weekend/?yr=2008&wk=20&p=.htm | accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref> The film opened in Russia with $6.7 million, the biggest opening of the year; it earned $6.3 million (15% more than the first) in Mexico; $4 million in South Korea, making it in the third most successful Disney film there; $2 million from India, which was triple the gross of the first; and it earned $1.1 million in [[Malaysia]], making it the country's third most popular Disney film after the ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' sequels.<ref>{{cite news | author = Dave McNary | title = 'Caspian' takes charge overseas | publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = 2008-05-23 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117986378.html?categoryId=1278&cs=1 | accessdate=2008-06-04}}</ref> The film also opened with $1 million in [[Argentina]] on June 13, which was Disney's third biggest opening in the country and the biggest of 2008 at that time.<ref>{{cite news | author = Dave McNary | title = 'Happening' beats 'Hulk' overseas | publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date = 2008-06-15 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117987501.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 | accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> ''Prince Caspian'' made $141,621,490 in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] while the worldwide total stands at $419,651,413. The movie was the tenth highest-grossing film of 2008 worldwide,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2008&p=.htm |title=2008 WORLDWIDE GROSSES |accessdate=2011-01-21 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> and was Disney's second highest-grossing film of 2008 after ''[[WALL-E]]''.<ref name=dump/>

=== Accolades {{anchor|Awards|Accolades}} ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2011}}
{| class="wikitable" width="80%"
! Year
! Award
! Category/Recipient
! Result
! Reference
|-
|rowspan="5" |2008
|rowspan="1" |[[MTV Movie Awards]]
|Best Summer Movie So Far
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="19" |<center><ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0499448/fullcredits#cast The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]</ref></center>
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Teen Choice Awards]]
|Choice Movie: Action Adventure
|{{won}}
|-
|Choice Movie Breakout Male ([[Ben Barnes (actor)|Ben Barnes]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[National Movie Awards]]
|Best Family Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Performance – Male (Ben Barnes)
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="14"|2009
|rowspan="1" |[[People's Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Family Movie
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[Costume Designers Guild|Costume Designers Guild Awards]]
|Excellence in Costume Design for Film – Fantasy
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[Motion Picture Sound Editors|Golden Reel Awards]]
|Best Sound Editing – Sound Effects, Foley, Dialogue and ADR in a Foreign Feature Film
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Visual Effects Society|Visual Effects Society Awards]]
|Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Young Artist Award]]
|Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast ([[Georgie Henley]], [[Skandar Keynes]], [[William Moseley (actor)|William Moseley]], [[Anna Popplewell]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress (Georgie Henley)
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor (Skandar Keynes)
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[Taurus World Stunt Awards]]
|Best Fight
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI Film & TV Awards]]
|BMI Film Music Award
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="1" |MTV Movie Awards
|Breakthrough Male Performance (Ben Barnes)
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Saturn Award]]
|Best Costume
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Make-Up
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Visual Effects
|{{nom}}
|}

=== Home release ===
''Prince Caspian'' was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] on 17 November 2008, and on 2 December 2008 in North America. It was the top selling DVD of its release week in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|title='Prince Caspian' top selling DVD of last week|publisher=Hollywood Reporter|date=2008-12-14|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/technology/news/e3idb5a7226525deea87d981337d64e29bd|deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=December 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> taking in $54.7 million.<ref>{{cite news|title='Prince Caspian' DVD numbers|publisher=the-numbers.com|date=2008-12-16|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/dvd/charts/weekly/thisweek.php}}</ref> The film was released in Australia on 27 November 2008. There were one-disc and three-disc DVD editions (two-disc only in the UK), and two-disc and three-disc Blu-ray editions (two-disc only in the UK). The first two discs contain an audio commentary by Adamson, blooper reel, deleted scenes and documentaries, while the third disc contains a [[digital copy]] of the film.<ref>{{cite news|title='Prince Caspian' DVD/Blu-ray Releasing December 2|publisher=NarniaWeb|date=2008-08-15|url=http://www.narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=1943&dl=20760955|accessdate=2008-08-16}}</ref> For the Blu-ray disc, [[Circle-Vision 360°]] was used to allow viewers to watch the night raid from different angles.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jim Hill|title=Disney pushes Blu-ray limits with 360 degree Circlevision|work=Electric Pig|date=2008-09-30|url=http://www.electricpig.co.uk/2008/09/30/disney-pushes-blu-ray-limits-with-360-degree-circlevision/|accessdate=2008-10-03}}</ref> An additional disc of special features was only made available in Japan and [[Zavvi Entertainment Group Ltd|Zavvi]] stores in the UK, while a separate version containing a disc of [[electronic press kit]] material was exclusive to [[Sanity (music store)|Sanity]] stores in Australia.<ref>{{cite news|title=Additional 'Caspian' Extras in Japan and Zavvi Stores in UK|publisher=NarniaWeb|date=2008-12-04|url=http://narniaweb.com/news.asp?id=2022&dl=21605070|accessdate=2008-12-05}}</ref> By the end of 2008, the film earned almost $71 million in DVD sales.<ref>{{cite web|title=2008 DVD chart|work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/dvd/charts/annual/2008.php|accessdate=2009-04-03}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{Portal| Narnia }}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://adisney.go.com/disneyvideos/liveaction/princecaspian/}}
* {{IMDb title|0499448}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|chronicles_of_narnia_prince_caspian}}
* {{metacritic film|princecaspian}}
* {{mojo title|narnia2}}
* {{Amg movie|342549}}



{{Narnia}}
{{Andrew Adamson}}
{{Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely}}
{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chronicles Of Narnia: Prince Caspian}}
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy films]]
[[Category:Christian films]]
[[Category:Disney films]]
[[Category:Walden Media films]]
[[Category:The Chronicles of Narnia films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Andrew Adamson]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Fantasy films]]

[[cs:Letopisy Narnie: Princ Kaspian]]
[[cy:The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]
[[da:Narnia: Prins Caspian (film)]]
[[de:Die Chroniken von Narnia: Prinz Kaspian von Narnia]]
[[et:Narnia kroonikad: Prints Caspian]]
[[es:Las crónicas de Narnia: el príncipe Caspian]]
[[eo:The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (filmo)]]
[[fa:سرگذشت نارنیا: شاهزاده کاسپین]]
[[fr:Le Monde de Narnia : Le Prince Caspian]]
[[ga:The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]
[[gl:The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]
[[ko:나니아 연대기: 캐스피언 왕자]]
[[id:The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]
[[it:Le cronache di Narnia - Il principe Caspian]]
[[he:סיפורי נרניה: הנסיך כספיאן]]
[[hu:Narnia Krónikái: Caspian herceg]]
[[ms:The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]
[[nl:De kronieken van Narnia: Prins Caspian (film)]]
[[ja:ナルニア国物語/第2章: カスピアン王子の角笛]]
[[no:Legenden om Narnia – Prins Caspian]]
[[pl:Opowieści z Narnii: Książę Kaspian]]
[[pt:The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]
[[ru:Хроники Нарнии: Принц Каспиан]]
[[simple:The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]
[[fi:Narnian tarinat: Prinssi Kaspian]]
[[sv:Berättelsen om Narnia: Prins Caspian]]
[[th:อภินิหารตำนานแห่งนาร์เนีย ตอน เจ้าชายแคสเปี้ยน]]
[[tr:Narnia Günlükleri: Prens Kaspiyan]]
[[zh:納尼亞傳奇：賈思潘王子]]

Blasphemy

2012-05-15T14:19:49Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:توهین به مقدسات

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2011}}
{{Other uses}}

'''Blasphemy''' is the act of insulting or showing contempt or lack of reverence for God or the irreverence towards religious or holy persons or things.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/blasphemy |title=Blasphemy | Define Blasphemy at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> Some countries have laws to punish blasphemy,<ref>See [[Blasphemy law]].</ref> while others have laws to give recourse to those who are offended by blasphemy. Those laws may discourage blasphemy as a matter of [[blasphemous libel]],<ref>{{cite web
| last = Kerr
| first = ine
| title = Libel and blasphemy bill passed by the Dail
|work=The Irish Independent
| date = 9 July 2009
| url = http://www.independent.ie/national-news/libel-and-blasphemy-bill-passed-by-the-dail-1813479.html
| accessdate = 17 November 2009}}</ref> vilification of religion,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/aa1991204/s124a.html |title=ANTI-DISCRIMINATION ACT 1991 – SECT 124A 124A Vilification on grounds of race, religion, sexuality or gender identity unlawful |publisher=Austlii.edu.au |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?document_id=23370 |title=Victoria Police – Racial and religious vilification |publisher=Police.vic.gov.au |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> religious insult,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://merlin.obs.coe.int/redirect.php?id=11512 |title=European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), ''Report on the relationship between freedom of expression and freedom of religion: the issue of regulation and prosecution of blasphemy, religious insult and incitement to religious hatred'', 17–18 October 2008, Doc. No. CDL-AD(2008)026 |publisher=Merlin.obs.coe.int |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> or [[hate speech]].<ref>See [[Blasphemy law]] and [[Hate speech]].</ref>

=={{Anchor|History}}Etymology==
The word "blasphemy" came via [[Middle English]] ''blasfemen'' and [[Old French]] ''blasfemer'' and [[Late Latin]] ''blasphemare'' from [[Greek language|Greek]] βλασφημέω, from βλάπτω = "I injure" and φήμη = "reputation". From ''blasphemare'' also came Old French ''blasmer'', from which English "[[blame]]" came. Blasphemy: 'from Gk. blasphemia "a speaking ill, impious speech, slander," from blasphemein "to speak evil of."'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=blasphemy |title=Online Etymology Dictionary – Blasphemy |publisher=Etymonline.com |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> "In the sense of speaking evil of God this word is found in Ps. 74:18; Isa. 52:5; Rom. 2:24; Rev. 13:1, 6; 16:9, 11, 21. It denotes also any kind of calumny, or evil-speaking, or abuse (1 Kings 21:10; Acts 13:45; 18:6, etc.)."<ref>(from Easton's Bible Dictionary) {{bibleref2|Psalm.74:18;Isaiah.52:5;Romans.2:24||9}} – {{bibleref2|Revelation.13:1;Rev.13:6;Rev.16:9;Rev.16:11;Rev.16:21||9}} – {{bibleref2|1Kings.21:10;Acts.13:45;Acts.18:6||9}}</ref>

==Blasphemy laws==
{{Main|Blasphemy law}}
In some countries with a [[state religion]] blasphemy is outlawed under the criminal code. It has been claimed<ref>Sources of claims:
*[http://www.religiouswatch.com/rwworld.htm World of Intolerance] ''Religious Watch''. Retrieved 5 October 2011

*[http://www.iheu.org/united-nations-will-violate-human-rights-says-new-report-religious-freedoms United Nations will violate Human Rights] ''International Humanist and Ethical Union''. Retrieved 5 October 2011
*{{cite web|title = Muslim scholar says Scrap blasphemy laws |work=Herald Malaysia Online | date = 11 August 2009 | url = http://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/Muslim-scholar-says-Scrap-blasphemy-laws-which-bring-shame-on-Islam-and-Pakistan-2058-1-1.html | accessdate = 5 October 2011}}
*[http://www.uscirf.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1414&Itemid=1 Annual Report of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom] May 2009 (Pakistan, etc.). Retrieved 5 October 2011
*[http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/TestFrame/af783bb51170854380256739004faac4?Opendocument A call upon states to work toward abolishing the juvenile death penalty] U.N. January 1999. Retrieved 5 October 2011
*[http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/asia-pacific/indonesia Indonesia – Amnesty International Report 2009] ''Amnesty International''. Retrieved 5 October 2011
</ref> that such laws can be used to victimize non-members of, and dissident members of, the state religion.

==Christianity==
[[File:Jesus graffito.jpg|upright|thumb|The satirical [[Alexamenos graffito]] is believed to be the earliest known [[representation of Jesus]].]]
[[Christian theology]] condemns blasphemy. It is spoken of in [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] [[s:Bible (World English)/Mark#3:29|3:29]], where blaspheming the [[Holy Spirit]] is spoken of as unforgivable—the [[eternal sin]]. However, there is dispute over what form this blasphemy may take and whether it qualifies as blasphemy in the conventional sense.

Blasphemy has been condemned as a serious, or even the most serious, sin by the major creeds and Church theologians.
*[[Thomas Aquinas]] says that “it is clear that blasphemy, which is a sin committed directly against God, is more grave than murder, which is a sin against one's neighbor. … it is called the most grievous sin, for as much as it makes every sin more grievous.”<ref>Thomas Aquinas: [http://www.newadvent.org/summa/3013.htm#article3 ''Summa Theologica''] 2:2, q. 13.</ref>
*The [[Book of Concord]] calls blasphemy “the greatest sin that can be outwardly committed”.<ref>[http://www.bookofconcord.org/lc-3-tencommandments.php ''The Book of Concord''] ''The Large Catechism,'' §55.</ref>
*The ''[[Baptist Confession of Faith]]'' says: “Therefore, to swear vainly or rashly by the glorious and awesome name of God…is sinful, and to be regarded with disgust and detestation. …For by rash, false, and vain oaths, the Lord is provoked and because of them this land mourns.”<ref>[http://www.spurgeon.org/~phil/creeds/bcof.htm#part23 The Baptist Confession of Faith] Ch. 23, §2–3.</ref>
*''The [[Heidelberg Catechism]]'' answers question 100 about blasphemy by stating that “no sin is greater or provokes God's wrath more than the blaspheming of His Name”.<ref>[http://www.wts.edu/resources/heidelberg.html The Heidelberg Catechism] Q. 100.</ref>
*The ''[[Westminster Confession of Faith|Westminster Larger Catechism]]'' explains that “The sins forbidden in the third commandment are, the abuse of it in an ignorant, vain, irreverent, profane...mentioning...by blasphemy...to profane jests, ...vain janglings, ...to charms or sinful lusts and practices.”<ref>[http://www.reformed.org/documents/wlc_w_proofs/WLC_091-150.html Westminster Larger Catechism] Q. 113.</ref>
*[[Jean Calvin|Calvin]] found it intolerable “when a person is accused of blasphemy, to lay the blame on the [[wiktionary:ebullition|ebullition]] of passion, as if God were to endure the penalty whenever we are provoked.”<ref>Jean Calvin: ''[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom06.ii.xvii.html Harmony of the Law]'' vol. 4. Lev. 24:10.</ref>

===Catholic prayers and reparations for blasphemy===
In the Catholic Church, there are specific prayers and devotions as [[Acts of Reparation]] for blasphemy.<ref>[http://catholicism.about.com/od/prayers/qt/Reparation_HN.htm Act of Reparation for Blasphemies Uttered Against the Holy Name, Righting Wrongs Through Prayer] By Scott P. Richert, About.com</ref> For instance, [[The Golden Arrow Holy Face Devotion (Prayer)]] first introduced by Sister [[Marie of St Peter]] in 1844 is recited "''in a spirit of reparation for blasphemy''". This devotion (started by Sister Marie and then promoted by the Venerable [[Leo Dupont]]) was approved by Pope [[Leo XIII]] in 1885.<ref>* Dorothy Scallan. The Holy Man of Tours. (1990) ISBN 0-89555-390-2</ref> The [[Raccolta]] Catholic prayer book includes a number of such prayers.<ref>Joseph P. Christopher et al., 2003 ''The Raccolta'', St Athanasius Press ISBN 978-0-9706526-6-9</ref> The [[Five First Saturdays]] devotions are done with the intention in the heart of making reparation to the Blessed Mother for blasphemies against her, her name and her holy initiatives.

The [[Holy See]] has specific "Pontifical organizations" for the purpose of the reparation of blasphemy through [[Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ]], e.g. the ''Pontifical Congregation of the [[Benedictine Sisters of the Reparation of the Holy Face]].''<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/letters/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20001021_riparatrici_en.html Letter for 50th anniversary of the Benedictine Sisters of Reparation of the Holy Face, 2000] Vatican archives</ref>
[[File:Salman-Rushdie-1.jpg|thumb|Writer [[Salman Rushdie]] was accused of blasphemy and subject of a ''[[fatwā]]'' issued by [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], the [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], in February 1989.]]

===Death sentence===
In Britain's last blasphemy execution, 20-year-old [[Thomas Aikenhead]] was executed for the crime in 1697. He was prosecuted for denying the veracity of the Old Testament and the legitimacy of Christ's miracles. In recent years, George Rosie wrote in the newspaper ''[[The Scotsman]]'' that "The killing of Thomas Aikenhead, like the hounding of [[Salman Rushdie]] for the same 'offence,' was a disgrace…a prime example of a God-fixated state killing a man in an attempt to stop the spread of an idea."<ref name=truth>{{cite web|url=http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/thomasaikenhead.html |title=Thomas Aikenhead |publisher=5.uua.org |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref>

==Islam==
{{Main|Islam and blasphemy}}
The [[Quran]] and the [[hadith]] do not mention blasphemy.<ref name = "Saeed">{{Cite book
| last = Saeed
| first = Abdullah
| coauthors = Hassan Saeed
| title = Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam
| publisher = Ashgate Publishing Company
| year = 2004
| location = Burlington VT
| pages = 38–39
| isbn = 978-0-7546-3083-8}}</ref> According to [[Pakistan]]i religious scholar, [[Javed Ahmed Ghamidi]], nothing in Islam supports [[blasphemy law]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/20/islam-ghamidi-pakistan-blasphemy-laws Islamic scholar attacks Pakistan's blasphemy laws] Guardian 20 January 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2010</ref> Rather, [[Ulama|Muslim jurists]] made the offense part of [[Sharia]]; the penalties for blasphemy can include fines, imprisonment, flogging, amputation, hanging, or beheading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicvoice.com/April2006/QuestionHour-DrZakirNaik/ |title=Islamic Voice |publisher=Islamic Voice |accessdate=10 November 2011}}</ref> Muslim clerics may call for the punishment of an alleged blasphemer by issuing a [[fatwa]].<ref name="Rushdie">{{cite web
| title = Blasphemy Salman Rushdie
| publisher = Constitutional Rights Foundation
| year = 2009
| url = http://www.crf-usa.org/america-responds-to-terrorism/blasphemy-salman-rushdie.html
| accessdate = 10 July 2009}}</ref>

==Judaism==
In the third book of the [[Torah]], {{bibleref|Leviticus|24:16|HE}} states that he that blasphemes the name of the {{LORD}} "shall surely be put to death". See also [[List of capital crimes in the Torah]].
The [[Seven laws of Noah]], which Judaism sees as applicable to all people, prohibit blasphemy.

==The United Nations==
{{Main|Blasphemy and the United Nations}}
In the early 21st century, blasphemy became an issue for the United Nations. The [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] passed several resolutions which called upon the world to take action against the "defamation of religions."<ref>
U.N. Resolutions:
*[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/RES/60/150&Lang=E A/RES/60/150]
*[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/60/PV.64&Lang=E Vote on 16 December 2005 (A/60/PV.64)]
*[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/RES/61/164&Lang=E A/RES/61/164]
*[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/61/PV.81&Lang=E Vote on 19 December 2006]
*[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/RES/62/154&Lang=E A/RES/62/154]
*[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/62/PV.76&Lang=E Vote on 18 December 2007]
*[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/RES/63/171&Lang=E A/RES/63/171]
*[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/63/PV.70&Lang=E Vote on 18 December 2008]
</ref>

==Colloquial usage==
Blasphemy has been used to mean "irreverence" in a non-religious context. Sir Francis Bacon uses "blasphemy" in this way in ''Advancement of Learning'', where he speaks of "blasphemy against teaching".

"Blasphemy" may be used as a substitute for "profanity" or "cursing" as it is used in this sentence: "With much hammering and blasphemy, the locomotive's replacement spring was finally fitted."

In contemporary language, the notion of blasphemy is often used [[hyperbole|hyperbolically]]. This usage has garnered some interest among linguists recently, and the word 'blasphemy' is a common case used for illustrative purposes.<ref>
Recanati, F. (1995) The alleged priority of literal interpretation. Cognitive Science 19: 207–32.
:Carston, R. (1997) Enrichment and loosening: complementary processes in deriving the proposition expressed? Linguistische Berichte 8: 103–127.
:Carston, R. (2000). Explicature and semantics. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 12: 1–44. Revised version to appear in Davis & Gillon (forthcoming).
:Sperber, D. & D. Wilson (1998) The mapping between the mental and the public lexicon. In Carruthers & Boucher (1998: 184–200).
:Glucksberg, S. (2001) Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
:Wilson, D. & D. Sperber (2002) Truthfulness and relevance. Mind 111: 583–632.
</ref><ref>
{{PDFlink|[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/publications/WPL/04papers/wilson.pdf Relevance and Lexical Pragmatics]|87K}}
UCL Dept of Phonetics and Linguistics. Retrieved 24 October 2011</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Blasphemy}}
*[[Apostasy]]
*[[Eternal sin]]
*[[Freedom of speech versus blasphemy]]
*[[Heresy]]
*[[Impiety]]
*[[Minced oath]]
*[[Profanity]]
*[[Gerard Reve]]
*[[Sacrilege]]
*[[Verbal offence]]
*[[Victimless crime]]
*[[Blasphemy Day]] is a holiday in which individuals and groups are encouraged to openly express their criticism of, or even disdain for, religion.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* ''[[Maledicta]]: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression'' (ISSN US 0363-3659)
*Levy, L. ''Blasphemy''. Chapel Hill, 1993.
* [http://www.brentonpriestley.com/writing/blasphemy.htm Comprehensive academic study comparing global legal approaches to blasphemy in light of the Jyllands-Posten controversy]
*Dartevelle, P., S Borg, Denis, Ph., Robyn, J. (eds.). Blasphèmes et libertés. Paris: CERF, 1993
*Plate, S. Brent ''Blasphemy: Art that Offends'' (London: Black Dog Publishing, 2006) [ISBN 1904772536]

==External links==
*The Rational Response Squad: [http://www.blasphemychallenge.com The Blasphemy Challenge]
*[http://www.channel4.com/more4/news/news-opinion-feature.jsp?id=559 A More4 news film report on how insulting the prophet Mohammed in Pakistan is a capital offence, and defiling the Koran carries life imprisonment].
*[http://www.caslon.com.au/blasphemyprofile.htm review of laws relating to blasphemy and sacrilege in various jurisdictions]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02595a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] – Blasphemy
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1119&letter=B&search=Blasphemy Jewish Encyclopedia] – Blasphemy

{{Ten Commandments}}

[[Category:Blasphemy| ]]
[[Category:Crimes in religion]]
[[Category:Religious law]]
[[Category:Christian law]]
[[Category:Religious terminology]]
[[Category:Greek loanwords]]
[[Category:Victimless crimes]]

[[als:Blasphemie]]
[[ar:تجديف (تهمة)]]
[[bg:Богохулство]]
[[ca:Blasfèmia]]
[[cs:Rouhání]]
[[da:Blasfemi]]
[[de:Blasphemie]]
[[el:Βλασφημία]]
[[es:Blasfemia]]
[[eo:Blasfemo]]
[[fa:توهین به مقدسات]]
[[fo:Blasfemi]]
[[fr:Blasphème]]
[[hr:Bogohuljenje]]
[[id:Blasphemy]]
[[ia:Blasphemia]]
[[is:Guðlast]]
[[it:Bestemmia]]
[[hu:Istenkáromlás]]
[[nl:Godslastering]]
[[ja:冒涜]]
[[no:Blasfemi]]
[[nn:Blasfemi]]
[[pl:Bluźnierstwo]]
[[pt:Blasfémia]]
[[ro:Blasfemie]]
[[ru:Богохульство]]
[[simple:Blasphemy]]
[[sr:Bogohuljenje]]
[[sh:Blasfemija]]
[[fi:Jumalanpilkka]]
[[sv:Hädelse]]
[[vec:Raxìa]]
[[zh:褻瀆]]

Chlosyne marina

2012-05-15T13:30:16Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:وصله قرمزی

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Chlosyne marina''
| image = Chlosyne eumeda.jpg
| image_caption = ''Chlosyne marina eumeda''
| image2 =
| image2_width =
| image2_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus = ''[[Chlosyne]]''
| species = '''''C. marina'''''
| binomial = ''Chlosyne marina''
| binomial_authority = (Geyer, 1837)<ref>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/nymphalinae/chlosyne/index.html Chlosyne at funet]</ref>
| synonyms =
*''Chlosyne eumeda'' (Godman & Salvin, 1894)
*''Araschnia marina'' Geyer, 1837
*''Synchloe marina''
*''Synchloe hylaeus'' Godman & Salvin, 1894
*''Synchloe melitaeoides'' C. & R. Felder, [1867]
*''Synchloe eumeda'' Godman & Salvin, 1894
*''Synchloe dryope'' Godman & Salvin, 1894
*''Chlosyne fasciata'' Röber, [1914] 
}}
The '''Red-Spotted Patch''' or '''Marina Checkerspot''' (''Chlosyne marina'') is a [[butterfly]] of the [[Nymphalidae]] family. It is found in [[Mexico]]. Rare stray can be found as far north as southern [[Arizona]] and southern [[Texas]].<ref>[http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Chlosyne-marina Butterflies and Moths of North America]</ref>

The [[wingspan]] is 33–35 mm. Adults feed on flower nectar.

==Subspecies==
*''Chlosyne marina marina'' (Mexico)
*''Chlosyne marina melitaeoides'' (C. & R. Felder, 1867) (Mexico)
*''Chlosyne marina eumeda'' (Godman & Salvin, 1894) (Mexico)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat-inline|Chlosyne marina|'''Chlosyne marina'''}} 
{{wikispecies-inline}}

[[Category:Chlosyne|marina]]
[[Category:Butterflies and moths of North America]]
[[Category:Butterflies of the United States]]
[[Category:Fauna of Mexico]]

{{nymphalinae-stub}}

[[fa:وصله قرمزی]]

Six-spot burnet

2012-05-15T12:49:43Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:شش‌خال رشکک

{{Taxobox
| name = Six-spot Burnet
| image = Zygaena filipendula 240503.jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Zygaenidae]]
| genus = ''[[Zygaena (genus)|Zygaena]]''
| species = '''''Z. filipendulae'''''
| binomial = ''Zygaena filipendulae''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[Systema Naturae|1758]])
| synonyms =
*''Sphinx filipendulae'' Linnaeus, 1758
*''Sphinx maior'' Esper, 1794
*''Sphinx polygalae'' Esper, 1783
*''Sphinx stoechadis'' Borkhausen, 1793
}}

The '''Six-spot Burnet''', '''''Zygaena filipendulae''''', is a day-flying [[moth]] of the family [[Zygaenidae]]. It is a common species throughout [[Europe]].

The sexes are similar and have a [[wingspan]] of {{convert|30|-|40|mm|1}}. The forewings are dark metallic green with 6 vivid red spots (sometimes the spots are merged causing possible confusion with other species such as [[Five-spot Burnet]]). Occasionally the spots are yellow or even black. The hindwings are red with a blackish fringe. The adults fly on hot, sunny days from June to August,{{#tag:ref|The flight season refers to the [[British Isles]]. This may vary in other parts of the range.|group=Note}} and are attracted to a wide variety of [[flower]]s such as [[Centaurea|knapweed]] and [[Scabiosa|scabious]] as well as the [[larva]]l food plants [[Lotus corniculatus|bird's foot trefoil]] and [[clover]]. The species overwinters as a larva.

The larva is plump and hairy with variable markings, usually pale green with rows of black spots. It [[pupa]]tes in a papery [[Cocoon (silk)|cocoon]] attached to foliage.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| header = Life cycle
| image1 = Zygaena filipendulae 002.jpg
| caption1 = Mating
| width1 = 93
| image2 = Zygaena filipendulae - Sechsfleck Widderchen - Raupe 02.jpg
| caption2 = Caterpillar
| width2 = 168
| image3 = Zygaena filipendulae - Puppe 03 (HS).JPG
| caption3 = Coccoon
| width3 = 105
| image4 = Six-spot Burnet by Ernst Vikne.jpg
| caption4 = Imago
| width4 = 140
}}

== Subspecies ==
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
*''Z. f. altapyrenaica'' Le Charles, 1950
*''Z. f. arctica'' Schneider, 1880
*''Z. f. balcanirosea'' Holik, 1943
*''Z. f. campaniae'' Rebel, 1901
*''Z. f. duponcheli'' Verity, 1921
*''Z. f. filipendulae''
*''Z. f. gemella'' Marten, 1956
*''Z. f. gemina'' Burgeff, 1914
*''Z. f. gigantea'' Rocci, 1913
*''Z. f. himmighofeni'' Burgeff, 1926
*''Z. f. liguris'' Rocci, 1925
*''Z. f. maior'' Esper, 1794
*''Z. f. mannii'' Herrich-Schaffer, 1852 
*''Z. f. noacki'' Reiss, 1962
*''Z. f. oberthueriana'' Burgeff, 1926
*''Z. f. polygalae'' (Esper, 1783)
*''Z. f. praeochsenheimeri'' Verity, 1939
*''Z. f. pulcherrima'' Verity, 1921
*''Z. f. pulcherrimastoechadis'' Verity, 1921
*''Z. f. pyrenes'' Verity, 1921
*''Z. f. seeboldi'' Oberthur, 1910
*''Z. f. siciliensis'' Verity, 1917
*''Z. f. stephensi'' Dupont, 1900
*''Z. f. stoechadis'' (Borkhausen, 1793)
*''Z. f. zarana'' Burgeff, 1926
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Commons|Zygaena filipendulae}}
{{Wikispecies|Zygaena filipendulae}}
*Chinery, Michael. ''Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe'' 1986. (reprinted 1991).
*Skinner, Bernard.''Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles'' 1984.
*[http://www.faunaeur.org Fauna Europaea]

[[Category:Zygaena]]
[[Category:Butterflies and moths of Europe]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1758]]

[[als:Sechsfleck-Widderchen]]
[[bg:Zygaena filipendulae]]
[[cs:Vřetenuška obecná]]
[[cy:Bwrned chwe smotyn]]
[[da:Seksplettet køllesværmer]]
[[de:Sechsfleck-Widderchen]]
[[es:Zygaena filipendulae]]
[[eo:Zigeno filipendula]]
[[fa:شش‌خال رشکک]]
[[fr:Zygène de la spirée]]
[[hsb:Tužebnikowa lampawa]]
[[it:Zygaena filipendulae]]
[[la:Zygaena filipendulae]]
[[lt:Vingiorykštinis marguolis]]
[[hu:Acélszínű csüngőlepke]]
[[nl:Sint-jansvlinder]]
[[no:Seksflekket bloddråpesvermer]]
[[pms:Zygaena filipendulae]]
[[pl:Kraśnik sześcioplamek]]
[[ru:Пестрянка таволговая]]
[[sk:Vretienka obyčajná]]
[[fi:Maitepunatäplä]]
[[sv:Allmän bastardsvärmare]]
[[vi:Zygaena filipendulae]]
[[zh:六星燈蛾]]

Eastern European Summer Time

2012-05-15T11:25:23Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:ساعت تابستانی اروپای شرقی

{{Time zones of Europe}}
'''Eastern European Summer Time''' ('''EEST''') is one of the names of [[UTC+3]] [[time zone]], 3 hours ahead of [[Coordinated Universal Time]]. It is used as a summer [[daylight saving time]] in some [[Europe]]an, [[North Africa]]n, and [[Middle East]]ern countries. During the winter, [[Eastern European Time]] ([[UTC2|UTC+2]]) is used.

Since 1996 [[European Summer Time]] has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union.<ref name=Myers>{{Cite web |author=Joseph Myers |title=History of legal time in Britain |url=http://www.srcf.ucam.org/~jsm28/british-time/ |accessdate=2009-10-11 |date=2009-07-17 }}</ref>

==Usage==
The following countries and territories use '''Eastern European Summer Time''' during the summer:

* [[Belarus]], in years 1981–89 [[Moscow Summer Time]], regularly EEST since 1991
* [[Bulgaria]], regularly since 1979
* [[Cyprus]], regularly since 1979
* [[Estonia]], in years 1981–88 [[Moscow Summer Time]], regularly EEST since 1989
* [[Finland]], regularly since 1981
* [[Greece]], regularly since 1975
* [[Israel]], regularly since 1948
* [[Jordan]], since 1985
* [[Latvia]], in years 1981–88 [[Moscow Summer Time]], regularly EEST since 1989
* [[Lebanon]], since 1984
* [[Lithuania]], in years 1981–88 [[Moscow Summer Time]], regularly EEST since 1989, in years 1998 was changed to [[Central European Summer Time]], but returned to EEST since 2003
* [[Moldova]], in years 1932–40, 1981–89 [[Moscow Summer Time]], regularly EEST since 1991
* [[Romania]], in years 1932–40, regularly since 1979
* [[Russia]] ([[Kaliningrad Oblast|Kaliningrad]]), in years 1981–90 [[Moscow Summer Time]], regularly EEST since 1991, as standard time from March 2011.
* [[Syria]], since 1983
* [[Turkey]], in years 1970-78 EEST, in years 1979–83 as in [[Moscow Summer Time]], regularly EEST since 1985
* [[Ukraine]], in years 1981–89 [[Moscow Summer Time]], regularly EEST from 1992<ref name="Kyivwintertimeisback">[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/115146/ Ukraine to return to standard time on Oct. 30 (updated)], [[Kyiv Post]] (October 18, 2011)</ref>

In one year 1991 EEST was used also in [[Moscow]] and [[Samara Oblast|Samara]] time zones of [[Russia]].

==See also==
* [[European Summer Time]]
* [[UTC+3]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Time zones with daylight saving time]]

[[ast:Horariu de Branu d'Europa Oriental]]
[[be:Усходнееўрапейскі летні час]]
[[be-x-old:Усходнеэўрапейскі летні час]]
[[da:EEST]]
[[fa:ساعت تابستانی اروپای شرقی]]
[[fr:Eastern European Summer Time]]
[[id:Waktu Musim Panas Eropa Timur]]
[[it:UTC+3#Eastern European Summer Time]]
[[lv:Austrumeiropas vasaras laiks]]
[[nl:Oost-Europese zomertijd]]
[[ja:東ヨーロッパ夏時間]]
[[no:Østeuropeisk sommertid]]
[[pl:Czas wschodnioeuropejski letni]]
[[pt:Horário de Verão do Leste Europeu]]
[[ro:Ora de vară a Europei de Est]]
[[simple:Eastern European Summer Time]]
[[fi:Itä-Euroopan kesäaika]]
[[ta:கிழக்கு ஐரோப்பிய கோடைகால நேரம்]]
[[th:เวลาออมแสงยุโรปตะวันออก]]
[[tr:Doğu Avrupa Yaz Zaman Dilimi]]
[[uk:Східноєвропейський літній час]]
[[zh:欧洲东部夏令时间]]

Brute-force attack

2012-05-15T11:13:00Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Modifying fa:جستجوی جامع کلید

[[Image:Board300.jpg|thumbnail|right|260px|The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation|EFF]]'s US$250,000 DES [[EFF DES cracker|cracking machine]] contained over 1,800 custom chips and could brute-force a DES key in a matter of days. The photograph shows a DES Cracker circuit board fitted on both sides with 64 Deep Crack chips.]]

In [[cryptography]], a '''brute-force attack''', or '''exhaustive key search''', is a [[strategy]] that can, in theory, be used against any encrypted data.{{sfn|Paar|2010|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2012}} Such an attack might be utilized when it is not possible to take advantage of other weaknesses in an encryption system (if any exist) that would make the task easier. It involves systematically checking all possible [[key (cryptography)|keys]] until the correct key is found. In the worst case, this would involve traversing the entire [[key space (cryptography)|search space]].

The [[key length]] used in the encryption determines the practical feasibility of performing a brute-force attack, with longer keys exponentially more difficult to crack than shorter ones. Brute-force attacks can be made less effective by [[Obfuscation|obfuscating]] the data to be encoded, something that makes it more difficult for an attacker to recognise when he/she has cracked the code. One of the measures of the strength of an encryption system is how long it would theoretically take an attacker to mount a successful brute-force attack against it.

Brute-force attacks are an application of [[brute-force search]], the general problem-solving technique of enumerating all candidates and checking each one.

== Theoretical limits ==
The resources required for a brute-force attack grow [[exponential growth|exponentially]] with increasing [[key size]], not linearly. As a result, doubling the key size for an algorithm does not simply double the required number of operations, but rather squares them. Although US export regulations [[History of cryptography|historically restricted key lengths]] to 56-bit [[symmetric key]]s (e.g. [[Data Encryption Standard]]), these restrictions are no longer in place, so modern symmetric algorithms typically use computationally stronger 128- to 256-bit keys.

There is a physical argument that a 128-bit symmetric key is computationally secure against brute-force attack. The so-called [[Landauer's principle|Landauer limit]] implied by the laws of physics sets a lower limit on the energy required to perform a computation of {{math|''kT'' {{middot}} ln 2}} per bit erased in a computation, where ''T'' is the temperature of the computing device in [[kelvin]]s, ''k'' is the [[Boltzmann constant]], and the [[natural logarithm]] of 2 is about 0.693. No irreversible computing device can use less energy than this, even in principle.{{sfn|Landauer|1961|p=183-191}} Thus, in order to simply flip through the possible values for a 128-bit symmetric key (ignoring doing the actual computing to check it) would theoretically require 2128 − 1 bit flips on a conventional processor. If it is assumed that the calculation occurs near room temperature (~300 K) the Von Neumann-Landauer Limit can be applied to estimate the energy required as ~1018 [[joule]]s, which is equivalent to consuming 30 [[Orders of magnitude (power)#gigawatt (109 watts)|gigawatts]] of power for one year. This is equal to 30×109 W×365×24×3600 s = 9.46×1017 J or 262.7 TWh ([[List of countries by electricity production|more than 1/100th of the world energy production]]). The full actual computation—checking each key to see if you have found a solution—would consume many times this amount.

However, this argument assumes that the register values are changed using conventional set and clear operations which inevitably generate [[Entropy (computing)|entropy]]. It has been shown that computational hardware can be designed not to encounter this theoretical obstruction (see [[reversible computing]]), though no such computers are known to have been constructed.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

[[File:ATI Radeon HD 5770 Graphics Card-oblique view.jpg|thumb|left|Modern [[Graphics processing unit|GPUs]] are well-suited to the repetitive tasks associated with hardware-based password cracking]]
As commercial available successors of governmental ASICs Solution also known as [[custom hardware attack]], today two emerging technologies have proven their capability in the brute-force attack of certain ciphers. One is modern [[graphics processing unit]] (GPU) technology,{{sfn|Graham|2011|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2012}} the other is the [[field-programmable gate array]] (FPGA) technology. GPUs benefit from their wide availability and price-performance benefit, FPGAs from their energy efficiency per cryptographic operation. Both technologies try to transport the benefits of parallel processing to brute-force attacks. In case of GPUs some hundreds, in the case of FPGA some thousand processing units making them much better suited to cracking passwords than conventional processors.
Various publications in the fields of cryptographic analysis have proved the energy efficiency of today’s FPGA technology, for example, the [http://www.sciengines.com/copacobana COPACOBANA] FPGA Cluster computer consumes the same energy as a single PC (600 W), but performs like 2,500 PCs for certain algorithms. A number of firms provide hardware-based FPGA cryptographic analysis solutions from a single FPGA [[PCI Express]] card up to dedicated FPGA computers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} [[Wi-Fi Protected Access|WPA]] and [[WPA2]] encryption have successfully been brute-force attacked by reducing the workload by a factor of 50 in comparison to conventional CPUs{{sfn|Kingsley-Hughes|2008}}{{sfn|Kamerling|2007}} and some hundred in case of FPGAs.

[[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] permits the use of 256-bit keys. Breaking a symmetric 256-bit key by brute force requires 2128 times more computational power than a 128-bit key. A device that could check a billion billion (1018) AES keys per second (if such a device could ever be made) would in theory require about 3×1051 years to exhaust the 256-bit key space.

An underlying assumption of a brute-force attack is that the complete keyspace was used to generate keys, something that relies on an effective [[random number generation|random number generator]], and that there are no defects in the algorithm or its implementation. For example, a number of systems that were originally thought to be impossible to crack by brute force have nevertheless been [[Random number generator attack|cracked]] because the [[key space (cryptography)|key space]] to search through was found to be much smaller than originally thought, because of a lack of entropy in their [[pseudorandom number generator]]s. These include [[Netscape]]'s implementation of [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]] (famously cracked by [[Ian Goldberg]] and [[David A. Wagner|David Wagner]] in 1995{{sfn|Viega|2002|p=18}}) and a [[Debian]]/[[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] edition of [[OpenSSL]] discovered in 2008 to be flawed.{{sfn|CERT-2008}} A similar lack of implemented entropy lead to the breaking of [[Enigma machine|Enigma's]] code.{{sfn|Ellis}}{{sfn|NSA-2009}}

==Credential recycling==
Credential recycling refers to the [[Hacker (computer security)|hacking]] practice to re-use username and password combinations gathered in previous brute-force attacks. A special form of credential recycling is [[Pass the hash]] where credentials are stolen, not brute forced.

==Unbreakable codes==
Certain types of encryption, by their mathematical properties, cannot be defeated by brute force. An example of this is [[one-time pad]] cryptography, where every [[cleartext]] bit has a corresponding key bit. One-time pads rely on the ability to generate a truly random sequence of key bits. A brute-force attack would eventually reveal the correct decoding, but also every other possible combination of bits, and would have no way of distinguishing one from the other. A small, 100-byte, one-time-pad–encoded string subjected to a brute-force attack would eventually reveal every 100-byte string possible, including the correct answer, but mostly nonsense. Of all the answers given, there is no way of knowing which is the correct one. Nevertheless, the system can be defeated if not implemented correctly, for example if [[one-time pad]]s are re-used or intercepted.{{sfn|Reynard|1997|p=86}}

A similar argument can apply when a *single* plaintext is encrypted by any method where the text is shorter than the key. For example, if the text is a single byte, then (for most types of encryption with large key sizes such as 128 bits) all bytes from "00"-"FF" will appear, with equal probability, as possible plaintexts corresponding to guessed keys.

==Countermeasures==
In case of an offline attack where the attacker has access to the encrypted material, he can try key combinations at his leisure without the risk of discovery or interference. However database and directory administrators can take countermeasures against online attacks, for example by limiting the number of attempts that a password can be tried, by introducing time delays between successive attempts, increasing the answer's complexity (e.g. requiring a [[CAPTCHA]] answer or verification code sent via cellphone), and/or locking accounts out after unsuccessful logon attempts.{{sfn|Burnett|2004|p=}}{{page needed|date=March 2012}} Website administrators may prevent a particular IP address from trying more than a predetermined number of password attempts against any account on the site.{{sfn|Ristic|2010|p=136}}

==See also==
* [[Cryptographic key length]] for a fuller discussion of recommended key sizes for symmetric and asymmetric algorithms.
* [[Distributed.net]]
* [[MD5CRK]]
* [[Metasploit Project|Metasploit Express]] for brute-forcing SMB, Postgres, DB2, MySQL, MSSQL, HTTP, SSH, Telnet & Tomcat
* [[Side-channel attack]]
* [[TWINKLE]] and [[TWIRL]]
* [[Unicity distance]]
* [[RSA Factoring Challenge]]
* [[Bitcoin mining]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite conference|last=Adleman|first=Leonard M.|authorlink=Leonard M. Adleman|,last2=Rothemund|first2=Paul W.K.|authorlink2=Paul W. K. Rothemund|last3=Roweis|first3=Sam|authorlink3=Sam Roweis|last4=Winfree|first4=Erik|authorlink4=Erik Winfree|title=On Applying Molecular Computation To The Data Encryption Standard|journal=Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting on DNA Based Computers|publisher=[[Princeton University]]|date=June 10–12|year=1996|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Cracking DES — Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics & Chip Design|publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]|isbn=1-56592-520-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Burnett|first=Mark|first2=James C.|last2=Foster|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-WShG0uezvEC|title=Hacking the Code: ASP.NET Web Application Security|publisher=Syngress|year=2004|isbn=1-932266-65-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Diffie|first=W.|last2=Hellman|first2=M.E.|title=Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard|journal=Computer|volume=10|year=1977|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Graham|first=Robert David|title=Password cracking, mining, and GPUs|date=22 June 2011|accessdate=17 August 2011|publisher=erratasec.com|url=http://erratasec.blogspot.com/2011/06/password-cracking-mining-and-gpus.html|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Ellis|first=Claire|title=Exploring the Enigma|url=http://plus.maths.org/content/exploring-enigma|publisher=Plus Magazine|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|last=Kamerling|first=Erik|url=http://www.symantec.com/connect/blogs/elcomsoft-debuts-graphics-processing-unit-gpu-password-recovery-advancement|title=Elcomsoft Debuts Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Password Recovery Advancement|date=2007-11-12|publisher=[[Symantec]]|ref=harv}}
*{{cite news|last=Kingsley-Hughes|first=Adrian|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/hardware/elcomsoft-uses-nvidia-gpus-to-speed-up-wpawpa2-brute-force-attack/2724|title=ElcomSoft uses NVIDIA GPUs to Speed up WPA/WPA2 Brute-force Attack|publisher=[[ZDNet]]|date=2008-10-12|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Landauer|first=L|url=http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/c469af92ea9eceac85256bd50048567c/8a9d4b4e96887b8385256bfa0067fba2?OpenDocument|title=Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process|journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development|volume=5|year=1961|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Paar|first=Christof|first2=Jan|last2=Pelzl|first3=Bart|last3=Preneel|url=http://www.crypto-textbook.com|page=7|title=Understanding Cryptography: A Textbook for Students and Practitioners|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=3-642-04100-0|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Reynard|first=Robert|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3nTmBW0ONEEC&pg=PA86|title=Secret Code Breaker II: A Cryptanalyst's Handbook|isbn=1-889668-06-0|year=1997|accessdate=2008-09-21|publisher=Smith & Daniel Marketing|location=Jacksonville, FL|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Ristic|first=Ivan|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HnQl5OVtOYgC|title=Modsecurity Handbook|publisher=Feisty Duck|year=2010 |isbn=1-907117-02-4|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Viega|first=John|authorlink=John Viega|url=http://books.google.com/?id=FBYHEBTrZUwC|first2=Matt|last2=Messier|first3=Pravir|last3=Chandra|accessdate=2008-11-25|year=2002|isbn=0-596-00270-X|title=Network Security with OpenSSL|publisher=O'Reilly|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Wiener|first=Michael J.|title=Efficient DES Key Search|title=Crypto 93|journal=Practical Cryptography for Data Internetworks|publisher=W. Stallings, editor, IEEE Computer Society Press|year=1996|ref=harv}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.us-cert.gov/cas/techalerts/TA08-137A.html|title=Technical Cyber Security Alert TA08-137A: Debian/Ubuntu OpenSSL Random Number Generator Vulnerability|date=2008-05-16|accessdate=2008-08-10|publisher=[[United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team]] (CERT)|ref={{harvid|CERT-2008}}}}
* {{cite web|title=NSA's How Mathematicians Helped Win WWII|url=http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/center_crypt_history/publications/how_math_helped_win.shtml|date=15 Jan 2009|publisher=[[National Security Agency]]|ref={{harvid|NSA-2009}}}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.distributed.net/des/ RSA-sponsored DES-III cracking contest]
* [http://codebook.org/codebook_solution.pdf How We Cracked the Code Book Ciphers] - Essay by the winning team of the challenge in [[The Code Book]]

{{cryptography navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brute-force attack}}
[[Category:Cryptographic attacks]]

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Brute-force search

2012-05-15T11:01:16Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Modifying fa:جستجوی جامع

{{Merge from|grid search|date=October 2011}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}
In [[computer science]], '''brute-force search''' or '''exhaustive search''', also known as '''generate and test''', is a trivial but very general problem-solving technique that consists of systematically enumerating all possible candidates for the solution and checking whether each candidate satisfies the problem's statement. For example, a brute-force algorithm to find the [[divisor]]s of a [[natural number]] ''n'' is to enumerate all integers from 1 to the square-root of ''n'', and check whether each of them divides ''n'' without remainder. For another example, consider the popular [[eight queens puzzle]], which asks to place eight [[queen (chess)|queen]]s on a standard [[chessboard]] so that no queen attacks any other. A brute-force approach would examine all possible arrangements of 8 pieces in the 64 squares, and, for each arrangement, check whether any queen attacks any other.

Brute-force search is simple to implement, and will always find a solution if it exists. However, its cost is proportional to the number of candidate solutions, which, in many practical problems, tends to grow very quickly as the size of the problem increases. Therefore, brute-force search is typically used when the problem size is limited, or when there are problem-specific [[heuristic (computer science)|heuristic]]s that can be used to reduce the set of candidate solutions to a manageable size. The method is also used when the simplicity of implementation is more important than speed.

This is the case, for example, in critical applications where any errors in the algorithm would have very serious consequences; or when [[automated theorem proving|using a computer to prove a mathematical theorem]]. Brute-force search is also useful as "baseline" method when [[benchmarking]] other algorithms or [[metaheuristic]]s. Indeed, brute-force search can be viewed as the simplest metaheuristic. Brute force search should not be confused with [[backtracking]], where large sets of solutions can be discarded without being explicitly enumerated (as in the textbook computer solution to the eight queens problem above). The brute-force method for finding an item in a table — namely, check all entries of the latter, sequentially — is called [[linear search]].

==Implementing the brute-force search==
===Basic algorithm===
In order to apply brute-force search to a specific class of problems, one must implement four [[Subroutine|procedures]], ''first'',''next'', ''valid'', and ''output''. These procedures should take as a parameter the data ''P'' for the particular instance of the problem that is to be solved, and should do the following:
# ''first'' (''P''): generate a first candidate solution for ''P''.
# ''next'' (''P'', ''c''): generate the next candidate for ''P'' after the current one ''c''.
# ''valid'' (''P'', ''c''): check whether candidate ''c'' is a solution for ''P''.
# ''output'' (''P'', ''c''): use the solution ''c'' of ''P'' as appropriate to the application.
The ''next'' procedure must also tell when there are no more candidates for the instance ''P'', after the current one ''c''. A convenient way to do that is to return a "null candidate", some conventional data value Λ that is distinct from any real candidate. Likewise the ''first'' procedure should return Λ if there are no candidates at all for the instance ''P''. The brute-force method is then expressed by the algorithm
''c'' <math>\gets</math> ''first''(''P'')
'''while''' ''c'' <math>\neq</math> Λ ''do''' ''if''' ''valid''(''P'',''c'') '''then''' ''output''(''P'', ''c'') ''c'' <math>\gets</math> ''next''(''P'',''c'')
For example, when looking for the divisors of an integer ''n'', the instance data ''P'' is the number ''n''. The call ''first''(''n'') should return the integer 1 if ''n'' <math>\geq</math> 1, or Λ otherwise; the call ''next''(''n'',''c'') should return ''c'' + 1 if ''c'' <math><</math> ''n'', and Λ otherwise; and ''valid''(''n'',''c'') should return '''true''' if and only if ''c'' is a divisor of ''n''. (In fact, if we choose Λ to be ''n'' + 1, the tests ''n'' <math>\geq</math> 1 and ''c'' <math><</math> ''n'' are unnecessary.)The brute-force search algorithm above will call ''output'' for every candidate that is a solution to the given instance ''P''. The algorithm is easily modified to stop after finding the first solution, or a specified number of solutions; or after testing a specified number of candidates, or after spending a given amount of [[central processing unit|CPU]] time.

==Combinatorial explosion==
The main disadvantage of the brute-force method is that, for many real-world problems, the number of natural candidates is prohibitively large. For instance, if we look for the divisors of a number as described above, the number of candidates tested will be the given number ''n''. So if ''n'' has sixteen decimal digits, say, the search will require executing at least 1015 computer instructions, which will take several days on a typical [[personal computer|PC]]. If ''n'' is a random 64-[[binary digit|bit]] natural number, which has about 19 decimal digits on the average, the search will take about 10 years. This steep growth in the number of candidates, as the size of the data increases, occurs in all sorts of problems. For instance, if we are seeking a particular rearrangement of 10 letters, then we have 10! = 3,628,800 candidates to consider, which a typical PC can generate and test in less than one second. However, adding one more letter — which is only a 10% increase in the data size — will multiply the number of candidates by 11 — a 1000% increase. For 20 letters, the number of candidates is 20!, which is about 2.4×1018 or 2.4 [[quintillion]]; and the search will take about 10,000 years. This unwelcome phenomenon is commonly called the [[combinatorial explosion]].

==Speeding up brute-force searches==
One way to speed up a brute-force algorithm is to reduce the search space, that is, the set of candidate solutions, by using [[heuristic]]s specific to the problem class.
For example, consider the popular [[eight queens problem]], which asks to place eight [[queen (chess)|queen]]s on a standard [[chessboard]] so that no queen attacks any other. Since each queen can be placed in any of the 64 squares, in principle there are 648 = 281,474,976,710,656 ('''over 281 trillion''') possibilities to consider. However, if we observe that the queens are all alike, and that no two queens can be placed on the same square, we conclude that the candidates are [[combinations|all possible ways of choosing]] of a set of 8 squares from the set all 64 squares; which means 64 choose 8 = 64!/56!8! = 4,426,165,368 candidate solutions — about 1/60,000 of the previous estimate. Actually, it is easy to see that no arrangement with two queens on the same row or the same column can be a solution. Therefore, we can further restrict the set of candidates to those arrangements where queen 1 is in row 1, queen 2 is in row 2, and so on; all in different columns. We can describe such an arrangement by an array of eight numbers ''c''[1] through ''c''[8], each of them between 1 and 8, where ''c''[1] is the column of queen 1, ''c''[2] is the column of queen 2, and so on. Since these numbers must be all different, the number of candidates to search is the number of [[permutation]]s of the integers 1 through 8, namely 8! = 40,320 — about 1/100,000 of the previous estimate, and 1/7,000,000,000 of the first one. As this example shows, a little bit of analysis will often lead to dramatic reductions in the number of candidate solutions, and may turn an intractable problem into a trivial one. This example also shows that the candidate enumeration procedures (''first'' and ''next'') for the restricted set of candidates may be just as simple as those of the original set, or even simpler.In some cases, the analysis may reduce the candidates to the set of all valid solutions; that is, it may yield an algorithm that directly enumerates all the desired solutions (or finds one solution, as appropriate), without wasting time with tests and the generation of invalid candidates. For example, consider the problem of finding all integers between 1 and 1,000,000 that are evenly divisible by 417. A naive brute-force solution would generate all integers in the range, testing each of them for divisibility. However, that problem can be solved much more efficiently by starting with 417 and repeatedly adding 417 until the number exceeds 1,000,000 — which takes only 2398 (= 1,000,000 ÷ 417) steps, and no tests.

==Reordering the search space==
In applications that require only one solution, rather than all solutions, the [[expected value|expected]] running time of a brute force search will often depend on the order in which the candidates are tested. As a general rule, one should test the most promising candidates first. For example, when searching for a proper divisor of a random number ''n'', it is better to enumerate the candidate divisors in increasing order, from 2 to ''n'' - 1, than the other way around — because the probability that ''n'' is divisible by ''c'' is 1/''c''.Moreover, the probability of a candidate being valid is often affected by the previous failed trials. For example, consider the problem of finding a '''1''' bit in a given 1000-bit string ''P''. In this case, the candidate solutions are the indices 1 to 1000, and a candidate ''c'' is valid if ''P''[''c''] = '''1'''. Now, suppose that the first bit of ''P'' is equally likely to be '''0''' or '''1''', but each bit thereafter is equal to the previous one with 90% probability. If the candidates are enumerated in increasing order, 1 to 1000, the number ''t'' of candidates examined before success will be about 6, on the average. On the other hand, if the candidates are enumerated in the order 1,11,21,31...991,2,12,22,32 etc., the expected value of ''t'' will be only a little more than 2.More generally, the search space should be enumerated in such a way that the next candidate is most likely to be valid, ''given that the previous trials were not''. So if the valid solutions are likely to be "clustered" in some sense, then each new candidate should be as far as possible from the previous ones, in that same sense. The converse holds, of course, if the solutions are likely to be spread out more uniformly than expected by chance.

==Alternatives to brute-force search==
There are many other search methods, or metaheuristics, which are designed to take advantage of various kinds of partial knowledge one may have about the solution. [[Heuristic]]s can also be used to make an early cutoff of parts of the search. One example of this is the [[minimax]] principle for searching game trees, that eliminates many subtrees at an early stage in the search. In certain fields, such as language parsing, techniques such as [[chart parsing]] can exploit constraints in the problem to reduce an exponential complexity problem into a polynomial complexity problem. In many cases, such as in [[Constraint Satisfaction Problem]]s, one can dramatically reduce the search space by means of [[Constraint propagation]], that is efficiently implemented in [[Constraint programming]] languages.The search space for problems can also be reduced by replacing the full problem with a simplified version. For example, in [[computer chess]], rather than computing the full [[minimax]] tree of all possible moves for the remainder of the game, a more limited tree of minimax possibilities is computed, with the tree being pruned at a certain number of moves, and the remainder of the tree being approximated by a [[evaluation function|static evaluation function]].

==In cryptography==
{{main|Brute-force attack}}

In [[cryptography]], a ''brute-force attack'' involves systematically checking all possible [[key (cryptography)|keys]] until the correct key is found. This [[strategy]] can in theory be used against any encrypted data<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.crypto-textbook.com|page=7|title=Understanding Cryptography: A Textbook for Students and Practitioners|author=Christof Paar, Jan Pelzl, Bart Preneel|publisher=Springer|year=2010|isbn=3-642-04100-0}}</ref> by an attacker who is unable to take advantage of any weakness in an encryption system that would otherwise make his task easier.

The [[key length]] used in the encryption determines the practical feasibility of performing a brute force attack, with longer keys exponentially more difficult to crack than shorter ones. Brute force attacks can be made less effective by [[obfuscation|obfuscating]] the data to be encoded, something that makes it more difficult for an attacker to recognise when he has cracked the code. One of the measures of the strength of an encryption system is how long it would theoretically take an attacker to mount a successful brute force attack against it.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Computer Science}}
*[[Brute force attack]]
*[[Big O notation]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brute-Force Search}}
[[Category:Search algorithms]]

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[[fa:جستجوی جامع]]
[[fr:Recherche exhaustive]]
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Segway

2012-05-15T08:32:53Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:سگ‌وی پی‌تی

{{Infobox
|image = [[File:Segwaygreen.jpg|220px]]
|caption =
|label1 = Type
|data1 = [[Electric vehicle]]
|label2 = Wheels
|data2 = [[Dicycle (vehicle)|Two]]
|label3 = Inventor
|data3 = [[Dean Kamen]]
|label4 = Introduced
|data4 = 2001
|label5 = Chief engineer
|data5 = Doug Field
|label6 = Dynamics engineers
|data6 = David Robinson John Morrell Jon Stevens Jon Pompa
|label7 = Programmers
|data7 = Chuck Herscovici Gerry Rigdon Michael Kaufman Eric Pribyl Jim Dattalo
|label8 = Electrical engineers
|data8 = Phil Lemay Mike Gansler JD Heinzmann Jason Sachs Larry Liberman Chris Kastel Zeta Electronics
|label9 = Mechanical engineers
|data9 = Ron Reich Ray Debruin Mike Slate JR Holt
|label10 = Industrial designers
|data10 = Scott Waters Tao Chang
}}

The '''Segway PT''' is a [[Dicycle (vehicle)|two-wheeled]] self-balancing [[Battery electric vehicle|battery-powered electric vehicle]] invented by [[Dean Kamen]]. It is produced by [[Segway Inc.]] of [[New Hampshire]], USA. The name "Segway" (/ˈsɛɡwej/) is a [[homophone]] of the word "[[segue]]" (/ˈsɛɡweɪ/), while "PT" denotes personal transporter.

Computers and motors in the base of the device keep the Segway PT upright when powered on with balancing enabled. A user commands the Segway to go forward by shifting their weight forward on the platform, and backward by shifting their weight backward. The Segway notices, as it balances, the change in its center of mass, and first establishes and then maintains a corresponding speed, forward or backward. [[Gyroscopic sensor]]s and fluid-based leveling sensors are used to detect the shift of weight. To turn, the user manipulates a control on the handlebar left or right.

Segway PTs are driven by electric motors and can go up to {{convert|12.5|mph|km/h}}.

==Early history and pre-release marketing==

The Segway PT was known by the names ''Ginger'' and ''IT'' before it was unveiled. ''Ginger'' came out of the first product that used Kamen's balancing technology, the [[iBOT]] wheelchair. During development at the [[University of Plymouth]], the iBot was nicknamed ''Fred Upstairs'' (after [[Fred Astaire]]) because it can climb stairs: hence the name ''Ginger'', after Astaire's regular film partner, [[Ginger Rogers]], for a successor product.

The invention, development, and financing of the Segway was the subject of a narrative nonfiction book, ''Code Name Ginger'' (in paperback as ''Reinventing the Wheel''), by journalist Steve Kemper. The leak of information from that book led to rampant speculation about the "IT" device prior to release. The speculation created an unexpected advance buzz about the product that was, at times, hyperbolic. [[Steve Jobs]] was quoted as saying that, it was "as big a deal as the PC",<ref name="time2001">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,186660-1,00.html |title=Reinventing the Wheel - TIME |publisher=TIME |date=2 December 2001 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> though later sources quoted him as saying when first introduced to the product that its design "sucked".<ref>[http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/3533.html "Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos meet "Ginger"]," Steve Kemper, Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, June 16, 2003</ref> [[John Doerr]] speculated that it would be more important than the Internet.<ref name="time2001"/> Articles were written in major publications speculating on it being a [[Stirling engine]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Michelle Delio |url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2001/01/41197 |title='Ginger': Kamen's Stirling Idea |publisher=Wired.com |date=9 March 1945 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> [[South Park]] devoted an [[The Entity (South Park)|episode]] to making fun of the hype before the product was released.

The product was unveiled December 3, 2001, in [[Bryant Park]], the privately managed public [[park]] located in the [[New York City]] [[borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Manhattan]], on the [[ABC News]] morning program ''[[Good Morning America]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Machrone |first=Bill |url=http://www.extremetech.com/article2/0,1697,97229,00.asp |title=Ginger Unveiled-It's a Scooter! |publisher=Extremetech.com |date=3 December 2001 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref>

==Technology==
[[Image:PTinfokey.jpg|thumb|left|The Segway PT's detachable wireless InfoKey]]

The dynamics of the Segway PT are similar to a classic control problem, the [[inverted pendulum]]. The Segway PT (''PT'' is an [[initialism]] for ''personal transporter'' while the old suffix ''HT'' was an initialism for ''human transporter'') has [[electric motor]]s powered by [[Valence Technology]] phosphate-based lithium-ion [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] which can be charged from household current. It balances with the help of dual computers running proprietary software, two tilt sensors, and five [[gyroscopic sensor]]s. The [[servo drive]] motors rotate the wheels forwards or backwards as needed for balance or propulsion. The rider controls forward and backward movement by leaning the Segway relative to the combined center of mass of the rider and Segway, by holding the control bar closer to or farther from their body. The Segway detects the change in the balance point, and adjusts the speed at which it is balancing the rider accordingly. On older models, steering is controlled by a [[twist grip]] on the left handlebar, which simply varies the speeds between the two motors, rotating the Segway PT (a decrease in the speed of the left wheel would turn the Segway PT to the left). Newer models enable the use of tilting the handle bar to steer.<ref name="Segway, Official Site">{{cite web|url=http://www.segway.com/business/products-solutions/i2.php |title=Segway, Official Site |publisher=Segway.com |date=28 April 2011 |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref>

==Uses==
[[File:Segway in parade.ogg|thumb|Segway demonstration video]]
[[Image:FlorenceSegwayTour.jpg|thumb|upright|Two tourists on a Segway tour in [[Florence]], [[Italy]].]]
Segways perform best in areas with adequate sidewalks, [[curb cuts]] at intersections, and ramps. They are used in some theme parks by visitors and employees. [[Angel Island (California)|Angel Island State Park]], in San Francisco Bay in California, offers Segway tours, but prohibits personal Segways except as needed by disabled visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=468|title=Angel Island SP|accessdate=2 August 2008}}</ref> The special police forces trained to protect the public during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] used the Segway for mobility.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/news/article-1031298/Wheel-scary-Chinese-anti-terror-police-practise-killing-drills-scooters.html |title=Wheel scary: Chinese anti-terror police practise killing drills on scooters | Mail Online |publisher=Mailonsunday.co.uk |date=2 July 2008 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref>

Though a Segway-focused organization, Disability Rights Advocates for Technology,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.draft.org|title=Disability Rights Advocates for Technology|accessdate=6 August 2008}}</ref> advocates for Segway PT sidewalk and facility access as an [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|ADA]] issue, Segways cannot be marketed in the US as medical devices: they have not been approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] as a medical device and [[Johnson & Johnson]] claims exclusive rights to the medical uses of the balancing technology found in the iBOT and Segway.{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} Dean Kamen sold the medical rights to the technology of the [[iBOT]], a very stable and mobile powered wheelchair, to Johnson & Johnson.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/3353906/Dean-Kamen-part-man-part-machine.html | title=Dean Kamen: part man, part machine | date=27 October 2008 | accessdate=26 September 2009 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | first=Adam | last=Higginbotham}}</ref>

A version of the Segway i2 is being marketed to the Emergency Medical Services community. Equipped with light bars and a variety of hard and soft cases, it is sealed against wet conditions, and rated for {{convert|24|mi|km|abbr=off}} per charge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.streetsmartsegway.com/segway-streetsmart/streetsmart-lifeline-ems-segway.html |title=EMS LifeLine |publisher=StreetSmart Segway |date= |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref>

==Restrictions on use==
===North America===
*''Canada'': Restrictions on motorized vehicle use are set by provinces individually. In Alberta, Segways cannot be driven on Public Roads including sidewalks abutting public roads. Segways cannot be driven on city-owned bicycle paths in Calgary.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Segways are allowed to be driven on private land with the landowner's permission. (Some malls allow their use.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}) In British Columbia, Segways can't legally be operated on B.C. roads or on sidewalks because they cannot be licensed or insured as a vehicle in B.C.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2009/07/13/bc-segway-scooters-legal-vehicle.html#ixzz17y1WCQYl|title=BC Segway Scooters Legal Vehicle|publisher=cbc.ca|date=13 July 2009}}</ref>{{dead link|date=December 2010}} In Ontario, the Ministry of Transportation has started a pilot program where Segways may be used by people 14 years or older with disability, Canada Post door-to-door delivery personnel, and police officers. It was originally planned to end in October 2011, but has been extended until 2013 due to limited participation. After this, the government will decide whether to allow people to use it. Segways can still be used by others on private property.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/dandv/vehicle/emerging/segway-faq.shtml|title=Frequently Asked Questions - Segway™ (Human Transporter / Personal Transporter) Pilot Test|date=13 July 2009}}</ref>

[[File:Segway tour DC 02 2010 9177.JPG|thumb|Guided Segway tour in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]

*''United States, in general'': The company has challenged bans and sought exemption from sidewalk restrictions in over 30 states. The Segway PT has been banned from use on [[sidewalk]]s and in public transportation in a few [[municipalities]], often because it is not classified as a medical device. Advocacy groups for pedestrians and the blind in the US have been critical of Segway PT use: America Walks<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E0DA1E30F930A15752C0A9659C8B63 |title=On the Pavement, a New Contender |work=New York Times |date=23 January 2003 |accessdate=20 March 2009 | first=John | last=Schwartz}}</ref> and the [[American Council of the Blind]] oppose allowing the PT to be driven on sidewalks, even for those with disabilities, and have actively lobbied against any such legislation.<ref>{{cite web | title = The American Council of the Blind's official position | url = http://www.acb.org/pedestrian/segway020806.html | quote = The Segway may well have a good use and place in our environment, but it is clear [...] that insufficient attention is being paid to pedestrian safety and injuries and deaths are not the price we should be paying for innovation }}</ref> Today, Segways are allowed to be used on sidewalks in most states, although local municipalities may disallow their use. Many states also allow their use in bicycle lanes or on roads with speed limits of up to 25 mph.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/segway_laws.html |title=Segway Laws |publisher=Ghsa.org |date= |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref>

*''United States, San Francisco:'' In November 2002, before it was widely available, the city of San Francisco banned the Segway PT from [[sidewalk]]s citing safety concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfweekly.com/2002-12-18/news/showing-segway-the-highway/ |title=San Francisco - News - Showing Segway the Highway |publisher=Sfweekly.com |date=18 December 2002 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> However, a number of Segway Tour operations use them in cycle lanes and designated trails.

*''United States, Boston:'' In 2011, Boston banned the use of Segways on city sidewalks except for the disabled.

*''United States in 2011'' The government Department of Justice has amended its regulation implementing title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), ruled that the Segway is a "Other power-driven mobility devices" and must be permitted to be used unless the covered entity can demonstrate that the class of devices cannot be operated in accordance with legitimate safety requirements.[http://www.ada.gov/regs2010/factsheets/title2_factsheet.html]

*''United States, [[Disney]]'': In February 2004, [[Disney]] banned Segway PTs from its theme parks, stating they had not been approved by the FDA as medical devices.<ref>{{cite web|author=2:54 pm ET |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/4217573 |title=Anger at Disney over Segway ban - Games - MSNBC.com |publisher=MSNBC |date=9 February 2004 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> In the same month,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mouseplanet.com/articles.php?art=wd040216mg |title=Walt Disney World Park Update (Walt Disney World Park Update) by Mark Goldhaber |publisher=Mouseplanet.com |date=16 February 2004 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> Disney began offering Segway tours of its [[Epcot]] theme park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneyworld.disney.go.com/wdw/parks/tourDetail?id=AroundtheWorldEpcotTourPage |title=Around the World at Epcot |publisher=Disneyworld.disney.go.com |date= |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> In early August 2007, Disney began offering a similar guided tour in its [[Disney California Adventure Park]] park in California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disneyland.disney.go.com/disneyland/en_US/parks/tours/detail?name=CruzinDisneysCaliforniaAdventureParkTourPage |title=Disneyland&reg - Upgrade Your Browser |publisher=Disneyland.disney.go.com |date= |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref>

* ''[[Segs4Vets]]'' is a nonprofit organization that provide Segway PTs to the men and women of the United States military whose service in Operations [[Iraqi Freedom]] and [[Enduring Freedom]] resulted in permanent disability and difficulty walking.[http://www.military.com/features/0,15240,167940,00.html]

*''Mexico'': In Mexico there is no regulation that limits Segway use in public spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.segwaymexico.com.mx/faq.html|title=FAQ|publisher=Segway Mexico}}</ref>

===Asia===
*''Japan'': In a court, Segway was classified as a motorcycle, owing to the power output;<ref>{{cite web|author=石田真一 |url=http://response.jp/issue/2004/0412/article59422_1.html |title=『セグウェイ』は整備不良...50万円の罰金命令 {{ja}} |publisher=Response.jp |date= |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> however, there is no report of registration. Segway Japan, an authorized dealer, sells Segways only to corporations to use in facilities.<ref>[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20091115x1.html Will Segway sci-fi ever be everyday fact? | The Japan Times Online] November 15, 2009</ref>

*''China'': Police have begun using a locally made analogue of the Segway to patrol certain public areas, such as Tian'anmen square.<ref>China's military tries out Segways http://news.cnet.com/8301-17912_3-9983589-72.html</ref>

===Middle East===
*[[Israel]]: In 2006, the Segway was approved for use on sidewalks and other pedestrian designated locations, as well as on roads that have no sidewalks, obstructed sidewalks or sidewalks lacking [[curb cuts]]. The user must be over 16 years old. No license is required. The maximum allowed speed is {{convert|13.5|km/h|abbr=on}}, enforced by electronic restriction put in place by the importer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsa.gov.il/TeachingCenter/Documents/takanottabura/P230_011.doc |title=Transportation regulations |publisher=rsa.gov.il |date= |accessdate=4 July 2011}}</ref> Companies offering tours of [[Jerusalem]] use the second generation i2 model, equipped with Lean Steer Technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jerusalemsegway.co.il/en-us/ |title=Jerusalem Segway Tours |publisher=jerusalemsegway.co.il |date= |accessdate=4 July 2011}}</ref>

===Europe===
[[File:Steh-Elektroroller Nürnberg DSCF2843.jpg|thumb|upright|Segway in Germany. They are equipped with a red light and a license plate.]]

Segways are used in Europe, but mainly in niche markets (such as guided city tours); they are not commonly used as a means of transportation. Their use on public streets is allowed in most countries, but often with various restrictions. Most countries also require vehicle insurance and a license plate.

*[[Austria]]: In [[Vienna]], Segways can be rented in the [[Prater]] amusement park; a Segway dealer in central Vienna also offers Segways for rent.

*[[Czech Republic]]: the use of a Segway is allowed wherever pedestrians and bicycles are allowed. Segways can be rented for city tours, for example on the [[Old Town Square (Prague)|Old Town Square]], [[Prague]].

*[[Denmark]]: the Segway is classified as a [[moped]] (''knallert''). As such vehicles are required to be fitted with lights, license plates and mechanical brakes, the Segway is effectively banned from public roads.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dr.dk/Regioner/Kbh/Nyheder/Hovedstadsomraadet/2007/08/24/074423.htm | title=Færdselsstyrelse: En Segway er en knallert |accessdate=23 October 2007 |date=24 August 2007 |publisher=[[Danmarks Radio]] |language=Danish}}</ref> Recently, a trial where the segway would be classified as a bicycle has been announced running from 1 June 2010 to 1 April 2011. The trial was extended to 1 December 2011, and later to the end of 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.trafikstyrelsen.dk/DA/Presse/Nyhedsarkiv/Syn-og-koeretoejer/2011/12/Forlaengelse-af-forsoeg.aspx | publisher=Færdselstyrelsen |title=Forlængelse af forsøg med elektrisk drevne en-akslede køretøjer | date=23 December 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2012}}</ref>

*[[Germany]]: the use of a Segway PT i2 is generally allowed on bicycle paths and public roads within city limits since 25 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ThomasKnauf.de/ginger/Mobilitaetshilfeverordnung.pdf | title=Bundesgesetzblatt: Verordnung über die Teilnahme elektronischer Mobilitätshilfen am Verkehr | date=24 June 2009 | accessdate=29 April 2010 | language=German}}</ref> Outside city limits, the Segway may not be used on [[Autobahn|federal motorways]], [[Bundesstraße|federal highways]], [[Landesstraße|state roads]], and [[Kreisstraße|district roads]]. Bicycle lanes must be used if present. Riding a Segway on [[sidewalk]]s and in [[pedestrian zone]]s for city tours requires a special permit. The Segway is classified as an "electronic mobility aid", a new class of vehicle defined specifically for the Segway PT. Segways used on public roads must be equipped with [[Automotive lighting|front and rear lighting]], [[Bicycle reflector|reflectors]], a bell, and an insurance indicator [[Vehicle registration plate|plate]]. The driver must have procured a [[vehicle insurance]] and hold at least an ''M type'' ([[moped]]) license.

*[[Ireland]]: Segways are permitted in most public places. There is a Segway tour available of the [[Phoenix Park]]. Their use is permitted in certain areas on bicycle paths around [[Dublin]] and [[Cork (city)|Cork]]. The [[Airport Police (Ireland)|Airport Police Service]] stationed at [[Dublin Airport]] use the Segway i2 police patroller model. In 2011, a private tour operator started a City of Dublin Segway Tour.

[[File:Airport_Police_on_a_Segway_i2_patrol_Dublin_Airports_Terminal_2.PNG|thumb|upright|Airport Police Officer patrolling on a Segway i2 in Dublin, Ireland]]

*[[Italy]]: the use of the Segway is allowed within city limits wherever pedestrian and bicycles are allowed, i.e., sidewalks, bicycle paths, parks, etc.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.segway.it/default.aspx?tabid=86 | title =Normativa Vigente | language=Italian}}</ref>

*[[Malta]]: Policemen have started testing Segways on patrol in Valletta. Informed sources said the Malta Police are considering the purchase of a number of Segways fitted for police work, including a siren and space for radio and other equipment. [[Valletta]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20110811/local/valletta-police-on-the-beat-using-segways.379838 |title=Valletta Police on the beat, using Segways |publisher=Times Of Malta|date=11 August 2011}}</ref>

*[[Netherlands]]: In April 2008, the Dutch Government announced that it would ease the ban it had imposed in January 2007 that made it illegal to use a Segway on public roads in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSL1893090120080418 |title=Dutch to ease ban on self-balancing Segway scooter | Technology |publisher=Reuters |date=18 April 2008 |accessdate=11 March 2009 | first=Reed | last=Stevenson}}</ref> Until recently, a tolerance policy was in place due to the inability of the authorities to classify the Segway as a vehicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rtl.nl/(/actueel/rtlnieuws/)/components/actueel/rtlnieuws/2007/04_april/04/binnenland/0404_1155_segway_mag_beperkt.xml |title=RTL Nieuws.nl - Segway voor gehandicapten toegestaan |publisher=Rtl.nl |date= |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> However, certain handicapped people, primarily heart and lung patients, are allowed to use the Segway, but only on the pavement. From 1 July 2008, anyone over the age of 16 is permitted to use a Segway on Dutch roads but users need to buy custom insurance.<ref name="SCIAM">[http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=dutch-to-ease-ban-on-self ]{{Dead link|date=March 2009}}</ref> Amsterdam police officers are testing the Segway. In Rotterdam the Segway is used regularly by police officers and city watches.
[[File:Segway PTs in Stockholm.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A Segway PT tour in Stockholm led by a guide.]]
*[[Portugal]]: Segways are legal on public paths from age 18 (and below, when accompanied by adults) as an equivalent to pedestrian traffic<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.segwayonline.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3239 | title ='Segways' são legais e voltam às ruas de Lisboa [Portugal] | language=Portuguese}}</ref> and are used by many local police forces (''[[Polícia Municipal]]''),<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.segway.com.pt/valor.php?noticia=135 | title= Polícia Municipal de Coimbra acquire Segway PT i2 - Segway | language=Portuguese}}{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref> and by ''[[Polícia Marítima]]'' (a Navy unit), for beach patrolling. They are also used (rented) by tour operators across the country, and by shopping security guards.

*[[Sweden]]: It was unlawful to use a Segway on any public road or pavement in Sweden<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.segway.se/support/regulatory.php |title=Segway | Support | Lagar & regler |publisher=Segway.se |date= |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> until 18 December 2008 when the Segway was re-classified as a ''cykel klass II'' (class 2 bicycle).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/segway-klassad-som-cykel |title=Segway klassad som cykel |language={{sv icon}} |publisher=DN.se |date=18 December 2008 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> Segways are popular in Stockholm where tours are led through the streets by guides with modified PTs and courses are set out at sites such as the Royal Haga park.

*[[Switzerland]]: the Segway is classified as a light motorcycle.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://segway.ch/cgi-bin/files/2007.11.19%20Communiqu%C3%A9_Segway%20i2%20homologu%C3%A9_F%20FINAL.pdf |format=PDF| title=Le Segway PT i2 est homologué en Suisse! |accessdate=20 May 2009 |date=20 May 2009 |publisher=Segway |language=French}}</ref> Only the PT i2 has been approved for use in Switzerland. The PT i2 may be used on roads provided that it is equipped with a Swiss Road Kit and a license plate. The Swiss Road Kit has front and back lighting, a battery source, and a license plate holder. Use on sidewalks and pedestrian zones is prohibited. An exception is made for handicapped individuals who must obtain in advance a special authorization from the Swiss Federal Roads Office. The Segway PT i180 may also be registered for use on specific request. However, the PT i180 must be equipped with a left/right turn indicator system before it may be admitted for road use.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

*[[United Kingdom]]: in UK the Segway is classified as a powered vehicle and subject to Road Traffic law, with the effect that, because the Segway is deemed not to meet the required safety standards, it is unlawful to use a Segway anywhere other than on private property with the owner's permission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/vehicles/vssafety/regulationsforselfbalancings4565 |title=Department for Transport - Regulations for Self-balancing Scooters |publisher=Dft.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=11 March 2009 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080512071235/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/vehicles/vssafety/regulationsforselfbalancings4565 |archivedate = 12 May 2008}}</ref> While in opposition in 2008, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] and [[Liberal Democrats]] lobbied the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] Government to change the law to allow Segways to use public cycle lanes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7360662.stm |title=Politics | MPs want Segways allowed on roads |publisher=BBC News |date=22 April 2008 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> In July 2010, a man was charged under the [[Highway Act 1835]] in [[Barnsley]] for riding his Segway on the pavement, which led to him being prosecuted and fined £75 in January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/Resources/JCO/Documents/Judgments/segway-judgment.pdf|title=Judgement in R v Phillip Coates at Barnsley Magistrates' Court|publisher=Judiciary.gov.uk|date=18 January 2011|accessdate=20 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south+yorkshire-10630143 |title=Barnsley Segway scooter commuter in 'legal first' |date=16 July 2010 |accessdate=3 August 2010 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-south-yorkshire-12215326 |title=Segway Motor Scooter Commuter Loses Legal Challenge |date=18 January 2011 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> His conviction was upheld by the High Court on appeal.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2011/2032.html | title=Coates v Crown Prosecution Service (2011) EWHC 2032 (Admin) | publisher=British and Irish Legal Information Institute | date=29 July 2011 | accessdate=August 1, 2011}}</ref>

===[[Oceania]]===
*[[Australia]]: laws are determined at the state level, each differing in their adoption of the [[Australian Road Rules]]. In [[New South Wales]], the Segway has been confirmed by the [[Roads and Traffic Authority]] as being illegal on both roads and footpaths. "In simple terms, riders are way too exposed to mix with general traffic on a road and too fast, heavy and consequently dangerous to other users on footpaths or cycle paths."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/segway-test-ride-a-mock-horse/2008/01/02/1198949941691.html |title=Segway test: ride a mock horse |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=3 January 2008 |accessdate=11 March 2009}}</ref> Although this does not render them totally illegal (they may still, for example, be used on private property), their uses are limited enough that they are not sold to the general public.

* [[New Zealand]]: The Segway PT is classed as a [[mobility device]], in the same category as a mobility scooter or electric wheelchair. Mobility Devices must be ridden on footpaths where possible, at a speed that does not endanger others, and give way to pedestrians.<ref>Segway NZ [http://www.segway.co.nz/support/regulatory.html "Segway - Support - Regulatory Information"]. Retrieved 2010-10-28</ref> This ruling might not be consistently applied: in 2011, police in [[Taupo]] on New Zealand's [[North Island]] had to stop using Segways because there is no separate vehicle classification that applies to them, requiring their registration as roadworthy in the same manner as cars.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/01/20/3117618.htm | title=Police Segways fall foul of NZ law | author=AFP | publisher=[[ABC News]] | date=20 January 2011 | accessdate=13 February 2011 | authorlink=Agence France-Presse }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Electronics}}

* [[Segway Inc.]], the manufacturer of Segway two-wheeled transport for business, patrol, robotics and personal transportation
* [[Segs4Vets]], provides Segways to United States wounded Veterans
* [[Segway Fest]], an annual convention of Segway PT users and enthusiasts
* [[Segway polo]], similar to polo, except that instead of playing on horseback, each player rides a Segway PT on the field
* [[Bay Area SEG]], The Bay Area Segway Enthusiasts Group that founded [[Segway polo]]
* [[Toyota Winglet]], a self-balancing two-wheeled scooter by [[Toyota]]
* [[Honda U3-X]], a self-balancing one-wheeled electric vehicle by [[Honda]]
* [[HUBO]]WAY, a self-balancing two-wheeled scooter by [[KAIST]]
* [[Trikke]] Pon-e, a three-wheeled hybrid personal transporter.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Segways}}

* {{Official website|http://www.segway.com/}}
* [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121357738002676071.html ''Segway Glides as Gasoline Jumps''] at Wall Street Journal
* [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/49421/a-tribute-to-the-segway A Tribute to the Segway] - slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Segway Pt}}
[[Category:Personal transporters]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 2001]]
[[Category:American inventions]]
[[Category:2000s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Battery electric vehicles]]
[[Category:Two-wheeled balancing robots| ]]
[[Category:Mobility devices]]

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[[vi:Segway PT]]
[[yi:סעגוויי]]
[[zh:賽格威]]

Web traffic

2012-05-15T04:55:54Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:ترافیک وب

{{Inline citations|date=April 2012}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2012}}

'''Web traffic''' is the amount of data sent and received by visitors to a [[web site]]. Since the mid-1990s, web traffic has been the largest portion of [[Internet traffic]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeffay|first=Kevin|title=Tracking the Evolution of Web Traffic: 1995-2003*|url=http://www.cs.unc.edu/~jeffay/papers/MASCOTS-03a.pdf|work=UNC DiRT Group's Publications|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}</ref> This is determined by the number of visitors and the number of pages they visit. Sites monitor the incoming and outgoing traffic to see which parts or pages of their site are popular and if there are any apparent trends, such as one specific page being viewed mostly by people in a particular country. There are many ways to monitor this traffic and the gathered data is used to help structure sites, highlight security problems or indicate a potential lack of [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] — not all web traffic is welcome.

Some companies offer advertising schemes that, in return for increased web traffic (visitors), pay for screen space on the site. Sites also often aim to increase their web traffic through inclusion on [[search engine]]s and through [[search engine optimization]].

==Analyzing web traffic==

[[Web analytics]] is the measurement of the behavior of visitors to a website. In a commercial context, it especially refers to the measurement of which aspects of the website work towards the business objectives of [[Internet marketing]] initiatives; for example, which landing pages encourage people to make a purchase. Notable vendors of [[List of web analytics software|web analytics software]] and services include [[Webtrends]], [[IBM WebSphere Commerce|Coremetrics]], [[Omniture]], and [[Google Analytics]].

==Measuring web traffic==
[[Image:WebTrafficGraph.gif|left|framed|Example graph of '''web traffic''' at Wikipedia in December 2004]]

Web traffic is measured to see the popularity of web sites and individual pages or sections within a site.
 
Web traffic can be analyzed by viewing the traffic statistics found in the web server log file, an automatically generated list of all the pages served. A ''hit'' is generated when any file is served. The page itself is considered a file, but images are also files, thus a page with 5 images could generate 6 hits (the 5 images and the page itself). A ''page view'' is generated when a visitor requests any page within the web site – a visitor will always generate at least one page view (the main page) but could generate many more.
Tracking applications external to the web site can record traffic by inserting a small piece of [[HTML]] code in every page of the web site.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/web/library/wa-mwt1/|title=Measuring Web Traffic|last=Malacinski|first=Andrei|coauthors=Dominick, Scott & Hartrick, Tom|date=1 March 2001|publisher=IBM|accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref>

Web traffic is also sometimes measured by [[Packet sniffer|packet sniffing]] and thus gaining random samples of traffic data from which to extrapolate information about web traffic as a whole across total [[Internet]] usage.

The following types of information are often collated when monitoring web traffic:
*The number of visitors.
*The average number of page views per visitor – a high number would indicate that the average visitors go deep inside the site, possibly because they like it or find it useful.
*Average visit duration – the total length of a user's visit. As a rule the more time they spend the more they're interested in your company and are more prone to contact.
*Average page duration – how long a page is viewed for. The more pages viewed, the better it is for your company.
*Domain classes – all levels of the IP Addressing information required to deliver Webpages and content.
*Busy times – the most popular viewing time of the site would show when would be the best time to do promotional campaigns and when would be the most ideal to perform maintenance
*Most requested pages – the most popular pages
*Most requested entry pages – the entry page is the first page viewed by a visitor and shows which are the pages most attracting visitors
*Most requested exit pages – the most requested exit pages could help find bad pages, broken links or the exit pages may have a popular external link
*Top paths – a path is the sequence of pages viewed by visitors from entry to exit, with the top paths identifying the way most customers go through the site
*Referrers; The host can track the (apparent) source of the [[hyperlink|links]] and determine which sites are generating the most traffic for a particular page.

Web sites like [[Alexa Internet]] produce traffic rankings and statistics based on those people who access the sites while using the Alexa toolbar. The difficulty with this is that it's not looking at the complete traffic picture for a site. Large sites usually hire the services of companies like [[Nielsen NetRatings]], but their reports are available only by subscription.

==Controlling web traffic==

The amount of traffic seen by a web site is a measure of its popularity. By analysing the statistics of visitors it is possible to see shortcomings of the site and look to improve those areas. It is also possible to increase (or, in some cases decrease) the popularity of a site and the number of people that visit it.

===Limiting access===

It is sometimes important to protect some parts of a site by password, allowing only authorized people to visit particular sections or pages.

Some site administrators have chosen to block their page to specific traffic, such as by geographic location. The [[political campaign|re-election campaign]] site for [[United States|U.S.]] [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] ([http://www.georgewbush.com GeorgeWBush.com]) was blocked to all [[internet]] users outside of the U.S. on 25 October 2004 after a reported attack on the site.<ref>{{cite news
| url = http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2004/10/26/bush_campaign_web_site_rejects_nonus_visitors.html
| title = Bush Campaign Web Site Rejects Non-US Visitors
| first = Rich
| last = Miller
| date = 2004-10-26
}}
</ref>

It is also possible to limit access to a web server both based on the number of connections and by the bandwidth expended by each connection. On [[Apache HTTP server]]s, this is accomplished by the ''limitipconn'' module and others.

===Website Traffic from SEO===

The majority of website traffic is driven by the [[Web search engines|search engines]]. Millions of people use search engines everyday to research various topics, buy products, and go about their daily surfing activities. Search engines use [[Keywords|keywords]] to help users find relevant information and each of the major search engines has developed a unique [[Algorithm|algorithm]] to determine where websites are placed within the search results. When a user clicks on one of the listings in the search results, they are directed to the corresponding website and data is transferred from the website's server, thus counting the visitors towards the overall flow of traffic to that website.

[[Search engine optimization|Search Engine Optimization, or SEO]], is the ongoing practice of optimizing a website to help improve its rankings in the search engines. Several internal and external factors are involved which can help improve a site's listing within the search engines. The higher a site ranks within the search engines for a particular keyword, the more traffic they will receive.

===Increase web site traffic===

Web traffic can be increased by placement of a site in [[Web search engines|search engines]] and purchase of [[advertising]], including bulk e-mail, [[pop-up ads]], and in-page advertisements. Web traffic can also be increased by word of mouth or through purchasing non-internet based advertising.

If a web page is not listed in the first pages of any search, the odds of someone finding it diminishes greatly (especially if there is other competition on the first page). Very few people go past the first page, and the percentage that go to subsequent pages is substantially lower. Consequently, getting proper placement on search engines is as important as the web site itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulltraffic.net/blog/84367/how-to-drive-traffic-to-your-website/|title=How to Drive Traffic to Your Website|publisher=FullTraffic|accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref>

===Organic traffic===

Web traffic which comes from unpaid listing at search engines or directories is commonly known as "organic" traffic. Organic traffic can be generated or increased by including the web site in [[Web directory|directories]], [[search engine]]s, guides (such as yellow pages and restaurant guides), and award sites.

In most cases the best way to increase web traffic is to register it with the major search engines. Just registering does not guarantee traffic, as search engines work by "crawling" registered web sites. These crawling programs (crawlers) are also known as "spiders" or "robots". Crawlers start at the registered home page, and usually follow the hyperlinks it finds, to get to pages inside the web site (internal links). Crawlers start gathering information about those pages and storing it and indexing it in the search engine database. In every case, they index the page [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] and the page title. In most cases they also index the web page header (meta tag) and a certain amount of the text of the page. Then, when a search engine user looks for a particular word or phrase, the search engine looks into the database and produces the results, usually sorted by relevance according to the search engine algorithms.

Usually, the top organic result gets most of the clicks from web users. According to recent studies from the [[AOL search data leak|AOL search data leak]], the first listing gets approximately 42% of clicks, while the number ten listing gets approximately 3% of the total clicks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thewebtrafficwizard.com/do-you-want-a-top-10-google-ranking/|title=Leaked AOL Data Reveals Impact of Top 10 Rankings on CTR|publisher=TheWebTrafficWizard|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> The differences in web traffic generated can be staggering depending on how many searches per month your keyword generates. This indicates that it is important to appear in the top results. There are some companies which specialize in search engine marketing. However, it is becoming common for webmasters to get approached by "boiler-room" companies with no real knowledge of how to get results. As opposed to pay-per-click, search engine marketing is usually paid monthly or annually, and most search engine companies cannot promise specific results for what is paid to them.

Because of the huge amount of information available on the web, crawlers might take days, weeks or months to complete review and index all the pages they find. Google, for example, as of the end of 2004 had indexed over eight billion pages. Even having hundreds or thousands of servers working on the spidering of pages, a complete reindexing takes its time. That is why some pages recently updated in certain web sites are not immediately found when doing searches on search engines.

==Traffic overload==

Too much web traffic can dramatically slow down or even prevent all access to a web site. This is caused by more file requests going to the server than it can handle and may be an intentional attack on the site or simply caused by over-popularity. Large scale web sites with numerous servers can often cope with the traffic required and it is more likely that smaller services are affected by traffic overload. Sudden traffic load may also hang your server or may result in shutdown of your services.

===Denial of service attacks===

[[Denial-of-service attack]]s (DoS attacks) have forced web sites to close after a malicious attack, flooding the site with more requests than it could cope with. [[Computer virus|Viruses]] have also been used to co-ordinate large scale distributed denial-of-service attacks.

===Sudden popularity===
{{See also|Slashdot effect}}

A sudden burst of publicity may accidentally cause a web traffic overload. A news item in the [[mass media|media]], a quickly propagating [[email]], or a link from a popular site may cause such a boost in visitors (sometimes called [[Slashdot effect]])

==See also==
*[[Web traffic generation model]]

==Bibliography==
*Machlis, Sharon (17 June 2002). [http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/ebusiness/story/0,10801,71989,00.html "Measuring Web Site Traffic"] at ComputerWorld.com – retrieved 1 January 2005
*Matt Johnson (5 May 2011). A [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/2995343.stm BBC News] look at the case of [[freelancer|freelance]] [[journalist]] Glenn Fleishman after his site was linked to from [[MacCentral]] – retrieved 7 July 2005

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Web Traffic}}
[[Category:Computer network analysis]]
[[Category:World Wide Web]]
[[Category:Web analytics]]
[[Category:Internet marketing]]

[[ar:حركة مرور الويب]]
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[[es:Tráfico web]]
[[fa:ترافیک وب]]
[[fr:Trafic d'un site Web]]
[[gu:વેબ ટ્રાફિક]]
[[ko:웹 트래픽]]
[[hi:वेब ट्रैफिक]]
[[kn:ವೆಬ್‌ಸೈಟ್‌ ಸೇವೆಯ ಬಳಕೆ]]
[[pt:Tráfego Web]]
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James Harden

2012-05-15T04:49:16Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:جیمز هاردن

{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = James Harden
| image = James_Harden_2.jpg
| caption = Harden in 2011
| position = [[Shooting guard]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 5
| weight_lb = 220
| team = Oklahoma City Thunder
| number = 13
| nationality = American
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|8|26|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]
| high_school = [[Artesia High School (Lakewood, California)|Artesia HS]] ([[Lakewood, California]])
| college = [[Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball|Arizona State]] (2007–2009)
| draft_round = 1
| draft_pick = 3
| draft_year = 2009
| draft_team = [[Oklahoma City Thunder]]
| career_start = 2009
| career_end =
| years1 = {{nbay|2009|start}}–present
| team1 = [[Oklahoma City Thunder]]
| highlights =
*[[NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award|NBA Sixth Man of the Year]] ([[2011–12 NBA season|2012]])
*[[NBA All-Rookie Second Team]] (2010)
*Consensus [[NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]] First Team ([[2009 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|2009]])
*[[Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year|Pac-10 Player of the Year]] ([[2008–09 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball season|2009]])
*2× [[List of All-Pacific-12 Conference men's basketball teams|All-Pac-10 First Team]] (2008, [[2008–09 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball season|2009]])
| profile = james_harden
| letter = h
| bbr = hardeja01
}}

'''James Edward Harden, Jr.''' (born August 26, 1989) is an American professional [[basketball]] player who plays for the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). He played [[college basketball]] for the [[Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball|Arizona State Sun Devils]], where he was named a consensus [[NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]] and [[Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year|Pac-10 Player of the Year]] in 2009. Harden was selected third overall by the Thunder in the [[2009 NBA Draft]], and was named [[NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award|NBA Sixth Man of the Year]] with the team in 2012.<ref>Bradley, Bill. – "Leading Off". – ''[[The Sacramento Bee]]''. – January 21, 2009.</ref> The [[shooting guard]] is well-known for his conspicuous beard.

==Early years==
===High school===
Harden attended [[Artesia High School (Lakewood, California)|Artesia High School]] in [[Lakewood, California]]. In his sophomore year, he averaged 13.2 points as Artesia went 28–5. He improved his stats to 18.8 points, 7.7 boards and 3.5 assists in his junior season and led Artesia to the California state title and a 33–1 record. Artesia won the state title in Harden's final year too by going 33–2. Harden had similar stats as during the previous season: 18.8 points, 7.9 rebounds and 3.9 assists. He was named a [[Parade (magazine)|''Parade'']] and [[McDonald's All-American]].

He also helped his [[Amateur Athletic Union|AAU]] team, Pump-N-Run Elite, to the 2006 Las Vegas Adidas Super 64 championship.<ref>[http://hsoregon.scout.com/a.z?s=201&p=2&c=550188 Sorting Out A Zillion Players In Vegas]</ref> Harden had 34 points in the victory over a DC Assault team which included [[Michael Beasley]], [[Nolan Smith]] and [[Austin Freeman]]. In the game against Houston Hoops, played on the same day, Harden had 33 points.
In the final, Pump-N-Run Elite beat [[Kevin Love]]'s Southern California All-Stars.

===College career===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| header = [[Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball|Arizona State]]
| header_align = left/right/center
| header_background =
| footer = Left: Harden makes contact with [[Alfred Aboya]] inside; Right: Harden on defense
| footer_align = left/right/center
| footer_background =
| width =

| image1 = 20090117 James Harden makes contact with Alfred Aboya inside.jpg
| width1 = 120
| alt1 =
| caption1 =

| image2 = 20090117 James Harden on defense.jpg
| width2 = 120
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
[[Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball|Arizona State]] was picked to finish 9th in the [[Pacific-10 Conference|Pac-10 Conference]].<ref>[http://www.pac-10.org/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/110107aad.html UCLA Picked To Defend Pac-10 Title in 2007–08]</ref> Due to the help of Harden's average of 17.8 points, 5.3 rebounds and 2.1 assists, the Sun Devils went 21–13 (9–9) and finished tied for 5th in the Pac-10. They were considered a bubble team for the [[2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|2008 NCAA Tournament]]. Left out of the NCAA tournament, they were selected to the [[2008 National Invitation Tournament|2008 NIT]] field and defeated [[Alabama State Hornets|Alabama State]] and [[Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball|Southern Illinois]] before falling to defending national champion [[2007-08 Florida Gators men's basketball team|Florida]].

After his freshman year, Harden was named first team all-Pac-10 and was named to the conference all-freshman team.<ref>[http://www.pac-10.org/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/031008aah.html 2007–08 Men's Basketball All-Conference Honors Announced]
</ref> Harden was also named first team All-District by the [[National Association of Basketball Coaches|NABC]] and the [[United States Basketball Writers Association|USBWA]].

Entering his sophomore year, Harden appeared on many pre-season All-American lists and appeared on the cover of the ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' college basketball preview issue. He was named to the [[Wooden Award]] preseason watch list.<ref>[http://woodenaward.cstv.com/ot/0809-mens-candidates.html John R. Wooden Award Preseason Top 50 List]</ref> On November 30, 2008, Harden scored a career-high 40 points in an 88–58 victory over [[UTEP Miners men's basketball|UTEP]].<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/boxscore?gameId=283350009 Boxscore – Arizona State vs. UTEP 11/20/08]</ref> On the Tempe campus, a popular t-shirt emerged for his fans. It read, "Die Harden Fan".<ref>http://rivals.yahoo.com/ncaa/basketball/news?slug=jn-asu021909&prov=yhoo&type=lgns</ref>

Harden was named to the 2009 [[2009 Pacific-10 Conference Men's Basketball Tournament#All-Tournament Team|All-Pac 10 Tournament Team]] following Arizona State's defeat by [[USC Trojans men's basketball|USC]] at the [[Staples Center]].<ref>[http://blogs.pe.com/collegesports/2009/03/pac-10-all-tournament-team.html Pac-10 All-Tournament Team]</ref>

Following the [[2008–09 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball season|conference season]], Harden was named the [[Pac-10 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year|Pacific-10 Conference's Player of the Year]].<ref>[http://www.azcentral.com/sports/asu/articles/2009/03/09/20090309spt-hardenpoy.html]</ref> He was also named a consensus [[2009 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans|All-American]]. After the conclusion of the season (a second-round [[2009 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament|NCAA tournament]] loss to [[2008-09 Syracuse Orange men's basketball team|Syracuse]]), Harden declared his eligibility for the [[NBA Draft]].<ref>[http://thesundevils.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/040809aao.html James Harden Declares Entry to NBA Draft]</ref> He employed [[Rob Pelinka]] as his agent.<ref name=JH>{{cite web|url=http://www.draftexpress.com/profile/James-Harden-1241/|title=James Harden|accessdate=2009-05-12|publisher=DraftExpress LLC}}</ref>

===College statistics===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Season Averages
! Season
! Team
! G
! PTS
! REB
! AST
! STL
! BLK
! FG%
! 3P%
! FT%
! MIN
! TO
|-
| [[2007-08 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2007–08]]
| [[Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball|Arizona State Sun Devils]]
| 34
| 17.8
| 5.3
| 3.2
| 2.1
| 0.6
| .527
| .407
| .754
| 34.1
| 2.6
|-
| [[2008-09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2008–09]]
| Arizona State Sun Devils
| 35
| 20.1
| 5.6
| 4.2
| 1.7
| 0.3
| .489
| .356
| .756
| 35.8
| 3.4
|-
|colspan=2|Totals:
| 69
| 19.0
| 5.4
| 3.7
| 1.9
| 0.4
| .506
| .376
| .755
| 35.0
| 3.0
|}

==NBA career==
===Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–present)===
[[File:James Harden.jpg|thumb|Harden with the Oklahoma City Thunder]]
Harden was drafted 3rd overall in the [[2009 NBA Draft]] by the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]]. This made him the first player to be drafted by the franchise as the Oklahoma City Thunder. The franchise last entered the [[2008 NBA Draft]] as the [[Seattle SuperSonics]].

In his first NBA season, Harden saw more than 22 minutes on the court per game, averaging 9.9 points per game. He was named to the [[NBA All-Rookie Second Team]]. In his second year, he played all 82 games of the regular season, averaging 12.2 points per game. In the playoffs, he averaged 13 points per game, shooting over 47% from the field.

On April 18, 2012, Harden scored a career-high 40 points in a 109–97 victory over the [[Phoenix Suns]]. He had the best season in his NBA career in [[2011-12 NBA season|2012]], averaging 16.8 points in 31.4 minutes per game, even though he played only 2 of 62 games as a starter. On April 22 against the [[Los Angeles Lakers]], Harden suffered a [[concussion]] after being elbowed by the Lakers' [[Metta World Peace]], who was celebrating a [[dunk]]. World Peace was ejected, and was later suspended for seven games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lakers rally for 2OT win after Metta World Peace ejected for vicious elbow|url=http://scores.espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId=320422013|work=ESPN.com|date=April 22, 2012|accessdate=April 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Metta World Peace suspended for 7 |date=April 24, 2012 |work=ESPN.com |url=http://espn.go.com/los-angeles/nba/story/_/id/7851983/metta-world-peace-los-angeles-lakers-suspended-7-games-elbow |accessdate=April 24, 2012}}</ref> Harden returned for the first game of the playoffs against the Dallas Mavericks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Durant's winner lifts Thunder past Mavs, 99–98|url=http://www.chron.com/sports/article/Durant-game-winner-lifts-Thunder-past-Mavs-99-98-3518885.php|date=April 30, 2012|work=''Houston Chronicle''|author=Jeff Latzke|accessdate=May 5, 2012}}</ref> Harden was named the 2012 [[NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award|NBA Sixth Man of the Year]], becoming the second youngest player ever to do so. He led all NBA reserves with 16.8 points per game.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Thunder's James Harden wins Kia Sixth Man Award|publisher=NBA|date=May 10, 2012|url=http://www.nba.com/2012/news/05/10/sixth-man-release/index.html#?ls=iref:nbahpt2|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/67Z2qAvnZ|archivedate=May 10, 2012}}</ref>

===NBA statistics===
{{NBA player statistics legend}}

====Regular season====
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| align="left" | [[2009–10 NBA season|2009–10]]
| align="left" | [[Oklahoma City Thunder|Oklahoma City]]
| 76 || 0 || 22.9 || .403 || .375 || .808 || 3.2 || 1.8 || 1.0 || '''.3''' || 9.9
|-
| align="left" | [[2010–11 NBA season|2010–11]]
| align="left" | Oklahoma City
|'''82''' || '''5''' || 26.7 || .436 || .349 || .843 || 3.1 || 2.1 || '''1.1''' || '''.3''' || 12.2
|-
| align="left" | [[2011–12 NBA season|2011–12]]
| align="left" | Oklahoma City
| 62 || 2 || '''31.4''' || '''.491''' || '''.390''' || '''.846''' || '''4.1''' || '''3.7''' || 1.0 || .2 || '''16.8'''
|-
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 220 || 7 || 26.7 || .444 || .370 || .835 || 3.4 || 2.5 || 1.1 || .3 || 12.7
{{S-end}}

====Playoffs====
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| align="left" | [[2010 NBA Playoffs|2010]]
| align="left" | [[Oklahoma City Thunder|Oklahoma City]]
| 6 || '''0''' || 20.0 || .387 || '''.375''' || '''.842''' || 2.5 || 1.8 || 1.0 || .2 || 7.7
|-
| align="left" | [[2011 NBA Playoffs|2011]]
| align="left" | Oklahoma City
| '''17''' || '''0''' || '''31.6''' || '''.475''' || .303 || .825 || '''5.4''' || '''3.6''' || '''1.2''' || '''.8''' || '''13.0'''
|-class="sortbottom"
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 23 || 0 || 28.5 || .459 || .315 || .828 || 4.6 || 3.1 || 1.2 || .6 || 11.6
{{s-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://thesundevils.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/mtt/harden_james00.html Arizona State athletic site bio]
* [http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/player/profile?playerId=36072 ESPN college player profile]
* [http://espn.go.com/nba/players/profile?playerId=3992 ESPN NBA player profile]
* [http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/cover/featured/11030/index.htm Sports Illustrated cover]

{{Oklahoma City Thunder current roster}}
{{2009 NBA Draft}}
{{NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award Winners}}
{{Pacific-12 Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year navbox}}
{{2009 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Harden, James
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Harden, James
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Professional basketball player
| DATE OF BIRTH = August 26, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Los Angeles, California
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harden, James}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:African American basketball players]]
[[Category:Arizona State Sun Devils men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Basketball players from California]]
[[Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans]]
[[Category:Oklahoma City Thunder draft picks]]
[[Category:Oklahoma City Thunder players]]
[[Category:Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles, California]]

[[de:James Harden]]
[[es:James Harden]]
[[fa:جیمز هاردن]]
[[fr:James Harden]]
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[[he:ג'יימס הארדן]]
[[lv:Džeimss Hārdens]]
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[[pl:James Harden]]
[[pt:James Harden]]
[[ru:Харден, Джеймс]]
[[sv:James Harden]]
[[tr:James Harden (basketbolcu)]]

Wiltshire

2012-05-15T03:44:47Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:ویلتشایر

{{Distinguish|Wilshire (disambiguation)}}
{{For| the former [[European Parliament]] constituency|Wiltshire (European Parliament constituency)}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2012}}

{{Infobox England county unitary
| name = Wiltshire
| image = [[File:County Flag of Wiltshire.svg|85px]] [[Flag of Wiltshire|Flag]]
| motto =
| map = [[File:Wiltshire UK locator map 2010.svg|200px|Wiltshire within England]]
| status = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]] & (smaller) [[Unitary authority|Unitary district]]
| origin = [[Historic counties of England|Historic]]
| region = [[South West England]]
| arearank = [[List of Ceremonial counties of England by Area|Ranked 14th]]
| area_km2 = 3485
| adminarearank = [[List of English districts by area|Ranked {{English district area rank|ONS=00HY}}]]
| adminarea_km2 = {{English district area|ONS=00HY}}
| adminhq = [[Trowbridge]]
| iso = GB-WIL
| ons = 00HY
| nuts3 = UKK15
| poprank = [[List of ceremonial counties of England by population|Ranked {{English cerem counties|RNK=Wiltshire}}]]
| popestdate = {{English statistics year}}<ref>{{English district population citation}}</ref>
| pop = {{English district population|ONS=00HY}} (administrative), 639,500 (ceremonial)
| density_km2 = {{English district density|ONS=00HY}}
| adminpoprank = [[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{English district rank|ONS=00HY}}]]
| ethnicity = 97.5% White (administrative county)
| council = [[File:Wc-logo-colour.jpg|299px]] Wiltshire Council http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk
| mps = {{Collapsible list
| title = 7
| frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
| title_style =
| list_style = text-align:left;display:none;
| 1 = [[Claire Perry]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
| 2 = [[James Gray (UK politician)|James Gray]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
| 3 = [[Duncan Hames]] [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|(LD)]]
| 4 = [[John Glen (Conservative politician)|John Glen]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
| 5 = [[Andrew Murrison]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
| 6 = [[Robert Buckland]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
| 7 = [[Justin Tomlinson]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
}}
| subdivmap = [[Image:Wiltshire Ceremonial Numbered 2009.png|center|150px]]
| subdivs = #Wiltshire Council (unitary)
#[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]] (unitary)
}}
'''Wiltshire''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|w|ɪ|l|tʃ|ər}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|l|tʃ|ɪər}}, formerly {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ɪ|l|ʃ|ər}}; or the '''County of Wilts''') is a [[Ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]] in [[South West England]]. It is [[Landlocked country|landlocked]] and borders the counties of [[Dorset]], [[Somerset]], [[Hampshire]], [[Gloucestershire]], [[Oxfordshire]] and [[Berkshire]]. It contains the [[unitary authority]] of [[Borough of Swindon|Swindon]] and covers {{convert|3485|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}}.<ref>http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/lca-5 December-chapter-7.pdf</ref> The ancient [[county town]] was [[Wilton, Wiltshire|Wilton]], but since 1930 [[Wiltshire County Council]] and its successor [[Wiltshire Council]] (from 2009) have been based at [[Trowbridge]].

Wiltshire is characterised by its high [[downland]] and wide [[valley]]s. [[Salisbury Plain]] is famous as the location of the [[Stonehenge]] and [[Avebury]] [[stone circle]]s and other ancient landmarks and as the main training area in the UK of the [[British Army]]. The city of [[Salisbury]] is notable for its [[Salisbury Cathedral|mediaeval cathedral]]. Important [[English country house|country houses]] open to the public include [[Longleat]], near [[Warminster]], and the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'s [[Stourhead]], near [[Mere, Wiltshire|Mere]].

==Toponymy==
The county, in the 9th century written as ''Wiltunscir'', later ''Wiltonshire'', is named after the former county town of [[Wilton, Wiltshire|Wilton]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/getcom.php?id=246|title=Wiltshire Community History: Wilton|publisher=Wiltshire Council|accessdate=13 December 2010}}</ref> itself named after the [[river Wylye]], one of eight rivers which drain the county.

==History==
{{main|History of Wiltshire}}
[[Image:Stonehenge back wide.jpg|left|thumb|[[Stonehenge]]]]
Wiltshire is notable for its pre-[[Roman Britain|Roman]] [[archaeology]]. The [[Mesolithic]], [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]] people that occupied southern Britain built settlements on the hills and downland that cover Wiltshire. [[Stonehenge]] and [[Avebury]] are perhaps the most famous Neolithic sites in the UK.

In the 6th and 7th centuries Wiltshire was at the western edge of [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] Britain, as [[Cranborne Chase]] and the [[Somerset Levels]] prevented the advance to the west. The Battle of [[Bedwyn]] was fought in 675 between [[Aescwine of Wessex|Escuin]], a [[Wessex|West Saxon]] nobleman who had seized the throne of [[Seaxburh of Wessex|Queen Saxburga]], and [[King Wulfhere]] of [[Mercia]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Pearson |first=Michael |title=Kennet & Avon Middle Thames: Pearson's Canal Companion |year=2003 |publisher=Central Waterways Supplies|location=Rugby |isbn=0-907864-97-X}}</ref> In 878 the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] invaded the county. Following the [[Norman Conquest]], large areas of the country came into the possession of the crown and the church.

At the time of the [[Domesday Survey]] the industry of Wiltshire was largely agricultural; 390 [[mill (grinding)|mills]] are mentioned, and [[vineyards]] at Tollard and Lacock. In the succeeding centuries sheep-farming was vigorously pursued, and the Cistercian monasteries of Kingswood and Stanley exported wool to the [[Florentine]] and [[Flanders|Flemish]] markets in the 13th and 14th centuries.

In the 17th century [[English Civil War]] Wiltshire was largely [[roundhead|Parliamentarian]]. The [[Battle of Roundway Down]], a decisive Royalist victory, was fought near [[Devizes]].

Around 1800 the [[Kennet and Avon Canal]] was built through Wiltshire providing a route for transporting cargoes from [[Bristol]] to London until the development of the [[Great Western Railway]].

Information on the 261 civil parishes of Wiltshire is available on the [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/ Wiltshire Community History] website, run by the [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/libraries Libraries] and [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/heritage Heritage] services of [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/ Wiltshire County Council.] This site includes maps, demographic data, historic and modern pictures and short histories.

===The Moonrakers===
{{Main|Moonrakers}}
The local nickname for Wiltshire natives is moonrakers. This originated from a story of [[smugglers]] who managed to foil the local [[Excise]] men by hiding their alcohol, possibly French [[brandy]] in barrels or kegs, in a village pond. When confronted by the excise men they raked the surface in order to conceal the submerged [[contraband]] with ripples, and claimed that they were trying to rake in a large round cheese visible in the pond, really a reflection of the full moon. The officials took them for simple yokels or mad and left them alone, allowing them to continue with their illegal activities. Many villages claim the tale for their own village pond, but the story is most commonly linked with The Crammer in [[Devizes]].<ref>[http://www.devizesheritage.org.uk/the_green_devizes.html The Green and Crammer Pond, Devizes] at devizesheritage.org.uk</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/moonraking/folklore_moonraking.shtml|title=Moonraking: The Folklore|last=Staff|work=Where I live: Wiltshire|publisher=BBC Wiltshire|accessdate=1 December 2008}}</ref>

==Geology, landscape and ecology==
[[Image:Cherhillwhitehorse.jpg|left|thumb|[[Cherhill White Horse]], east of Calne ]]

Two thirds of Wiltshire, a mostly rural county, lies on [[chalk]], a kind of soft, white, porous limestone that is resistant to erosion, giving it a high [[downland|chalk downland]] landscape. This chalk is part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England formed by the rocks of the [[Chalk Group]] and stretching from the [[Dorset Downs]] in the west to [[Dover]] in the east. The largest area of chalk in Wiltshire is [[Salisbury Plain]], a semi-wilderness used mainly for [[agronomy|arable]] agriculture and by the [[British Army]] as training ranges. The highest point in the county is the [[Tan Hill, Wiltshire|Tan Hill]]–[[Milk Hill]] ridge in the [[Vale of Pewsey|Pewsey Vale]], just to the north of Salisbury Plain, at {{convert|295|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.

The chalk uplands run northeast into [[West Berkshire]] in the [[Marlborough Downs]] ridge, and southwest into Dorset as [[Cranborne Chase]]. Cranborne Chase, which straddles the border, has, like Salisbury Plain, yielded much Stone Age and Bronze Age [[archaeology]]. The Marlborough Downs are part of the [[North Wessex Downs AONB]] (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty), a {{convert|1730|sqkm|abbr=in|sing=on}} conservation area.

In the northwest of the county, on the border with [[South Gloucestershire]] and [[Bath and North East Somerset]], the underlying rock is the resistant [[oolite]] [[limestone]] of the [[Cotswolds]]. Part of the Cotswolds AONB is also in Wiltshire, in the county's northwestern corner.

Between the areas of chalk and limestone downland are [[clay]] [[valley]]s and [[River valley|vale]]s. The largest of these vales is the [[River Avon, Bristol|Avon Vale]]. The Avon cuts diagonally through the north of the county, flowing through [[Bradford on Avon]] and into [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] and [[Bristol]]. The Vale of Pewsey has been cut through the chalk into [[Greensand]] and [[Oxford Clay]] in the centre of the county. In the south west of the county is the [[Vale of Wardour]]. The southeast of the county lies on the sandy soils of the northernmost area of the [[New Forest]].

Chalk is a porous rock so the chalk hills have little surface water. The main settlements in the county are therefore situated at wet points. Notably, Salisbury is situated between the chalk of Salisbury Plain and marshy flood plains.

==Climate==
Along with the rest of [[South West England]], Wiltshire has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country.<ref name="weather">{{cite web | title=South West England: climate | work=Met Office |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/sw/ | accessdate=14 March 2010}}</ref> The annual mean temperature is approximately {{convert|10|°C|°F|1}}. [[Temperateness|Seasonal temperature variation]] is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately {{convert|21|°C|°F|1}}. In winter mean minimum temperatures of {{convert|1|°C|°F|1}} or {{convert|2|°C|°F|1}} are common.<ref name="weather"/> In the summer the [[Azores]] high pressure affects the south-west of England, however [[convective]] cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours.<ref name="weather"/> In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most the rainfall in the south-west is caused by [[Low-pressure area|Atlantic depressions]] or by [[convection]]. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around {{convert|700|mm|abbr=on}}. About 8–15 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August have the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.<ref name="weather"/>

==Economy==
This is a chart of trend of regional [[gross value added]] (GVA) of Wiltshire at current basic prices<ref>{{cite web | title=Regional Gross Value Added (pp.240–253) | work=Office for National Statistics | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf | accessdate=21 October 2006}}</ref> with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Regional gross value added<ref>Components may not sum to totals due to rounding</ref> || Agriculture<ref>includes hunting and forestry</ref> || Industry<ref>includes energy and construction</ref> || Services<ref>includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured</ref>
|-
| 1995 || '''4,354''' || 217 || 1,393 || 2,743
|-
| 2000 || '''5,362''' || 148 || 1,566 || 3,647
|-
| 2003 || '''6,463''' || 164 || 1,548 || 4,751
|}

The Wiltshire economy benefits from the "[[M4 corridor]] effect", which attracts business, and the attractiveness of its countryside, towns and villages. The northern part of the county is richer than the southern part, particularly since Swindon is home to national and international corporations such as [[Honda]], [[Intel]], [[Motorola]], [[Alcatel-Lucent]], [[Patheon]], [[Catalent]] (formerly known as [[Cardinal Health]]), [[Becton-Dickinson]], [[WHSmith]], [[Early Learning Centre]] and [[Nationwide Building Society|Nationwide]], with [[Dyson (company)|Dyson]] located in nearby [[Malmesbury]]. Wiltshire’s employment structure is distinctive in having a significantly higher number of people in various forms of [[manufacturing]] (especially [[electrical equipment]] and apparatus, food products, and beverages, furniture, rubber, [[pharmaceuticals]], and plastic goods) than the national average.

In addition, there is higher than average employment in [[public administration]] and [[Defense (military)|defence]], due to the military establishments around the county, particularly around [[Amesbury]] and [[Corsham]]. There are sizeable [[British Army]] barracks at [[Tidworth]], [[Bulford]] and [[Warminster]]. Further north [[RAF Lyneham]] was home to the RAF's Hercules C130 fleet until 2011, though RAF operations are due to cease by late-2012, to be partially replaced by a defence training centre. Wiltshire is also distinctive in having a high proportion of its working age population who are economically active – (86.6% in 1999–2000), and its low unemployment rates. The gross domestic product (GDP) level in Wiltshire did not reach the UK average in 1998, and was only marginally above the rate for South West England.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wiltshire Strategic Analysis (2002) | work=Wiltshire CPRE | url=http://www.cprewiltshire.org.uk/tpp/Wiltshire%20Strategic%20Analysis%20-%20LSP.pdf | accessdate=21 October 2006}}</ref>

==Education==
Wiltshire has twenty-nine county secondary schools, publicly funded, of which the largest is [[Warminster Kingdown]], and another thirteen independent secondaries, including [[Marlborough College]], [[St Mary's School (Calne)|St Mary's Calne]], and [[Dauntsey's School|Dauntsey's]], near [[Devizes]]. The county schools are nearly all [[comprehensive school|comprehensives]], with the older pattern of education surviving only in [[Salisbury]], which has two [[Grammar schools in the United Kingdom|grammar schools]] ([[South Wilts Grammar School for Girls]] and [[Bishop Wordsworth's School]]) and three [[secondary modern school|secondary moderns]]. All but two of the county secondary schools in the former districts of [[West Wiltshire]] and [[North Wiltshire]] have [[Sixth form]]s, but only half of those in the rest of the county.

[[Wiltshire Council]] operates [[Urchfont Manor College]], which is a residential [[adult education]] college. There are also three [[further education]] colleges, [[New College, Swindon]], [[Wiltshire College]] and [[Swindon College]], providing some higher education.

As yet there are no universities within Wiltshire, except that [[Bath Spa University]] has a centre at [[Corsham Court]] in [[Corsham]], and [[Oxford Brookes University]] maintains a minor campus in [[Swindon]] (almost 50 km from Oxford). Outline plans for a projected University of Swindon or University of Wiltshire were announced by the [[Borough of Swindon]] in November 2008, but the scheme remains uncommitted. Swindon is the UK's largest centre of population without its own university. The closest university to Wiltshire's county town of Trowbridge is the [[University of Bath]]. Wiltshire is therefore one of the few remaining English counties without a university or university college.

==Demographics==
The county registered a population of 613,024 in the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|Census 2001]]. The population density is low at {{convert|178|PD/km2}}. In 1991 there were 230,109 dwellings in the county. In 1991 98.3% of the population was indigenous and 17.9% of the population were over 65.<ref>{{cite web | title=1991 Wiltshire Census Data | work=Office for National Statistics | url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/SearchRes.asp?term=Wiltshire Census Data | accessdate=21 October 2006}}</ref>

Population of Wiltshire:
* 1801: 185,107
* 1851: 254,221
* 1901: 271,394
* 1951: 386,692
* 2001: 613,024

==Politics and administration==
{{Main|Wiltshire Council|Wiltshire local elections}}
The ceremonial county of Wiltshire consists of two unitary authority areas, Wiltshire and Swindon, governed respectively by [[Wiltshire Council]] and [[Swindon (borough)|Swindon Borough Council]].

Until the [[2009 structural changes to local government in England]], Wiltshire (apart from Swindon) was a two-level county, divided into four local government districts, [[Kennet (district)|Kennet]], [[North Wiltshire]], [[Salisbury (district)|Salisbury]] and [[West Wiltshire]], which existed alongside [[Wiltshire County Council]], covering the same area and carrying out more strategic tasks, such as education and county roads. However, on 1 April 2009 these five local authorities were merged into a single [[unitary authority]] called Wiltshire Council. With the abolition of the District of Salisbury, a new [[Salisbury City Council]] was created at the same time to carry out several city-wide functions and to hold the City's charter.

As a result of elections held in 2009, Wiltshire Council comprises 61 [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], 24 [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]], eight [[Independent (politician)|Independents]], three [[Devizes Guardians]] and two [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] members. The council is led by [[Jane Scott (politician)|Jane Scott]] (Conservative), who had previously led the former Wiltshire County Council since 2003.

At the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|parliamentary]] level, rural Wiltshire is represented by four Conservative and one Liberal Democrat Members of Parliament, while the predominantly urban area of [[Swindon]] is represented by two Conservative Members.

==Sport==
The county is represented in the [[Football League]] by [[Swindon Town F.C.|Swindon Town]], who play at the [[County Ground, Swindon|County Ground]] stadium near [[Swindon]] town centre. They joined the [[Football League]] on the creation of the [[Football League Third Division|Third Division]] in 1920, and have remained in the league ever since. Their most notable achievements include winning the [[Football League Cup]] in 1969 and the [[Anglo-Italian Cup]] in 1970, two successive promotions in 1986 and 1987 (taking them from the [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]] to the [[Football League Second Division|Second]]), promotion to the [[Premier League]] as [[Football League First Division|Division One]] play-off winners in 1993 (as inaugural members), the Division Two title in 1996, and their promotion to [[Football League One|League One]] in 2007 after finishing third in [[Football League Two|League Two]].

[[Salisbury City]] played in the Conference Premier League however they entered administration in the Summer of 2009 and now play in the Southern League Premier Division as of Summer 2010 due to a breach of Conference rules. They are currently two leagues under Conference National Level.

[[Swindon Robins]] Speedway team, who compete in the Sky Elite League, have been at their track at the [[Blunsdon]] Abbey Stadium since 1949.

Rich Benke, the international snowboarder, hails from Chippenham in Wiltshire. He currently resides in Whistler, Canada.

==Principal settlements==
Wiltshire has twenty-one [[Town#England and Wales|town]]s and one [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]]:
[[Image:wiltshire.bridge.750pix.jpg|thumb|A bridge over the [[River Avon, Bristol|River Avon]] at [[Bradford on Avon]] in Wiltshire]]
{{Multicol}}
*[[Amesbury]]
*[[Bradford on Avon]]
*[[Calne]]
*[[Chippenham]]
*[[Corsham]]
*[[Cricklade]]
*[[Devizes]]
*[[Highworth]]
*[[Larkhill]]
*[[Ludgershall, Wiltshire|Ludgershall]]
*[[Malmesbury]]
{{Multicol-break}}
*[[Marlborough, Wiltshire|Marlborough]]
*[[Melksham]]
*[[Mere, Wiltshire|Mere]]
*[[Royal Wootton Bassett]]
*[[Salisbury, England|Salisbury]] (city)
*[[Swindon]]
*[[Tidworth]]
*[[Trowbridge]]
*[[Warminster]]
*[[Westbury, Wiltshire|Westbury]]
*[[Wilton, Wiltshire|Wilton]]
{{Multicol-end}}
A list of settlements is at [[List of places in Wiltshire]].

==Places of interest==
[[Image:caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg|alt=A series of approximately 20 black lock gates with white ends to the paddle arms and wooden railings, each slightly higher than the one below. On the right is a path and on both sides grass and vegetation.|thumb|right|The flight of 16 locks at [[Caen Hill Locks|Caen Hill]] on the [[Kennet and Avon Canal]].]]
<div style="float: right; clear: both">
{{EngPlacesKey}}
</div>
;Places of interest in Wiltshire include:
{|cellpadding=4 cellspacing=4 border=0
||
* Arc Theatre, part of [[Wiltshire College#Constituent colleges|Wiltshire College, Trowbridge Campus]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisisbath.co.uk/2-5-revamp-town-college-vocational-hub/story-15308656-detail/story.html|title=£2.5 to revamp town college as vocational hub ||date=24 February 2012|work=This is Bath|publisher=[[Western Daily Press]]|accessdate=4 March 2012}}</ref> [[File:Drama-icon.png|20px]]
* [[Ashcombe House, Wiltshire|Ashcombe House]] [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* Arch by Ismbard Kingdom Brunel GWML – Chippenham
* [[Avebury]], Neolithic stone circle [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Avebury Manor & Garden]]
* [[Avon Valley Path]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Barbury Castle]] [[Image:CP icon.png|Country park]]
* [[Beckhampton Avenue]]
* [[Bentley Wood]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Biddestone]]
* [[Bowood House]] [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* Butter cross – Chippenham
* [[Hawthorn, Wiltshire|Burlington]], city-sized nuclear bunker with accommodation for 4000 people
* [[Caen Hill Locks]], [[Devizes]]
* [[Castle Combe]]
* [[Castle Hill, Mere]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Cherhill White Horse]]
* [[Chisbury Chapel]] [[Image:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
* [[Coate Water Country Park|Coate Water]], East Swindon [[Image:CP icon.png|Country park]]
* [[Corsham Court]] [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* [[Cotswold Water Park]]
* [[The Courts Garden|Courts Garden]]
* [[Crofton Pumping Station]]
* [[Edington Priory]] [[Image:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
* [[Fonthill Abbey]] [[Image:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
* [[Great Chalfield Manor]]
* [[Iford Manor]] and gardens [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* [[Kennet & Avon Canal Museum]], [[Devizes]] [[Image:Museum icon (red).png|Museum]]
* [[King Alfred's Tower]]
* [[Lacock Abbey]] [[Image:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
* [[Littlecote House]] [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* [[Longleat]] Safari Park [[Image:CP icon.png|Country park]] [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* [[Ludgershall Castle]], [[Ludgershall, Wiltshire|Ludgershall]]
|
* [[Lydiard Country Park|Lydiard Park & House]], West Swindon. [[Image:CP icon.png|Country park]] [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* [[Malmesbury Abbey]]
* [[Maud Heath's Causeway]]
* [[Mompesson House]]
* [[Old Sarum]], the former cathedral [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Philipps House|Philipps House & Dinton Park]]
* [[Richard Jefferies]] Birthplace and Museum (The Old House at Coate) [[Image:Museum icon.png|Museum]]
* [[River Thames]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Salisbury Cathedral]] [[Image:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
* [[Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum]] [[Image:Museum icon.png|Museum]]
* [[The Science Museum at Wroughton]]
* [[Shearwater (lake)|Shearwater Lake]]
* [[Silbury Hill]]
* [[Stonehenge]]
* [[Stourhead]]
* [[Swindon and Cricklade Railway]] [[Image:HR icon.svg|Heritage Railway]]
* [[Swindon Steam Railway Museum]] [[Image:HR icon.svg|Heritage Railway]]
* [[Trafalgar House (Wiltshire)|Trafalgar House]] [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* [[Wardour Castle]] [[Image:CL icon.PNG|Castle]]
* [[West Kennet Long Barrow]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Westbury White Horse]]
* [[Westwood Manor]]
* [[Woodhenge]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Wilton House]] [[Image:HH icon.png|Historic house]]
* [[Wilton Windmill]]
* [[Wilts and Berks Canal]]
* [[Wiltshire Heritage Museum]] [[Image:Museum icon.png|Museum]]
* [[Win Green Down]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]][[Image:NTE icon.svg]]
* [[Wroughton]]
|}
;Areas of countryside in Wiltshire include:
* [[Cranborne Chase]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Marlborough Downs]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Salisbury Plain]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]
* [[Vale of Pewsey]] [[Image:UKAL icon.png|Accessible open space]]

==Transport==
===Road===
Roads running through Wiltshire include [[The Ridgeway]], an ancient route, and Roman roads the [[Fosse Way]], [[Roman road from London to Bath|London to Bath road]] and [[Ermin Street|Ermin Way]]. [[National Cycle Network|National Cycle Route 4]] and the [[Thames Path]], a modern [[long distance footpath]], run through the county.

Routes through Wiltshire include:
* [[A4 road (Great Britain)|A4 road]]
* [[M4 motorway]] / [[M4 Corridor]]
* [[A303 road|A303]] trunk road
* [[A350 road]]
* [[A417 road]]

===Canal===
* [[Kennet and Avon Canal]]

===Rail===
Three main railway routes, all of which carry passenger traffic, cross Wiltshire.
* [[Great Western Main Line]] (Swindon & Chippenham)
* [[Wessex Main Line]] (Bradford on Avon, Melksham, Trowbridge, Westbury, Warminster, Salisbury & Connects to Chippenham)
* [[West of England Main Line]] (Salisbury)
Other routes include:
* [[Reading to Taunton Line]]
* [[Heart of Wessex Line]]
* [[Golden Valley Line]]
* [[South Wales Main Line]] (Swindon & connects to Chippenham)

The major junction stations are [[Salisbury railway station|Salisbury]] and [[Westbury railway station|Westbury]], and important junctions are also found at [[Swindon railway station|Swindon]], {{stnlnk|Chippenham}} and [[Trowbridge railway station|Trowbridge]].

===Air===
Airfields in Wiltshire include [[Old Sarum Airfield]], Clench Common Airfield and [[Redlands Airfield]]. [[RAF Lyneham]] is an air transport hub for British forces. Airports for scheduled airlines near Wiltshire include [[Bristol International Airport]], [[Bristol Filton Airport]], [[Gloucestershire Airport]], [[London Oxford Airport]], [[London Heathrow Airport]] and [[Southampton Airport]].

==See also==
{{portal|Geography||Europe|||United Kingdom|England|Wiltshire}}
*[[Outline of England]]
*[[Flag of Wiltshire]]
*[[List of civil parishes in Wiltshire]]
*[[List of places in Wiltshire]]
*[[:Category:Grade I listed buildings in Wiltshire|Category:Grade I listed buildings in Wiltshire]]
*[[Wiltshire Historic Buildings Trust]]
*[[List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire]]
*[[Wiltshire local elections]]
*[[Swindon local elections]]
*[[Lord Lieutenant of Wiltshire|List of Lords Lieutenant of Wiltshire]]
*[[List of Deputy Lieutenants of Wiltshire]]
*[[High Sheriff of Wiltshire|List of High Sheriffs of Wiltshire]]
*[[Custos Rotulorum of Wiltshire]] – Keepers of the Rolls
*[[List of Parliamentary constituencies in Wiltshire]]
*[[Wiltshire (UK Parliament constituency)|List of MPs for the former Wiltshire constituency]]
*[[List of Chairmen of Wiltshire County Council]]
*[[Wiltshire Horn|Wiltshire Horn breed of sheep]]
*"[[The Vly be on the Turmut]]"
{{clear}}

==References and footnotes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Wiltshire}}
* [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk Wiltshire Council]
** [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/merlin Merlin local information] (Wiltshire council)
** [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/community/ Wiltshire Community History] (Wiltshire council)
** [http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/macnn/mineralsplanfig1.pdf Geology map of Wiltshire] ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]]) (Wiltshire council)
* [http://www.visitwiltshire.co.uk/ Wiltshire Tourist Office]
* [http://www.intelligencenetwork.org.uk Wiltshire Intelligence Network]
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Wiltshire}}

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Neighbouring counties'''
|Centre = Wiltshire
|North = [[Gloucestershire]]
|Northeast = [[Oxfordshire]]
|East = [[Berkshire]] [[Hampshire]]
|Southeast = [[Hampshire]]
|South = [[Dorset]], Hampshire
|Southwest = [[Dorset]]
|West = [[Somerset]]
|Northwest = [[Gloucestershire]]
}}

{{coord|51|19|11|N|2|12|32|W|display=title}}

{{Wiltshire}}
{{SW England}}
{{England counties}}
{{Unitary authorities of England}}

[[Category:Wiltshire| ]]
[[Category:English unitary authorities created in 2009]]
[[Category:Unitary authorities of England]]
[[Category:Local government districts of South West England]]

[[af:Wiltshire]]
[[ang:Wiltūnscīr]]
[[ar:ويلتشير]]
[[bg:Уилтшър]]
[[br:Wiltshire]]
[[ca:Wiltshire]]
[[cs:Wiltshire]]
[[cy:Wiltshire]]
[[da:Wiltshire]]
[[de:Wiltshire]]
[[et:Wiltshire]]
[[es:Wiltshire]]
[[eo:Wiltshire]]
[[eu:Wiltshire]]
[[fa:ویلتشایر]]
[[fr:Wiltshire]]
[[fy:Wiltshire]]
[[gv:Wiltshire]]
[[ko:윌트셔 주]]
[[hi:विल्टशायर]]
[[id:Wiltshire]]
[[ia:Wiltshire]]
[[is:Wiltshire]]
[[it:Wiltshire]]
[[kw:Wiltshire]]
[[la:Wiltoniensis comitatus]]
[[lv:Viltšīra]]
[[lb:Wiltshire]]
[[mr:विल्टशायर]]
[[nl:Wiltshire (ceremonieel graafschap)]]
[[ja:ウィルトシャー]]
[[no:Wiltshire]]
[[nn:Wiltshire]]
[[oc:Wiltshire]]
[[pnb:ولٹشائر]]
[[pl:Wiltshire]]
[[pt:Wiltshire]]
[[ro:Wiltshire]]
[[ru:Уилтшир]]
[[simple:Wiltshire]]
[[sk:Wiltshire]]
[[sr:Вилтшир]]
[[fi:Wiltshire]]
[[sv:Wiltshire]]
[[th:วิลท์เชอร์]]
[[tr:Wiltshire]]
[[uk:Вілтшир]]
[[vi:Wiltshire]]
[[vo:Wiltshire]]
[[zh:威爾特郡]]

Omid Abtahi

2012-05-15T03:42:17Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:امید ابطحی

{{Infobox person
| name = Omid Abtahi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|7|12|df=yes}}
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 2005-present
}}

'''Omid Abtahi''' (born July 12, 1979)<ref>{{cite web|title=Omid Abtahi - Heroes Wiki|url=http://heroeswiki.com/Omid_Abtahi|publisher="Heroes Wiki"}}</ref> is an [[United States|American]] actor of [[Iran]]ian origin.

== Biography ==
Before moving to the [[United States]], Abtahi and his family lived in [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]].

He grew up in [[Orange County, California]], and graduated from University High School in Irvine.

Before acting on [[television]], Abtahi performed on stage in many theatrical productions including ''Fraulein Else'' at the Berkeley Repertory, McCarter Theatre and Longwarf Theatre; ''Adoration of the Old Woman'' at the Sundance Theatre Lab and ''Your Everyday Typical Romantic Comedy'' at the Kennedy Centre. He has also guest starred on the [[television program|television series]] ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'', ''[[Judging Amy]]'' and ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]''. He played Justin Yates in ''[[Ghost Whisperer]]''.

Abtahi also filmed the movie ''[[Running with Scissors (film)|Running with Scissors]]'', which he co-starred along with [[Annette Bening]] and [[Gwyneth Paltrow]]. The film was released in 2006.

Since arriving in Los Angeles, Omid has been a series regular on FX's ''[[Over There (TV series)|Over There]]'' and Showtime's ''[[Sleeper Cell (TV series)|Sleeper Cell]]''.

While preparing for the role of Pvt. Tariq Nassiri on the television series ''Over There'', Abtahi learnt how to speak [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and studied Middle Eastern culture.

Omid made his New York stage debut in ''Urge for Going'' by Mona Mansour.

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9;
|- align="center"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film and Television
|- align="center"
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Year
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Film
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Role
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
| ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]''
| Wahid
| episode ''Heart of Darkness''
|-
| ''[[Judging Amy]]''
| Reza Ajami
| episode ''The New Normal''
|-
| ''[[Over There (TV series)|Over There]]''
| Tariq Nassiri
| 12 episodes
|-
| 2005-2009
| ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]''
| Safa / Jibraan Al-Zarian
| episodes ''Day 4: 7:00 p.m.-8:00 p.m.'', ''Day 7: 3:00 a.m.-4:00 a.m.'', ''Day 7: 4:00 a.m.-5:00 a.m.'' and ''Day 7: 5:00 a.m.-6:00 a.m.''
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Running with Scissors (film)|Running with Scissors]]''
| Restaurant manager
|
|-
| 2006-2007
| ''[[Sleeper Cell (TV series)|Sleeper Cell]]''
| [[List of Sleeper Cell characters#Salim|Salim]]
| 7 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Chandru 'Dru' Kambhatla
| episode ''The Good, the Bad and the Dominatrix''
|-
| ''[[The Unit (TV series)|The Unit]]''
| The Boss
| episode ''Play 16''
|-
| 2007-2008
| ''[[Ghost Whisperer]]''
| Justin Yates
| episodes ''The Underneath'', ''Slam'' and ''The Gravesitter''
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2008
| ''[[Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles]]''
| Sumner
| episode ''Gnothi Seauton''
|-
| ''[[The Mysteries of Pittsburgh (film)|The Mysteries of Pittsburgh]]''
| Mohammed
|
|-
| ''[[Ocean of Pearls]]''
| Amrit Singh
|
|-
| ''[[The Last Lullaby]]''
| Van
|
|-
| ''[[Space Chimps]]''
| Dr. Jagu (voice)
|
|-
| ''[[Eli Stone]]''
| Amir Khan
| episode ''Should I Stay or Should I Go?''
|-
| ''[[My Own Worst Enemy (TV series)|My Own Worst Enemy]]''
| Tony Nazari
| 9 episodes
|-
| rowspan= "7" | 2009
| ''Not Necessary''
| Larry Dallas
| Short
|-
| ''Can Openers''
| Ali
| TV movie
|-
| ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]''
| Hal Shirazi
| episode ''The Bones That Foam''
|-
| ''Diplomacy''
| American Interpreter
| Short
|-
| ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''
| Saleem Ulman
| episodes ''Aliyah'' and ''Truth or Consequences''
|-
| ''[[Brothers (2009 film)|Brothers]]''
| Yusuf
|
|-
| ''Stars''
| The Pimp
| Short
|-
| 2009-2010
| ''[[FlashForward]]''
| Ed Fiore
| episodes ''Gimme Some Truth'' and ''Revelation Zero: Part 1''
|-
| rowspan= "9" | 2010
| ''Pleading Guilty''
| Jonathan Ziven
| TV movie
|-
| ''An Idle Dream''
| Pascal
| Short
|-
| ''[[Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back]]''
| Dr. Jagu / Reporter #2 (voice)
|
|-
| ''[[Three Rivers (TV series)|Three Rivers]]''
| Dr. Yousef Khouri
| episodes ''The Kindness of Strangers'' and ''Status 1A''
|-
| ''[[The Event (TV series)|The Event]]''
| William
| episode ''Protect Them from the Truth''
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]''
| Cadet Amis (voice)
| episode ''The Academy''
|-
| ''[[Nikita (TV series)|Nikita]]''
| Amir Komera
| episode ''Resistance''
|-
| ''[[The Mentalist]]''
| Markham Shankar
| episode ''Red Hot''
|-
| ''[[Grey%27s Anatomy]]''
| Aasif
| episode ''Something's Gotta Give''
|-
| rowspan= "4" | 2011
| ''The Perfect Meal''
| Social Worker (voice)
| Short
|-
| ''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]''
| Simon Phillips
| episode ''Concentrate and Ask Again''
|-
| ''[[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]]''
| Raqim Faisel
| episodes ''Clean Skin'', ''Semper I'' and ''The Good Soldier''
|-
| ''Hide''
| Neil
| TV movie
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 2012
| ''[[The Good Wife (TV series)|The Good Wife]]''
| Samir
| episode ''Live From Damascus''
|-
| ''The Boys of Abu Ghraib''
| Ghazi Hammoud
| ''Post-production''
|-
| ''[[Argo (2012 film)|Argo]]''
| Reza
| ''Post-production''
|-
| ''Last Resort''
| Nigel
| TV movie ''Pre-production''
|-
| 2013
| ''Thunder Run''
| Ziad
| ''Pre-production''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1859475}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Abtahi, Omid
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abtahi, Omid}}
[[Category:American stage actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{US-stage-actor-stub}}
{{US-tv-actor-stub}}

[[fa:امید ابطحی]]
[[hu:Omid Abtahi]]

Ditylenchus dipsaci

2012-05-15T02:54:30Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:نماتد ساقه و پیاز

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Teasel nematode
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Nematoda]]
| classis = [[Tylenchoidea]]
| subclassis = [[Diplogasteria]]
| ordo = [[Tylenchida]]
| superfamilia = [[Tylenchoidea]]
| familia = [[Anguinidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Anguininae]]
| genus = ''[[Ditylenchus]]''
| species = '''''D. dipsaci'''''
| binomial = ''Ditylenchus dipsaci''
| binomial_authority = [[Kuhn]], 1857
| synonyms =
*''Anguillula dipsaci'' Kuhn, 1857 <ref>{{ITIS | id = 196462 | taxon = ''Ditylenchus dipsaci'' | accessdate = July 30, 2007 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Ditylenchus dipsaci''''' is a plant pathogenic nematode which primarily infects onions and garlic. It is commonly known as the '''stem nematode''', the '''stem and bulb eelworm''' or '''onion bloat''' (in the United Kingdom).<ref name="EPPO">[http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Ditylenchus_dipsaci/DITYDI_ds.pdf ''Ditylenchus dipsaci''] at [[European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization]]</ref><ref>[http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/Nemaplex/Taxadata/G042S1.HTM ''Ditylenchus dipsaci''] at Nemaplex, [[University of California]]</ref>

==Distribution==
This nematode is found in most temperate areas of the world including Europe and the Mediterranean region, North and South America, northern and southern Africa, Asia and Oceania, but is not usually found in tropical regions.<ref name="EPPO"/>

==Morphology and biology==
These nematodes are microscopic worms approximately 1.5 millimetres long. They penetrate into plants from either the soil or infested planting material and occasionally from seeds. They live between the cells of onion or garlic leaves and between the scales of the bulbs where they feed on cell sap and multiply. The female lays 250 eggs during a season and six generations may develop under optimum conditions when the temperature is in the range 15-20°C. As the number of nematodes increase, visual signs begin to occur. Onion leaves start to curl, garlic leaves become yellow and die, bulb scales are loosened and bulb necks become cracked. Development continues in infested bulbs during storage. This nematode is not restricted to onions and garlic. Its other plant hosts include [[peas]], [[beetroot]], vegetable [[Squash (plant)|marrow]], [[pumpkin]], [[rhubarb]], and [[bulb|ornamental bulbs]]. Some weeds also act as hosts including [[Stellaria media]], [[Linaria vulgaris]], [[Polygonum aviculare]], [[Fallopia convolvulus]] and [[Galium aparine]].<ref name="AG">[http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/pests/Ditylenchus_dipsaci/ AgroAtlas]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.eppo.org/QUARANTINE/nematodes/Ditylenchus_dipsaci/DITYDI_images.htm ''Ditylenchus dipsaci'']'s photos

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ditylenchus Dipsaci}}
[[Category:Nematodes]]
[[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]]

{{nematode-stub}}
{{plant-disease-stub}}
{{agri-stub}}

[[de:Stängelälchen]]
[[fa:نماتد ساقه و پیاز]]
[[fr:Anguillule des céréales et des bulbes]]
[[it:Ditylenchus dipsaci]]
[[lt:Žemuoginis stiebinis nematodas]]
[[pl:Niszczyk zjadliwy]]

Once Upon a Time in Anatolia

2012-05-14T20:54:48Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:روزی روزگاری در آناتولی

{{Infobox film
| name = Once Upon a Time in Anatolia
| image = Once Upon a Time in Anatolia.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Original theatrical poster
| director = [[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]]
| producer = Zeynep Özbatur Atakan
| writer = Nuri Bilge Ceylan Ercan Kesal Ebru Ceylan
| starring = Muhammet Uzuner [[Yılmaz Erdoğan]] [[Taner Birsel]]
| music =
| cinematography = Gökhan Tiryaki
| editing = Bora Gökşingöl Nuri Bilge Ceylan
| studio = Zeyno Film
| distributor = Cinema Guild
| released = {{Film date|2011|5|21|[[2011 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]]|2011|9|23|Turkey|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = {{Film Turkey}} Bosnia and Herzegovina
| language = Turkish
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Once Upon a Time in Anatolia''''' ({{lang-tr|'''Bir Zamanlar Anadolu'da'''}}) is a 2011 Turkish drama film, co-written and directed by [[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]] based on the true experience of one of the film's writers, telling the story of a group of men who search for a dead body on the [[Anatolia]]n steppe. The film, which went on nationwide general release across Turkey on {{Start date|2011|9|23}}, premiered at the [[2011 Cannes Film Festival]] where it was a co-winner of the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]].

==Plot==
Through the night, three cars carry a small group of men{{spaced ndash}}police officers, a doctor, a prosecutor, grave diggers, gendarmerie forces, and two brothers, homicide suspects{{spaced ndash}}around in the rural surroundings of the Anatolian town [[Keskin]], in search of a buried body. Kenan, one of the suspects, leads them from one water fountain to another; at the time of the crime he was intoxicated and he cannot recall where he and his mentally challenged brother buried the body. The darkness and visual indistinctness of the landscape do not help; each spot looks the same as the others.

Meanwhile the men discuss a variety of topics, such as yoghurt, lamb chops, urination, family, spouses, ex-wives, death, suicide, hierarchy, bureaucracy, ethics, and their jobs.

Before dawn the prosecutor gets hungry, and the group stops at a nearby village to eat. After the meal Kenan reveals what happened the night of the killing{{spaced ndash}}while drunk he let slip the secret that the victim's son was actually his, and then things got ugly.

Daylight breaks. The body is found and taken to the local hospital for autopsy. The mother and son (perhaps 12 years old) are waiting outside the hospital. The son throws a stone at Kenan hitting him between the eyes. Kenan cries.

The prosecutor invites the victim's wife to identify the body in the hospital morgue, files the necessary paperwork, and departs, leaving the doctor to perform the autopsy. The autopsy reveals the presence of soil in the lungs, implying that the victim had been buried alive, but the doctor intentionally omits that from the report. This may allow the offenders to get away with lesser charges, but it will also spare the victim's wife and stepson from further grief.

The movie ends with a shot from the doctor's perspective of the mother and son in the distance walking away with the husband's belongings. The son sees that a soccer ball has been accidentally kicked far from a schoolyard and he runs and retrieves it and kicks it back to the children in the yard. He then runs back to his mother.

==Cast==
* Muhammet Uzuner as Doctor Cemal
* [[Yılmaz Erdoğan]] as Commissar Naci
* [[Taner Birsel]] as Prosecutor Nusret
* [[Ahmet Mümtaz Taylan]] as Chauffeur Arap Ali
* Fırat Tanış as Suspect Kenan
* Ercan Kesal as Mukhtar
* Cansu Demirci as Mukhtar's Daughter
* Erol Eraslan as Murder Victim Yaşar
* Uğur Arslanoğlu as Courthouse Driver Tevfik
* Murat Kılıç as Police Officer İzzet
* Şafak Karali as Courthouse Clerk Abidin
* Emre Şen as Sergeant Önder
* Burhan Yıldız as Suspect Ramazan
* Nihan Okutucu as Yaşar's wife Gülnaz

==Production==
Director [[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]] grew up in a small town similar to the one in the film in terms of mentality and hierarchy, and says he feels a close connection to the characters depicted. The story is based on real events. One of Ceylan's co-writers was an actual doctor, and, in order to attain his license, had been required to work for two years in the town where the plot is set. The story in the film is based on very similar events the co-writer experienced during this period. The title of the film references [[Sergio Leone]]'s film ''[[Once Upon a Time in the West]]'', and was something one of the drivers uttered during the actual events. When writing the screenplay, the filmmakers tried to be as realistic as possible, and the main aim was to portray the special atmosphere, which had left a strong impression on the doctor. A number of quotations from stories by [[Anton Chekhov]] were incorporated in the script.<ref name=ceinterview>{{Cite web|last=Proimakis|first=Joseph|date=2011-05-31|url=http://cineuropa.org/interview.aspx?lang=en&documentID=204434|title=Interview with Nuri Bilge Ceylan|work=Cineuropa|accessdate=2011-07-01}}</ref>
The film was produced through Turkey's Zeyno Film, in co-production with the Bosnian company Production2006 Sarajevo, and the Turkish companies NBC Film, 1000 Volt Post Production, the [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation]], Imaj and Fida Film.<ref name=presskit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/assets/Image/Direct/040219.pdf|title=Press kit English Bir Zamanlar Anadolu'da|publisher=Zeyno Film|accessdate=2011-05-19}}</ref> Filming took place during eleven weeks around [[Keskin]], a district of the [[Kırıkkale Province]] in [[Central Anatolia Region|Central Anatolia]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff writer|date=2011-05-19|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-244457-nuri-bilge-ceylans-anatolia-making-first-cannes-splash.html|title=Nuri Bilge Ceylan's 'Anatolia' making first Cannes splash|work=[[Today's Zaman]]|accessdate=2011-05-19}}</ref> It was shot in the [[CinemaScope]] format.<ref name=presskit />

==Awards==
===Won===
* 2011 - [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] for Achievement in Cinematography (''[[Gökhan Tiryaki]]'')
* 2011 - [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] for Achievement in Directing (''[[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]]'')
* 2011 - [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]: ''Jury Grand Prize'' (''[[Zeynep Özbatur]]'')
* 2011 - [[Cannes Film Festival]]: ''Grand Prize of the Jury'' for Best Film
* 2011 - [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]: ''Netpac Award'' (''[[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]]'')
===Nominations===
* 2011 - [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] for Best Film
* 2011 - [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] for Best Screenplay
* 2011 - [[Cannes Film Festival]]: ''Palme d'Or'' (''[[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]]'')
* 2011 - [[Cinemanila International Film Festival]]: ''Lino Brocka Award'' for International Competition
* 2011 - [[Oslo Films from the South Festival]] for Best Feature Film
==Reception==
Dave Calhoun reviewed the film for ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out London]]'': "Ceylan is a sly and daring screen artist of the highest order and should draw wild praise with this new film for challenging both himself and us, the audience, with this lengthy, rigorous and masterly portrait of a night and day in the life of a murder investigation[.]" Calhoun compared the film to the director's previous works and noted how it to a lesser extent follows genre conventions: "Displaying a new interest in words and story (albeit of the most elusive kind), ''Once Upon A Time in Anatolia'' feels like a change of direction for Ceylan and may disappoint those who were especially attracted to the urbane melancholia of ''[[Uzak]]'' and ''[[Climates (film)|Climates]]''. ... Beyond being chronological, the film follows no obvious storytelling pattern. Things happen when they do and at a natural rhythm. ... Ceylan invites us along for the ride – but only if we're up for it."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Calhoun|first=Dave|date=May 2011|url=http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/89838/once-upon-a-time-in-anatolia.html|title=Once Upon a Time in Anatolia|work=[[Time Out (company)|Time Out London]]|accessdate=2011-07-01}}</ref>

The film received the Cannes Film Festival's second most prestigious award, the [[Grand Prix (Cannes Film Festival)|Grand Prix]], in a shared win with the film ''[[The Kid with a Bike]]'' by the [[Dardenne brothers]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Collett-White|first1=Mike|last2=Vinocur|first2=Nick|date=2011-05-22|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/22/us-cannes-winners-fb-idUSTRE74L2K820110522|title=Factbox: Prize winners at 2011 Cannes film festival|work=[[Reuters.com]]|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=2011-07-01}}</ref>

The film was selected as Turkey's official submission for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]],<ref name="84th">{{cite web |url=http://www.haberturk.com/kultur-sanat/haber/674996-bir-zamanlar-anadoluda-oscara-aday-adayi-oldu |title=''Bir Zamanlar Anadolu'da'' Oscar'a aday adayı oldu |accessdate=2011-10-01|work=Haberturk}}</ref><ref name="AMPAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2011/20111013.html |title=63 Countries Vie for 2011 Foreign Language Film Oscar |accessdate=2011-10-14|work=oscars.org}}</ref> but did not make the shortlist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Oscars: How to find 'A Separation,' other foreign-language films |author=Nicole Sperling |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/01/where-to-find-the-oscar-short-listed-films-.html |newspaper=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |date=2012-01-18 |accessdate=2012-01-19}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2011 in film]]
* [[Cinema of Turkey]]
* [[Turkish films of 2011]]
* [[List of submissions to the 84th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Turkish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nbcfilm.com/anatolia Official website]
* {{IMDb title|1827487|Once Upon a Time in Anatolia}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|once_upon_a_time_in_anatolia}}

{{Nuri Bilge Ceylan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Once Upon a Time in Anatolia}}
[[Category:2010s drama films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nuri Bilge Ceylan]]
[[Category:Films set in Turkey]]
[[Category:Films shot in Turkey]]
[[Category:Turkish films]]
[[Category:Turkish-language films]]
[[Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina films]]
[[Category:Turkish drama films]]

[[fa:روزی روزگاری در آناتولی]]
[[fr:Il était une fois en Anatolie]]
[[it:Once Upon a Time in Anatolia]]
[[pl:Pewnego razu w Anatolii]]
[[ru:Однажды в Анатолии]]
[[tr:Bir Zamanlar Anadolu'da]]

Chemical energy

2012-05-14T20:33:38Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:انرژی شیمیایی

{{distinguish|chemical potential}}
In [[chemistry]], '''Chemical energy''' is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or, to transform other chemical substances. Breaking or making of chemical bonds involves energy, which may be either absorbed or evolved from a chemical system.
Energy that can be released (or absorbed) because of a reaction between a set of chemical substances is equal to the difference between the energy content of the products and the reactants. This change in energy is change in [[internal energy]] of a chemical reaction. Where <math>\Delta {U_f^\circ}_{\mathrm {reactants}}</math> is the internal energy of formation of the reactant molecules that can be calculated from the [[bond energy|bond energies]] of the various chemical bonds of the molecules under consideration and <math>\Delta {U_f^\circ}_{\mathrm {products}}</math> is the internal energy of formation of the product molecules. The internal energy change of a process is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume, as in a closed rigid container such as a [[Calorimeter|bomb calorimeter]]. However, under conditions of constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat change is not always equal to the internal energy change, because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy. (The heat change at constant pressure is called the [[enthalpy]] change; in this case the [[Standard enthalpy change of formation|enthalpy of formation]]).

Another useful term is the [[heat of combustion]], which is the energy released due to a [[combustion]] reaction and often applied in the study of [[fuels]]. Food is similar to hydrocarbon fuel and carbohydrate fuels, and when it is oxidized, its caloric content is similar (though not assessed in the same way as a hydrocarbon fuel — see [[food energy]]).

In chemical thermodynamics the term used for the chemical potential energy is [[chemical potential]], and for chemical transformation an equation most often used is the [[Gibbs-Duhem equation]].

Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules. This arrangement may be the result of [[chemical bond]]s within a molecule or otherwise. Chemical energy of a chemical substance can be transformed to other forms of energy by a [[chemical reaction]]. As an example, when a fuel is burned the chemical energy is converted to heat, same is the case with digestion of food metabolized in a biological organism. Green plants transform [[solar energy]] to chemical energy through the process known as [[photosynthesis]], and electrical energy can be converted to chemical energy through [[electrochemical]] reactions...

The similar term [[chemical potential]] is used to indicate the potential of a substance to undergo a change of configuration, be it in the form of a chemical reaction, spatial transport, particle exchange with a reservoir.
{{Footer energy}}

[[Category:Chemical energy]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]

[[af:Chemiese energie]]
[[ar:طاقة كيميائية (كيمياء)]]
[[ca:Energia química]]
[[cs:Chemická energie]]
[[da:Kemisk energi]]
[[de:Chemische Energie]]
[[fa:انرژی شیمیایی]]
[[hr:Kemijska energija]]
[[ml:രാസോർജ്ജം]]
[[nl:Chemische energie]]
[[no:Kjemisk energi]]
[[ro:Energie chimică]]
[[simple:Chemical energy]]
[[sk:Chemická energia]]
[[sl:Kemična energija]]
[[sr:Хемијска енергија]]
[[fi:Kemiallinen energia]]
[[sv:Kemisk energi]]
[[zh:化學能]]

NetBSD

2012-05-14T19:09:48Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:نت‌بی‌اس‌دی

{{infobox OS
| name = NetBSD
| logo = [[File:NetBSD.svg|200px|The NetBSD flag]]
| developer = The NetBSD Foundation
| family = [[Unix-like]]
| released = 1993
| source model = [[Open source]]
| latest release version = 5.1.2
| latest release date = {{release date and age|2012|02|11}}

| kernel type = [[Monolithic kernel]]
| userland = BSD
| license = [[BSD license]]
| working state = Current
| supported platforms = 57 different platforms using the following CPU architectures: [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[PA-RISC]], [[68k]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], [[PowerPC]], [[SuperH|SH3]], [[SPARC]], [[VAX]] and [[x86]]
| package_manager = [[pkgsrc]]
| website = {{url|http://www.netbsd.org}}
}}

'''NetBSD''' is a freely available [[open source]] [[Unix-like]] computer [[operating system]] descended from [[Berkeley Software Distribution]] (BSD), a Unix derivative developed at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. It was the second open source BSD descendant to be formally released, after [[386BSD]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/kirkmck.html|title=Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution|publisher=oreilly.com}}</ref> and continues to be actively developed. The NetBSD project is primarily focused on high quality design, stability and performance of the system.<ref name=netbsd-about>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/about/|title=About the NetBSD Project}}</ref> Due to its portability and [[BSD licenses|Berkeley-style license]], NetBSD is often used in [[embedded systems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/aix/library/au-netbsd.html|title=Get to know NetBSD: An operating system that travels|publisher=ibm.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HLpTtLjEXqcC&lpg=PT291&pg=PT291|title=Embedded Hardware|isbn=978-0-7506-8584-9|author1=Ganssle, Jack G|author2=Noergaard, Tammy|author3=Eady, Fred|author4=Edwards, Lewin|author5=Katz, David J|date=2007-09-14}} pp. 291–292.</ref>

The current stable release of NetBSD is version '''5.1.2''' (February 11, 2012).

==History==
NetBSD was originally derived from the 4.3BSD release of the Berkeley Software Distribution from the [[Computer Systems Research Group]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]], via their Net/2 [[source code]] release and the [[386BSD]] project. The NetBSD project began as a result of frustration within the 386BSD developer community with the pace and direction of the operating system's development.<ref name="netbsd-hist">{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/about/history.html|title=The History of the NetBSD Project|work=www.netbsd.org|publisher=The NetBSD Foundation|accessdate=29 November 2009}}</ref> The four founders of the NetBSD project, Chris Demetriou, [[Theo de Raadt]], Adam Glass and Charles Hannum, felt that a more open development model would be beneficial to the project: one which was centered on portable, clean, correct code. Their aim was to produce a unified, multi-platform, production-quality, BSD-based operating system. The name "NetBSD" was suggested by de Raadt, based on the importance and [[Internet#Growth|growth of networks]] such as the [[Internet]] at that time, and the distributed, collaborative nature of its development.<ref name=netbsd-about/>

The NetBSD source code repository was established on March 21, 1993 and the first official release, NetBSD 0.8, was made in April, 1993.<ref name="netbsd-0.8">{{cite newsgroup|url=http://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/misc/release/NetBSD/NetBSD-0.8|title=So you say you want an interim release of 386bsd?|author=Chris G. Demetriou|date=1993-04-19|[email protected]|newsgroup=comp.os.386bsd.announce|accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> This was derived from 386BSD 0.1 plus the version 0.2.2 unofficial patchkit, with several programs from the Net/2 release missing from 386BSD re-integrated, and various other improvements.<ref name="netbsd-0.8"/> The first multi-platform release, NetBSD 1.0, was made in October 1994. Also in 1994, for disputed reasons, one of the founders, Theo de Raadt, left the project. He later founded a new project, [[OpenBSD]], from a forked version of NetBSD 1.0 near the end of 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theos.com/deraadt/coremail.html |first=Theo |last=de Raadt |authorlink=Theo de Raadt |title=Archive of the mail conversation leading to Theo de Raadt's departure |date=March 29, 2009 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>
In 1998, NetBSD 1.3 introduced the [[pkgsrc]] packages collection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/docs/pkgsrc/introduction.html#supported-platforms|title=Platforms supported by pkgsrc|work=www.netbsd.org|publisher=The NetBSD Foundation|accessdate=10 January 2010}}</ref>

Until 2004, NetBSD 1.x releases were made at roughly annual intervals, with minor "patch" releases in between. From release 2.0 onwards, each major NetBSD release corresponds to an incremented major version number, i.e. the major releases following 2.0 are 3.0, 4.0 and so on. The previous minor releases are now divided into two categories: ''x.y'' "stable" maintenance releases and ''x.y.z'' releases containing only security and critical fixes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/release-map.html |title=NetBSD release glossary and graphs |date=January 13, 2010 |publisher=[[The NetBSD Project]] |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>

==Features==
===Portability===
As the project's motto (''"Of course it runs NetBSD"'' <ref name="netbsd-about"/>) suggests, NetBSD has been ported to a large number of [[32-bit|32-]] and [[64-bit]] [[computer architecture|architectures]]. These range from [[VAX]] [[minicomputers]] to [[Pocket PC]] [[Personal Digital Assistant|PDAs]]. As of 2009, NetBSD supports 57 hardware platforms (across 15 different processor architectures). The NetBSD distribution supports more platforms than any single [[Linux distribution]]<ref>NetBSD Website, http://www.netbsd.org/ports/</ref>. The kernel and [[Userland (computing)|userland]] for these platforms are all built from a central unified source-code tree managed by [[Concurrent Versions System|CVS]]. Currently, unlike other kernels such as [[μClinux]], the NetBSD kernel requires the presence of an [[Memory management unit|MMU]] in any given target architecture.

NetBSD's portability is aided by the use of [[hardware abstraction layer]] interfaces for low-level hardware access such as [[bus (computing)|bus]] input/output or [[direct memory access|DMA]]. Using this portability layer, [[device driver]]s can be split into "machine-independent" and "machine-dependent" components. This allows a single driver to be easily used on several platforms by hiding details of exactly how the driver accesses the hardware, and reduces the amount of work needed to port it to a new architecture.<ref name="netbsd-port">{{cite web|url=http://netbsd.org/about/portability.html|title=Portability and supported hardware platforms|work=www.netbsd.org|publisher=The NetBSD Foundation|accessdate=29 November 2009}}</ref>

This enables, for instance, a driver for a specific [[Peripheral Component Interconnect|PCI]] card to work whether that card is in a PCI slot on an [[IA-32]], [[DEC Alpha|Alpha]], [[PowerPC]], [[SPARC]], or other architecture with a PCI bus. Also, a single driver for a specific device can operate via several different buses, for example [[industry standard architecture|ISA]], PCI, [[PC card]], etcetera.

In comparison, [[Linux]] device driver code often needs to be reworked for every new architecture. As a consequence, in recent porting efforts by NetBSD and Linux developers, NetBSD has taken much less time to port to new hardware.<ref name="LINUX_OR_BSD"/>

This [[platform independence]] aids the development of [[embedded systems]], particularly since NetBSD 1.6, when the entire toolchain of [[compiler]]s, [[Assembly language assembler|assemblers]], [[Linker (computing)|linkers]], and other tools fully supported [[cross compiler|cross-compiling]].

In 2005, as a demonstration of NetBSD's portability and suitability for embedded applications, Technologic Systems, a vendor of embedded systems hardware, designed and demonstrated a NetBSD-powered kitchen [[toaster]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.embeddedarm.com/software/arm-netbsd-toaster.php|title=Technologic Systems Designs NetBSD Controlled Toaster|date=August 2005|accessdate=June 11, 2007}}</ref>

Commercial ports to embedded platforms, including the [[AMD Geode]] LX800, [[Freescale]] [[PowerQUICC]] processors, Marvell Orion, [[Applied Micro Circuits Corporation|AMCC]] [[PowerPC 400|405]] family of PowerPC processors, [[Intel]] [[XScale]] IOP and IXP series, were available from and supported by Wasabi Systems.

===Portable build framework===
The NetBSD cross-compiling framework (also known as "build.sh" <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-build.html |title=Chapter 31. Crosscompiling NetBSD with build.sh |work=The NetBSD Guide |author=The NetBSD Foundation |date=January 10, 2010 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>) allows a complete NetBSD system for an architecture to be built from another system of different architecture (usually faster or with more hardware resources), even on a different operating system, since the framework supports most [[POSIX]]-compliant systems. Several embedded systems using NetBSD have required no additional software development other than toolchain and target rehost.<ref name="LINUX_OR_BSD">{{cite web |url=http://wasabisystems.com/pdfs/Linux_or_BSD.pdf |title=BSD or Linux: Which Unix is better for embedded applications? |year=2003 |publisher=Wasabi Systems Inc. |format=PDF |accessdate=June 11, 2007 |archivedate=December 30, 2006 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061230075423/http://www.wasabisystems.com/pdfs/Linux_or_BSD.pdf}}</ref>

===The pkgsrc packages collection===
NetBSD features ''[[pkgsrc]]'' (short for "package source"), a framework for building and managing third-party [[application software]] packages. The pkgsrc collection consists of more than 8100 packages as of {{As of|2009|alt=January 2009}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-announce/2009/01/12/msg000052.html|title=The pkgsrc-2008Q4 Release}}</ref> Building and installing packages such as [[KDE]], [[GNOME]], the [[Apache HTTP server]] or [[Perl]] is performed through the use of a system of [[makefile]]s. This can automatically fetch the source code, unpack, patch, configure, build and install the package such that it can be removed again later. An alternative to compiling from source is to use a precompiled binary package. In either case, any prerequisites/dependencies will be installed automatically by the package system, without need for manual intervention.

pkgsrc supports not only the hardware platforms that run NetBSD, but also several other [[Unix-like]] operating systems, such as [[Linux]], other BSD variants like [[FreeBSD]], [[Solaris Operating System|Solaris]], [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]]/[[Mac OS X]], [[IRIX]], [[Interix]] and others. [[pkgsrc]] has also been adopted as the official package system for [[DragonFly BSD]].<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/mailarchive/users/2005-08/msg00347.html |title=PKGSRC will be officially supported as of the next release |first=Matthew |last=Dillon |mailinglist=DragonFly users List |date=August 31, 2005 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>

===Symmetric multiprocessing===
NetBSD has had support for [[Symmetric multiprocessing|SMP]] since the NetBSD 2.0 release in 2004,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/changes/2004.html#netbsd-2.0|title=NetBSD 2.0 release notes}}</ref> which was initially implemented using the [[giant lock]] approach. During the development cycle of the NetBSD 5 release, major work was done to improve SMP support; most of the kernel subsystems were modified to be [[MP safe]] and use the [[fine-grained locking]] approach. New [[Synchronization (computer science)|synchronization primitives]] were implemented and [[scheduler activations]] was replaced with a [[Thread (computer science)#1:1|1:1 threading model]] in February 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netbsd.org/changes/changes-5.0.html |title=Significant changes from NetBSD 4.0 to 5.0 |date=December 23, 2009 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref> A scalable M2 thread scheduler was implemented, though the old 4.4BSD scheduler still remains the default but was modified to scale with SMP. Threaded [[Interrupt|software interrupts]] were implemented to improve synchronization. The [[virtual memory]] system, [[Slab allocation|memory allocator]] and [[Trap (computing)|trap handling]] were made MP safe. The file system framework, including the [[Virtual file system|VFS]] and major [[file system]]s were modified to be MP safe. Since April, 2008 the only subsystems running with a giant lock are the [[Protocol (computing)|network protocols]] and most [[device driver]]s.

===Security===
NetBSD provides various features in the security area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?security+8+NetBSD-current|title=NetBSD security(8) manual page}}</ref> The Kernel Authorization framework<ref>{{cite web |url=http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?kauth+9+NetBSD-current |title=kauth(9) |work=NetBSD Manual Pages |date=August 10, 2009 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref> (or Kauth) is a subsystem managing all authorization requests inside the kernel, and used as system-wide security policy. It allows external modules to plug-in the authorization process. NetBSD also incorporates exploit mitigation features,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?paxctl+8+NetBSD-current|title=NetBSD paxctl(8) manual page}}</ref> ASLR, MPROTECT and Segvguard from [[PaX]] project, and [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]] [[Stack-smashing protection|Stack Smashing Protection]] (SSP, or also known as ProPolice, enabled by default since NetBSD 6.0) compiler extensions. [[Veriexec|Verified Executables]] (or Veriexec) is an in-kernel file integrity subsystem in NetBSD. It allows the user to set digital fingerprints (hashes) of files, and take a number of different actions if files do not match their fingerprints. For example, one can allow [[Perl]] to run only scripts that match their fingerprints.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-veriexec.html|title=Chapter 19. NetBSD Veriexec subsystem}}</ref> The cryptographic device driver (CGD) allows using disks or partitions (including CDs and DVDs) for encrypted storage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/docs/guide/en/chap-cgd.html|title=Chapter 14. The cryptographic device driver (CGD)}}</ref>

===Virtualization===
The Xen [[Hypervisor|virtual-machine monitor]] is supported in NetBSD since release 3.0. To use Xen, the system requires a special pre-kernel boot environment that loads a specialized Xen kernel as the "host OS" (known as Dom0). Any number of "guest OS" (known as DomU) virtualized computers, with or without (using "hypervisor" options) specific Xen/DomU support, can be run in parallel with the appropriate hardware resources.

With NetBSD 5, which greatly improves disk I/O and network I/O performance over NetBSD 4, some guest Operating Systems running under Xen are known to operate faster than when installed natively on the same hardware without NetBSD and Xen behind the scenes.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} The need for a boot manager, such as GRUB, was also eliminated with NetBSD 5's new built-in Xen-compatible configurable boot manager.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://netbsd.gw.com/cgi-bin/man-cgi?boot++NetBSD-current |title=boot(8) |work=NetBSD Manual Pages |date=September 4, 2009 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>

User-space [[Platform virtualization|virtualization]] such as [[VirtualBox]] and [[QEMU]] are also supported on NetBSD.

NetBSD first introduces RUMP ([[Runnable Userspace Meta Programs]]), an architecture to run the drivers in user-space, no different than in kernel-space, adding support to any kernel architecture, ranging from [[Exokernel]] to [[Monolithic kernel]].

===Storage===
NetBSD includes many enterprise features like [[iSCSI]], a [[journaling filesystem]], [[logical volume management]] and the [[ZFS]] filesystem.

The WAPBL journaling filesystem, an extension of the BSD FFS filesystem, was contributed by Wasabi Systems in 2008.<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=http://mail-index.netbsd.org/tech-kern/2008/03/02/msg000504.html |title=Patches for journalling support |first=Simon |last=Burge |date=March 2, 2008 |[email protected] |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>

The NetBSD Logical Volume Manager is based on a BSD reimplementation of a device-mapper driver and a port of the Linux [[Logical Volume Manager (Linux)|Logical Volume Manager]] tools. It was mostly written during the [[Google Summer of Code]] 2008.<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=http://mail-index.netbsd.org/tech-kern/2008/08/28/msg002554.html |title=HEADS UP NetBSD lvm support |first=Adam |last=Hamsik |date=August 29, 2008 |[email protected] |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>

The [[ZFS]] filesystem developed by [[Sun Microsystems]] was imported in to the NetBSD base system in 2009. Currently, the NetBSD ZFS port is based on ZFS version 13.

The [[CHFS]] [[Flash memory]] filesystem was imported into NetBSD in November 2011. CHFS is a file system developed at the Department of Software Engineering, [[University of Szeged]], [[Hungary]], and is the first open source Flash-specific file system written for NetBSD.

===Compatibility with other operating systems===
At the source code level, NetBSD is very nearly entirely compliant with [[POSIX]].1 (IEEE 1003.1-1990) standard and mostly compliant with POSIX.2 (IEEE 1003.2-1992).

NetBSD also provides [[system call]]-level binary compatibility on the appropriate processor architectures with several UNIX-derived and UNIX-like operating systems, including [[Linux]], other BSD variants like [[FreeBSD]], Apple's [[Darwin (operating system)|Darwin]], [[Solaris Operating System|Solaris]] and [[SunOS]] 4. This allows NetBSD users to run many applications that are only distributed in binary form for other operating systems, usually with no significant loss of performance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netbsd.org/docs/compat.html |title=NetBSD Binary Emulation |date=January 13, 2010 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref>

A variety of "foreign" disk [[filesystem]] formats are also supported in NetBSD, including [[File Allocation Table|FAT]], [[NTFS]], Linux [[ext2fs]], [[Mac OS X]] [[Unix File System|UFS]], [[RISC OS]] FileCore/ADFS, [[AmigaOS]] [[Amiga Fast File System|Fast File System]], [[IRIX]] [[Extent File System|EFS]] and many more through [[Filesystem in Userspace|FUSE]].

==Licensing==
All of the NetBSD kernel and most of the core userland source code is released under the terms of the [[BSD licenses|BSD License]] (two, three, and four-clause variants). This essentially allows everyone to use, modify, redistribute or sell it as they wish, as long as they do not remove the copyright notice and license text (the four-clause variants also include terms relating to publicity material). Thus, the development of products based on NetBSD is possible without having to make modifications to the source code public. In contrast, the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] stipulates that changes to source code of a product must be released to the product recipient when products derived from those changes are released.

On June 20, 2008, the NetBSD Foundation announced a transition to the two clause BSD license, citing concerns with UCB support of clause 3 and industry applicability of clause 4.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.netbsd.org/about/redistribution.html#why2clause|title=NetBSD Licensing and Redistribution|date=June 2008|accessdate=June 20, 2008}}</ref>

NetBSD also includes the [[GNU]] development tools and other packages, which are covered by the GPL and other open source licenses. As is the case for the other [[BSD#Significant BSD descendants|BSD]] projects, NetBSD separates those in its base source tree, in order to make removal of code under more restrictive licenses easier.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} As for packages, the installed software licenses may be controlled by modifying the list of allowed licenses in the pkgsrc configuration file (<code>mk.conf</code>).

==Releases==
The following table lists major NetBSD releases and their notable features in reverse chronological order. Minor and patch releases are not included.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Colour
! Meaning
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#a0e75a;"| Green
| Release still supported
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:salmon;"| Red
| Release no longer supported
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Major releases !! Release date !! Notable features and changes
|-
| style="background:#a0e75a;"|5.1 <ref name="Announcing NetBSD 5.1">{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-5/NetBSD-5.1.html|title=Announcing NetBSD 5.1}}</ref>
|November 19, 2010
|
|-
|-
| style="background:#a0e75a;"|5.0 <ref name="Announcing NetBSD 5.0">{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-5/NetBSD-5.0.html|title=Announcing NetBSD 5.0}}</ref>
|April 29, 2009
|Rewritten threading subsystem based on a [[Thread (computer science)#1:1 (Kernel-level threading)|1:1 model]] and rewritten [[Scheduling (computing)|scheduler]] implementation.<ref name="Announcing NetBSD 5.0"/> Support for [[kernel preemption]], POSIX real-time scheduling extensions, [[processor-sets]], and [[Affinity mask|dynamic CPU sets]] for [[Processor affinity|thread affinity]]. Added [[Malloc#FreeBSD's jemalloc|jemalloc]] memory allocator. A metadata [[Journaling file system|journaling]] for [[Unix File System|FFS]], known as [[WAPBL|WAPBL (Write Ahead Physical Block Logging)]]. Rewritten [[Loadable kernel module|kernel modules]] framework, which will replace old LKMs. Use of [[X.Org Server|X.Org]] rather than [[XFree86]] by default for i386 and amd64 ports, and introduction of drm(4)/DRI for 3d hardware acceleration.
|-
| style="background:#a0e75a;"|4.0
|December 19, 2007
|Added support for [[slab allocator]], [[iSCSI]] target, [[Common Address Redundancy Protocol|CARP]], [[tmpfs]], [[Xen (virtual machine monitor)|Xen]] 3, the Kernel Authorization framework, Veriexec and other security extensions, and a [[Bluetooth]] protocol suite.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-4/NetBSD-4.0.html|title=Announcing NetBSD 4.0}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|3.0
|December 23, 2005
|Support for [[Xen (virtual machine monitor)|Xen]] 2.0 was added. Support for filesystems > 2 [[terabyte]]s added. [[Pluggable Authentication Modules]] added. OpenBSD [[Packet Filter]] was integrated as an alternative to IPFilter. UFS [[dirhash|directory hash]] support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-3/NetBSD-3.0.html|title=Announcing NetBSD 3.0}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|2.0
|December 9, 2004
|Addition of native [[pthread|POSIX threads]] and [[symmetrical multiprocessing|SMP]] support on [[i386]] and other platforms. [[AMD64]] architecture added. Support for [[UFS2]] and [[SMBFS]], addition of [[kqueue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-2.0/NetBSD-2.0.html|title=Announcing NetBSD 2.0}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|1.6
|September 14, 2002
|[[Unified Buffer Cache]] (UBC) was introduced, which unifies the filesystem and virtual memory caches of file data. [[Zero-copy]] support for TCP and UDP transmit path. Ten new platforms supported. New implementation of cross-building (''build.sh'') infrastructure. Added support for multibyte LC_CTYPE [[locale]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.6/NetBSD-1.6.html|title=Announcing NetBSD 1.6}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|1.5
|December 6, 2000
|[[IPv6]] and [[IPsec]] were added to the network stack. [[OpenSSL]] and [[OpenSSH]] imported. New implementation of <tt>rc.d</tt> system start-up mechanism. Start of migration to [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]]-format binaries. A [[ktruss]] utility for kernel tracing was added. Six new platforms supported, including [[SPARC64]]. Added [[Unix File System|FFS]] [[soft updates]] and support for [[NTFS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.5/NetBSD-1.5.html|title=Announcing NetBSD 1.5}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|1.4
|May 12, 1999
|UVM, a rewritten [[virtual memory]] subsystem, was introduced. Added RAIDframe, a software [[RAID]] implementation, and imported [[IPFilter]]. Completion of the integration of all remaining 4.4BSD Lite-2 kernel improvements. Ports to [[Power Macintosh]] and [[NeXTcube]]/[[NeXTstation|station]] systems added. Added full [[USB]] support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.4/NetBSD-1.4.html|title=NetBSD 1.4 Release Announcement}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|1.3
|March 9, 1998
|[[XFree86]] source tree was made a supported part of the distribution. Support for [[ISA Plug and Play]], [[PCMCIA]], [[ATAPI]] and [[Advanced Power Management|APM]] added. [[ext2fs]] and [[FAT32]] filesystems added. The [[pkgsrc]] packages collection system was introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.3/|title=Information about NetBSD 1.3}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|1.2
|October 4, 1996
|Support for [[NFSv3]], [[SCSI]] scanner and medium changer devices added. [[Network Time Protocol|NTP]] [[phase-locked loop]] added in kernel. Ports for [[ARM architecture|ARM]] and Sharp [[X68k]] systems added.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.2/|title=Information about NetBSD 1.2}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|1.1
|November 26, 1995
|Ports for [[DEC Alpha]], [[Atari TT]]/[[Atari Falcon030|Falcon030]] and [[MVME68k]] systems added. Binary emulation facility added. Generic audio subsystem introduced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.1/|title=Information about NetBSD 1.1}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|1.0
|October 26, 1994
|The first multi-platform release, supporting the [[PC compatible|PC]], [[HP 9000]] Series 300, [[Amiga]], [[68k]] [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]], [[SPARCstation|Sun-4c]] series and the [[PC532]]. Also in this release, the legally encumbered Net/2-derived source code was replaced with equivalent code from 4.4BSD-lite, in accordance with the [[USL v BSDi]] lawsuit settlement. Addition of [[shared libraries]] and [[Kerberos (protocol)|Kerberos]] 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbsd.org/releases/formal-1.0/NetBSD-1.0.html|title=NetBSD 1.0 release announcement}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|0.9
|August 20, 1993
|Contained many enhancements and bug fixes. This was still a [[PC compatible|PC]]-platform-only release, although by this time work was underway to add support for other architectures. Support for [[LKM|loadable kernel modules (LKM)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/misc/release/NetBSD/NetBSD-0.9|title=NetBSD 0.9 available for anon-ftp...}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:salmon;"|0.8
|April 20, 1993
|The first official release, derived from [[386BSD]] 0.1 plus the version 0.2.2 unofficial patchkit, with several programs from the Net/2 release missing from 386BSD re-integrated, and various other improvements.<ref>{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/misc/release/NetBSD/NetBSD-0.8|title=Installation notes for NetBSD 0.8}}</ref>
|}

==Logo==
The NetBSD "flag" logo, designed by Grant Bissett, was introduced in 2004 and is an abstraction of their older logo,<ref>[http://www.netbsd.org/images/NetBSD-old.jpg Old NetBSD logo]</ref> designed by Shawn Mueller in 1994. Mueller's version was based on the famous [[World War II]] photograph [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima]], which some perceived as culturally insensitive and inappropriate for an international project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mail-index.netbsd.org/netbsd-advocacy/2004/01/14/0001.html|title=NetBSD logo design competition}}</ref>

==The NetBSD Foundation==
The NetBSD Foundation is the legal entity that owns the intellectual property and trademarks associated with NetBSD,<ref>[http://www.netbsd.org/foundation/ The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.]</ref> and on January 22, 2004, became a [[501(c)#501(c)(3)|501(c)3]] tax-exempt non-profit organization. The members of the foundation are developers who have CVS commit access.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netbsd.org/people/developers.html |title=NetBSD Developers |date=January 7, 2010 |accessdate=January 15, 2010}}</ref> The NetBSD Foundation has a Board of Directors, elected by the voting of members for two years.

==Examples of use==
[[File:ISS on 20 August 2001.jpg|thumb|NetBSD was used in [[NASA]]'s [[SAMS-II Project]] of measuring the microgravity environment on the [[International Space Station]], and for investigations of [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] for use in [[satellite]] networks.]]

NetBSD's clean design, high performance, scalability, and support for many architectures has led to its use in embedded devices and servers, especially in networking applications.<ref name="f10"/>

A commercial [[real-time operating system]], [[QNX]], uses a network stack which is based on NetBSD code,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qnx.com/legal/licensing/dev_license/eula/tposltg1_01.html#BSD2|title=Third Party Open Source License Terms Guide|work=[[QNX Software Systems]]|accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.qnx.com/sf/docman/do/downloadDocument/projects.networking/docman.root/doc1280?logged=1|title=Core Networking 6.4: Neutrino's Next Gen Networking Stack and Foundry27|format=PDF|work=[[QNX Software Systems]]}} (registration required)</ref> and provides various drivers ported from NetBSD.<ref name="f10">{{cite web|url=http://community.qnx.com/sf/wiki/do/viewPage/projects.networking/wiki/Drivers_wiki_page|title=Foundry27: Project Networking - Driver wiki page|work=[[QNX Software Systems]]|accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref>

[[Force10|Force10 Networks]] uses NetBSD as the underlying operating system that powers FTOS (the Force10 Operating System), which is used in high scalability switch/routers.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.force10networks.com/news/pressreleases/2007/pr-2007-02-13.asp|title=Force10 Networks uses NetBSD to build software scalability into operating system|date=February 13, 2007|work=[[Dell]]|accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref> Force10 also made a donation to the NetBSD Foundation in 2007 to help further research and the open development community.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.force10networks.com/news/pressreleases/2008/pr-2008-01-28b.asp|title=Force10 Networks introduces unified operating system across product portfolio to lower total cost of owning and operating networks|date=January 28, 2008|work=[[Dell]]|accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref>

[[Wasabi Systems]] provides a commercial Wasabi Certified BSD product based on NetBSD with proprietary enterprise features and extensions, which are focused on embedded, server and storage applications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wasabisystems.com/docs/WasabiCertifiedBSD.pdf|title=Wasabi Certified BSD}}</ref>

NetBSD was used in [[NASA]]'s [[SAMS-II Project]] of measuring the microgravity environment on the [[International Space Station]],<ref>{{cite mailing list|url=http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-i386/1997/12/04/0022.html|title=Re: NetBSD/i386 and single board computers|first=Mary|last=Rivett|date=April 12, 1997|mailinglist=port-i386}}</ref> and for investigations of [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] for use in [[satellite]] networks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://roland.grc.nasa.gov/~jgriner/papers/nash98.pdf|title=HTTP Page Transfer Rates over Geo-Stationary Satellite Links|first1=Hans|last1=Kruse|first2=Mark|last2=Allman|first3=Jim|last3=Griner|first4=Diepchi|last4=Tran|lastauthouramp=yes|date=March 5, 1998|accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref>

In 2004, [[SUNET]] used NetBSD to set the [[Internet2]] Land Speed Record. NetBSD was chosen "due to the scalability of the TCP code".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://proj.sunet.se/LSR2/|title=SUNET Internet2 Land Speed Record: 69.073 Pbmps|first=Börje|last=Josefsson|work=[[SUNET]]|date=April 14, 2004|accessdate=December 27, 2011}}</ref>

NetBSD is also used in [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[Airport Extreme]] and [[Time Capsule (Apple)|Time Capsule]] products, instead of their own [[Mac OS X]] (which uses FreeBSD's userland) platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://superuser.com/questions/23816/how-to-jailbreak-an-apple-time-capsule|title=How to jailbreak an Apple Time Capsule?|work=superuser.com|accessdate=27 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wifinetnews.com/archives/2007/02/airport_extreme_apple_breaks_90_mbps.html|title=AirPort Extreme: Apple Breaks 90 Mbps|last=Fleishman|first=Glenn|date=February 16, 2007|work=wifinetnews.com|accessdate=28 December 2009}}</ref>

The operating system of the [[T-Mobile Sidekick]] LX 2009 [[smartphone]] is based on NetBSD.<ref name="sidekick">{{cite web|url=http://www.hiptop3.com/archives/sidekick-lx-2009-blade-will-run-netbsd/|title=Sidekick LX 2009 / Blade Will Run NetBSD|date=January 30, 2009|work=www.hiptop3.com|accessdate=February 5, 2009}}</ref>

==Hosting==
Hosting for the project is provided primarily by the [[Internet Systems Consortium]] Inc, [[Columbia University]], and [[Western Washington University]]. Mirrors for the project are spread around the world and provided by volunteers and supporters of the project.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Net Bsd.png|Use of [[chmod]]
File:Net Bsd2.png|Use of [[Mount (Unix)|mount]]
File:Net Bsd3.png|[[fstab]], mount options rw,noauto
File:Net Bsd4.png|[[fstab]], mount options rw,auto
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Comparison of BSD operating systems]]
* [[Comparison of operating systems]]
* [[Comparison of operating system kernels]]
* [[Debian GNU/NetBSD]]
* [[DragonFly BSD]]
* [[FreeBSD]]
* [[MidnightBSD]]
* [[MirOS BSD]]
* [[OpenBSD]]
* [[PC-BSD]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite document
| first1 = Christopher
| last1 = Negus
| first2 = Francois
| last2 = Caen
| date = May 5, 2008
| title = BSD UNIX Toolbox: 1000+ Commands for FreeBSD, OpenBSD and NetBSD
| edition = First
| publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]]
| pages = 309
| isbn = 0-470-37603-1
| url = http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470376031.html
| postscript = .
}}
* {{Cite document
| first1 = Dru
| last1 = Lavigne
| date = May 24, 2004
| title = BSD Hacks
| edition = First
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| pages = 448
| isbn = 0-596-00679-9
| url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596006792/
| postscript = .
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{External links|date=October 2009}}
* {{official|http://www.netbsd.org/}}
* [http://blog.netbsd.org/ Official NetBSD blog]
* [http://www.jibbed.org/ Jibbed] a NetBSD based Live CD
* [http://www.bsdworld.net BSD News, Search Engine, Forums and Tutorials]
* Binary packages from pkgsrc bulk builds at [ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages]
* [irc://irc.freenode.net/netbsd #netbsd] on freenode
* NetBSD [[shell account]] at [http://www.freeshell.org/ Super Dimension Fortress] and [http://www.polarhome.com/ polarhome]
* [http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1878 Recent Security Enhancements in NetBSD]
* {{man|9|bus_space|NetBSD|architecture independent bus}}
* {{man|9|bus_dma|NetBSD|architecture independent [[Direct memory access|DMA]]}}
* {{man|9|uvm|NetBSD|architecture independent virtual memory management}}
* [http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/usenix2000/freenix/full_papers/silvers/silvers_html/ UBC: An Efficient Unified I/O and Memory Caching Subsystem for NetBSD]
* [http://web.mit.edu/nathanw/www/usenix/ An Implementation of Scheduler Activations on the NetBSD Operating System]
* [http://www.usenix.org/events/usenix03/tech/freenix03/full_papers/mcgarry/mcgarry_html/index.html An Implementation of User-level Restartable Atomic Sequences on the NetBSD Operating System]
* [[International Space Station]] [http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-i386/1997/12/04/0008.html message 1] and [http://mail-index.netbsd.org/port-i386/1997/12/04/0022.html message 2]
* [http://proj.sunet.se/LSR2/ Internet2 SUNET Internet2 Land Speed Record]
* [http://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/01/netbsd4-interview.ars Waving the flag: NetBSD developers speak about version 4.0]
* [http://www.feyrer.de/NetBSD/bx/blosxom.cgi/index.front Hubert Feyrer's NetBSD Blog]
* [http://www.feyrer.de/NetBSD/portability/portability.html What Makes An Operating System "Portable"?] by Hubert Feyrer
* [http://www.netbsd.org/ports/xen/howto.html Official NetBSD Xen installation "how-to guide"]
* [http://www.lumbercartel.ca/library/xen/ Unofficial Xen installation "step-by-step instructions"]
{{NetBSD}}
{{unix-like}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Netbsd}}
[[Category:NetBSD| ]]
[[Category:Embedded operating systems]]

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Cybill Shepherd

2012-05-14T18:35:21Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:سیبل شفرد

{{Infobox person
| name = Cybill Shepherd
| image = Cybill Shepherd.jpg
| caption = Shepherd at 42nd [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival|KVIFF]], April 2007
| birth_name = Cybill Lynne Shepherd
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1950|2|18}}
| birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee]], United States
| website = http://www.cybill.com/
| occupation = Actress, singer
| years_active = 1970–present
| spouse = {{marriage|David Ford|1978|1982}} {{marriage|Bruce Oppenheim|1987|1990}}
| partner = [[Peter Bogdanovich]] (1971-1978) Robert Martin (1994-1998)
}}
'''Cybill Lynne Shepherd''' (born February 18, 1950) is an American actress, singer and former model. Her best known roles include starring as Jacy in ''[[The Last Picture Show]]'', as Betsy in ''[[Taxi Driver]]'', as Madeleine Spencer in ''[[Psych]]'', as Maddie Hayes in ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]'', as Cybill Sheridan in ''[[Cybill]]'', and as [[Phyllis Kroll]] in ''[[The L Word]]''.

==Early life==
Shepherd was born in [[Memphis, Tennessee]], the daughter of Patty (née Shobe), a homemaker, and William Jennings Shepherd, who managed a home appliance business.<ref name=filmr>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmreference.com/film/78/Cybill-Shepherd.html |title=Cybill Shepherd Biography (1950-) |publisher=Filmreference.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> Named after her grandfather Cy and her father Bill, Shepherd won the 1966 "Miss Teenage Memphis" contest at age 16, and the 1968 "Model of the Year" contest at age 18, making her a fashion star of the 1960s, resulting in fashion modeling work through high school and after.<ref>{{cite web|author=UPI|date=1973-08-20|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AeEeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=y2YEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4779,2209579&dq=cybill+shepherd+successful-model&hl=en|title=Cybill Shepherd relaxes with her success|work= [[Sarasota Herald-Tribune]]| access|accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref>

==Career==
According to Shepherd's autobiography, it was a 1970 ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]'' magazine cover that caught the eye of film director [[Peter Bogdanovich]]. His then-wife [[Polly Platt]], claimed that it was she who upon seeing the cover in a check-out line in a [[Ralphs]] grocery store in southern California, said "That's Jacy,"<ref>Polly Platt talks about the magazine cover discovery in the film documentary based on the [[Peter Biskind]] book, [[Easy Riders, Raging Bulls]].</ref> referring to the role Bogdanovich was casting — and ultimately offered to Shepherd — in ''[[The Last Picture Show]]'' (1971).

===First experience of fame===

One of her first films, was The Last Picture Show (1971 film), also starring [[Jeff Bridges]] and [[Timothy Bottoms]].

Shepherd was cast opposite [[Charles Grodin]] in ''[[The Heartbreak Kid (1972 film)|The Heartbreak Kid]]'' (1972). She played Kelly, the beautiful, sunkissed young woman whom Grodin's character falls for while on his honeymoon in Miami. Directed by [[Elaine May]], it was a critical and box office hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/heartbreak_kid/|title=The Heartbreak Kid (1972) — Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref>

Also in 1972, Shepherd posed as a [[Kodak]] Girl for the [[camera]] manufacturer's then ubiquitous cardboard displays.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nancy Martha West|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nuae4VHlyrYC&lpg=PA53&dq=cybill%20shepherd%20kodak&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=cybill%20shepherd%20kodak&f=false|title=Kodak and the Lens of Nostaglia London: University Press of Virginia, 2000, p. 53. ISBN 0-8139-1959-2| access|accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref>

In 1974, Shepherd released her debut studio album ''Cybill Does It...To Cole Porter'' for MCA Records<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cybillshepherd.co.uk/discography.htm |title=Cybill Shepherd Music Discography |date=2009-02-18 |accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref> and again teamed with Peter Bogdanovich for the title role in ''[[Daisy Miller (1974 film)|Daisy Miller]]'', based on the [[Henry James]] novella. The film — a period piece set in Europe — proved to be a [[box office]] failure. Her next film, ''[[At Long Last Love]]'' (1975), a musical again directed by Bogdanovich, also flopped.

Shepherd returned with good reviews for her work in [[Martin Scorsese|Martin Scorsese's]] ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976). According to Shepherd, Scorsese had requested a "Cybill Shepherd type" for the role. She portrayed an ethereal beauty with whom [[Robert De Niro]]'s character, Travis Bickle, becomes enthralled.

After a series of less successful roles, including ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1979 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]'', the remake of [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s [[The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)|1938 film of the same name]], she dropped out of show business from 1978 to 1982.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bykowsky, Stuart|date=1985-01-09|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wQpZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ulkDAAAAIBAJ&dq=cybill%20shepherd%201982&pg=6962%2C1909727|title=Cybill Shepherd: 'There is a freakdom to beauty'|work= [[Evening Independent]]| access|accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref>

===Return to Hollywood===
Back from Memphis, Shepherd won the role of Colleen Champion in the night-time drama ''[[The Yellow Rose]]'' (1983), opposite [[Sam Elliott]]. Although critically acclaimed, the series lasted only one season.

A year later, Shepherd was cast as Maddie Hayes in [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]'' (1985–1989), which became the role that would define her career. The producers knew that her role depended on having chemistry with her co-star, and she was involved in the selection of [[Bruce Willis]]. A lighthearted combination of [[Mystery fiction|mystery]] and [[comedy]], the series won Shepherd two [[Golden Globe]] awards.<ref name="Cybill Shepherd - Awards">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001732/awards|title=Cybill Shepherd - Awards|accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref>

She starred in ''[[Chances Are (film)|Chances Are]]'' (1989) with [[Robert Downey Jr.]] and [[Ryan O'Neal]], receiving excellent reviews. She then reprised her role as Jacy in ''[[Texasville]]'' (1990), the sequel to ''[[The Last Picture Show]]'' (1971), as the original cast (including director Peter Bogdanovich) reunited 20 years after filming the original. She also appeared in Woody Allen's ''[[Alice (1990 film)|Alice]]'' (1990), and Eugene Levy's ''[[Once Upon a Crime]]'' (1992), as well as several television films.

In 1997, she won her third Golden Globe award<ref name="Cybill Shepherd - Awards"/> for CBS' ''[[Cybill]]'' (1995–1998), a television [[Situation comedy|sitcom]], in which the title character—Cybill Sheridan, an actress struggling with hammy parts in [[B movies]] and bad [[Soap opera|soaps]]—was loosely modeled on herself (including portrayals of her two ex-husbands).

In 2000, Shepherd's bestselling autobiography was published, titled ''Cybill Disobedience: How I Survived Beauty Pageants, Elvis, Sex, Bruce Willis, Lies, Marriage, Motherhood, Hollywood, and the Irrepressible Urge to Say What I Think'', written in collaboration with Aimee Lee Ball.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/05/14/bsp/besthardnonfiction.html|title=Best Sellers: Hardcover Nonfiction|accessdate=2011-04-05 | work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In 2003, she guest-starred on ''[[8 Simple Rules]]'' as Cate Hennessy's (portrayed by [[Katey Sagal]]) sister.

She has played [[Martha Stewart]] in two television films: ''[[Martha, Inc.: The Story of Martha Stewart]]'' (2003) and ''[[Martha: Behind Bars]]'' (2005).

From 2007, Shepherd has been appearing on the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] drama, ''[[The L Word]]'' as the character [[Phyllis Kroll]]. In 2008, she joined the cast of the [[USA Network]] television series ''[[Psych]]'' as [[Shawn Spencer]]'s mother, [[Madeleine Spencer]].

On November 7, 2008, [[TV Guide]] reported that Shepherd will guest-star in a February episode of the CBS drama ''[[Criminal Minds]]''.<ref>[http://www.tvguide.com/News/Criminal-Minds-Casting-35440.aspx Exclusive: Michael Biehn, Cybill Shepherd Cop ''Criminal'' Roles]" ''[[TV Guide]]''. November 7, 2008. Retrieved on November 7, 2008.</ref>

In the fall of 2010, Shepherd appeared in an episode of ABC's new show, ''[[No Ordinary Family]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Kecks-Exclusives-Ordinary-1022551.aspx|title=No Ordinary Family Books Cybill Shepherd... and Bruce!|publisher=TVGuide.com|accessdate=September 1 , 2010}}</ref>

In November 2010, Shepherd guest-starred in an episode of CBS' ''[[$h*! My Dad Says]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tvguide.com/News/DadSays-Cybill-Shepherd-1025036.aspx|title= Exclusive $#*!: Cybill Shepherd Guest-Starring on CBS Comedy|publisher=TVGuide.com|accessdate=November 3, 2010}}</ref>

==Political activism==
Throughout her career, Shepherd has been an outspoken activist for issues such as [[gay rights]]<ref>{{cite web|date=1993-04-21|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hYVIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=m24DAAAAIBAJ&dq=cybill%20shepherd%20gay%20march&pg=5028%2C3121721|title=New video counters anti-gay message|work= [[Pittsburgh Post Gazette]]| access|accessdate=2011-05-23}}</ref> and [[abortion rights]].<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC|date=2004-04-26|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/3659039.stm|title=In Pictures : US Abortion March - Actresses Cybill Shepherd, Whoopi Goldberg and Ashley Judd were among those marching|work=[[BBC]]| access|accessdate=2011-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Cox News Service|date=1989-04-11|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yWdYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nOEDAAAAIBAJ&dq=cybill%20shepherd%20abortion%20rally&pg=4007%2C611968|title=Nationwide pro-choice rally planned|work=[[Eugene Register-Guard]]| access|accessdate=2011-05-23}}</ref> In 2009, Shepherd was honored by the [[Human Rights Campaign]] in [[Atlanta]] to accept one of two [[National Ally for Equality]] awards.<ref>[http://www.sovo.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=25291 Cybill Shepherd at Atlanta HRC Dinner - Southern Voice]{{dead link|date=April 2012}}</ref> She has been an advocate for [[same-sex marriage]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2008-04-01|url=http://www.proudparenting.com/node/1130|title=Cybill Shepherd works with her daughter on 'The L Word'. Both play lesbians, and ignore each other's love scenes|work= www.proudparenting.com| access|accessdate=2011-05-23}}</ref> and parental rights.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}

She was present at the opening of the [[National Civil Rights Museum]] in her hometown of Memphis, for which she lent some financial support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/175963|0/Cybill-Shepherd/|title=Overview for Cybill Shepherd|work= [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM]]| access|accessdate=2011-05-23}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In her autobiography<ref name = Autobiography/> she revealed that in 1978 she called her mother, crying, unhappy with the way her life and career were going, to which her mother replied "Cybill, come home." She went home to Memphis where she met and began dating local auto parts dealer and nightclub entertainer David M. Ford. She became [[pregnant]] and they married that year. Their daughter [[Clementine Ford]] was born in 1979 but the marriage ended in divorce in 1982.

In 1987 she became pregnant by chiropractor Bruce Oppenheim and married him, giving birth to twins Cyrus Zachariah and Molly Ariel Shepherd-Oppenheim<ref name=filmr/> during the fourth season of ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]''. They were divorced in 1990. By 1996, she was engaged with Bobby Martin, a [[multi-instrumentalist]] who played with [[Frank Zappa]].

===Sexuality===
Shepherd has revealed her sexual curiosity and desire in various interviews about having a physical relationship with a woman. In 2006, in an interview about ''[[The L Word]]'' she said more than once that she was "turned on" by the woman-woman sex scenes: "If you look at what we know about men, women and our sexuality, a great majority of people are [[bisexual]]. So what's wrong with that?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/2006-11-02-coming-attractions_x.htm?POE=LIFISVA |title='The L Word' is a turn-on for Cybill |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=2006-11-03 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref>

She also said in an interview: "I have wondered about [[lesbianism]] ... At various times in my life I wanted to be open to the possibility of having a woman as a lover. I am not actively pursuing it but it is not over yet."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/cybill%20plays%20out%20lesbian%20dreams%20on%20tv%20show_1018838 |title=Cybill Plays Out Lesbian Dreams On TV Show |publisher=Contactmusic.com |date=2007-01-12 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> She has confessed to having a longtime crush on [[Salma Hayek]] and admits to having fantasized about her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2007/03/08/celebrity_snippets_23 |title=Celebrity Snippets - Starpulse Entertainment News Blog |publisher=Starpulse.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref>

===Religious beliefs===
Shepherd has described her religious beliefs as "a [[goddess|goddess-worshipping]] Christian [[Paganism|Pagan]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/index.php?ak=2609 |title='Cybill Rights', March 22, 2007, interview by Randy Shulman for [[Metro Weekly |publisher=Metroweekly.com |date=2007-03-22 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref>

===Autobiography===
Shepherd made the following claims in her autobiography:<ref name = Autobiography>{{cite book| last = Shepherd| first = Cybill| title = ''Cybill Disobedience'' | publisher = Avon| isbn = 0-06-103014-7| year = 2001}}</ref>
* She dated [[Elvis Presley]] in the early 1970s and cared for him but could not handle his dependence on drugs and ultimately chose her boyfriend, film director [[Peter Bogdanovich]], over Presley.
* She agreed to a date with actor [[Jack Nicholson]] to make Bogdanovich jealous. She later canceled the date and Nicholson would not speak to her again, except to say "hi" at a party many years later.
* She did not like working with [[Charles Grodin]] on ''[[The Heartbreak Kid (1972 film)|The Heartbreak Kid]]'' (1972), and that it took her several years to like him enough to have a one-night stand with him.
* [[Robert De Niro]] asked her out during the filming of ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976). She turned him down, and he did not speak to her, except in character, for the rest of the filming.
* She had a sexual encounter with co-star [[Don Johnson]] during the making of the television miniseries ''[[The Long, Hot Summer]]'' (1985).
* The [[jazz]] musician [[Stan Getz]] came on to her during a recording session for her album but she declined and he did not speak to her.
* She and her ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]'' costar [[Bruce Willis]] almost became lovers off-screen but they agreed that it would hurt the series so they chose not to consummate their relationship on a physical level.

==Award nominations==
===Emmy Awards===
Nominations:
* 1986 - [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress - Drama Series|Outstanding Lead Actress - Drama Series]] - ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]''
* 1995 - [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress - Comedy Series|Outstanding Lead Actress - Comedy Series]] - ''[[Cybill]]''
* 1996 - Outstanding Lead Actress - Comedy Series - Cybill
* 1997 - Outstanding Lead Actress - Comedy Series - Cybill

In her autobiography,<ref name = Autobiography/> Shepherd addressed rumors that she was jealous of her co-stars [[Bruce Willis]] and [[Christine Baranski]] for winning Emmy awards while she has not: "The grain of truth is this: Who doesn't want to win an Emmy?"

===Golden Globe Awards===
Wins:
* 1985 - [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical]] - ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]''
* 1986 - [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical]] - ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]''
* 1995 - [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical]] - ''[[Cybill]]''

Nominations:
* 1971 - Most Promising Newcomer (Female) - ''[[The Last Picture Show]]''
* 1987 - Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical - ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]''
* 1996 - [[List of Golden Globe Awards: Television, Best Actress, Comedy/Musical|Best Actress in a TV series, Comedy/Musical]] - ''[[Cybill]]''

==Filmography==
* ''[[The Last Picture Show]]'' ([[1971 in film|1971]])
* ''[[The Heartbreak Kid (1972 film)|The Heartbreak Kid]]'' ([[1972 in film|1972]])
* ''[[Daisy Miller (1974 film)|Daisy Miller]]'' ([[1974 in film|1974]])
* ''[[At Long Last Love]]'' ([[1975 in film|1975]])
* ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' ([[1976 in film|1976]])
* ''[[Special Delivery (1976 film)|Special Delivery]]'' ([[1976 in film|1976]])
* ''[[Aliens From Spaceship Earth]]'' ([[1977 in film|1977]])
* ''[[Silver Bears]]'' ([[1978 in film|1978]])
* ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1979 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]'' ([[1979 in film|1979]])
* ''[[Americathon]]'' ([[1979 in film|1979]])
* ''[[The Return (1980 film)|The Return]]'' ([[1980 in film|1980]])
* ''[[Chances Are (film)|Chances Are]]'' ([[1989 in film|1989]])
* ''[[Texasville]]'' ([[1990 in film|1990]])
* ''[[Alice (1990 film)|Alice]]'' ([[1990 in film|1990]])
* ''[[Picture This: The Times of Peter Bogdanovich in Archer City, Texas]]'' ([[1991 in film|1991]]) (documentary)
* ''[[Married to It]]'' ([[1991 in film|1991]])
* ''[[Once Upon a Crime...]]'' ([[1992 in film|1992]])
* ''[[The Last Word (1995 film)|The Last Word]]'' ([[1995 in film|1995]])
* ''[[The Muse (1999 film)|The Muse]]'' ([[1999 in film|1999]])
* ''[[Marine Life]]'' ([[2000 in film|2000]])
* ''[[Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex, Drugs and Rock 'N' Roll Generation Saved Hollywood]]'' ([[2003 in film|2003]]) (documentary)
* ''Signs and Voices'' ([[2004 in film|2004]]) (short subject)
* ''[[Open Window]]'' ([[2006 in film|2006]])
* ''[[Hard Luck]]'' ([[2006 in film|2006]])
* ''[[Barry Munday]]'' ([[2009 in film|2009]])
* ''[[Another Harvest Moon]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Listen to Your Heart (film)|Listen to Your Heart]]'' (2009)
* ''[[4Chosen]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Expecting Mary]]'' (2010)

==Television credits==
* ''A Guide for the Married Woman'' (1978)
* ''[[Fantasy Island]]'' (1983)
* ''[[The Yellow Rose]]'' (1983–1984)
* ''[[Masquerade (TV series)|Masquerade]]'' (1983) (pilot for a series which Shepherd did not appear in)
* ''Secrets of a Married Man'' (1984)
* ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]'' (1985–1989)
* ''Seduced'' (1985)
* ''[[The Long Hot Summer (1985 film)|The Long Hot Summer]]'' (1985)
* ''Which Way Home'' (1991)
* ''Memphis'' (1992) (also executive producer and writer)
* ''Stormy Weathers'' (1992) (also executive producer)
* ''Telling Secrets'' (1993)
* ''There Was a Little Boy'' (1993)
* ''Baby Brokers'' (1994)
* ''While Justice Sleeps'' (1994)
* ''[[Cybill]]'' (1995–1998) (also executive producer)
* ''Journey of the Heart'' (1997) (also co-executive producer)
* ''[[Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus]]'' (2000–2001)
* ''Due East'' (2002)
* ''[[Martha, Inc.: The Story of Martha Stewart]]'' (2003)
* ''[[8 Simple Rules]]'' (2003)
* ''[[I'm With Her]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Detective]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Martha: Behind Bars]]'' (2005)
* ''[[The L Word]]'' (2007) as [[Phyllis Kroll]]
* ''[[Psych]]'' (2008–2010) as [[Madeleine Spencer]]
** ''[[Ghosts (Psych)|Ghosts]]'' (3.01)
** ''[[Murder? ... Anyone? ... Anyone? ... Bueller?]]'' (3.02)
** ''[[An Evening with Mr. Yang]]'' (3.16)
** ''[[Yang 3 in 2D]]'' (5.16)
* ''[[Samantha Who?]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Alligator Point]]''
* ''[[Criminal Minds]]'' (2009)
* ''High Noon'' (2009)
* ''Mrs. Washington Goes to Smith'' (2009)
* ''[[Eastwick (TV series)|Eastwick]]'' (2009) as Eleanor Rougement
* ''The Client List'' (2010)
* ''[[Drop Dead Diva]]'' (2010)
* ''[[$h*! My Dad Says]]'' (2010)
* ''[[No Ordinary Family]] '' (2010)
* ''[[The Client List (TV series)|The Client List]]''

==Album Discography==
* ''Cybill Does It...To Cole Porter'' (1974)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cybillshepherd.co.uk/discography.htm |title=Cybill Shepherd Music Discography |date=2009-02-18 |accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref>
* ''At Long Last Love: Film Soundtrack'' (1975) - Cybill sings various songs
* ''Mad About The Boy'' (1976)
* ''Vanilla'' (1979)
* ''Cybill Does It...To Cole Porter'' (1974)
* ''[[Moonlighting_Soundtrack|Moonlighting: TV Soundtrack]]'' (1987) - Cybill sings "Blue Moon" & "I Told Ya I Love Ya, Now Get Out"
* ''Somewhere Down The Road'' (1990)
* ''Talk Memphis To Me'' (1997)
* ''Songs From The Cybill Show'' (1999)
* ''Live At The Cinegrill'' (2001)
* ''At Home With Cybill'' (2004)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
For the official website, see the Infobox

{{Commons|Cybill Shepherd}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0001732}}
* [http://www.timeout.com/newyork/Details.do?page=1&xyurl=xyl://TONYWebArticles2/588/hot_seat/cybill_shepherd.xml Time Out New York: Interview with Cybill Shepherd, January 4-10, 2007]
* [http://cybillshepherd.co.uk ''Talk Memphis To Me'' - A British Cybill Shepherd fan website]

{{GoldenGlobeBestActressTVComedy 1969-1989}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestActressTVComedy 1990-2009}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2010}}


{{Persondata
|NAME= Sheherd, Cybill
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Shepherd, Cybill Lynne
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actress
|DATE OF BIRTH= February 18, 1950
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Memphis, Tennessee]], U.S.
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shepherd, Cybill}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Tennessee]]
[[Category:American female models]]
[[Category:American female singers]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American jazz singers]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:American beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (television) winners]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:MCA Records artists]]
[[Category:People from Memphis, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Skin cancer survivors]]
[[Category:American television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]
[[Category:GLAAD Media Award winners]]
[[Category:Stella Adler Studio of Acting alumni]]

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[[fr:Cybill Shepherd]]
[[gl:Cybill Shepherd]]
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[[he:סיביל שפרד]]
[[hu:Cybill Shepherd]]
[[nl:Cybill Shepherd]]
[[ja:シビル・シェパード]]
[[no:Cybill Shepherd]]
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The Dictator

2012-05-14T17:49:26Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:دیکتاتور (فیلم)

{{Infobox film
| name = The Dictator
| image = The Dictator Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Larry Charles]]<ref name=allmoviecrew>{{cite web|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/462433/The-Dictator/credits | publisher=[[All Media Guide]] via ''[[The New York Times]]''|title=''The Dictator'' (2012): Production Credits}}</ref>
| producer = [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]<ref name=allmoviecrew /> [[Alec Berg]]<ref name=allmoviecrew /> [[David Mandel]]<ref name=allmoviecrew /> [[Jeff Schaffer]]<ref name=allmoviecrew /> [[Scott Rudin]]<ref name=allmoviecrew /> [[Dan Mazer]]<ref name=allmoviecrew />
| writer = Sacha Baron Cohen<ref name=allmoviecrew /> Alec Berg<ref name=allmoviecrew /> David Mandel<ref name=allmoviecrew /> Jeff Schaffer<ref name=allmoviecrew />
| based on =
| starring = Sacha Baron Cohen [[Anna Faris]] [[Ben Kingsley]]
| music =
| cinematography = [[Lawrence Sher]]<ref name=allmoviecrew />
| editing = Greg Hayden<ref name=allmoviecrew /> Eric Kissack<ref name=allmoviecrew />
| studio = Four by Two Films
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = May 16, 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/04/dictator-dark-shadows-release-date.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |title=The Dictator moves off Dark Shadows release date|date=April 9, 2012|accessdate=April 10, 2012|last=Kaufman| first=Amy|archivedate=May 7, 2012 | archiveurl=http://liveweb.archive.org/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2012/04/dictator-dark-shadows-release-date.html | deadurl=no}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = {{Film US}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allrovi.com/movies/movie/the-dictator-v529744|publisher=[[AllRovi]] |title=The Dictator|accessdate=April 10, 2012|last=Buchanan|first= Jason}}</ref>
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Dictator''''' is an upcoming 2012 [[comedy film]] co-written by and starring [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]. His fourth feature film in a leading role "tell[s] the story of a [[dictator]] who risked his life to ensure that democracy would never come to the country he so lovingly oppressed", according to distributor [[Paramount Pictures]].<ref name=ref1>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywood.com/news/The_Dictator_Nabs_Ben_Kingsley/7788564 |title=The Dictator Nabs Ben Kingsley| publisher=Hollywood.com | first=Sam |last= Morgan | date= April 29, 2011| accessdate=2011-12-14 | archivedate=May 7, 2012 | archiveurl= http://liveweb.archive.org/http://www.hollywood.com/news/The_Dictator_Nabs_Ben_Kingsley/7788564 | deadurl=no}}</ref> [[Larry Charles]], who previously directed Baron Cohen's [[mockumentaries]] ''[[Borat]]'' and ''[[Brüno]]'', also directs the film. Cohen, in the role of Admiral General Aladeen, a dictator from the fictional [[North Africa]]n country of the Republic of Wadiya, will star alongside [[Ben Kingsley]] and [[Anna Faris]].<ref name=ref1 /> The film has received positive reviews.

==Plot==
Admiral General Aladeen, the dictator of Wadiya, moves to [[New York City]] when a democracy is brought to his country. He must get by working as a store clerk while attempting to return himself to power in his homeland.

==Cast==
*[[Sacha Baron Cohen]] as Admiral General Aladeen<ref name=nytimes-lim />
*[[Ben Kingsley]] as Tamir <ref name=allmovie /><ref name=variety-kingsley>{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118036101?categoryid=4076|date=April 28, 2011 | title=Kingsley joins Baron Cohen's 'Dictator' | first=Jeff | last=Sneider |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/67SxC7CDs | archivedate= May 06, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>
*[[Jason Mantzoukas]]<ref name=allmovie>{{cite web|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/462433/The-Dictator/cast | publisher=[[All Media Guide]] via ''[[The New York Times]]''|title=''The Dictator'' (2012): Acting Credits}}</ref>
*[[Anna Faris]] as Zoey<ref name=allmovie />
*[[J. B. Smoove]] as Usher<ref name=allmovie />
*[[Megan Fox]] as herself<ref name=allmovie />
*[[John C. Reilly]]<ref name=allmovie />
*[[B. J. Novak]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/the-dictator-cameos/101646/ | publisher=Collider| title=New Cameo Revealed for Sacha Baron Cohen’s 'The Dictator' | first= Matt|last= Goldberg | date=July 11, 2011}}</ref>


==Production==
Paramount said the film was inspired by the novel ''[[Zabibah and the King]]'' by Iraqi dictator [[Saddam Hussein]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sacha-baron-cohens-dictator-open-73947 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=2012-05-06|title= Sacha Baron Cohen's 'The Dictator' to Open in May 2012|first= Georg  | last= Szalai |date=January 20, 2011 | archivedate=May 6, 2012| deadurl=no | archiveurl= http://liveweb.archive.org/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sacha-baron-cohens-dictator-open-73947}} Additional [http://www.webcitation.org/67Svc9qst Webcitation archive], May 06, 2012.</ref> though ''[[The New York Times]]'' later reported this was not true.<ref name=nytimes-lim /> Kristen Wiig and Gillian Jacobs had been considered for the role that Anna Faris eventually played and which ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' said "calls for strong improvisational skills".<ref name=variety-kingsley />

[[Morocco]] had been considered as a filming location.<ref name=variety-kingsley /> Location shooting took place at the [[Plaza de España (Seville)|Plaza de España]] in [[Seville]] and on the island of [[Fuerteventura]], [[Spain]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canarias7.es/articulo.cfm?id=245427 |title=¿Distingue Fuerteventura en la película de Baron Cohen? |publisher=[[Canarias7]] |date=2012-01-13 |accessdate=2012-01-27|quote=La película 'El dictador', del humorista Sacha Baron Cohen, que se rodó parcialmente en Fuerteventura, se prepara para su estreno en todo el mundo. En el primer tráiler, que ya se puede ver, se aprecian algunas imágenes rodadas en la isla majorera, en concreto un plano aéreo con carros de combate y escenas con unas militares haciendo ejercicios de artes marciales. ... El rodaje incluyó también escenas en Sevilla, concretamente en la plaza de España.}} {{es icon}} [http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canarias7.es%2Farticulo.cfm%3Fid%3D245427&act=url Google Translation]: "The film 'The Dictator' ... was filmed partially in Fuerteventura.... In the first trailer, ... one can see some footage shot on the island of Fuerteventura, in particular an airplane with tanks and military scenes.... The shoot also included scenes in Seville, specifically in the plaza...."</ref> and in New York City from June to August 2011.<ref name=nytimes-lim>{{cite news|title=Comic Guerrilla Tries Sticking With the Script | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/06/movies/sacha-baron-cohen-stars-in-the-dictator.html | first=Dennis | last=Lim | date=May 3, 2012 | accessdate = May 7, 2012 | work= [[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

==Marketing and publicity==
A version of the trailer was made for a [[Super Bowl XLVI]] commercial.<ref>{{cite news|last=Littlejohn|first=Georgina|title={{-'}}I just bought NBC, I know the final score, enjoy the game': Sacha Baron Cohen stars in special Super Bowl film trailer for The Dictator|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2095470/Sacha-Baron-Cohen-stars-special-Super-Bowl-film-trailer-The-Dictator.html|accessdate=24 February 2012|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=2 February 2012|author2=Eleanor Gower}}</ref> Archive news footage of [[President of France|French President]] [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] in the beginning of the trailer are excerpts of their 2010 speeches condemning [[Libya|Libyan]] dictator [[Muammar Gaddafi]], whom the film parodies.<ref name=Guardian20111215>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/filmblog/2011/dec/15/dictator-trailer-sacha-baron-cohen|title=The Dictator trailer: does Sacha Baron Cohen rule OK? |work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|accessdate=2011-12-17}}</ref>

In February 2012, Internet rumors claimed the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] had banned Baron Cohen from attending [[84th Academy Awards]] in his role as Admiral General Aladeen, but the Academy said the rumors were unfounded, saying, "We haven't banned him. We're just waiting to hear what he's going to do," and specifying of the publicity stunt, "We don't think it's appropriate. But his tickets haven't been pulled. We're waiting to hear back."<ref>{{cite magazine|title = Academy: Sacha Baron Cohen Not 'Banned' From Oscars But 'Dictator' Stunt Unwelcome | date=February 22, 2012| first=Matthew | last-Belloni | url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-sacha-baron-cohen-not-banned-the-dictator-293929 | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Cohen eventually appeared at the awards' red carpet with a pair of uniformed female bodyguards (which resemble Gadaffi's [[Amazonian Guard]]) and wielding an urn purportedly containing the ashes of North Korean dictator [[Kim Jong-il]], which the actor accidentally-on-purpose spilled onto [[E!]] host [[Ryan Seacrest]]. The ashes were later reported to be pancake mix.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://newsfeed.time.com/2012/02/27/sacha-baron-cohen-dumps-ashes-on-ryan-seacrest-at-oscars-red-carpet/ |title=Sacha Baron Cohen Dumps ‘Ashes’ on Ryan Seacrest at Oscars Red Carpet|first=Lauren | last=Daniels | date=February 27, 2012 | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref>

Baron Cohen appeared in character on the May 5, 2012, episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' during the "[[Weekend Update]]" segment, in which he appeared to torture movie critics [[A. O. Scott]] and [[Roger Ebert]] to give the film positive reviews, as well as seemingly holding director [[Martin Scorsese]] hostage.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fowler|first=Tara|title='The Dictator' tortures Martin Scorsese on 'SNL' |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/movies/news/a380261/the-dictator-tortures-martin-scorsese-on-snl-video.html|accessdate=6 May 2012|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=6 May 2012|language=English|month=May|year=2012}}</ref> Cohen also released a video in the wake of the [[2012 French Presidential Election]], congratulating [[François Hollande]] on his victory.<ref>{{cite video|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nt4MQxSApTk&feature=youtu.be | title=Félicitations officielles du Général Aladeen au nouveau président français | date=May 6, 2012 |accessdate=May 7, 2012| publisher= [[Paramount Pictures|ParamountFrance]] via [[YouTube]] | language=English with French subtitles}}</ref> Baron Cohen also appeared in character on the May 7, 2012 episode of ''[[The Daily Show]]''.<ref>http://www.hollywood.com/news/The_Dictator_Jon_Stewart_Daily_Show_Rick_Santorum_VIDEO/26683719</ref>
{{-}}

==Reception==
The film has received positive reviews so far. [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film a score of 76%, based on 41 reviews (31 of them being positive), higher than [[Ali G Indahouse]] and [[Brüno]], but much lower than [[Borat]]<ref>http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_dictator_2012/</ref>. [[Roger Ebert]] gives the film 3 stars out of a possible 4, saying, ""The Dictator" is funny, in addition to being obscene, disgusting, scatological, vulgar, crude and so on. Having seen Sacha Baron Cohen promoting it on countless talk shows, I feared the movie would feel like deja vu. But no. He establishes a claim to be the best comic filmmaker now working. And in a speech about dictatorships, he practices merciless political satire."<ref>http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20120509/REVIEWS/120519999</ref> R. Kurt Osenlund of [[Slant Magazine]] conversely said, "[The Dictator's] dolly- and crane-operated polish points toward an acquiescence to Tinseltown mores, which until now Baron Cohen hovered cheekily above."<ref>http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/the-dictator/6284</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.republicofwadiya.com/}}
*Official [https://www.facebook.com/RepublicOfWadiya Facebook] and [https://twitter.com/#!/RepublicWadiya Twitter] accounts
*{{IMDb title|1645170|The Dictator}}

{{Sacha Baron Cohen}}
{{Larry Charles}}
{{Scott Rudin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dictator, The}}
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:Black comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional dictators]]
[[Category:Films set in a fictional country]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:Spyglass Entertainment films]]

[[ar:الديكتاتور (فيلم 2012)]]
[[de:Der Diktator]]
[[es:The Dictator (película)]]
[[fa:دیکتاتور (فیلم)]]
[[fr:The Dictator (film, 2012)]]
[[it:Il dittatore]]
[[he:הדיקטטור]]
[[nl:The Dictator (2012)]]
[[ja:ディクテーター身元不明でニューヨーク]]
[[ru:Диктатор (фильм)]]
[[fi:Diktaattori (vuoden 2012 elokuva)]]
[[vi:The Dictator (phim 2012)]]

Stade de Gerland

2012-05-14T16:44:16Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Modifying fa:ورزشگاه ژرلان

{{Infobox Stadium
| stadium_name = Stade de Gerland
| nickname =
| image = [[Image:Stade-Gerland-RWC2007.JPG|250px]]
[[UEFA stadium categories|'''UEFA''']] [[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|12px]][[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|12px]][[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|12px]][[Image:Nuvola apps mozilla.png|12px]]
| fullname = Stade de Gerland
| location = 353, Avenue Jean-Jaurès, 69007 [[7th arrondissement of Lyon|VIIè Arrondissement]], [[Lyon]], France
| coordinates = {{Coord|45|43|26|N|4|49|56|E|type:landmark_scale:2000|display=it}}
| broke_ground =
| built = 1914
| opened = 1926
| renovated =
| expanded = 1960, 1980, 1998
| closed = 2013
| demolished =
| owner = City of [[Lyon]]
| operator = [[Olympique Lyonnais]]
| surface = [[Grass]]
| construction_cost = 32.7m [[Euro|€]] (including renovations)
| architect = [[Tony Garnier (architect)|Tony Garnier]] [[René Gagis]] (renovation)
| general_contractor=
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants = [[Olympique Lyonnais]] ([[Ligue 1|Ligue 1 de Orange]]) 1950–2013
| seating_capacity = 40,500<ref>http://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/StatDoc/competitions/UCL/01/67/63/79/1676379_DOWNLOAD.pdf</ref>
| dimensions = 105 x 68 m
}}
The '''Stade de Gerland''' (otherwise known as '''Municipal de Gerland''' or '''Stade Gerland''') is a stadium, in the city of [[Lyon]], France and home to [[Ligue 1]] football club [[Olympique Lyonnais]]. It has a seating capacity of 40,500 people.

Situated in the [[Gerland, Lyon|Gerland]] quarter, it is presently used by French professional [[Association football|football]] club [[Olympique Lyonnais]], but [[Olympique Lyonnais|OL]] is planning to move to a [[New Olympique Lyonnais Stadium|new stadium]] in 2013.

The Stade de Gerland is listed as a [[UEFA stadium categories|Category three]] stadium by [[UEFA]]'s standards and has hosted matches for the [[1972 Rugby League World Cup]], [[UEFA Euro 1984]], the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]], and the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]].

The stadium has hosted concerts by many famous artists, including [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[David Bowie]], [[Pink Floyd]] and [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]].

==History==
In 1910, the mayor of [[Lyon]], [[Édouard Herriot]], came up with the idea to develop and build a sports stadium with an [[Track and field athletics|athletics]] track and a [[velodrome]] in the city. In 1912, the stadium was officially mandated and local [[architect]] [[Tony Garnier (architect)|Tony Garnier]] was given the reins to designing and constructing it. Construction began in 1914 with hopes that the stadium would be completed before the [[Expo (exhibition)|International Exhibition of 1914]]. However, due to World War I, construction was temporarily halted, but resumed following the wars conclusion in 1919 with the assistance of a large number of German [[prisoner of war|POWs]]. By 1920, the stadium was completely functional. In 1926, the Stade de Gerland was inaugurated by Herriot.
[[File:Photos-0029.jpg|thumb|170px|left|View of the stadium]]
The stadium originally had a [[cycling]] track, but it was removed in order to increase the seating capacity to 50,000. In 1984, minor renovations were made to the stadium by architect Rene Gagis in order to bring the stadium up to standards for [[UEFA Euro 1984]]. This included construction of the [[Jean Bouin]] and [[Jean Jaurès]] stands. Further renovations were needed to prepare the stadium for the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]], as by that time [[FIFA]] had mandated that all stadiums used for international matches, including the [[Football World Cup|World Cup]], had to be [[all-seater|all-seated]]. The north and south stands were completely dismantled and rebuilt, the [[Jean Jaurès]] and [[Jean Bouin]] side stands were untouched and the [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]] track that had remained, even after the cycling track had been removed, was taken out. The renovations were done by architect Albert Constantin. The new incarnation of Gerland had a maximum capacity of 40,500.
[[File:Stade de Gerland - entré Jean Jaures.jpg|thumb|170px|left|[[Jean Jaurès]] entrance.]]
Since 1950 the stadium has been home to French professional [[Association football|football]] club [[Olympique Lyonnais]] [[Olympique Lyonnais]] who play in [[Ligue 1]], France's highest football division. Lyon moved into the stadium as a result of splitting from the [[Lyon OU|Lyon Olympique Universitaire]] sport club, which played at the Stade des Iris. The record attendance for a [[Ligue 1]] match is 48,552 for a derby match between Olympique Lyonnais and [[AS Saint-Étienne]] in 1982.

==Artists==

Gerland is also used for events of mass such as The [[Rolling Stones]]'s concerts, [[Michael Jackson]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Johnny Hallyday]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]].

==Marc-Vivien Foé==
Tragedy struck during the [[Confederations Cup 2003|2003 Confederations Cup]] semi-final at the stadium between [[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] and [[Colombia national football team|Colombia]], as Cameroon midfielder [[Marc-Vivien Foé]] collapsed on the pitch and died shortly afterwards in hospital.

==1998 FIFA World Cup==
During the [[1998 FIFA World Cup|1998 World Cup]], the stadium hosted five group matches:

*{{KOR}} v. {{MEX}}
*{{JPN}} v. {{JAM}}
*{{USA}} v. {{IRN}}
*{{FRA}} v. {{DEN}}
*{{ROM}} v. {{COL}}

plus the quarter-final fixture between:
*{{GER}} v. {{CRO}}

==2007 Rugby World Cup==
The stadium hosted three pool matches in the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]]: [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]] vs [[Japan national rugby union team|Japan]], [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]] vs [[Georgia national rugby union team|Georgia]] and [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] vs [[Portugal national rugby union team|Portugal]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Stade de Gerland}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
title=[[European Cup Winners Cup]] [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals|Final Venue]]|
before=[[De Kuip]] [[Rotterdam]]|
after=[[Olympic Stadium (Athens)|Spiros Louis Stadium]] [[Athens]]|
years=[[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1985-86|1986]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Ligue 1 venues}}
{{Olympique Lyonnais}}
{{1938 FIFA World Cup stadiums}}
{{1998 FIFA World Cup Venues}}
{{2007 Rugby World Cup Venues}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stade De Gerland}}
[[Category:7th arrondissement of Lyon]]
[[Category:1938 FIFA World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1998 FIFA World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:UEFA European Football Championship stadiums|Gerland]]
[[Category:Football venues in France|Gerland]]
[[Category:Rugby union stadiums in France|Gerland]]
[[Category:Rugby World Cup stadiums|Gerland]]
[[Category:Olympique Lyonnais]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lyon]]

[[af:Stade de Gerland]]
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The Philadelphia Story (film)

2012-05-14T16:37:58Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Modifying fa:داستان فیلادلفیا

{{Infobox film
| name = The Philadelphia Story
| image = The-Philadelphia-Story-(1940).jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[George Cukor]]
| producer = [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]]
| based on = {{Based on|''[[The Philadelphia Story (play)|The Philadelphia Story]]''|[[Philip Barry]]}}
| screenplay = [[Donald Ogden Stewart]] [[Waldo Salt]] ''(uncredited)''
| starring = [[Cary Grant]] [[Katharine Hepburn]] [[James Stewart]] [[Ruth Hussey]]
| music = [[Franz Waxman]]
| cinematography = [[Joseph Ruttenberg]]
| editing = [[Frank Sullivan (film editing)|Frank Sullivan]]
| distributor = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
| released = {{Film date|1940|12|26}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = {{Film US}}
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $3,000,000<ref>[http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/1940/0PHST.php Box Office Information for ''The Philadelphia Story.''] The Numbers. Retrieved April 12, 2012</ref>
|}}
'''''The Philadelphia Story''''' is a 1940 American romantic comedy film<ref>''[[Variety Film Reviews|Variety]]'' film review; November 27, 1940, page 16.</ref><ref>''[[Harrison's Reports and Film Reviews|Harrison's Reports]]'' film review; December 7, 1940.</ref> directed by [[George Cukor]], starring [[Cary Grant]], [[Katharine Hepburn]], and [[James Stewart]] and featuring [[Ruth Hussey]]. Based on the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] [[The Philadelphia Story (play)|play of the same name]] by [[Philip Barry]],<ref name=ibdb>{{ibdb title|12441}}</ref> the film is about a socialite (Hepburn) whose wedding plans are complicated by the simultaneous arrival of her ex-husband (Grant) and a tabloid magazine journalist (Stewart). Written for the screen by [[Donald Ogden Stewart]] and an uncredited [[Waldo Salt]], it is considered one of the best examples of a [[comedy of remarriage]], a genre popular in the 1930s and 1940s, in which a couple divorce, flirt with outsiders and then remarry – a useful story-telling ploy at a time when the depiction of extramarital affairs was blocked by the [[Motion Picture Production Code|Production Code]].

The film was Hepburn's first big hit following several flops, which had led to her being included on a 1939 list that Manhattan movie theater owner Harry Brandt compiled of actors he considered to be "box office poison."<ref>{{cite web| title=The New Pictures |date=January 20, 1941| url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772652,00.html | publisher= [[Time (magazine)|Time]]| accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> She acquired the film rights to the play, which she had also starred in, with the help of [[Howard Hughes]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/23/hughes.hepburn/ |title=The Hughes-Hepburn affair; Hepburn biographer describes 'tender' relationship |first=Douglas |last=Hyde |work=CNN.com |date=February 23, 2005}}</ref> in order to control it as a vehicle for her movie comeback.<ref name=tcmnotes />

''The Philadelphia Story'' was nominated for six [[Academy Awards]], winning two: Stewart for [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Donald Ogden Stewart]] for [[Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]]. It was [[remake|remade]] in 1956 as the [[musical film|musical]] ''[[High Society (1956 film)|High Society]]'', starring [[Bing Crosby]], [[Grace Kelly]], [[Frank Sinatra]] and [[Louis Armstrong]].

The movie was produced by [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]] and was selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] in 1995.

==Plot==
[[File:Philadelphia Story, The - (Trailer).ogv|thumbtime=23 |thumb |left |200px | ''The Philadelphia Story'' trailer.]]
Tracy Samantha Lord Haven ([[Katharine Hepburn]]) is a wealthy [[Philadelphia Main Line|Main Line]] [[Philadelphia]] socialite who had divorced C. K. Dexter Haven ([[Cary Grant]]), a member of her social set, because he did not measure up to her exacting standards. (He was an alcoholic, and her lack of faith in him exacerbated his condition.) She is about to marry ''[[nouveau riche]]'' "man of the people" George Kittredge ([[John Howard (American actor)|John Howard]]).

''Spy'' magazine publisher Sidney Kidd ([[Henry Daniell]]) is eager to cover the wedding, and he enlists Dexter, one of his former employees, to introduce reporter Macaulay "Mike" Connor ([[James Stewart]]) and photographer Liz Imbrie ([[Ruth Hussey]]) as friends of the family so they can report on the wedding. Tracy is not fooled but reluctantly agrees to let them stay—after Dexter explains that Kidd has an innuendo-laden article about Tracy's father, Seth ([[John Halliday]]), who, Tracy believes, is having an affair with a dancer. Though Seth is separated from Tracy's mother Margaret ([[Mary Nash]]) and Tracy harbors great resentment against him, she wants to protect her family's reputation.

Dexter is welcomed back with open arms by Margaret and Dinah ([[Virginia Weidler]]), Tracy's teenage sister—much to Tracy's annoyance. In addition, Tracy gradually discovers that Mike has admirable qualities, and she even takes the trouble to find his published stories in the library. Thus, as the wedding nears, Tracy finds herself torn between her fiancé, her ex-husband, and the reporter.

The night before the wedding, Tracy gets drunk for only the second time in her life and takes an innocent swim with Mike. When George sees Mike carrying an intoxicated Tracy into the house afterward, he thinks the worst. The next day, he tells her that he was shocked and feels entitled to an explanation before going ahead with the wedding. Tracy takes exception to his lack of faith in her and breaks off the engagement. Then she realizes that all the guests have arrived and are waiting for the ceremony to begin. Mike volunteers to marry her (much to Liz's distress), but Tracy graciously declines. At this point, Dexter makes his bid for her hand, which she accepts.

[[File:PhiladelphiaStory trailer.png|right|315px|thumb|[[Katharine Hepburn]], [[Cary Grant]], [[James Stewart (actor)|James Stewart]] and [[Ruth Hussey]] in ''The Philadelphia Story'' (1940)]]

==Cast==
* [[Cary Grant]] as C. K. Dexter Haven
* [[Katharine Hepburn]] as Tracy Lord
* [[James Stewart]] as Macaulay Connor
* [[Ruth Hussey]] as Elizabeth Imbrie
* [[John Howard (American actor)|John Howard]] as George Kittredge
* [[Roland Young]] as William Q. Tracy (Uncle Willie)
* [[John Halliday]] as Seth Lord
* [[Mary Nash]] as Margaret Lord
* [[Virginia Weidler]] as Dinah Lord
* [[Henry Daniell]] as Sidney Kidd
* Lionel Pape as Edward, a footman
* Rex Evans as Thomas, the butler
* [[David Clyde (actor)|David Clyde]] as Mac, the night watchman



;Cast notes
*The character of "Tracy Lord" was inspired by [[Helen Hope Montgomery Scott]] (1904–1995), a Philadelphia socialite known for her hijinks, who married a friend of playwright [[Philip Barry]].<ref>Irvine, Ian [http://www.reelclassics.com/Movies/Philstory/tracylord-article.htm "The Real Philadelphia Story"] at [http://www.reelclassics.com ReelClassics.com]</ref>

==Production==
Broadway playwright Philip Barry<ref>{{IBDB name|7990|Philip Barry}}</ref> wrote ''The Philadelphia Story'' specifically for Katharine Hepburn, who ended up backing the play, and foregoing a salary in return for a percentage of the play's profits.<ref name=tcmarticle /> Co-starring with Hepburn on Broadway were [[Joseph Cotten]] as "C.K. Dexter Haven", [[Van Heflin]] as "Macauley Connor", with [[Shirley Booth]] as "Liz Imbrie".<ref name=ibdb />

Hoping to create a film vehicle for herself which would erase the label of "box office poison" that the Independent Theatre Owners of America had put on her after a number of commercial failures (including the classic ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]''), Hepburn happily accepted the film rights to the play from [[Howard Hughes]] who had bought them for her. She then convinced [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]'s [[Louis B. Mayer]] to buy them from her for only $250,000 in return for Hepburn having veto over producer, director, screenwriter and cast.<ref name=tcmnotes /><ref name=tcmarticle /><ref>All Movie [http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:38000 Overview]</ref>

[[File:Philadelphia Story 13.jpg|left|thumb|275px|[[Katharine Hepburn]] as Tracy Lord and [[James Stewart]] as Macaulay Connor]]

Hepburn selected director [[George Cukor]], whose ''[[A Bill of Divorcement]]'' (1932) and ''[[Little Women (1933 film)|Little Women]]'' (1933) she had acted in, and [[Donald Ogden Stewart]], a friend of Barry's and a specialist at adapting plays to the big screen, as writer.<ref name=tcmarticle>{{cite web|last=Melear | first=Mary Anne| url= http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=12778&category=Articles |title=The Philadelphia Story | work=Turner Classic Movies| accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref>

Hepburn wanted [[Clark Gable]] for the Dexter Haven role and [[Spencer Tracy]] as Macauley Connor, but both had other commitments. Grant agreed to play the part on condition that he be given top billing and that his salary would be $137,000, which he donated to the [[British War Relief Society]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} The pairing of Cukor and Clark Gable would have been problematic in any case, as they had not gotten along on the recent ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'', and Cukor had been replaced with [[Victor Fleming]].{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}

''The Philadelphia Story'' was in production from 5 July to 14 August 1940<ref>IMDB [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032904/business Business data]</ref> at MGM's studios in [[Culver City, California|Culver City]].<ref>IMDB [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032904/locations Filming locations]</ref> The film was shot in eight weeks with no retakes, and came in five days under schedule.<ref name=tcmnotes>TCM [http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=12778&category=Notes Notes]</ref> At one point, [[James Stewart]] slipped in his hiccuping during the drunk scene. Grant turned to him, surprised, and said "Excuse me," then appears to stifle a laugh. The scene was kept and was not reshot.<ref>[[Robert Osborne|Osborne, Robert]], [[Turner Classic Movies]] broadcast</ref>

Stewart had been extremely nervous about the scene in which Connor recites poetry to Tracy and believed that he would perform badly. [[Noël Coward]] was visiting the set that day and was asked by Cukor to say something to encourage him. Stewart was also quite uncomfortable with some of the dialogue, especially in the swimming pool scene.

Hepburn performed the dive into the swimming pool entirely by herself without the help from doubles. Forty years later, during the filming of ''[[On Golden Pond (1981 film)|On Golden Pond]]'', [[Jane Fonda]] was frightened to do her own dive, to which the annoyed Hepburn responded, "I did my own dive in ''The Philadelphia Story''."

''The Philadelphia Story'' premiered in [[New York City]] in the week of 27 December 1940 and it was shown in other selected theatres in December, but MGM had agreed to hold the film's general release until January 1941 in order not to compete with the stage play,<ref name=tcmnotes /> which was no longer playing on Broadway, but was touring the country.<ref name=ibdb /> The film went into general American release on 17 January 1941.<ref>TCM [http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=12778 Overview]</ref> The film broke a box office record at [[Radio City Music Hall]] by taking in $600,000 in just six weeks.

==Critical reception==
According to [[Bosley Crowther]], the film "has just about everything that a blue-chip comedy should have—a witty, romantic script derived by Donald Ogden Stewart out of Philip Barry's successful play; the flavor of high-society elegance, in which the patrons invariably luxuriate, and a splendid cast of performers headed by Katharine Hepburn, James Stewart and Cary Grant. If it doesn't play out this year and well along into next they should turn the [[Radio City Music Hall|Music Hall]] into a shooting gallery....Metro and Director George Cukor have graciously made it apparent, in the words of a character, that one of 'the prettiest sights in this pretty world is the privileged classes enjoying their privileges.' And so, in this instance, will you, too."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F04E0D71F3CE73ABC4F51DFB467838B659EDE | title= A Splendid Cast Adorns the Screen Version of 'The Philadelphia Story' at the Music Hall | work= NYT Critics' Pick | first= Bosley | last= Crowther | authorlink= Bosley Crowther | date= December 27, 1940 | publisher= [[The New York Times]] | accessdate= 2011-12-18}}</ref>

''The Philadelphia Story'' was the last of four films starring Grant and Hepburn, the others being ''[[Sylvia Scarlett]]'' (1935), ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]'' (1938), and ''[[Holiday (1938 film)|Holiday]]'' (1938). All but ''Sylvia Scarlett'' belong to a sub-genre of screwball comedy called the [[comedy of remarriage]] described by the philosopher [[Stanley Cavell]] as Hollywood's crowning achievement.

==Awards and honors==
[[File:Philadelphia Story 19.jpg|thumb|250px|Ruth Hussey as Liz Imbrie]]
[[File:Philadelphia Story 12.jpg|thumb|250px|Cary Grant and John Howard as Dexter Haven and George Kittredge]]

At the [[13th Academy Awards|1940 Academy Awards]] ''The Philadelphia Story'' received 6 nominations:
* [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Outstanding Production]] – [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] ([[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]], Producer)
* [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[George Cukor]]
* [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[James Stewart]]
* [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Katharine Hepburn]]
* [[Academy Award for Best Writing (Adapted Screenplay)|Best Writing, Screenplay]] – [[Donald Ogden Stewart]]
* [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Ruth Hussey]]

James Stewart and Donald Ogden Stewart won Academy Awards.

James Stewart was not expecting to win and was not planning to attend the awards ceremony. He was called and "advised" to show up in a dinner jacket. Stewart himself said he had voted for [[Henry Fonda]] for his performance in ''[[The Grapes of Wrath (film)|The Grapes of Wrath]]'', and always felt the award had been given to him as compensation for not winning the [[Academy Award]] for his portrayal of Jeff Smith in ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]''. Donald Ogden Stewart, on the other hand, declared upon winning ''his'' [[Academy Award|Oscar]]: "I have no one to thank but myself!"<ref name=tcmarticle />

Hepburn won a 1940 [[New York Film Critics Circle Award]] for her performance,<ref>IMDB [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032904/awards Awards]</ref> and the film was named one of the ten best of the year by ''Film Daily''.<ref>All Movie [http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:38000~T4 Awards]</ref>

In 1995, ''The Philadelphia Story'' film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the [[Library of Congress]] and was selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]].

;[[American Film Institute]] Lists
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies]] - #51
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs]] - #15
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions]] - #44
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes]]:
**"You're lit from within, Tracy. You've got fires banked down in you, hearth-fires and holocausts." - Nominated<ref>[http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/quotes400.pdf AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees]</ref>
*[[AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores]] - Nominated<ref>[http://www.afi.com/Docs/100years/scores250.pdf AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees]</ref>
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)]] - #44
*[[AFI's 10 Top 10]] - #5 Romantic Comedy<ref>{{cite news | publisher = [[American Film Institute]] | title = AFI's 10 Top 10 | date = 2008-06-17 | url = http://www.afi.com/10top10/romanticcomedy.html | accessdate=2008-06-18}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
The stars of the film appeared on ''Lux Radio Theater''{{'}}s radio adaptation of Barry's play in 1942. ''Lux'' presented it again in 1943 with [[Robert Taylor (actor)|Robert Taylor]], [[Loretta Young]] and [[Robert Young (actor)|Robert Young]].<ref name=tcmnotes /> It was also adapted on two episodes of [[The Screen Guild Theater]], first with [[Greer Garson]], [[Henry Fonda]] and [[Fred MacMurray]] (April 5, 1942), then with Hepburn, Grant and Stewart reprising their film roles (March 17, 1947).

The film was adapted in 1956 as the MGM [[musical film|musical]] ''[[High Society (1956 film)|High Society]]'', starring [[Bing Crosby]], [[Grace Kelly]], [[Frank Sinatra]] and [[Louis Armstrong]], directed by [[Charles Walters]].

==Gallery==
<gallery perrow="6">
File:Philadelphia Story 20.jpg|
File:Snapshot20071107102421.jpg|
File:Philadelphia Story 3.jpg|
File:PhiladelphiaStory trailer Stewart.png|
File:Philadelphia Story 5.jpg|
File:Philadelphia Story 14.jpg|
File:Philadelphia Story 7.jpg|
File:Philadelphia Story 16.jpg.jpg|
File:Philadelphia Story 17.jpg|
File:Katharine Hepburn in The Philadelphia Story trailer.jpg
File:Philadelphia Story 9.jpg|
File:Philadelphia Story 15.jpg|
</gallery>

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|The Philadelphia Story (film)|The Philadelphia Story}}
* {{IMDb title|0032904|The Philadelphia Story}}
* {{tcmdb title|12778|The Philadelphia Story}}
* {{Allmovie title|38000|The Philadelphia Story}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|philadelphia_story|The Philadelphia Story}}
* [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/movie.html?v_id=38000 NYTimes Review]
* [http://www.carygrant.net/reviews/philadelphia.html Historic reviews, photo gallery at CaryGrant.net]



{{George Cukor Films}}
{{Katharine Hepburn filmography}}
{{AFI 100 Laughs}}
{{AFI 10 Top 10}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philadelphia Story}}
[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:1940s romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American screwball comedy films]]
[[Category:Black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Comedy of remarriage films]]
[[Category:Films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films directed by George Cukor]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award winning performance]] 
[[Category:Films set in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]

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[[fa:داستان فیلادلفیا]]
[[fr:Indiscrétions]]
[[ko:필라델피아 스토리]]
[[it:Scandalo a Filadelfia]]
[[he:סיפור פילדלפיה]]
[[nl:The Philadelphia Story]]
[[ja:フィラデルフィア物語]]
[[pl:Filadelfijska opowieść]]
[[pt:The Philadelphia Story]]
[[ro:Poveste din Philadelphia]]
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[[fi:Skandaalihäät]]
[[sv:En skön historia (film, 1940)]]
[[vi:The Philadelphia Story]]
[[zh:费城故事]]

Byasa alcinous

2012-05-14T11:54:28Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:آسیاب بادی چینی (پروانه)

{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Atrophaneura alcinous
| image = Atrophaneura_alcinous_1856_(2).jpg
| image_width = 220px
| image_caption =
| image2 = Atrophaneura_alcinous_1856_(1).jpg
| image2_width = 220px
| image2_caption =
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Papilionidae]]
| genus = ''[[Atrophaneura]]''
| species = '''''A. alcinous'''''
| binomial = ''Atrophaneura alcinous''
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug|Klug]], 1836)
| synonyms =
*''Papilio alcinous'' Klug, 1836
*''Papilio alcinous'' Rothschild, 1895
*''Papilio spathatus'' Butler, 1881
*''Papilio haemotostictus'' Butler, 1881
*''Papilio (Pharmacophagus) alcinous m.v. veris'' Sheljuzhko
*''Tros alcinous''
*''Byasa alcinous'' <ref name=Funet>[ftp://193.166.3.2/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/papilionidae/papilioninae/atrophaneura/index.html Funet.fi]</ref>
}}
The '''Chinese Windmill''' (''Atrophaneura alcinous'') is a [[butterfly]] of the [[Papilionidae]] family.

==Description==
''Atrophaneura alcinous'' has a [[wingspan]] reaching about {{convert|9|-|10|cm}}. The basic colour of the wings is black or dark-brown.The hind wings have long tails and a chain of red spots at the edges. The thorax and the abdomen are mainly black on the upperside and the underside, with several black spots, while the other areas are red.<ref name=bc>[http://en.butterflycorner.net/Atrophaneura-alcinous-Chinese-Windmill.1114.0.html Butterfly Corner]</ref>
Adults are on wing from May to August in two generations.

The larvae feed on ''[[Aristolochia mandshhuriensis]]'', ''[[Aristolochia debilis]]'' and ''[[Aristolochia manchuriensis]]''.<ref name=bc/> Subspecies has been recorded on ''[[Aristolochia shimadai]]'', ''[[Aristolochia liukiuensis]]'', ''[[Aristolochia kankauensis]]'', ''[[Aristolochia elegans]]'', ''[[Aristolochia debilis]]'', ''[[Aristolochia kaempferii]]'', ''[[Aristolochia onoei]]'', ''[[Aristolochia tagala]]'', ''[[Cocculus trilobus]]'' and ''[[Metaplexis chinensis]]''. The species overwinters as a pupa.<ref name=Funet/><ref name=bc/>

==Distribution==
This species can be found in the Asian part of the [[Palaearctic ecozone]] and partially in the [[Australasia ecozone]] and in the [[Indomalaya ecozone]], from Bhutan, and eastern [[China]] to the southern [[Ussuri]] region, [[Korea]] and [[Japan]].<ref name=bc/><ref>[http://rusinsects.com/a-alc.htm Russian Insects]</ref>

==Habitat==
''Atrophaneura alcinous'' is present in mixed broadleaved forests.

==Subspecies==
* ''Atrophaneura alcinous alcinous''
* ''Atrophaneura alcinous confusus'' (Rothschild, 1895) (Ussuri)
* ''Atrophaneura alcinous yakushimana'' (Esaki & Umeno, 1929) (Japan)
* ''Atrophaneura alcinous loochooana'' (Rothschild, 1896) (Japan)
* ''Atrophaneura alcinous miyakoensis'' (Omoto, 1960) (Japan)
* ''Atrophaneura alcinous bradanus'' (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (Japan)
* ''Atrophaneura alcinous mansonensis'' (Fruhstorfer, 1901) (south-central and south-eastern China, Taiwan) <ref name=bc/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Atrophaneura alcinous at Gunma Insect World.jpg|Dorsal view
File:Papipionidae - Atrophaneura alcinous.JPG|Ventral view
File:JakouAgeha 07c7529.jpg|Caterpillar
File:ジャコウアゲハ蛹-2.jpg|Chrysalis
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.panoramio.com/photo/59108448 Panoramio]
* [http://szmn.sbras.ru/old/picts/butterfly/Gorbunov/Papilionidae/Atrophaneura_alcinous.htm Atrophaneura_alcinous]

[[Category:Atrophaneura]]

{{Papilionidae-stub}}

[[fa:آسیاب بادی چینی (پروانه)]]
[[fr:Atrophaneura alcinous]]
[[la:Atrophaneura alcinous]]
[[ru:Алкиной (бабочка)]]
[[vi:Atrophaneura alcinous]]

Swallowtail butterfly

2012-05-14T08:41:04Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:پرستودمان

{{Dablink|This article is about the insect family. For other uses, see [[Swallowtail]].}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Swallowtail butterflies
| image = Cairns birdwing - melbourne zoo.jpg
| image_caption = <center>Cairns Birdwing, ''[[Ornithoptera euphorion]]'' ([[G.R. Gray]] 1852)</center>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| subordo = [[Ditrysia]]
| superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]]
| familia = '''Papilionidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], [1802]
| type_species = ''Papilio machaon''
| type_species_authority = ([[Old World Swallowtail]])
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamily|Subfamilies]] and [[genus|genera]]
| subdivision =
There are 27 genera and about 600 species:
*Subfamily [[Baroniinae]]
**''[[Baronia]]''
*Subfamily [[Parnassiinae]]
**''[[Allancastria]]''
**''[[Archon (lepidoptera)|Archon]]''
**''[[Bhutanitis]]''
**''[[Hypermnestra (butterfly)|Hypermnestra]]''
**''[[Luehdorfia]]''
**''[[Parnassius]]''
**''[[Sericinus]]''
*Subfamily [[Papilioninae]]
**''[[Atrophaneura]]''
**''[[Battus (butterfly)|Battus]]''
**''[[Cressida (butterfly)|Cressida]]''
**''[[Euryades]]''
**''[[Eurytides]]''
**''[[Graphium (butterfly)|Graphium]]''
**''[[Iphiclides]]''
**''[[Lamproptera]]''
**''[[Meandrusa]]''
**''[[Mimoides]]''
**''[[Ornithoptera]]''
**''[[Papilio]]''
**''[[Parides]]''
**''[[Pharmacophagus]]''
**''[[Protesilaus (butterfly)|Protesilaus]]''
**''[[Protographium]]''
**''[[Teinopalpus]]''
**''[[Trogonoptera]]''
**''[[Troides]]''
}}

'''Swallowtail butterflies''' are large, colorful [[Butterfly|butterflies]] that form the family '''Papilionidae'''. There are over 550 [[species]],<ref name="GloBIS/GART">{{cite web |url=http://www.insects-online.de/frames/papilio.htm |title=Papilionidae – revised GloBIS/GART species checklist (2nd draft) |author=Häuser, Christoph L. |coauthors=de Jong, Rienk ; Lamas, Gerardo ; Robbins, Robert K.; Smith, Campbell & Vane-Wright, Richard I. |date=28 July 2005 |work= |publisher= |accessdate=8 November 2010}}</ref> and though the majority are [[tropical]], members of the family are found on all [[continent]]s except [[Antarctica]]. The family includes the largest butterflies in the world, the [[birdwing|birdwing butterflies]] of [[Australia]] (genus ''[[Ornithoptera]]'').<ref name="Papilionidae on tolweb.org">{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Papilionidae/12177 |title= ''Papilionidae'' – The Swallowtail Butterflies |author=Reed, Robert D.|coauthors=Sperling, Felix A.H. |year= 2006 |work=|publisher=[http://tolweb.org/ Tree of Life Web Project]|accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref>

Swallowtails differ from all other butterflies in a number of anatomical traits. Most notably, their [[caterpillar]]s possess a unique organ behind their heads, called the [[osmeterium]]. Normally hidden, this forked structure can be everted when the caterpillar is threatened, or forced out with a gentle squeeze, and emits smelly secretions containing [[terpene]]s. The adults are often ''fork tailed'', and the [[type species]] ''[[Papilio machaon]]'' was named after the [[barn swallow|swallow]]s seen in the UK, and so gave the insect family its name.

==Distribution==
As of 2005, 552 extant species have been identified<ref name="GloBIS/GART"/> which are distributed across the entire world (except Antarctica) and occur from sea level to high mountains, as in the case of most species of ''[[Parnassius]]''. The majority of swallowtail species and greatest diversity in form and lifestyle are found in the tropics between 20°N and 20°S,<ref name="Threatened">{{cite book |title=Threatened Swallowtails of the World: the IUCN red data book |last1=Collins |first=N. Mark |last2=Collins |first2=Michael G. |authorlink= |series=IUCN Protected Area Programme Series |year=1985 |publisher=IUCN |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.|isbn=978-2-88032-603-6 |pages=401 & 8 plates |url=http://books.google.co.in/?id=RomV7uO_t9YC |accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref>{{rp|}} particularly Southeast Asia, and between 20°N and 40°N in East Asia. Only 12 species are found in Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/help/euro_chklist.htm |title=European Butterfly checklist |author=Coombs, Simon |date=30 September 2010 |work= |publisher=http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/ |accessdate=11 November 2010}}</ref> and only one species, ''[[Old World Swallowtail|Papilio machaon]]'' is found in the [[British Isles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/help/uk_chklist.htm |title=UK Butterfly checklist |author=Coombs, Simon |date=30 September 2010 |work= |publisher=http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/ |accessdate=11 November 2010}}</ref> North America records 40 species which include tropical species and ''Parnassius''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jim P. |last=Brock|first2=Kenn |last2=Kaufman |year=2003|title=Butterflies of North America|location=Boston|publisher= Houghton Mifflin|isbn= 0-618-15312-8}}</ref>

The northern-most swallowtail is the Arctic Apollo (''[[Parnassius arcticus]]'') which is found in the Arctic Circle in northeastern [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]], at an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rusinsects.com/p-arct.htm |title=Parnassius arctica Eisner, 1968 |first=Felix|last= Stumpe |date= |work=Russian-Insects.com |publisher= |accessdate=9 November 2010}}</ref> In the [[Himalayas]], various Apollo species such as ''[[Parnassius epaphus]]'', besides others, have been recorded to occur up to an altitude of 6,000 meters above sea level.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects |last=Mani |first=M. S. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1968 |publisher=Springer |location= |series=Volume 4 of Series entomologica |isbn=978-90-6193-114-0 |page= |pages=530 |url=http://books.google.co.in/?id=n4qSTCkniZoC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA221 |accessdate=9 November 2010}}</ref>{{rp|221}}

==Morphology==
The detailed descriptions of morphological characteristics of the Papilionidae, as quoted in [[Charles Thomas Bingham|Bingham]] (1905) are as follows:<ref name="Bingham (1905) Vol I">{{cite book |title=The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma – Butterflies (Vol 1) |last=Bingham|first=C.T. |authorlink=Charles Thomas Bingham |coauthors= |year=1905 |publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=London|pages=519 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/TheFunaOfBritishIndiaButterfliesVolI |accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref>{{rp|1,2}}
<blockquote>'''Egg'''. "Dome-shaped, smooth or obscurely facetted, not as high as wide, somewhat leathery, opaque." ([[William Doherty|Doherty]].)

'''Larva'''. Stout, smooth or with a series of fleshy tubercles on the dorsum : sometimes with a raised fleshy protuberance (the so-called hood or crest) on the fourth segment which is also generally thickened above. The second segment has a transverse opening, out of which the larva can protrude at will an [[osmeterium|erect, forked, glandular fleshy organ]] that emits a strong, somewhat pleasant, but always penetrating odour.

'''Pupa'''. Variable in form but superiorly most often curved backwards, sometimes very strongly so ; angulate, with the head truncate or rounded, often bifid ; back of abdomen smooth or tuberculate. Attached by the tail, normally in a perpendicular position, and further secured by a silken girth round the middle. In ''[[Parnassius]]'' strangely enough the pupa is placed in a loose silken web between leaves.

'''Imago'''. Wings extraordinarily variable in shape. Hind wing very frequently with a tail, which may be slender, or broad and spatulate, but is always an extension of the termen at vein 4. In one genus, ''[[Bhutanitis|Armandia]]'', the termen of the hind wing is prolonged into tails at the apices of veins 2 and 3 as well as at vein 4. Pore wing (except in the aberrant genera ''Parnassius'' and ''Hypermnestra'') with all 12 veins present and in addition a short internal vein, vein 1 a,<ref>The vein is since named 2A or second anal vein in modern venation systems.</ref> that invariably terminates on the dorsal margin. There is also a short transverse vein present at base of wing between the median vein and vein 1a in all genera except ''[[Lamproptera|Leptocircus]]'', ''Armandia'', ''Parnassius'', and ''[[Hypermnestra]]''. Hind wing : vein 1a absent; precostal vein and precostal cell both present; dorsal margin not excavated so as to receive the abdomen, but in the male frequently folded over and studded within the fold with specialized scales (androconia) or hairs that are often strongly scented. Antennae comparatively short, with generally a distinct club; "the distal joints mostly more expanded ventrally than dorsally, so that the club is curved dorsad" ([[Karl Jordan|Jordan]]). The scaling most extended in Leptocircus, but in ''[[Papilio]]'' confined to the basal joints. Body stout; claspers at apex of abdomen in the male generally well-developed, absent in a few forms. Six walking legs; the fore tibiae with a medial pad; claws simple except in one form of Leptocircus, which has them bifid.
</blockquote>

'''Stages of development of a papilionid – [[Giant Swallowtail]] (''Papilio cresphontes'')'''
<gallery>
File:Giant Swallowtail Egg.jpg|Egg
File:Giant_Swallowtail_Larva.jpg|Caterpillar
File:Papilio_cresphontes_chrysalis.JPG|Chrysalis
File:Butterfly_8731-2.jpg|Adult
</gallery>

===Distinguishing characteristics===
The key characteristics that differentiate the Papilionidae from the other butterfly families are:<ref name="Papilionidae on tolweb.org"/>
* The presence of the '''[[osmeterium]]''', a forked, fleshy eversible organ found in the prothoracic segment of papilionid caterpillars.
* [[Glossary_of_entomology_terms#Venation_as_per_Comstock-Needham_system|Venation]] in the adult forewing of papilionids is characteristic. In swallowtails, the second anal vein, 2A, extends up to the wing margin and does not link with the first anal vein, 1A. These veins are fused in other butterfly families and 2A does not reach the wing margin.
* The [[sclerite]]s of the [[External_morphology_of_Lepidoptera#cervix|cervix]] (membranous neck between the head and thorax) are fused beneath the neck where the muscles for head movement are anchored.

<gallery>
File:01_chenille_machaon_(detail).jpg|[[Old World Swallowtail]] caterpillar everting its [[osmeterium]] in defense.
File:Papilionidae_id_char_venation.png|Adult forewing of [[Graphium agetes]]. Second anal vein, 2A, extends upto the wing margin and does not link with the first anal vein, 1A.
File:Black_Swallowtail_Chrysalis_Megan_McCarty33.jpg|Papilionid chrysalis are typically attached to a substrate by the [[cremaster]] and with head up held by a [[silk]] girdle.
</gallery>

==Taxonomy==
===Subfamilies===
[[File:Baronia brevicornis.jpg|thumb|<center>[[Short-horned Baronia]] (''Baronia brevicornis''), subfamily Baroniinae.</center>]]
The genera of extant swallowtails are usually classified into three [[Family (biology)|subfamilies]], [[Short-horned Baronia|Baroniinae]], [[Parnassiinae]], and [[Papilioninae]], the latter two being further divided into [[Tribe (biology)|tribes]]. In swallowtails, besides morphological characteristics, the choice of foodplants and ecological lifestyle reflect phylogeny and classification.

====Baroniinae====
The Baroniinae are a [[monotypic taxon|monotypic]] subfamily, restricted to a very small region in Mexico and are considered to be the most [[basal clade|basal]] of the subfamilies. ''[[Short-horned Baronia|Baronia brevicornis]]'' is considered to be a [[relict]] species, and shares features with a fossil taxon ''[[Praepapilio]]''. ''Baronia'' is unique amongst papilionids as having an ''[[Acacia]]'' species (family [[Leguminosae]]) as its foodplant.<ref name="Threatened"/>

====Parnassinae====
The Parnassinae are a subfamily of essentially [[holarctic]] butterflies. The vast majority of species, mostly ''[[Parnassius]]'', can be found in mountain habitats. Parnassinines can also be found in other habitats such as "arid deserts (''Hypermnestra''), humid forests (''Luehdorfia'') and even lowland meadows (''Zerynthia'')" (Nazari, 2006).<ref name="Parnassius on tolweb.org">{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Parnassius/65393 |title= ''Parnassius'' Latreille 1804 |author=Nazari, Vazrick|coauthors= |year= 2006 |work=|publisher=[http://tolweb.org/ Tree of Life Web Project]|accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref> The tribes recognized in the Parnassinae are [[Parnassiini]], [[Zerynthiini]], and [[Luehdorfiini]].

Tribe Parnassiini contains two monotypic genera, ''[[Hypermnestra]]'', largely confined to [[central Asia]] and the genus ''[[Parnassius]]'' (the Apollos), a distinctive group of many species, all of which are alpine and capable of living at high altitudes. Most ''Parnassius'' have two small reddish spots on their hindwings. The tribe Luehdorfiini contains the monotypic genera ''[[Archon]]'' of [[Asia minor]] and the genus ''[[Luehdorfia]]'' of China and Japan. These two tribes have evolved to change their foodplants, while the third tribe, Zerynthiini, has retained the archetypical papilionid foodplant, the lowland vine ''[[Aristolochia]]''. Zerynthhini comprises four genera – ''[[Sericinus]]'', ''[[Bhutanitis]]'', ''[[Zerynthia]]'' and ''[[Allancastria]]''.<ref name="Threatened"/>{{rp|13}}<ref name="Parnassiinae on tolweb.org">{{cite web |url=http://tolweb.org/Parnassiinae |title=Parnassiinae Duponchel, [1835]|author=Nazari, Vazrick|coauthors=Sperling, Felix A.H. |year= 2006 |work=Tree of Life|publisher= [http://tolweb.org/ Tree of Life Web Project] |accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref>

Subfamily : '''Parnassiinae'''.
<gallery>
File:Apollo butterfly.JPG|<center>[[Apollo (butterfly)|Mountain Apollo]] (''Parnassius apollo''), tribe Parnassiini.</center>
File:Archon_apollinus_bellargus_1.jpg|<center>False Apollo (''[[Archon apollinus]]''), tribe Luehdorfiini.</center>
File:DianeJLH.jpg|<center>Southern Festoon (''[[Zerynthia polyxena]]''), tribe Zerythiini.</center>
File:BhutliddCRW_4351.jpg|<center>Bhutan Glory (''[[Bhutanitis lidderdalii]]''), tribe Zerythiini.</center>
</gallery>

====Papilioninae====
The tribes recognised in the Papilioninae are [[Leptocircini]], [[Teinopalpini]], [[Troidini]], and [[Papilionini]].

Subfamily : '''Papilioninae'''.
<gallery>
File:Zebra_Swallowtail_Megan_McCarty10.jpg|<center>[[Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly|Zebra Swallowtail]] (''Eurytides marcellus'') Tribe Leptocircini.</center>
File:Teinopalpus_imperialis_verso.JPG|<center>Kaiser-i-hind (''[[Teinopalpus imperialis]]'') Tribe Teinopalpini.</center>
File:MP_-_Birdwing_5.jpg|<center>Palawan Birdwing (''[[Troides trojana|Trogonoptera trojana]]'') Tribe Troidini.</center>
File:Papilio_troilus01.jpg|<center>[[Spicebush Swallowtail]] (''Papilio trolius'') Tribe Papilionini.</center>
File:Swallowtail butterfly.jpg|<center>Papilio protenor Cramer</gallery>

====Praepapilioninae====
An additional subfamily, [[Praepapilioninae]], consisting of a single genus ''[[Praepapilio]]'', includes two species of extinct butterflies, each member being described from single [[fossil]]s found in a middle Eocene deposit in [[Colorado]], U.S.A. (Durden and Rose, 1978).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Durden |first=C. J. |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=H. |last2=Rose |year=1978 |title=Butterflies from the middle Eocene: the earliest occurrence of fossil Papilionidae (Lepidoptera) |journal=Pearce-Sellards Ser. Tex. Mem. Mus. |volume=29 |issue= |pages=1–25 |doi= |postscript={{inconsistent citations}} }}.</ref>

===Phylogeny===
A [[Phylogenetics|phylogeny]] of the Papilionidae based on Nazari (2007) is given:<ref name="Papilionidae on tolweb.org"/>
<ref name="Parnassiinae on tolweb.org"/>
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny
|caption=<center>Phylogeny of the Papilionidae</center><center>(after Nazari, 2007)<ref name="Papilionidae on tolweb.org"/><ref name="Parnassiinae on tolweb.org"/></center>
|clades=
{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|1={{clade
|1=[[Praepapilio]]ninae (†)
|2=[[Short-horned Baronia|Baroniinae]]
|3={{clade
|label1=[[Parnassiinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Parnassiini]]
|2=[[Zerynthiini]]
|3=[[Luehdorfiini]]}}
|label2=[[Papilioninae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Leptocircini]]
|2=[[Teinopalpini]]}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Papilionini]]
|2=[[Troidinini]]}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

It is now accepted that the subfamily Papilioninae is [[Monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref name="Papilionidae on tolweb.org"/> The Swallowtail butterflies in the nominate tribe Papilionini number about 225 species and studies have been made on their host-plant [[coevolution]] and [[phylogeny]]. Old morphological classifications were also found to be valid in that they formed clusters. Species belonging to the groups that use [[Rutaceae]] as host plants formed two groups corresponding to [[Old World]] and [[Americas|American]] taxa. Those that fed on [[Lauraceae]] and [[Magnoliaceae]] were found to form another cluster which includes both Asian and American taxa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=J. |last2=Legal |first2=L |last3=Descimon |first3=H. |last4=Michel |first4=F. |year=1999 |title=Molecular phylogeny of swallowtail butterflies of the tribe Papilionini (Papilionidae, Lepidoptera) |journal=Mol Phylogenet Evol. |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=156–167 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0605 |pmid=10381318 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}} }}.</ref>

The Parnassinae, like the Papilioninae, were also believed to be monophyletic based on morphological studies but recent studies based on both morphological and molecular characteristics suggest that this is not the case.<ref name="Papilionidae on tolweb.org"/> Of the [[Parnassiinae]], the genera ''[[Parnassius]]'' and ''[[Hypermnestra helios|Hypermnestra]]'' were found to be extremely close based on molecular studies<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katoh |first=T. |last2=Chichvarkhin |first2=A. |last3=Yagi |first3=T. |last4=Omoto |first4=K. |year=2005 |title=Phylogeny and evolution of butterflies of the genus Parnassius: inferences from mitochondrial 16S and ND1 sequences |journal=Zoolog Sci. |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=343–351 |doi=10.2108/zsj.22.343 |pmid=15795497 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}} }}.</ref> and are now considered to be part of the tribe Parnassiini.<ref name="Parnassiinae on tolweb.org"/> The two taxa, ''[[Archon (butterfly)|Archon]]'' and ''[[Luehdorfia]]'', have been found to be closely related through analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, and, though they share no morphological similarities, have now been united in the tribe Luehdorfiini.<ref name="Parnassiinae on tolweb.org"/>

The subfamily Baroniinae is represented by the sole representative species ''[[Short-horned Baronia|Baronia brevicornis]]''. They are unique in the family to use the [[Fabaceae]] (Leguminosae) as their larval host plants. The Baronninae and the extinct family Praepapilioninae share many external similarities and are traditionally considered to be the most primitive families and sister to the rest of the swallowtails. Recent research suggests that this may not be the case, the Baroniinae being closely related to only the Parnassiinae, and ''Praepapilio'' to only the Papilionini and neither taxa being sister to the rest of the swallowtails.<ref name="Papilionidae on tolweb.org"/>

==Natural history==

After [[mating]], the male ''Parnassines'' produce a glue like substance that is used to seal the female genital opening and prevent other males from mating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aramel.free.fr/INSECTES13-5.shtml |title=Les Papilionides, une famille en beauté |author=Ramel, Alain |date= |work=Les Insectes – Petit cours illustré d'entomologie(The Insects – A short illustrated course in Entomology) |publisher= |accessdate=8 November 2010}} [http://translate.google.co.in/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://aramel.free.fr/INSECTES13-5.shtml&ei=fFrYTPXiGIKGuQOYoty6CQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dsphragis%2Bin%2BParnassines%26hl%3Den%26prmd%3Div English translation].</ref>

The [[pupa]]e are typically attached to the substrate by the [[cremaster]] but with head up held by a [[silk]] girdle. The Apollos, however, pupate in debris on the ground and also build a loose [[Pupa#Cocoon|cocoon]]. In the [[temperate]] regions, the winters are passed in a pupal [[diapause]] stage.

===Foodplants===
The caterpillars of various swallowtail butterfly species feed on a wide range of different plants, most depending on only one of five families: [[Aristolochiaceae]], [[Annonaceae]], [[Lauraceae]], Umbelliferae ([[Apiaceae]]) and [[Rutaceae]]. By eating some of these toxic plants, the caterpillars sequester [[aristolochic acid]] which renders both the caterpillars and the butterflies of some of these as toxic, thus protecting them from predators.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=von Euw |first=J. |first2=T. |last2=Reichstein |lastauthoramp=yes |first3=M. |last3=Rothschild |year=1968 |title=Aristolochic acid in the swallowtail butterfly Pachlioptera aristolochiae |journal=Isr. J. Chem. |volume=6 |issue= |pages=659–670 |postscript={{inconsistent citations}} }}.</ref> Swallowtail tribes Zerynthiini (Parnassiinae), Luehdorfiini (Parnassiinae) and Troidini (Papilioninae) almost exclusively use the [[Aristolochiaceae]] family as their host plants.

==Swallowtails and humans==
Swallowtail butterflies, being large, colourful, and attractive, have been the target of butterfly [[Insect collecting|collectors]] in earlier times. The largest of these, the [[Birdwing]] butterflies are particularly sought after and are cultured in butterfly farms for the purpose of collectors.

Many members of the family feed as [[Caterpillar|larvae]] on plants of the citrus family, [[Rutaceae]]. Some of these attractive butterflies are therefore considered [[Pest (organism)|pests]] in [[citrus]] [[orchard]]s.

The [[Oregon Swallowtail]] is the [[List of U.S. state insects|state insect]] of [[Oregon]]. The [[Eastern Tiger Swallowtail]] is the state insect of [[Virginia]] and the [[List of U.S. state butterflies|state butterfly]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Delaware]], and [[South Carolina]]. The [[Black Swallowtail]] is the state butterfly of [[Oklahoma]].

==In popular culture==

The American TV show [[Gilligan's Island]] had an episode<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gilligansisle.com/scripts/script75.html|work=episode #75 script|publisher=gilligansisle.com|title=Gilligan's Island Script Episode #75, "Man With A Net"}}</ref> where an explorer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/gilligans-island/man-with-a-net/episode/10185/summary.html|work=Man with a Net|publisher=tv.com|title=Gilligan's Island Season 3, Episode 7 summary}}</ref> came to the island seeking a rare "pussycat swallowtail."

Swallowtails have appeared in various forms of Japanese entertainment, such as [[tokusatsu]], [[manga]] and [[anime]]. In the 1996 Season of the popular Japanese tokusatsu [[Metal Hero Series]] ''[[B-Fighter Kabuto]]'' and the 1997 American show ''[[Big Bad Beetleborgs|Beetleborgs Metallix]]'', one of the B-fighters/Astral Borgs motifs was a swallowtail hence her Japanese designated name "B-Fighter Ageha".<ref>Though her insect designation was never announced in ''Beetleborgs Metallix'', her name being Ladyborg, the astral coin that was used to summon her has the illustration of a swallowtail.</ref> In the manga and anime ''[[Bleach (manga)|Bleach]]'', [[Shinigami]] use Hell Butterflies to send messages and travel between Soul Society and the Living World (Earth); the same butterflies also guide souls during soul burials.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} These swallowtails are entirely black except for a few red markings on the wings, making them resemble ''[[Papilio protenor]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myfavoritegames.com/bleach/Shinigami_Guide/Shinigami-About.aspx |title=Bleach Soul Reaper Guide |publisher=MyFavoriteGames.com |accessdate=30 November 2009}}</ref> The butterfly-based entity [[Beautifly]] from the [[Pokémon]] anime series is pictured as a swallowtail.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bulbapedia.bulbagarden.net/wiki/Beautifly_%28Pok%C3%A9mon%29 |title=Beautifly (Pokémon) |author= |date= |work=Bulbapedia |publisher=Bulbasaur's Mysterious Garden (an English-language Pokémon community) |accessdate=9 November 2010}}</ref> Swallowtail butterflies also appear in the manga ''[[xxxHolic]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

The band Rudolf Steiner, later known as [[Schwarz Stein]], recorded a song entitled 黒揚羽 (lit. Black Swallowtail) on an early [[demotape]]. It is a track on the 2006 collaboration album ''[[Another cell (album)|Another Cell]]''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} The band [[Elvenking (band)|Elvenking]] recorded a song titled "Swallowtail", which was released on their 2006 album, ''The Winter Wake''.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}} [[Paramore]]'s 2009 release "[[Brand New Eyes]]" features a dissected swallowtail butterfly on its cover.

In the Japanese video game Bayonetta the main character Bayonetta is a witch who is in a pact with a demoness who takes on a Swallowtail form

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Papilionidae}}
{{wikispecies|Papilionidae}}
*[http://tolweb.org/Papilionidae "Papilionidae" on ''Tree of Life '' web project.]
* Family [http://lepidoptera.pro/family/papilionidae/ Papilionidae] at Lepidoptera.pro
*[http://www.insects-online.de/frames/papilio.htm Revised GloBIS/GART Papilionidae species checklist.]
*[http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/afrotropical-kite/index.html Natural History Museum, London web site on "Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails".]
*[http://ia700501.us.archive.org/4/items/threatenedswallo85coll/threatenedswallo85coll.pdf Collins, N.M., Morris, M.G. (1985) Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. IUCN.] ISBN 2-88032-603-6
*[http://www.arkinspace.com/2012/04/sublime-swallowtail.html Photoset and description of lesser known species of Swallowtails]
*[http://swallowtails.net/ Swallowtails] Papilionidae of the World: a pictorial summary . Comprehensive.

{{Lepidoptera}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

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Lycaenidae

2012-05-14T08:39:04Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:حریربالان

{{Taxobox
| name = Lycaenidae
| image = Peablue October 2007 Osaka Japan.jpg
| image_caption = Peablue ''[[Lampides boeticus]]''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Hexapoda]]
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| unranked_superfamilia = [[Rhopalocera]]
| superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]]
| familia = '''Lycaenidae'''
| familia_authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subfamilies]]
| subdivision =
[[Curetinae]] – Sunbeams 
[[Liphyrinae]] 
[[Lipteninae]] 
[[Lycaeninae]] – Coppers 
[[Miletinae]] – Harvesters 
[[Polyommatinae]] – Blues 
[[Poritiinae]] 
[[Theclinae]] – Hairstreaks, Elfins 
and see [[#Subfamilies|text]] or 
[[List of lycaenid genera]]
}}

The '''Lycaenidae''' are the second-largest [[family (biology)|family]] of [[butterfly|butterflies]], with about 6000 species worldwide,<ref>Fiedler, K. 1996. Host-plant relationships of lycaenid butterflies: large-scale patterns, interactions with plant chemistry, and mutualism with ants. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 80(1):259-267 doi:10.1007/BF00194770 [http://www.springerlink.com/content/rmrv30142015l422/]</ref> whose members are also called '''gossamer-winged butterflies'''. They constitute about 40% of the known butterfly species.<ref>Venkatesha, MG. 2005. Why is homopterophagous butterfly, ''Spalgis epius'' (Westwood) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) amyrmecophilous? Current Science 89 (2): 245-246. [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jul252005/245.pdf]</ref>

The family is traditionally divided into the subfamilies of the blues ([[Polyommatinae]]), the coppers ([[Lycaeninae]]), the hairstreaks ([[Theclinae]]) and the harvesters ([[Miletinae]]); others include the [[Lipteninae]], [[Liphyrinae]], [[Curetinae]] and [[Poritiinae]]. A few authorities still include the family [[Riodinidae]] within the Lycaenidae. The [[monotypic]] former subfamily [[Styginae]] represented by ''[[Styx infernalis]]'' from the Peruvian Andes has been placed within the subfamily Euselasiinae<ref>Hall J.P.W. & Harvey DJ. (2002) A survey of androconial organs in the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 136:171-197</ref> of the family Riodinidae.<ref name=tolweb>Brower, Andrew V. Z. 2007. Riodinidae Grote 1895. Metalmarks, Erycinidae Swainson 1827 (see nomenclature section). Version 19 May 2007 [http://tolweb.org/Riodinidae/12174/] in The Tree of Life Web Project, [http://tolweb.org/]</ref>

Adults are small, under 5 cm usually, and brightly coloured, sometimes with a metallic gloss. The male's forelegs are reduced in size and lack claws.

Larvae are often flattened rather than cylindrical, with glands that may produce secretions that attract and subdue [[ants]]. Their cuticles tend to be thickened. Some larva are capable of producing vibrations and low sounds that are transmitted through the substrates they inhabit. They use these sounds to communicate with ants.<ref name="pierce">Pierce NE, Braby MF, Heath A, Lohman DJ, Mathew J, Rand DB, Travassos MA. 2002. The ecology and evolution of ant association in the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera.) Annual Review of Entomology 47: 733-771. [http://www.oeb.harvard.edu/faculty/pierce/publicaciones/Naomi%27s%20papers/Pierce_et_al_2002.pdf PDF]</ref><ref>DeVries, Philip J. 1992. Singing Caterpillars, Ants and Symbiosis. Scientific American, 267:76</ref>

Adult individuals often have hairy antenna-like tails complete with black and white annulated appearance. Many species also have a spot at the base of the tail and some turn around upon landing to confuse potential predators from recognizing the true head orientation. This causes predators to approach from the true head end resulting in early visual detection.<ref>Robbins, Robert K. 1981 The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies. American Naturalist, 118(5):770-775</ref>
{{TOCleft}}

==Ecology==

[[Image:Lycaenid ant sec.jpg|thumb|left|Ant tending a Lycaenid larva]]
Lycaenids are diverse in their food habits and apart from [[phytophagy]], some of them are [[entomophagous]] feeding on [[aphids]], [[scale insects]] and ant larvae. Some Lycaenids even exploit their association with ants by inducing ants to feed them by regurgitation, a process called [[trophallaxis]]. Not all Lycaenid butterflies need [[ants]], but about 75% of species associate with ants.<ref name="pierce"/> The term used to describe such ant association is [[myrmecophily]]. These associations can be mutualistic, parasitic or predatory, depending on the species.

In some species, larvae are attended and protected by ants while feeding on the host plant, and the ants receive sugar-rich [[Honeydew (secretion)|honeydew]] from them, throughout the larval life. In other species, only the first few instars are spent on the plant, and the remainder of the larval lifespan is spent as a predator within the ant nest. It becomes a parasite, feeding on ant regurgitations, or a predator on the ant larvae.<ref name="pierce"/> The caterpillars pupate inside the ant's nest and the ants continue to look after the pupa. Just before the adult emerges the wings of the butterfly inside the pupal case detach from it, and the pupa becomes silvery. The adult butterfly emerges from the pupa after 3–4 weeks, still inside the ant nest. The butterfly must crawl out of the ant nest before it can expand its wings.

Several evolutionary adaptations enable these associations and they include small glands on the skin of the caterpillars called '''pore cupola organs'''. Caterpillars of many species except those of the [[Riodininae]] have a gland on the 7th abdominal segment that produces honey dew and is called the '''dorsal nectary gland''' (also called Newcomer's gland). An eversible organ called the '''tentacular organ''' is present on the 8th abdominal segment (third segment of thorax in the Riodininae) and this is cylindrical and topped with a ring of spikes and emits chemical signals which are believed to help in communicating with ants.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071118081136/http://www.amonline.net.au/factSheets/lycaenid.htm Australian Museum factsheets] Accessed 4 November 2010 on the [http://www.archive.org/web/web.php Wayback Machine].</ref>

As many as 98% of world's threatened butterflies are lycaenid.

==Subfamilies==
[[Image:Avene fg04.JPG|thumb|Mating (P. semiargus)]]
[[Image:Eumaeus atalaPCCP20040417-4033A.jpg|thumb| Caterpillar of the [[Eumaeus atala|Atala]] (''Eumaeus atala'')]]
[[File:Leaf Blue (Amblypodia anita) W IMG 2700.jpg|thumb|Leaf Blue- ''[[Amblypodia anita]]'' from ''[[Theclinae]]'']]
Many taxonomists include only the Lycaeninae, Poritiinae, Miletinae and Curetinae under the Lycaenidae.<ref>Maddison, David R. 2003. Lycaenidae. Version 01 January 2003 (temporary). [http://tolweb.org/Lycaenidae/12175/2003.01.01] in The Tree of Life Web Project, [http://tolweb.org/]</ref><ref>Ackery, P. R., R. de Jong, and R. I. Vane-Wright. 1999. The butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea, and Papilionoidea. Pages 264-300 in: Lepidoptera: Moths and Butterflies. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology Vol. IV, Part 35. N. P. Kristensen, ed. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York.</ref>

The genus ''[[Chrysoritis]]'' is included with Lycaenidae but has not been assigned to a subfamily.

Other classifications notably include the [[Riodininae]] (e.g., ''[[Abisara echerius]]'').<ref>Scoble, MJ. 1992. The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854952-0</ref>
{{userboxtop|toptext= }}
{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Curetinae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Poritiinae]]
|1={{clade
|1=Pentilini
|2=Liptenini
|3=Poritiini
}}
|label2=[[Miletinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=Lacnocnemini
|2=Liphyrini
|3=Miletini
|4=Spalgini
}}
}}
|label2=[[Lycaeninae]]
|2={{clade
|1=Aphnaeini
|2=Lycaenini
|3=Polyommatini
|4=Theclini
}}
}}
}}
}}
Phylogeny of the family.<ref name=tolweb/>
{{userboxbottom}}
* [[Lipteninae]] (Afrotropical) May be ranked as a tribe of Poritiinae. (Liptenini) <ref>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/poritiinae/index.html], Site of Markku Savela</ref>
* [[Poritiinae]] (Oriental and Afrotropical)
* [[Liphyrinae]] (mostly African, some Asian) May be ranked as a tribe of Miletinae. (Liphyrini) <ref>[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/lycaenidae/miletinae/index.html], Site of Markku Savela</ref>
** ''[[Liphyra brassolis]]'' – Moth Butterfly (largest lycaenid)
* [[Miletinae]] – Harvesters (mostly African, or Oriental, some Holarctic). Probably all feed on aphids or their secretions.
* [[Curetinae]] – Sunbeams (Oriental or Palaearctic)
** ''[[Curetis thetis]]'' – Indian Sunbeam
* [[Theclinae]] – Hairstreaks (usually tailed) and Elfins (not tailed) (global) May be ranked as a tribe of Lycaeninae (Theclini ) See the clade below right.
** ''[[Satyrium pruni]]'' – Black Hairstreak
** ''[[Atlides halesus]]'' – Great Purple Hairstreak
** ''[[Eumaeus atala]]'' – Atala
* [[Lycaeninae]] – Coppers (Holarctic)
** ''[[Lycaena boldenarum]]'' – Boulder Copper
** ''[[Lycaena feredayi]]'' – Glade Copper
** ''[[Lycaena rauparaha]]'' – Rauparaha’s Copper
** ''[[Lycaena salustius]]'' – Common Copper
** ''[[Lycaena dispar]]'' – Large Copper
** ''[[Lycaena phlaeas]]'' – Small Copper
** ''[[Talicada nyseus]]'' – Red Pierrot
* [[Polyommatinae]] – Blues (global)
** ''[[Caleta (butterfly)|Caleta]]'' spp.
** ''[[Celastrina neglecta]]'' – Summer Azure
** ''[[Celastrina ladon]]'' – Spring Azure
** ''[[Cupido comyntas]]'' – Eastern Tailed-blue
** ''[[Cupido minimus]]'' – Small Blue
** ''[[Euphilotes battoides allyni]]'' – El Segundo Blue
** ''[[Euphilotes pallescens arenamontana]]'' – Sand Mountain Blue
** ''[[Jameela albiplaga]]''
** ''[[Polyommatus icarus]]'' – Common Blue
** ''[[Polyommatus semiargus]]'' – Mazarine Blue
** ''[[Glaucopsyche lygdamus]]'' – Silvery Blue
** ''[[Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis]]'' – Palos Verdes Blue
** ''[[Glaucopsyche xerces]]'' (extinct) – Xerces Blue
** ''[[Plebejus argus]]'' – Silver-studded Blue
** ''[[Maculinea arion]]'' – Large Blue
** ''[[Icaricia icarioides fenderi]]'' – Fender's Blue
** ''[[Pseudozizeeria maha]]'' – Pale Grass Blue

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Polyommatus_icarus.jpg|[[Common Blue]] (''[[Polyommatus icarus]]'')
File:Dark_cerulean001.jpg|Dark Cerulean (''[[Jamides bochus]]'')
File:Common Lineblue (Prosotas nora) W IMG 2843.jpg|Common Lineblue (''[[Prosotas nora]]'')
File:Pale Grass Blue.jpg|Pale Grass Blue (''[[Pseudozizeeria maha]]'')
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of lycaenid genera]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Eliot, J.N.1973 The higher classification of the Lycaenidae] (Lepidoptera): a tentative arrangement. ''Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), entomology'', '''28''': 371-505. 1973: [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19407#461]

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}{{commons category}}
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Lycaenidae Tree of Life]
* [http://bugguide.net/node/view/194 BugGuide.net]
* Family [http://lepidoptera.pro/family/lycaenidae/ Lycaenidae] at Lepidoptera.pro
* {{NCBI|124406}}
* {{ITIS|ID=694072|''Lycaeninae'' [Leach], 1815}}
* {{Eol|2682619}}
* [[Royal Museum for Central Africa]] Images of Lycaenidae[http://www.metafro.be/lepidoptera]

[[Category:Butterflies]]
[[Category:Lycaenidae| ]]
[[Category:Insect families]]

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[[zh:灰蝶科]]

Sepp Herberger

2012-05-11T20:14:03Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:سپ هربرگر

{{Refimprove|date=July 2010}}
{{Infobox football biography
| playername = Sepp Herberger
| image = [[File:Herberger stamp.png]]
| fullname = Josef "Sepp" Herberger
| dateofbirth = {{Birth date|1897|03|28|df=y}}
| cityofbirth = [[Mannheim]]
| countryofbirth = [[Germany]]
| dateofdeath = {{Death date and age|1977|4|28|1897|3|28|df=y}}
| cityofdeath = [[Weinheim|Weinheim Hohensachen]]
| countryofdeath = [[Germany]]
| currentclub =
| position = [[Striker]]
| years1 = 1914–1921
| years2 = 1921–1926
| years3 = 1926–1930
| years4 = '''Total'''
| clubs1 = [[Waldhof Mannheim]]
| clubs2 = [[VfR Mannheim]]
| clubs3 = [[Tennis Borussia Berlin]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = 1921–1925
| nationalteam1 = [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
| nationalcaps1 = 3
| nationalgoals1 = 2
| manageryears1 = 1930–1932
| manageryears2 = 1932–1936
| manageryears3 = 1936–1964
| managerclubs1 = [[Tennis Borussia Berlin]]
| managerclubs2 = [[Germany national football team|Germany]] (assistant coach)
| managerclubs3 = [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
}}

'''Josef "''Sepp''" Herberger''' (March 28, 1897 in [[Mannheim]], [[Germany]] — April 28, 1977 in [[Weinheim]]-Hohensachsen, Germany) was a [[Germany|German]] [[football (soccer)|football]] player and manager. He is most famous for being the manager of the [[Germany national football team|West German national team]] which won the [[1954 FIFA World Cup]] – ''[[The Miracle of Bern]]''.

Herberger played three times for the German football team between 1921 and 1925 before becoming assistant to Dr. [[Otto Nerz]] in 1932. Herberger succeeded him as national coach after Germany's uninspired loss to Norway at the [[1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Olympics]]. After the war he had a short club spell with [[Eintracht Frankfurt]]. He remained national coach until 1964, when he was succeeded by [[Helmut Schön]]. He died of [[pneumonia]] in [[Mannheim]] aged 80.

==Famous Quotes==
Herberger was noted for his ability to sum up the essence of the game in short phrases, many of which survive to this day, such as:
{{quote|The game lasts for 90 minutes (Das Spiel dauert 90 Minuten)}}
{{quote|After the game is before the game (Nach dem Spiel ist vor dem Spiel)}}
{{quote|The next game/opponent is always the toughest one (Das nächste Spiel/Der nächste Gegner ist immer das/der schwerste)}}
{{quote|The ball is always in better shape than anyone (Der Ball hat immer die beste Kondition)}} (Literally: The ball always has the best physical fitness).
Probably the most famous quote is

{{quote|The ball is round (Der Ball ist rund)}}
While this is the most-often cited version, the full quotation is actually
{{quote|The ball is round so that the game can change direction}}<ref>{{cite web | title = After the World Cup, the Lead-up to the World Cup: "Africa's Calling" | date = 10 July 2006 | accessdate = 5 February 2010 | url = http://www.sdc.admin.ch/en/Dossiers/Dossier_Football_World_Cup_2006/World_Cup_2010_Africa_s_Calling}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
Three of these sayings are quoted in the 1998 film ''[[Run Lola Run]]''.

==Honours==
===Club===
[[VfR Mannheim]]
*'''[[South German Championship]]''':
**1925

===International===
====Managerial====
[[Germany national football team|Germany]]
*'''[[FIFA World Cup]]''':
**[[Image:W.Cup2.svg|30px|1954]] [[1954 FIFA World Cup|1954]]

==Filmography==
* ''[[Das Große Spiel]]'' (1942)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.eintracht-archiv.de/herbergers.html Sepp Herberger at eintracht-archiv.de]
*[http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/coaches/coach=61547/bio.html Profile at FIFA website]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = {{Flag icon|Uruguay}} [[Juan López (football)|Juan López]]
| after = {{Flag icon|Brazil}} [[Vicente Feola]]
| title = [[FIFA World Cup]] winning managers
| years = 1954
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Navboxes
|title= Sepp Herberger international tournaments
|list1=
{{Germany Squad 1938 World Cup}}
{{West Germany Squad 1954 World Cup}}
{{West Germany Squad 1958 World Cup}}
{{West Germany Squad 1962 World Cup}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Sepp Herberger managerial positions
|list1=
{{FIFA World Cup Winning Manager}}
{{Tennis Borussia Berlin managers}}
{{Germany national football team managers}}
{{Eintracht Frankfurt managers}}
}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Herberger, Sepp
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = German footballer and manager
| DATE OF BIRTH =28 March 1897
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Mannheim]], [[Germany]]
| DATE OF DEATH =28 April 1977
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Weinheim|Weinheim Hohensachen]], [[Germany]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Herberger, Sepp}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:German footballers]]
[[Category:Germany international footballers]]
[[Category:German football managers]]
[[Category:1938 FIFA World Cup managers]]
[[Category:1954 FIFA World Cup managers]]
[[Category:1958 FIFA World Cup managers]]
[[Category:1962 FIFA World Cup managers]]
[[Category:FIFA World Cup-winning managers]]
[[Category:Germany national football team managers]]
[[Category:Eintracht Frankfurt managers]]
[[Category:Al Wasl FC football managers]]
[[Category:People from Mannheim]]
[[Category:People from the Grand Duchy of Baden]]
[[Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Tennis Borussia Berlin players]]
[[Category:Tennis Borussia Berlin managers]]
[[Category:VfR Mannheim players]]
[[Category:Expatriate football managers in the United Arab Emirates]]

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Fireworks (disambiguation)

2012-05-11T19:54:43Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:آتش‌بازی (ابهام‌زدایی)

{{Wiktionarypar|fireworks}}
{{tocright}}

'''[[Fireworks]]''' are a class of low explosive pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes

'''Firework'''('''s''') may also refer to:

==Film, television, and theatre==
* [[Fireworks (1947 film)|''Fireworks'' (1947 film)]], a film by Kenneth Anger
* ''[[Feuerwerk]]'', a 1954 German film
* ''[[Hana-bi]]'', a Japanese film, titled internationally as ''Fireworks''
* [[Fireworks (TV series)|''Fireworks'' (TV series)]], a South Korean TV series produced by MBC
* [[Fireworks (30 Rock)|"Fireworks" (''30 Rock'')]], an episode of the television series 30 Rock
* [[Fireworks (play)|''Fireworks'' (play)]], a set of three one-act plays by Jon Swan‎
* [[Fireworks Entertainment]], a Canadian film and television company based in Toronto
* ''[[Fireworks, Should We See It from the Side or the Bottom?]]'', a 1993 Japanese film by Shunji Iwai, often called just ''Fireworks''

==Games==
* [[Fireworks (video game)]], a 2012 video game released for the PlayStation Vita

==Literature==
*''[[Fireworks: Nine Profane Pieces]]'', a short story collection by Angela Carter

==Music==
*[[Music for the Royal Fireworks]], a suite by George Frideric Handel
*A piece of music by Igor Stravinsky, also known by its French name, ''[[Feu d'artifice]]''
*[[Fireworks (punk band)]], a punk band from Michigan
*[[Fireworks (band)]], an indie rock band from New York City
*[[Firework Show (band)]]

===Albums===
* [[Fireworks (Angra album)|''Fireworks'' (Angra album)]]
* [[Fireworks (Bonfire album)|''Fireworks'' (Bonfire album)]]
* ''[[Fireworks EP]]'', by Embrace
** ''[[Fireworks: The Singles 1997-2002]]'', their compilation album
* [[Fireworks (Pele album)|''Fireworks ''(Pele album)]]
* [[Fireworks (This Busy Monster album)|''Fireworks'' (This Busy Monster album)]]

===Songs===
* [[Firework (song)|"Firework" (song)]], by Katy Perry
* [[Fireworks (Animal Collective song)|"Fireworks" (Animal Collective song)]]
* [[Fireworks (Drake song)|"Fireworks" (Drake song)]]
* [[Fireworks (Roxette song)|"Fireworks" (Roxette song)]]
* [[Fireworks (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)|"Fireworks" (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)]]
* "Fireworks", the fourth single from The Tragically Hip's ''[[Phantom Power (The Tragically Hip album)|Phantom Power]]''
*"Fireworks"; a track from Nicholas Hooper's score from ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (soundtrack)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]''
* "[[4th of July (Fireworks)]]", a song by [[Kelis]]

==Other==
*[[Fireworks (magazine)|''Fireworks'' (magazine)]], a magazine for fireworks enthusiasts
*[[Adobe Fireworks]], bitmap/vector drawing software previously known as ''Macromedia Fireworks''

{{disambig}}

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[[nl:Fireworks]]
[[pt:Fireworks]]
[[ru:Фейерверк (значения)]]
[[fi:Fireworks]]
[[sv:Fireworks]]

Sukhoi Superjet 100

2012-05-11T19:20:51Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:سوخو سوپرجت ۱۰۰

{{pp-protected|expiry=2012-05-21T15:39:11Z|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name = Superjet 100
|image = File:Aeroflot Sukhoi SuperJet Osokin.jpg
|caption = An Aeroflot Sukhoi Superjet
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = [[regional jet|Regional]] [[jet airliner]]
|manufacturer = [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association]]
|designer = [[Sukhoi|Sukhoi Civil Aircraft]]
|national origin = Russia
|first flight = 19 May 2008<ref>[http://www.vesti.ru/doc.html?id=182284&cid=1 "произвел свой первый полет (Sukhoi Superjet-100)."] ''Вести.Ru''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>
|introduced = 21 April 2011 with [[Armavia]]
|retired =
|produced = 2007–present
|primary user = [[Aeroflot]]<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/business/20090511/121535249.html "Aeroflot."] ''rian.ru''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>
|number built = 4 prototypes + 8<ref>[http://russianplanes.net/EN/REGISTR/Sukhoi/SuperJet-100 "Superjet 100."] ''russianplanes.net.'' Retrieved: 9 May 2012.</ref> serial (as of Mar. 2012)
|status = In production, in service
|program cost = US$1.4 billion
|unit cost = $35 million
|variants with their own articles =
}}
|}
The '''Sukhoi Superjet 100''' ({{lang-ru|link=no|Сухой Суперджет 100}}) is a modern, [[fly-by-wire]] [[regional jet]] in the 75- to 95-seat category. With development starting in 2000, the airliner was designed by the civil aircraft division of the Russian aerospace company [[Sukhoi]] in co-operation with its main partner [[Boeing]]. Its [[maiden flight]] was conducted on 19 May 2008. On 21 April 2011, the Superjet 100 undertook its first commercial passenger flight, on the [[Armavia]] route from [[Yerevan]] to Moscow.

Designed to compete internationally with its [[Embraer]] and [[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]] counterparts, the Superjet 100 claims substantially lower operating costs, at a lower purchase price of $35 million.

The final assembly of the Superjet 100 is done by [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association]]. Its [[PowerJet SaM146|SaM-146]] engines are designed and produced by the French-Russian [[PowerJet]] joint venture and the aircraft is marketed internationally by the Italian-Russian [[SuperJet International]] joint venture.

==Development==
===Early development===
[[File:Yuri Lastochkin & Sergey Vakhrukov with Vladimir Putin 01.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Yaroslavl Oblast]] Governor [[Sergey Vakhrukov]] (left) and Prime Minister [[Vladimir Putin]] (center) inspecting Superjet 100 engine production at [[NPO Saturn]] on 2 December 2008. To the right is General Director of the company, Yuri Lastochkin.]]
{{Expand section|date=December 2011}}
Development of the Sukhoi Superjet 100 began in 2000.<ref name="kommersant_began">[http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=-12539 "Sukhoi Superjet 100 Takes Off."] ''Kommersant.'' 19 May 2008.</ref> On 19 December 2002, [[Sukhoi]] Civil Aircraft and [[Boeing]] signed a medium-term Cooperation Agreement to work together on the design. Boeing consultants had already been advising Sukhoi on marketing, design, certification, manufacturing, program management and aftersales support for a year.<ref name="timeline_2002">[http://www.sukhoi.superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00076/ "Sukhoi Superjet 100 Project History, 2002."] ''Sukhoi.'' Retrieved: 9 May 2012.</ref> On 10 October 2003, the technical board of the project selected the suppliers of major subsystems.<ref name="timeline_2003a">[http://www.sukhoi.superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00057/ "Sukhoi Superjet 100 Project History: October 2003."] ''Sukhoi.'' Retrieved: 9 May 2012.</ref> The project officially passed its third stage of development on 12 March 2004, meaning that Sukhoi could now start selling the Superjet 100 to customers.<ref>[http://www.sukhoi.superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00056/ "12 March 2004, Moscow – Superjet 100 Program Third Stage Completion."]''Sukhoi.'' Retrieved: 9 May 2012.</ref> On 13 November 2004, the Superjet 100 passed the fourth stage of development, implying that the Superjet 100 was now ready for commencing of prototype production.<ref>[http://www.sukhoi.superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00056/ "Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company's Board of Directors has officially affirmed the decision on the successful completion of the Fourth Program Phase."] ''Sukhoi.'' Retrieved: 9 May 2012.</ref> In August 2005, a contract between the Russian government and Sukhoi was signed. Under the agreement, the Superjet 100 project would receive 7.9 billion rubles of research and development financing under the Federal Program titled ''Development of Civil Aviation in Russia'' in 2005–2009.<ref>[http://www.sukhoi.superjet100.com/about/history/00089/ "A Government Contract For Research And Development Program on the Superjet 100 Aircraft Is Signed."] ''Sukhoi.'' Retrieved: 9 May 2012.</ref>

===Flight testing===
On 28 January 2007, the first SSJ was transported by an [[Antonov 124]] from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to the city of [[Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast|Zhukovsky]] near Moscow for ground tests at [[Zhukovsky Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} A representative of Sukhoi Civil Aircraft announced on 13 November 2007, the completion of static tests necessary for conducting the first flight. The Superjet was unveiled at its official rollout at [[Komsomolsk-na-Amure Dzemgi Airport|Komsomolsk-on-Amur Dzemgi Airport]] on 26 September 2007.<ref name="reuters roll out">[http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/09/26/us-russia-jet-idUSL2650515820070926?sp=true "Russia unveils new passenger jet."] ''Reuters''. Retrieved 12 July 2011.</ref>

In February 2008, initial test runs of the [[SaM146]] engine were successfully.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/business/20080519/107719405.html "Russian Superjet 100 makes first test flight."] ''Russian News and Information Agency'' via ''rian.ru,'' 19 May 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2010.</ref> An [[Ilyushin Il-76]] testbed, operated by the [[Gromov Flight Research Institute]], was also used in the engine testing.<ref>"News." ''Airliner World: 11.''</ref> On 19 May 2008, the first test flight of the Superjet took place from Dzemgi airport, at the [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association]].<ref name="maiden flight">Zaitsev, Tom. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/05/19/223828/picture-superjet-100-makes-maiden-flight.html "Superjet 100 makes maiden flight."] ''Flight International'', 19 June 2008.</ref>

[[File:Sukhoi Superjet 100 prototype.jpg|thumb|left|Superjet 100 prototype (SN95001) on its maiden flight, 19 May 2008.|alt=Mostly blue aircraft on take off.]]

On July 2008, testing continued successfully.<ref>[http://superjet100.com/mediacenter/news/ "First 13 flights."] ''superjet100.com'', July 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</ref> By October 2008, the first stage of Sukhoi Superjet 100's factory-based flight testing program was successfully completed. The second SSJ100 prototype had also been flown and the certification process was started.<ref>[http://superjet100.com/mediacenter/news/ "25 Hours in the Air."] ''superjet100.com,'' October 2008. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref> In December 2008, the second of four SSJ100 prototypes SN95003 took to the skies.<ref name="second SSJ">[http://www.sukhoi.superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00145/ "Second Sukhoi SuperJet 100 starts test flights."] ''sukhoi.superjet100.com''. Retrieved 3 January 2010.</ref> The aircraft performed standard stability and handling quality tests as well as systems checks in accordance with the first flight assignment. Flight test engineers and pilots were pleased with the overall performance of the second prototype.<ref>[http://superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00146/ "Second prototype took to the skies."] ''sukhoi.superjet100.com''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

The deliveries were first scheduled to begin in late 2008, and Sukhoi predicted that 3 units of all variations of the Superjet 100 would be delivered by the end of 2016.<ref>''[[Aviation Week & Space Technology]]'', 29 October 2007, p. 66.</ref> On 7 July 2008, Sukhoi officially confirmed that the original schedule was too optimistic, and first deliveries would begin in December 2009.<ref>[http://www.vremya.ru/print/207843.html "«Суперджет» задерживается" (Superjet delays) (in Russian).] ''vremya.ru,'' 8 July 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/07/07/sukhoi-superjet-idUSL078981720080707 "Russia Sukhoi sees Superjet delivery Q3 '09."] ''reuters.com''. Retrieved 12 July 2011.</ref>

As of January 2009, the first two aircraft had completed over 80 flights, totaling around 2,300 hours in flight and ground tests.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/01/27/321686/video-first-two-superjet-100s-in-formation-flight.html "Video: First two Superjet 100s in formation flight."] ''flightglobal.com''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref> On 1 April 2009, two Superjet 100 prototypes, 95001 and 95003, successfully completed the first long-distance flight for this aircraft, covering a distance of 3,000 kilometers from Novosibirsk to Moscow.<ref>[http://mosnews.com/world/2009/04/01/superjet/ "Russia's Sukhoi Superjet-100 tested for long haul flight."] ''mosnews.com''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref> On 17 April 2009, [[European Aviation Safety Agency|EASA]] pilots performed the first test flights on the two prototypes. According to EASA pilot feedback, the aircraft was easy to fly.<ref>van Leeuwen, Marcel. [http://www.aviationnews.eu/?p=6606 "EASA pilots perform familiarization flights on board Sukhoi Superjet 100."] ''aviationnews.eu,'' 19 April 2009. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref> On 26 July 2009, the third of four SSJ100 prototypes (SN95004) flew.<ref name="third SSJ">Potter, Matthew. [http://www.defenseprocurementnews.com/2009/07/28/the-third-sukhoi-superjet-100-joins-the-flight-test-campaign-press-release/ "The Third Sukhoi Superjet 100 Joins the Flight Test Campaign."] ''defenseprocurementnews.com,'' 28 July 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2010.</ref>

At the [[Paris Air Show]] 2009, [[Malév Hungarian Airlines]] said that it would purchase 30 Superjets worth $1 billion, providing a welcome boost to sales as it made its international debut at the 2009 Paris Air Show.<ref name="themoscowtimes.com">[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/600/42/378779.htm "Sukhoi Superjet 100."] ''themoscowtimes.com''. Retrieved 24 April 2010.</ref>

As of June 2009, 13 aircraft were under construction with the first four scheduled to be handed over to clients by the end of 2010. After 2012, the company will build 70 Superjets per year.<ref name="themoscowtimes.com"/> Armenian [[Armavia]] would receive the first two aircraft, followed by [[Aeroflot]], which has ordered a total of 30 aircraft with an option for 15 more. Other customers include Russia's Avialeasing company, Swiss Ama Asset Management Advisor and Indonesian [[Kartika Airlines]].<ref name="themoscowtimes.com"/>

On 29 December 2009, United Aircraft Corporation head Alexei Fyodorov said that deliveries of the Superjet 100 have been indefinitely delayed because the engines were not ready.<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/superjet-100-indefinitely-delayed/396945.html "Superjet 100 indefinitely delayed."] ''themoscowtimes.com''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref> On 4 February 2010, the fourth prototype SSJ flew. Owing to delays in production of the engines, including quality problems at the NPO Saturn factory, it used the engines removed from the first prototype.<ref name="Lake AI p59">Lake 2010, p. 59.</ref> On 28 May 2010, all engine tests necessary for certification were completed. The final trial was a simulation of an encounter with a flock of birds.<ref>[http://rt.com/Top_News/2010-05-28/superjet-engines-slice-dice.html "Superjet engines slice and dice birds."] ''rt.com,'' 1 June 2010.</ref>
[[File:SSJ-100 board-004 2.jpg|thumb|Sukhoi Superjet 100 (RA-97004) at Tolmachevo (Novosibirsk) airport during test flights.]]

[[Flight management system]] (FMS) tests were completed on 19 November 2010. The FMS CMA-9000 was developed by Canada's Esterline [[CMC Electronics]] for the [[Thales Group|Thales]] avionics suite.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20101119/161408263.html "Flight management system tests for Superjet 100 complete."] ''RIA Novosti,'' 19 November 2010. Retrieved 19 November 2010.</ref>

===Certification===
On 6 July 2010, Deputy Industry and Trade Minister Denis Manturov, who heads the commission to monitor the implementation of the Sukhoi Superjet program, wrote to Industry and Trade Minister Viktor Khristenko about the progress of the aircraft's certification in early June. Data from 28 May 2010 showed that the certification process was getting behind schedule with most of the problems related to the SaM146 engine, developed by PowerJet, which is a joint project between the Russian Saturn and the French Snecma. Work on its final design had been almost completed and certification was more than 90 percent completed, but problems remain, noted Manturov.<ref>Nepomnyashchy, Alexei and Alexei Nikolsky. [http://www.themoscowtimes.com/vedomosti/article/sukhoi-superjet-behind-schedule/409846.html "Sukhoi Superjet behind schedule."] ''themoscowtimes.com,'' 6 July 2010. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>

In September 2010, the CEO of SuperJet International said that certification was expected in November 2010.<ref>Buyck, Cathy. [http://atwonline.com/aircraft-engines-components/news/superjet-ssj100-track-november-certification-0928 "SuperJet SSJ100 on track for November certification."] ''ATW Online,'' 29 September 2010. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref> In October 2010, the Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SN95004) passed noise testing carried out under the auspices of Russian and European certification authorities (AR IAC and [[European Aviation Safety Agency|EASA]] respectively).<ref>McHale, John. [http://www.militaryaerospace.com/index/display/article-display/2298533944/articles/avionics-intelligence/news/2010/10/sukhoi-superjet_100.html "Sukhoi Superjet 100 passes noise testing program."] ''Military & Aerospace Electronics,'' 14 October 2010. Retrieved: 3 November 2010.</ref> On 4 November 2010, the first production Superjet (SN95007) intended for Armavia was test flown.<ref>[http://www.avionews.com/index.php?corpo=see_news_home.php&news_id=1122487&pagina_chiamante=index.php "First Sukhoi Superjet 100 production aircraft flies for Armavia Airline."] ''World Aeronautical Press Agency,'' 14 October 2010. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>
[[File:Superjet100-1711.jpg|thumb|left|Superjet 100 serial number 95005 at 2010 [[Farnborough Air Show]].]]

By November 2010, the SSJ test fleet had flown 2,245 hours during 948 flights.<ref>Zaitsev, Tom. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/11/11/349573/superjet-nears-end-of-drawn-out-certification-campaign.html "Superjet nears end of drawn-out certification campaign."] ''Flight International'' via ''flightglobal.com,'' 11 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.</ref>

On 21 December 2010, Superjet 100 passed emergency evacuation and interrupted takeoff tests at [[Ramenskoye Airport]] near Zhukovsky, near Moscow, under the supervision of the Interstate Aviation Committee Aviation Register (AR IAC) and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). The first test required 98 volunteers of different age groups and five crew members to evacuate the aircraft in 90 seconds during an emergency landing. They made it in 73 seconds. The interrupted takeoff test probed the wheels, tires and brakes at maximum possible braking speed. In full compliance with the certification requirements, the test was performed without a thrust reverser. The aircraft loaded to its maximum takeoff weight (45,880 kg) performed emergency braking at a speed of over 300 km/h and came to a stop after running 700 meters, within the required parameters.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20101221/161873519.html "Russia's Superjet 100 moves closer to final certification."] ''RIA Novosti,'' 21 December 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2010.</ref>

On 3 February 2011, the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC IR) granted a Type Certificate for Sukhoi Superjet 100.<ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=comm&id=news/awx/2011/02/03/awx_02_03_2011_p0-287067.xml "Superjet Receives Initial Type Certificate"] ''Aviation Week,'' 3 February 2011. Retrieved: 3 February 2011.</ref> The Type Certificate confirms compliance of the SSJ100 with the airworthiness regulations and it authorizes the commercial operation of the airliner.

On 3 February 2012, the [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] (EASA) issued Type Certificate A-176 for the Sukhoi Superjet 100 (model RRJ-95B), confirming that the aircraft complies with the EASA airworthiness and environmental requirements. The certification also makes it possible for airlines operating in countries using EASA rules to accept and operate the aircraft. The extensive validation program included several dedicated flight and ground tests.<ref>[http://www.superjetinternational.com/mediacenter/sukhoi-superjet-100-gets-type-certificate-from-easa/2012/ "Sukhoi Superjet 100 gets Type Certificate from EASA."] ''Superjet International.com,'' 3 February 2012.</ref>

==Design==
===Requirements===
[[File:Superjet 100 first display.jpg|thumb|The first Superjet 100 on display at [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]].|alt=Top view of mostly blue twin-engine small jet airliner parked on ramp next to building.]]
In the Russian domestic market, the Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ) is intended to replace the aging [[Tupolev]] [[Tu-134]] and [[Yakovlev]] [[Yak-42]] aircraft.<ref name="reuters2007">[http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/09/26/us-russia-jet-idUSL2650515820070926?sp=true Russia unveils new passenger jet] ''Reuters'', 26 September 2007.</ref> Internationally, the new Superjet 100 will compete against the [[Embraer E-Jets]] and the [[Bombardier CRJ]] programs. The SSJ aims for lower operating costs than its competitors for the price of $23–25 million.<ref name="rt_pogosyan">[http://rt.com/news/sukhoi-superjet-price-aircraft/ "Sukhoi Superjet systems can make up for any pilot mistake; UAC chief."] ''[[Russia Today]],'' 20 April 2011.</ref> According to [[Sukhoi]], ongoing certification tests are confirming that the aircraft's direct operating costs are 6–8% lower than those of its key competitor, the [[E-190#E-190 and 195|Embraer 190/195]].<ref name="ato_regional">[http://www.ato.ru/content/regional-aircraft-international-market "Regional aircraft for international market."] ''Russia & CIS Observer,'' 19 July 2010.</ref> In terms of total [[fuel burn]] per sector, the SSJ is on a par with the [[Antonov An-148]] but can accommodate 22 more passengers.<ref name="ato_regional"/>

The aircraft's design meets the specific requirements of airlines in Russia, the [[CIS]], the USA and the EU, and conforms to the Aviation Rules AP-25, FAR-25, JAR-25 requirements and to the ground noise level requirements under ICAO Chapter 4 and FAR 36 Section 4 standards entering into force during 2006. From the beginning, the SSJ has been designed to meet all Western aviation standards.<ref name="fg_2007">[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/08/13/216030/russian-industry-special-new-start-for-sukhoi.html "Russian industry special: New start for Sukhoi."] ''FlightGlobal,'' 13 August 2007.</ref>

The Superjet uses [[PowerJet SaM146]] [[turbofan]] engines developed by PowerJet that provide {{Convert|13500|to|17500|lbf|kN}} of thrust.<ref>[http://www.powerjet.aero/pjsite/web/guest/sam146 "SaM146."] ''powerjet.aero.'' Retrieved: 8 September 2011.</ref> The noise and emissions levels satisfy the existing [[ICAO]] requirements.

===Industry participation===
{{see also|Aircraft industry of Russia}}
[[File:SSJ-100 bort1 engine.jpg|thumb|The Superjet's SaM146 engines were developed by [[PowerJet]], a joint venture between Russia's [[NPO Saturn]] and France's [[Snecma]].]]
The Superjet 100 has been described as the most important and successful civil aircraft program of the Russian aerospace industry.<ref name="observer">Pyadushkin, Maxim. [http://www.ato.ru/content/celebrating-100th-anniversary "Celebrating the 100th anniversary: The Sukhoi Superjet 100 makes its debut at Le Bourget."] ''Russia & CIS Observer,'' Volume 2, Issue 25, 20 June 2009. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref> It enjoys considerable support from the [[Government of Russia|Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade]], which regards it as a top priority project.<ref name="observer2">Pyadushkin, Maxim. [http://www.ato.ru/content/right-there "Right up there: Superjet 100 program needs more money to complete the certification."] ''Russia & CIS Observer,'' Volume 4, Issue 27, 4 January 2009. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref> Excluding the SaM146 engine, development of the Superjet 100 cost about $1.4 billion, with 25% of this amount funded from the federal budget.<ref name="mt_neworders">[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/new-orders-but-no-lift-for-superjet/411118.html "New Orders but No Lift for Superjet."] ''The Moscow Times'', 27 July 2010.</ref> The Superjet 100 is the first new civil aircraft developed in post-Soviet Russia.<ref>[http://rt.com/news/superjet-100-order-book-hikes-by-50/ "Superjet-100 order book hikes by 50%."] ''Russia Today'', 16 June 2009.</ref>

Over 30 foreign partnership companies are involved in the project. Development, manufacturing and marketing of the aircraft's [[SaM146]] jet engine is being done by the [[PowerJet]] company, a joint-venture between the French [[Snecma]] and Russia's [[NPO Saturn]]. SuperJet International, a joint venture between [[Alenia Aeronautica]] and [[Sukhoi]] is responsible for marketing in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Japan and Oceania.<ref name="observer"/>

The assembly line for all versions of the Superjet is located in the facilities of [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association]] (KnAAPO) in the [[Russian Far East]], while [[Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association]] (NAPO) focuses on component production. The two companies have been heavily investing in upgrading of their facilities and are expected to produce 70 airframes by 2012.<ref name="observer"/>

====List of companies====
[[File:Cockpit equipment of SN 95007.jpg|thumb|Cockpit equipment of Sukhoi Superjet 100 serial number 97007.|alt=View of cockpit of modern jet airliner, showing a large array of displays and instruments.]]
*Project leader: [[United Aircraft Corporation]]
*Strategic partner: [[Alenia Aeronautica]]
*Risk-sharing partner: [[Snecma]]
*Main designer: [[Sukhoi]]
*Consultant: [[Boeing]]
*Aircraft Main System Suppliers: [[Thales Group|Thales]] (avionics),<ref>[http://www.thalesgroup.com/Pages/Event.aspx?id=6914 "Sukhoi Superjet 100."] ''thalesgroup.com.'' Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref> [[Liebherr Group|Liebherr]] (with [[Teploobmennik OJSC]] and [[PMZ Voskhod JSC]]) (Flight Control Systems),<ref>[http://www.sukhoi.superjet100.com/about/history/00087/ Liebherr-Aerospace and Sukhoi Civil Aircraft signed Superjet 100 contracts]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref> [[Messier-Dowty]] (landing gear), Intertechnique (Zodiac) (fuel system), [[BE Aerospace]] (interior), [[Curtiss-Wright|Curtiss-Wright Controls]] (fire protection system), [[Honeywell]] (APU), IPECO (crew seats), [[Parker Hannifin]] (hydraulic system), [[Hamilton Sundstrand]] (electrical system), [[Meggitt|Meggitt Vibro-Meter]] (engine vibration sensor), [[Saint-Gobain|Saint-Gobain Sully]] (windows), Aircelle (Nacelles and Thrust Reverser), SAMCO (Passenger and Cargo doors), [[Goodrich Corporation]], [[Aircelle]] (engine nacelle).
*Engines: [[PowerJet]] ([[NPO Saturn]] and [[Snecma]])
*Mass production: [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association|KnAAPO]], [[Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association|NAPO]]

==Orders and deliveries==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Date!!Airline!!<abbr title="Entry Into Service">EIS</abbr> !!Superjet 100–95 / SBJ!!Option!!Delivered
|-
|| 22 November 2005
|| Finance Leasing Company
|| from 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 7 December 2005
|| [[Aeroflot]]<ref>http://www.aex.ru/news/2012/4/3/93996/</ref>
|| 2011–2016
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
|-
|| 14 September 2007
|| [[Armavia]]
|| 2011
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
|-
|| 15 July 2008
|| Avia Leasing (for [[UTAir]])
|| 2012–2014
| style="text-align:center;"| 24
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 5 December 2008
|| [[Kartika Airlines]]
|| 2012–2014
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 17 June 2009
|| [[Gazpromavia]]
|| TBD
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 21 August 2009
|| [[Yakutia Airlines]] (lease from FLC)
|| 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 21 May 2010
|| [[Lao Central Airlines]]
|| 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 21 July 2010
|| [[Orient Thai Airlines]]
|| 2013–2014
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 21 July 2010
|| [[Pearl Aircraft Corporation]]<ref>[http://www.superjetinternational.com/blog/?p=39 Agreement for 30 Sukhoi Superjet 100, Plus 15 Options with Pearl Aircraft Corporation] ''Superjet International''.</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/10/07/348240/superjet-kicks-off-alitalia-regional-jet-contest.html "Superjet kicks off Alitalia regional jet contest."] ''Flightglobal,'' 7 October 2010.</ref>
|| from 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| 30
| style="text-align:center;"| 15
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 2 September 2010
|| [[Willis Lease Finance]]<ref>[http://www.willislease.com/ "Willis Lease Corporation."] ''willislease.com.'' Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>
|| from 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| 6
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 17 January 2011
|| [[Interjet]]<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/business/20110117/162176094.html Mexico's Interjet signs $650 mln deal for Russia's Superjet planes], [[RIAN]], 17 January 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/01/17/351922/mexicos-interjet-orders-15-superjets.html "Mexico's Interjet orders 15 Superjets."] ''[[FlightGlobal]],'' 17 January 2011.</ref>
|| from 2012
| style="text-align:center;"| 15
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 21 June 2011
|| [[Sky Aviation (Indonesia)|Sky Aviation]]<ref>[http://superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00320/ "Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company has got one order for 12 SSJ100 for PT Sky Aviation."] ''Superjet100.com,'' 21 June 2011.</ref>
|| 2012–2015
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 22 June 2011
|| [[Blue Panorama Airlines]]<ref>[http://www.superjetinternational.com/mediacenter/superjet-international-signs-an-order-with-blue-panorama-airlines-worth-usd-370-million/2011/ "SuperJet International signs an order with Blue Panorama Airlines worth USD 370 million."] ''[[SuperJet International]],'' 22 July 2011.</ref>
|| 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/acquisition-of-blue-panorama-and-wind-jet-ensures-alitalia-will-keep-ahead-of-ryanair-in-italy-67091|title=Acquisition of Blue Panorama and Wind Jet ensures Alitalia will keep ahead of Ryanair in Italy|publisher=Centre for Aviation|accessdate=05.11.2012|date=02.01.2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"|

|-
|| 18 August 2011
|| [[Aviotech]]
|| TBD
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"|

|-
|| 19 August 2011
|| [[Kuban Airlines]]
|| 2012–2015
| style="text-align:center;"| 12
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|

|-
|| 19 August 2011
|| [[Moskovia Airlines]]
|| 2013
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"|

|-
|| 16–21 August 2011
|| [[Yamal Airlines]]<ref name="Airshow">[http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/press/shows_actions/index.php?id4=756 "Results of the 10th International Aviation and Space Salon, MAKS-2011."] ''uacrussia.ru.'' Retrieved: 9 May 2012.</ref>
|| TBD
| style="text-align:center;"| 10
| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|

|-
|| 16–21 August 2011
|| [[Tajik Air]]<ref name="Airshow"/>
|| TBD
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"|

|-
|| 16–21 August 2011
|| [[Kyrgyzstan Airlines]]<ref name="Airshow"/>
|| TBD
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"|

|-
|| 9 October 2011
|| [[Comlux]]
|| 2014
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"|

|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="3" | Total:
! style="text-align:center;"| 235
! style="text-align:center;"| 94
! style="text-align:center;"| 8
|}

===Timeline===
[[File:SukhoiSuperjet 100-95 97004 UUBW.png|thumb|A Superjet 100–95 (RA-97004) in flight over [[Ramenskoye Airport]]]]
* '''August 2005 at MAKS-2005''' – Finance Leasing Company and Sukhoi Civil Aircraft sign a sales contract for 10 aircraft of the new RRJ family for $262 million.<ref>[http://www.f-l-c.ru/ "Financial Leasing Company (FLK)."] ''f-l-c.ru''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

* '''December 2005''' – Aeroflot signs the contract for the delivery of 30 Sukhoi Superjet 100s, thus becoming the program's launch customer. The total deal is valued at approximately $820 million.<ref>[http://superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/2005/ "Aeroflot signed the contract for delivery of 30 Sukhoi Superjet 100."] ''superjet100.com''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

* '''December 2006''' – Sukhoi Civil Aircraft wins a $170 million order from [[Dalavia]] Far East Airways.<ref>[http://www.sukhoi.com.ru/eng/news/company/?id=886 "Dalavia to buy Sukhoi Superjet 100."] ''sukhoi.com.ru'', 19 December 2006. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

* '''May 2007''' – Aeroflot and Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company announces the signature of the Letter of Intent to purchase 15 aircraft of Sukhoi Superjet 100 family. Earlier, Aeroflot had already signed the contract for delivery of 30 SSJ-100s. According to the letter, the airline will purchase 15 SSJ100/95s in basic configuration with deliveries to start in May 2011. The airline also holds an option for another five aircraft of the family. The deal amounts at over $400 million.<ref>[http://superjet100.com/mediacenter/news/2007/ "Aeroflot announced the signature of the Letter of Intent to purchase 15 SSJ-100 aircraft."] ''superjet100.com''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

* '''September 2007''' – [[Armavia]] signs a multimillion-dollar agreement to buy four SSJ-100-95LR Superjets for regional flights.<ref>[http://www.aviationnews.eu/2007/09/14/armavia-aircompany-acquires-sukhoi-superjet-100-aircraft/ "Armavia Aircompany acquires Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft"] ''Aviationnews.eu''. Retrieved: 5 February 2012.</ref>

* '''July 2008''' – [[Avia Leasing]] acquires 24 Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft in basic configuration with an option for 16 additional aircraft on the second day of the 2008 Farnborough Airshow. The order has a total value of over $630 million.<ref>[http://www.avialeasing.biz/en/about/3/9/17/ "Avia Leasing acquired 24 SSJ-100 aircraft."] ''avialeasing.biz,'' 17 March 2009. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref> Order firmed at Paris Airshow on 16 June 2009.

* '''July 2008''' – SuperJet International announces an order by an undisclosed renowned European customer for a fleet of 20 new Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft valued at approximately $600 million.<ref>[http://www.superjetinternational.com/mediacenter/superjet-international-announces-order-for-20-sukhoi-superjet-100/2008/ "SuperJet International announces order for 20 Sukhoi Superjet 100 regional aircraft by an undisclosed customer."] ''superjetinternational.com,'' 16 July 2008. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>

* '''5 December 2008, Jakarta''' – Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company and [[Kartika Airlines]] sign the Heads of Agreement for 15 Sukhoi Superjet 100s and another 15 optional aircraft. The order is valued at $448 million. Kartika Airlines is the first SSJ100 customer in Southeast Asia.<ref>[http://superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00144/ "Kartika Airlines is the first SSJ100 customer in South-East Asia."]{{dead link|date=June 2011}} ''superjet100.com''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

* '''17 June 2009, Paris Airshow''' – [[Gazprom]] orders 10 Superjet 100 aircraft.<ref>[http://www.russia-ic.com/news/show/8441/ "Paris Airshow."] ''russia-ic.com''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

* '''21 August 2009''' – [[Yakutia Airlines]] orders 2 Superjet 100 aircraft.<ref>[http://www.shephard.co.uk/news/3680/ "Yakutia Airlines orders 2 Superjet 100 aircraft."] ''shephard.co.uk''. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

* '''May 2010''' – Laos-based newcomer Phongsavanh Airlines plans to launch services in 2012 and buy three Sukhoi RRJ95 SuperJet 100s.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/groups/fleet_and_orders_gossip_shop/blog/archive/2010/06/04/airline-start-ups-laos-based-newcomer-phongsavanh-airlines-plans-to-launch-services-in-2012.aspx "Airline Start-Ups: Laos-based newcomer Phongsavanh Airlines plans to launch services in 2012."] ''FlightGlobal.'' Retrieved: 8 September 2011.</ref>

* '''23 June 2010''' – [[European Aviation Safety Agency]] certification for the Superjet Engine SaM146.<ref>Fouda,
Dominique and Jeremie Teahan. [http://www.easa.europa.eu/ws_prod/g/doc/pr/PRen23062010.html "EASA certifies Franco-Russian SaM146 PowerJet engine."] ''easa.europa.eu,'' 23 June 2006. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>

* '''19 July 2010''' – Sukhoi Civil Aircraft and Indonesia's regional carrier Kartika Airlines sign $951 mln deal on 30 SSJ100s.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/business/20100719/159869944.html "Sukhoi, Indonesian airline sign $951 mln deal on 30 SSJ100s."] ''rian.ru,'' 19 July 2010. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>

* '''20 July 2010''' – Orient Thai Airlines to buy at least 12 Superjet 100s from Sukhoi.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20100720/159879075.html "Thai Airlines to buy at least 12 Superjet 100s from Sukhoi."] ''rian.ru,'' 20 July 2010. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>

* '''21 July 2010''' – [[SuperJet International]] scores order for 30 Superjets, 15 options.<ref>Lagorce, Aude. [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/sukhoi-scores-order-for-30-superjets-15-options-2010-07-21 "Sukhoi scores order for 30 Superjets, 15 options."] ''marketwatch.com,'' 21 July 2010. Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>

*'''1 September 2010''' – Aeroflot announced that as part of its plan to order additional domestic aircraft it planned to purchase an additional 10 aircraft in addition to its 30 prior orders.<ref name="fg 1 sep">Zaitsev, Tom. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/09/01/346857/aeroflot-plans-up-to-50-ms-21s-as-part-of-effort-to-support-russias-airliner.html "Aeroflot plans up to 50 MS-21s as part of effort to support Russia's airliner industry."] ''Flightglobal.com,'' 1 September 2010. Retrieved: 1 September 2010.</ref>

* '''2 September 2010''' – SuperJet International signs agreement up to US $300 million.<ref>[http://superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00266/ "Sukhoi Superjet 100."]{{dead link|date=June 2011}} ''superjet100.com.'' Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>

* '''24 November 2010''' – Thailand's [[Orient Thai Airlines]] announced the purchase of 12 Sukhoi Superjet-100/95Bs civilian aircraft.<ref>[http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=15710566&PageNum=0]{{dead link|date=June 2011}} ''ITAR-TASS'' Retrieved: 1 December 2010.</ref>

* '''17 January 2011''' – Mexico's third largest airline [[Interjet]] signed a $650 million deal for 15 Sukhoi Superjet-100 civilian aircraft, with an option to purchase five more.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/business/20110117/162176094.html "Mexico's Interjet signs $650 mln deal for Russia's Superjet planes."] ''RIA Novosti,'' 17 January 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.</ref> It is the North American launch costumer and is the first and, so far, the only airline of the Americas to order a Sukhoi Superjet 100.

* '''3 February 2011''' – Sukhoi Superjet 100 obtained IAC AR Type Certificate

* '''19 April 2011''' – The first production aircraft was delivered to [[Armavia]], celebrated with a ceremony in the Armenian capital [[Yerevan]].

* '''21 April 2011''' – The first commercial flight of Sukhoi SuperJet 100 with 90 passengers from [[Zvartnots International Airport]], [[Yerevan]], Armenia to [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]], Moscow.<ref name="fg_firstflight"/>

* '''16 June 2011''' – Aeroflot Russian Airlines's Superjet 100 completed its first passenger flight operating from [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]], Moscow, to [[Pulkovo International Airport]], St. Petersburg.

* '''17 June 2011''' – Aeroflot Russian Airlines's Superjet 100 completed its first schedule flight operating from [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]], Moscow, to [[Nizhny Novgorod International Airport]], [[Nizhny Novgorod]].

* '''9 October 2011''' - Comlux becomes the launching customer of SuperJet International for this new type of VIP aircraft<ref>[http://www.superjetinternational.com/mediacenter/superjet-international-launches-the-sukhoi-business-jet-with-a-200-million-dollars-order-from-comlux-the-aviation-group/2011/ "Superjet International launches the Sukhoi business jet with a 200 million dollar order from Comlux, the aviation group.] ''superjetinternational.com,'' 2011. Retrieved: 10 May 2012.</ref>

* '''19 March 2012''' - All seven SuperJet planes in service grounded to have landing gear defect repaired. "Within a week the whole fleet will have repairs conducted," said a company spokesperson,<ref>Toohey, Nathan. [http://themoscownews.com/russia/20120319/189544547.html "Superjet undergoing fleet-wide repairs."] ''Moscow News,'' 19 March 2012. Retrieved: 10 May 2012.</ref> three days after an Aeroflot SuperJet made an unscheduled landing at Moscow’s Sheremetyevo Airport.<ref>Toohey, Nathan. [http://themoscownews.com/local/20120316/189541233.html "Sukhoi Superjet makes unscheduled landing."] ''Moscow News,'' 19 March 2012. Retrieved: 10 May 2012.</ref>

* '''9 May 2012''' - [[Mount Salak Sukhoi Superjet 100 crash|Crash]] during a demonstration flight in Indonesia, with 45 fatalities and no survivors.

* '''10 May 2012''' - Pakistan's Indus Air allegedly<ref>[http://www.avionews.it/index.php?corpo=see_news_home.php&news_id=1140433&pagina_chiamante=index.php ''Indonesian SSJ-100 aircraft: AVIONEWS interview of former Superjet International SpA CEO'', Avionews aviation news portal,Rome, 10 May 2012].Retrieved 10 May 2012.</ref> showed an interest in buying 8 SSJ-100 planes.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Pakistan-may-buy-new-Sukhoi-superjets/articleshow/13081569.cms "Pakistan may buy new Sukhoi superjets."] ''Times of India,'' 10 May 2012.</ref>

==Operational history==
[[File:Armavia Sukhoi Superjet inaugural flight.jpg|thumb|Inaugural flight by Armavia of the Superjet to [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] on 21 April 2011.]]

The first production Sukhoi Superjet was delivered to Armavia on 19 April 2011. The handover ceremony was held at [[Zvartnots International Airport]] in [[Yerevan]] on the same day.<ref name="newsam_firstflight">[http://news.am/eng/news/56294.html "Sukhoi Superjet 100 heading from Yerevan lands at Sheremetyevo airport."] ''NEWS.am,'' 21 May 2011.</ref> The aircraft received the name "[[Yuri Gagarin]]" in memory of the first man in space almost exactly 50 years before.<ref name="ruvr_firstflight">[http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/04/21/49247428.html "Sukhoi Superjet 100 makes first passenger flight."] ''Voice of Russia,'' 21 May 2011.</ref> Armavia planned to operate its Superjet 100 on flights between [[Yerevan]], [[Sochi]] and Ukrainian cities,<ref name="newsam_firstflight"/> including [[Odessa]] and [[Simferopol]]. The airline had expected to receive its second Superjet in June 2011.<ref name="fg_firstflight"/> A year later, its website showed it was still operating only one.<ref>[http://www.u8.am/index/view/id/4/lang/en ''Our Fleet'', Armavia corporate website, Yerevan, Undated].Retrieved 10 May 2012.</ref>

===Entry into service===
[[File:Superjet interior.jpg|thumb|Cabin of Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SN 95007, Armavia airline).]]
On 21 April 2011 the first commercial flight of Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SN 95007) by [[Armavia]] airline landed at [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]], Moscow at 4.45 am MSK (00.45 GMT), carrying 90 passengers from [[Zvartnots International Airport]], [[Yerevan]].<ref name="fg_firstflight"/><ref name="rian_firstflight">Zorembo. Igor. [http://en.rian.ru/business/20110421/163628542.html "Sukhoi Superjet conducts first passenger flight."] ''RIA Novosti,'' 21 May 2011.</ref><ref>[http://sukhoi.superjet100.com/mediacenter/press/00311/ "Russia's Sukhoi Superjet 100 to make first passenger flight on April 12."] ''GSS,'' 21 April 2011.</ref> The flight took about 2 hours and 55 minutes.<ref name="fg_firstflight"/>

Armavia used the [[Airbus A320 family|Airbus A319]] on its Yerevan to Moscow (SVO) route, but is now switching to Superjet 100.<ref name="fg_firstflight">Karnozov, Vladimir. [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/04/21/355835/pictures-armavia-superjet-conducts-first-revenue-flight.html "Pictures: Armavia Superjet conducts first revenue flight."] ''FlightGlobal,'' 21 May 2011.</ref>

President of [[United Aircraft Corporation]] and General Director of [[Sukhoi]] [[Mikhail Pogosyan]] hailed the event as a key milestone for the Superjet 100 project, saying that it opened "a new stage of the program — the beginning of commercial operation and full-scale serial production."<ref name="rian_firstflight"/>

The aircraft was put into commercial operation within unprecedentedly short time after delivery. For the first week of service SSJ-100 has accumulated 24 flights, flying to Moscow, [[Athens]], [[Donetsk]], [[Aleppo]], [[Tehran]], [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Astrakhan]]. On 1 May, Superjet made first regular flight to [[Venice]] (2800 km, approx 3:45 minute flight).<ref>[http://www.superjetinternational.com/mediacenter/the-sukhoi-superjet-100-landed-in-venice-for-the-first-time/2011/ "The Sukhoi Superjet 100 landed in Venice for the first time."] ''superjetinternational.com,'' 1 May 2011. Retrieved: 8 September 2011.</ref>

In March 2012 it was revealed that Aeroflot is asking Sukhoi for compensation since the six Superjet 100 it operates are in the air only 3.9 hours/day on average instead of the standard 8 to 9 hours. "Outages were caused by failures due to technical problems and delayed delivery of parts", noted the deputy chief engineer of the Department of Aviation and Technical Support of "Aeroflot" Constantine Mohni in the Russian daily newspaper [[Vedomosti]].<ref>http://www.vedomosti.ru/companies/news/1533851/abonement_na_stoyanku</ref>

==Variants==
The three variants were originally called the RRJ-60, RRJ-75 and RRJ-95, with the numbers designating the average passenger capacity of each type. However, with the renaming of the project to Superjet 100, the RRJ-75 was re-labelled the Superjet 100–75 (or SSJ-75 for short), while the RRJ-95 became known as the SSJ 100–95. The smallest variant, called the SSJ 100–60, was temporarily postponed, and efforts are currently concentrating on the largest variant, with the smaller SSJ 100–75 to follow later. Longer variants based on extended fuselages, called the SSJ 100–110 and the SSJ 100–125, are also planned, as well as business, VIP and cargo variants.<ref>Kingsley-Jones, Max. [http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2007/02/06/211873/russian-revolution-the-sukhoi-superjet.html "Russian Revolution: The Sukhoi Superjet."] ''Flight International,'' 6 February 2007. Retrieved: 3 January 2010.</ref>

==Specifications==
{| style="text-align: center; font-size:95%;" class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#DDDD;"
!
!SSJ 100–75
!SSJ 100-75LR
!SSJ 100–95
!SSJ 100-95LR
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Cockpit crew || colspan=4 | 2
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Seating capacity || colspan=2 | 83 (1-class, dense) 78 (1-class, standard) 68 (2-class, standard) || colspan=2 | 103 (1-class, dense) 98 (1-class, standard) 86 (2-class, standard)
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Seat pitch || colspan=2 | 30 in (1-class, dense), 32 in (1-class, standard) 36 & 32 in (2-class, standard) || colspan=2 | 31 in (1-class, dense), 32 in (1-class, standard) 36 & 32 in (2-class, standard)
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Length || colspan=2 | {{convert|26.44|m|ftin|abbr=on}} || colspan=2 | {{convert|29.94|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Wingspan || colspan=4 | {{convert|27.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Height || colspan=4 | {{convert|10.28|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Fuselage max diameter|| colspan=4 | {{convert|3.35|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Cabin width || colspan=4 | {{convert|3.236|m|in|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Cabin height || colspan=4 | {{convert|2.12|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Aisle width || colspan=4 | {{convert|51|cm|in|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Seat width || colspan=4 | {{convert|46.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Volume bins per passenger || colspan=4 | {{convert|0.07|m3|ft3|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Maximum take-off weight (MTOW) || {{convert|38820|kg|lb|abbr=on}} || {{convert|42280|kg|lb|abbr=on}} || {{convert|45880|kg|lb|abbr=on}} || {{convert|49450|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Empty weight (OEW) || – || – || {{convert|25100|kg|lb|abbr=on}} || –
|- style="background:#eee;"
|DOW || – || – || {{convert|26600|kg|lb|abbr=on}} || –
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Maximum landing weight || colspan=2 | {{convert|35000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} || colspan=2 | {{convert|41000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Maximum payload || colspan=2 | {{convert|9130|kg|lb|abbr=on}} || colspan=2 | {{convert|12245|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Maximum fuel capacity || colspan=2 | 13,135 L (10,600 kg or 23,370 lb) || colspan=2 | 13,135 L (10,600 kg or 23,370 lb)
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Cargo capacity || colspan=2 | {{convert|15.01|m3|cuft|abbr=on}} || colspan=2 | {{convert|21.97|m3|cuft|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Takeoff run at MTOW || colspan=2 | {{convert|1515|m|ft|abbr=on}} ||| {{convert|1731|m|ft|abbr=on}} ||| {{convert|2052|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Maximum flight altitude || colspan=4 | {{convert|12500|m|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Cruising speed || colspan=4 | [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.78 (828 km/h/511 mph / 448knots at 11,000 m/36,000 ft)
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Maximum cruise speed || colspan=4 | Mach 0.81 (870 km/h/ 541 mph / 469knots at 11,000 m/36,000 ft)
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Range (full passenger payload) || {{convert|2900|km|abbr=on}} || {{convert|4550|km|abbr=on}} || {{convert|3048|km|abbr=on}} || {{convert|4578|km|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Engine (x 2) || colspan=4 | [[PowerJet SaM146]]
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Takeoff thrust (x 2) || colspan=2 | {{convert|13500|lbf|kN|abbr=on|lk=on}} || colspan=2 | {{convert|15400|lbf|kN|abbr=on|lk=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|APR thrust (x 2) || colspan=2 | {{convert|15400|lbf|kN|abbr=on|lk=on}} || colspan=2 | {{convert|17500|lbf|kN|abbr=on|lk=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Fan tip diameter || colspan=4 | {{convert|1.22|m|in|abbr=on}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
|Engine length || colspan=4 | {{convert|2.07|m|in|abbr=on}}
|}
Sources: Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company,<ref>[http://sukhoi.org/eng/planes/projects/ssj100/characteristic/ "Features."] ''sukhoi.org.'' Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref> Superjet International,<ref>[http://superjet100.com/superjet100/performance/ "Technical specifications."] ''superjet100.com.'' Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref> PowerJet.<ref>[http://www.powerjet.aero/?id=200&selt=1 "Engine specifications."] ''powerjet.aero.'' Retrieved: 9 November 2010.</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
{{main|Mount Salak Sukhoi Superjet 100 crash}}
* 9 May 2012: A Russian Sukhoi Superjet 100 airliner on a demonstration flight with 37 passengers and eight Russian crew members on board [[Mount Salak Sukhoi Su-100 crash|crashed]] after it took off from the [[Halim Perdanakusuma Airport]] in [[Jakarta|Jakarta, Indonesia]]. The airliner began descending shortly after taking off and vanished from radar screens at approximately 14:12 local time (07:12 [[UTC]]) at {{convert|1900|m|ft}} in a mountainous area 60km south of Jakarta, in the province of [[West Java]].<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/09/world/asia/indonesia-plane/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 "Wreckage found from Russian plane missing in Indonesia."] ''[[CNN]],'' 10 May 2012.</ref> After an extensive search, rescuers concluded, based on the widespread debris field on the side of a ridge, that the aircraft directly struck the rocky side of [[Mount Salak]] and there was "no chance of survival."<ref name=9News>Salna, Karlis. [http://news.ninemsn.com.au/world/8465016/jet-with-50-aboard-missing-in-indonesia "No survivors in Indonesia plane crash."] ''9 News,'' 10 May 2012.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Russia|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related =
|similar aircraft =
* [[Airbus A318]]
* [[Antonov An-148]]
* [[Boeing 717]](McDonnell Douglas MD-95)
* [[Boeing 737 Next Generation|Boeing 737–600]] (Boeing 737 Next Generation)
* [[Bombardier CRJ700 series]]
* [[Bombardier CSeries]]
* [[COMAC ARJ21]]
* [[Embraer E-Jets]]
* [[Fokker 70]]/[[Fokker 100|100]]
* [[Mitsubishi Regional Jet|Mitsubishi MRJ 70/MRJ 90]]
* [[Tupolev Tu-334]]
|lists =
* [[List of airliners]]
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|2}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* Lake, Jon. "Russia's Regional Jet". ''[[Air International]]'', Vol. 78, No. 5, May 2010, pp. 54–60. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sukhoi Superjet 100}}
* [http://www.superjetinternational.com/ Sukhoi Superjet Official Website]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06ol---b2Gk Sukhoi Superjet 100 unveils Pininfarina interior]
* [http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/ Sukhoi Company]
* [http://russiatoday.ru/news/news/14738/video "The ceremony of unveiling the Sukhoi Superjet 100" video report from Russia Today]
*[http://www.uacrussia.ru/en/ Superjet 100 at United Aircraft Corporation Website]
* [http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20070213/60659028.html Superjet to be tested for strength – RIA Novosti]
* [http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/sep2007/gb20070926_037362.htm Russia's New Airliner Readies for Takeoff by Jason Bush, ''[[Business Week]]'', 26 September 2007]
{{Sukhoi aircraft}}

[[Category:Russian airliners 2000–2009]]
[[Category:Sukhoi aircraft|Superjet 100]]
[[Category:Twinjets]]

[[af:Soechoi Superjet 100]]
[[bg:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[bs:Suhoj RRJ]]
[[cs:Suchoj Superjet 100]]
[[da:Sukhoj Superjet 100]]
[[de:Suchoi Superjet 100]]
[[es:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[fa:سوخو سوپرجت ۱۰۰]]
[[fr:Soukhoï Superjet 100]]
[[gl:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[ko:수호이 슈퍼제트 100]]
[[hr:Suhoj Superjet 100]]
[[id:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[os:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[it:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[he:סוחוי סופרג'ט 100]]
[[jv:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[ka:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[hu:Szuhoj Superjet 100]]
[[mk:Сухој Суперџет 100]]
[[mr:सुखोई सुपरजेट १००]]
[[nl:Soechoj Superjet 100]]
[[ja:スホーイ・スーパージェット100]]
[[no:Superjet 100]]
[[uz:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[pl:Suchoj SuperJet 100]]
[[pt:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[ru:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[sk:Suchoj Superjet 100]]
[[sr:Сухој Суперџет 100]]
[[sh:Suhoj Superdžet 100]]
[[fi:Suhoi Superjet 100]]
[[sv:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[tr:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[uk:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[vi:Sukhoi Superjet 100]]
[[zh:苏霍伊-100超级喷气式飞机]]

Mineirão

2012-05-11T18:50:10Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:ورزشگاه مینیرو

{{Infobox stadium
| stadium_name = Mineirão
| nickname = "Gigante da Pampulha"
| image = [[File:Mineirao longe.jpg|center|200px]]
| caption = Mineirão in 2007
| fullname = Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto
| location = Avenida Abrahão Caram, 1001, [[Pampulha]], [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Minas Gerais|MG]], Brazil
| coordinates =
| broke_ground = 1959
| built =
| opened = September 5, 1965
| renovated = Closed on June 2010 for renovations for the [[2014 World Cup]]. Will be re-opened in 2013
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| record attendance = 132,834
| owner = State of Minas Gerais
| surface = [[Grass]]
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| structural engineer =
| services engineer =
| general_contractor=
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants = <center> [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]]
| Official site: = http://www.novomineirao.mg.gov.br/
| seating_capacity = 75,783 (Current) 70,000 (After renovations)
| dimensions = 120 x 80 m 115 x 75 m (After renovations)
}}

'''Mineirão''' ({{IPA-pt|minejˈɾɐ̃w}}), officially '''Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto''' (''Governor Magalhães Pinto Stadium'') established in 1965 in [[Belo Horizonte]], is the largest [[football (soccer)|football]] stadium in the state of [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil, and the second largest in the country, after [[Maracana Stadium|Maracanã]]. It will be a host stadium in the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]] to be held in the country.

It is also a football venue of the [[2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]] and [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.rio2016.org.br/sumarioexecutivo/sumario/English/Per%20Theme/Volume%202/Theme_09.pdf Rio2016.org.br bid profile.] Volume 2. p. 23.</ref>

==History==
=== Background ===
Mineirão construction project came before its opening in more than 25 years. In the 1940s, timid movements began, involving managers, entrepreneurs, athletes and journalists. The idea was to build on Belo Horizonte a field that followed the evolution of Minas Gerais' football.

The top three teams in the state capital had their stadiums, but they were cramped, uncomfortable and no longer supported the demand of fans. Stadium Otacílio Negrão de Lima (Alameda Stadium, Francisco Sales Avenue), of [[América Futebol Clube (MG)|América]]; Antônio Carlos Stadium (located on Olegário Maciel Avenue), of [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético]]; and Juscelino Kubitschek Stadium (located on Augusto de Lima Avenue), of [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] did not support more than 10,000 spectators. Atlético, the team with the wealthiest members in Belo Horizonte, planned to build a stadium for 30,000 people, after the winning the Brazilian "Champion of Champions" title, in 1937. It nearly went out of paper. But then they found a huge debt of the club, forcing the directors to allot and sell the properties that the club had in the neighborhood where the stadium would be built, Antônio Carlos Avenue, near the [[Pampulha Domestic Airport|airport]].

At the end of the 1940s, journalist Canor Simões Coelho achieved with [[Brazilian Football Confederation|CBD]] the inclusion of Belo Horizonte as one of the venues of [[1950 FIFA World Cup]]. For this, the council would have to build a stadium at the height of the event. Official agreement was signed by Mayor Otacílio Negrão de Lima and the president of the CBD, Rivadávia Correa Meyer. The modest club Sete de Setembro was in charge of commanding the works of the new field.

The construction of [[Independência Stadium]] was slow and it seemed that would not be completed in time for the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]. But with the intervention of the CBD and [[FIFA]], the city of Belo Horizonte took charge of construction, and the stage was handed over in time for the match between [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] and [[Switzerland national football team|Switzerland]] on June 25 of 1950, even with many improvisations. But soon the initial excitement for the new stadium was falling apart, since the 30,000 seats available did not meet the growing number of fans. Independência was uncomfortable for the audience, and did not offer good conditions for the press.

In the early 1950s drives have begun to build a bigger stadium in Belo Horizonte. The first, initiated by engineering students from [[Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais|UFMG]], standing out here Gil César Moreira de Abreu, consisted in the University Stadium, which would be erected in Pampulha, where the university was the owner of large land. The university chancellor would give the ground and then ask for funding. In 1956, The chairman of Minas Gerais' Football Federation, Francisco de Castro Cortes proposed the construction of Municipal Stadium, on the banks of the current BR-040, near where today there is BH Shopping. The funds would be obtained through the sale of season tickets. With the support of the [[President of Brazil|President]], former Minas Gerais Governor [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], Cortes came to bring to Belo Horizonte some of the engineers who worked on the construction of Maracanã.

With the design out of paper, then-state representative Jorge Carone was in charge of drafting the bill that would create the Mineirão. Part of the funds would be obtained from the Minas Gerais Lottery tickets: 10% of the value of each ticket sold was earmarked for the stadium works. The "Minas Gerais Stadium" was created with the law number 1947 from August 12, 1959, signed by Governor José Francisco Bias Fortes. The law also provided for the creation of an administration body that would manage the stadium, AEMG (who would later become the ADEMG). It was left to the architects Eduardo Mendes Guimarães and Gaspar Garreto, Changing the design of the old University Stadium, which would involve 30,000 people for a new "giant" stadium with a capacity of 100,000 people. The chosen site was located in Pampulha, in a field belonging to UFMG. The then rector Pedro Paulo Penido was favorable to the idea, since it initiated the construction of the new campus, the Mineirão serve as attractive to people then the isolated region. With the approval of the Minister of Education, Government of JK Clovis Salgado, The lending between UFMG and AEMG was signed on February 25 of 1960. So, work began on the stadium.

===Construction===
When they began work on the stadium in 1959, Engineers and workers were not sure they would be completed. Cesar Gil, the construction manager, faced financial crises, but knew how to use politics in favor of Mineirão. Despite the extreme control of spending, the works were facing, at each step, the depletion of resources. The initial loan of 100 million [[Brazilian cruzeiro|Cruzeiros]] evaporated in implementing the first service of its foundation. For a year and a half, the contract followed a slow pace, working with limited equipment and staffing minimum. While one group acted politically to change laws that enable the acquisition of resources and also convince the Governor Magalhães Pinto fund the construction, AEMG trying to adapt to the fragile financial situation.

The new stadium was raised to the emblem for the national engineering by offering countless examples of evolution in construction. The team of engineers Mineirão went to the extreme in the details. Passed the Maracana by a real x-ray, finding weaknesses that should not be repeated in the Mineiro field. In 1964, Gil Caesar sought in Tokyo, where arenas were built for Olympics, news about this type of work. Traders noted features and engineering innovations. Worried by the quality of the grass: tags and other minutiae.

The big question that engineers and workers were tested for their ability to perform a superstructure - a false ellipse, measuring the major axis of 275 meters and the lowest 217 meters - using conventional equipment. To evaluate and eliminate uncertainties, we designed a mini-Mineirão, called the experimental sector 15 (now housing Atlético fans) where a link bleachers and roof would be subjected to all sorts of evidence. Concrete plants, conveyors, degrees, loaders and shuttle were tested. The complexity of the work required iron bars into lengths that the industry was unable to attend. The solution came in the actual construction site, where engineers and workers solder used to promote the extension of the bars.

With available resources could be hiring more people, but bumped into AEMG lack of qualified staff. Made a public bidding for the supply of labor, it was found to be unenforceable, because the price charged - 15 million Cruzeiros - was infinitely high box for the administration of the new field. It was proved in the future, the amount requested by the companies would build a Mineirão and a half. On accountability, the "Gigante da Pampulha" (Pampulha Giant) consumed a total of 10 million dollars. Due to the lack of skilled labor available, AEMG promoted the training of masons, carpenters, ship owners and other professionals. Whole classes were formed, and hundreds of workers have gained qualifications to perform special functions. At this stage, the administration managed to gather the required number needed to play and work at a fast pace. Between August 1964 and July 1965, the building jumped from one sector (the experiment) to offer the country's most modern stadium in the world.

To speed construction and shorten the drama of the budget, Gil Caesar launched the operation 24 hours a day, divided into three shifts three thousand workers hired. The service did not stop a single minute. Acaiaca the top of the building in downtown Belo Horizonte, saw a huge flash of light coming from the sides of the future Mineirão. The administration began to reward teams for production and creativity, encouraging competition among the various sectors of the construction. The idea of "local little game" was so successful that many fronts have been completed well before the deadline. The process of full time allowed the stadium to be handed to the population in eight months. Even in the hectic pace and pressure, only one worker died during the entire construction of the arena.

On February 25, 1960, the government of the Union and the [[Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais|Federal University of Minas Gerais]] gave Minas Gerais land in the neighborhood of [[Pampulha]], [[Belo Horizonte]], for the construction of the stadium.

The Mineirão was planned by Eduardo Mendes Guimarães Júnior and Caspar Garreto, both architects. The structural project was undertaken by engineer Arthur Eugênio Jermann. The construction workmanship was directed by engineer Gil Cesar Moreira de Abreu. From 1963 to the date of its inauguration on September 5, 1965, approximately five thousand people were involved in the construction.

The festivities marking the opening of the stadium included parachute jumpers, music, and an inaugural football match. The events were attended by 73,201 people. The inaugural match at Mineirão Stadium was played by the Minas Gerais state team and the Argentinian team, [[CA River Plate|River Plate]].

===Renovations===
[[File:2014 Stadium Belo Horizonte.jpg|170px|thumb|right|Model of Mineirão following the renovations]]
Mineirão was closed in June 2010 for renovations<ref>[http://www.novomineirao.mg.gov.br Official site with updates on the renovations on Mineirão]</ref> as it will be one of the hosts of the [[2014 World Cup]]. The last game before closure was Atlético 0-1 [[Ceará Sporting Club|Ceará]], on June 6. 13 days later, the band [[Skank (band)|Skank]] performed a free concert inside the stadium.

Atlético Mineiro and Cruzeiro will host their matches primarily at the [[Arena do Jacaré]] in [[Sete Lagoas]] between 2010 and 2011, with the [[Estádio Parque do Sabiá|Parque do Sabiá]] in [[Uberlândia]] and the [[Ipatingão]] in [[Ipatinga]] also being employed in some games. The teams are expected to play again in Belo Horizonte once [[América Mineiro]]'s stadium, the [[Estádio Independência|Independência]], completes its reforms, set for December 2011.<ref>[http://www.copa2014.gov.br/noticia/conclusao-do-estadio-independencia-prevista-para-dezembro Conclusão do estádio Independência prevista para dezembro], Brazilian government's portal for the 2014 World Cup</ref> Mineirão's reforms are expected to end in December 2012.

==Attendance==
The largest attendance of the Stadium was 132,834 people in 1997 in the match between [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] and [[Villa Nova Atlético Clube|Villa Nova]] in the final match of the state league. In this match, women and children did not pay, as was usual on that time for games played on the stadium. The paying attendance was 74,857, and there were 56,618 women and children who entered for free. For safety reasons the capacity of Mineirão had been reduced for the majority of its 40 years of history. In 2004, by imposition of [[FIFA]], the capacity of the stadium was reduced to 72,000 people.

[[Image:Mineirão entrance.jpg|thumb|left|150px|View of the stadium's entrance from ground level.]]
Since the stadium opening, three important teams in Belo Horizonte have hosted their matches in Mineirão: [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]], [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]] and [[América Futebol Clube (MG)|América (MG)]] (which also has a private stadium). Mineirão has also hosted matches of the [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian national team]].

[[Clube Atlético Mineiro|Atlético Mineiro]] is the club which has brought more people to Mineirão Stadium: through 2002, 20,887,391 people watched 1,011 matches of Atlético. In close second is [[Cruzeiro Esporte Clube|Cruzeiro]], with 19,544,507 attendees of 1,062 matches. These statistics do not include derbies.

The most important trophies won on Mineirão's pitch were lifted by Cruzeiro being:
[[Supercopa Sudamericana]] - 1991
[[Brazilian Cup]] - 1993, 2000, 2003
[[Copa Libertadores]] - 1997
[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] - 2003

One of the most remarkable matches played in the stadium was in 1969 when Clube Altético Mineiro played against the Brazilian team which went on to become unbeaten champion of the World Cup in 1970. Atlético scored in the first half (42') with Amauri, and Pelé drew the game at the beginning of the second half (5'). [[Dadá Maravilha]] was the player that scored the winning goal for Atlético, in the middle of the second half (20'). This was the only defeat of Brazil in that period.

Other one was in 1966, when Cruzeiro played against Santos, which also had Pelé on their squad. Cruzeiro took control of the first half and went into halftime with a 5 x 0 lead. In the second half Santos tried a reaction, but in vain. [[Dirceu Lopes]] scored his hat-trick and settled the score on 6 x 2. For Cruzeiro scored Zé Eduardo (1' - Own Goal), Dirceu Lopes (20', 39' 62'), Natal (5'), [[Tostão]] (41'). Santos scored with Toninho Guerreiro (6', 10').

The stadium top scorer is Reinaldo, who played for Atlético Mineiro from 1973 to 1984 and swung the nets 144 times. On the other hand, Tostão played from 1965 to 1972, scored 143 goals and had the best year average (17 goals).

==Historical goals scored in Mineirão==
*Goal number 1: Buglê, from [[Atlético Mineiro]] on September 5, 1965
*Goal number 1000: Lola, from [[Atlético Mineiro]], on April 6, 1968
*Goal number 5000: [[Paulinho]], from [[Villa Nova Atlético Clube|Villa Nova]], on March 10, 1985

==Important Matches==
*First Match: Friendly - September 5, 1965 - Minas Gerais State Team 1-0 [[Club Atlético River Plate]](ARG) Attendance: 73,201
*First International Match: Friendly - September 7, 1965 - Brazil 3-0 Uruguai. On this match, all the players that represented the Brazilian Team were Palmeiras' players.
*First Derby: [[Minas Gerais]] State Championship - Oct. 24, 1965 - Cruzeiro 1-0 Atlético

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.ademg.mg.gov.br ADEMG - Administração dos Estádios de Minas Gerais (Administration of the stadiums of Minas Gerais)]
*http://www.ademg.mg.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=76&Itemid=83
*[http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/brasil2014/interna/0,,OI2025399-EI10545,00.html Terra Esportes]
*[http://almanaquedocruzeiro.blogspot.com/2009/01/campeonato-mineiro-1965-contra-o.html Almanaque do Cruzeiro]
*http://bdfbrasilespecial.blogspot.com/2006/10/1965-o-palmeiras-brasil.html
*http://www.benny75.com/hotsite/taca66/primeiro.html
*[http://www.bolanaarea.com/gal_estadios_mineirao.htm Bola na Area]

==External links/images==

*[http://www.ouromedbh.com.br/imagens/mineirao.jpg Stadium picture]

{{Coord|19|51|57|S|43|58|15|W|region:BR_type:landmark|display=title}}

{{Navboxes|list1=
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|
title=[[Copa Libertadores]] Final Venue|
before=[[Estadio Antonio Vespucio Liberti|El Monumental de Nuñez]] [[Buenos Aires]]|
after=[[Estadio Monumental Banco Pichincha|Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo]] [[Guayaquil]]|
years=[[1997 Copa Libertadores|1997]]
}}
{{Succession box|
title=[[Copa Libertadores]] Final Venue|
before=[[Estádio do Maracanã]] [[Rio de Janeiro]]|
after=[[Estádio Beira-Rio]] [[Porto Alegre]]|
years=[[2009 Copa Libertadores|2009]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Campeonato Brasileiro Série A venues}}
}}

{{2014 FIFA World Cup stadiums}}
{{2016 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues football}}

[http://www.novomineirao.mg.gov.br/]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mineirao}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1965‎]]
[[Category:Football venues in Minas Gerais]]
[[Category:Football venues in Brazil]]
[[Category:Clube Atlético Mineiro]]
[[Category:Cruzeiro Esporte Clube]]
[[Category:2016 Summer Olympic venues]]
[[Category:Olympic football venues]]
[[Category:2014 FIFA World Cup stadiums]]

[[ar:ملعب مينيراو]]
[[ca:Mineirão]]
[[de:Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto]]
[[es:Estadio Mineirão]]
[[fa:ورزشگاه مینیرو]]
[[fr:Mineirão]]
[[ko:미네이랑 경기장]]
[[hr:Mineirão]]
[[it:Mineirão]]
[[nl:Mineirão]]
[[ja:エスタジオ・ゴベルナドール・マガリャンイス・ピント]]
[[pl:Estádio Mineirão]]
[[pt:Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto]]
[[ru:Минейран]]
[[sv:Mineirão]]

Buhturi

2012-05-11T17:48:57Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:بحتری

'''Buhturi''', [[Arabic]], '''أبو الوليد بن عبيدالله البحتري التنوخي''' ('''al-Walīd ibn `Ubayd Allāh al-Buhturī''') (820–897) was an [[Arab]] poet born at [[Manbij|Hierapolis Bambyce]] in [[Syria]], between [[Aleppo]] and the [[Euphrates]]. Like [[Abu Tammam]], he was of the tribe of Tai.

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Buhturī}}
While still young, he went to visit Abu Tammam at [[Homs]], and by him was commended to the authorities at Ma'arrat an-Nu'man, who gave him a pension of 4000 dirhems yearly. Later he went to [[Baghdad]], where he wrote verses in praise of the [[caliph]] [[al-Mutawakkil]] and of the members of his court. Although long resident in Baghdad, he devoted much of his poetry to the praise of Aleppo, and much of his love-poetry is dedicated to Aiwa, a maiden of that city. He died at Manbij in 897.

His poetry was collected and edited twice in the 10th century, arranged in one edition alphabetically (i.e. according to the last consonant in each line); in the other according to subject. It was published in Constantinople (modern [[Istanbul]]) in 1883. Like Abu Tammam, he made a collection of early poems also known as the ''[[Hamasah]]''.

==References==
*{{1911|article=Buhtari|url=http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BRI_BUN/BUHTURI_al_Walid_ibn_Ubaid_Alla.html}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Buhturi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 820
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 897
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buhturi}}
[[Category:820 births]]
[[Category:897 deaths]]
[[Category:9th-century poets]]
[[Category:Abbasid era poets]]

{{syria-bio-stub}}

[[ar:البحتري]]
[[fa:بحتری]]
[[fr:Al Buhturi]]
[[hu:Valíd ibn Ubajd Alláh al-Buhturi]]
[[pl:Buhturi]]
[[ro:Buhturi]]

Horst Faas

2012-05-11T17:42:42Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:هورست فاس

'''Horst Faas''' (28 April 1933 – 10 May 2012) was a [[German]] [[photo-journalist]] and two-time [[Pulitzer Prize for Photography|Pulitzer Prize]] winner. He is best-known for his images of the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Associated Press |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/horst-faas-legendary-ap-combat-photographer-dies-at-age-79/2012/05/10/gIQArxnOGU_story.html |title=Horst Faas, AP photographer who brought world compelling images of Vietnam, dies at age 79 |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2012-04-17 |accessdate=2012-05-11}}</ref>

==Life==
Born in [[Berlin, Germany]], Faas began his photographic career in 1951 with the Keystone Agency, and by the age of 21 he was already covering major events concerning [[Indochina]], including the peace negotiations in Geneva in 1954. In 1956 he joined the [[Associated Press]] (AP), where he acquired a reputation for being an unflinching hard-news war photographer, covering the wars in Vietnam and Laos, as well as in the Congo and Algeria. In 1962, he became AP’s chief photographer for Southeast Asia, and was based in Saigon until 1974. His images of the Vietnam War won him a Pulitzer Prize in 1965. In 1967 he was severely wounded in the legs by an RPG (Rocket propelled Grenade) and used a wheelchair for the rest of his life. In 1972, he collected a second Pulitzer, for his coverage of the conflict in [[Bangladesh]].

Faas is also famed for his work as a picture editor, and was instrumental in ensuring the publication of two of the most famous images of the Vietnam War. The notorious "Saigon Execution" photograph, showing the summary execution of a Vietcong prisoner by Saigon police chief [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan|Nguyen Ngoc Loan]], taken by [[Eddie Adams (photographer)|Eddie Adams]] in Saigon on February 1, 1968 was sent under his direction. [[Nick Ut]]'s famous "Napalm Girl" photograph caused a huge controversy over at the AP bureau; an editor had objected to the photo, saying that the girl depicted was naked and that nobody would accept it. Faas ordered that Ut's photo be sent over the wire.

In September 1990, freelance photographer [[Greg Marinovich]] submitted a series of graphic photos of a crowd executing a man to the AP bureau in [[Johannesburg]]. Once again, AP editors were uncertain if the photos should be sent over the wire. One editor sent the images to Faas, who telegrammed back, "send all photos."<ref>{{cite book| author=Marinovich, Greg and Silva, João | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=As0a3WWhG9kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=bang+bang+club&hl=en&ei=UfzSTJyqJZa6jAed16GRDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false| title=The Bang-Bang Club: snapshots from a hidden war| publisher=Basic Books| year= 2000| isbn= 978-0-465-04413-9 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
[[Richard Pyle|Pyle, Richard]] and Faas, [http://books.google.com/books?id=0PP5plSDbPwC&source=gbs ''Lost over Laos: A True Story of Tragedy, Mystery, and Friendship''] ([[Da Capo Press]]: 2004) ISBN 0-306-81196-0. - [[David Halberstam]] introduces the book.

==External links==
*{{Find a Grave|89903779}}
*[http://www.newseum.org/warstories/interviews/mp3/journalists/bio.asp?id=1 "Interview: Horst Faas"], ''Newseum''
*[http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2005/05/faas2.html Profile of Faas, including an image taken from his 1965 Pulitzer Prizewinning portfolio]
*[http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0410/faas.html Faas on the "Saigon Execution" photograph]
*[http://www.google.com/images?hl=en&expIds=17259,25227,26637,27321,27355,27357,27360&sugexp=ldymls&xhr=t&q=horst+faas&cp=10&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=univ&ei=OP3STLi8MJSyhAfC1oyTAQ&sa=X&oi=image_result_group&ct=title&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CDAQsAQwAA&biw=1024&bih=653 "Horst Faas"], ''Google Image''

{{VietnamCorr}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Faas, Horst
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 28 April 1933
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 10 May 2012
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Faas, Horst}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Photography in Vietnam]]
[[Category:War photographers]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for Photography winners]]
[[Category:German photojournalists]]

{{photographer-stub}}

[[de:Horst Faas]]
[[fa:هورست فاس]]
[[fr:Horst Faas]]
[[it:Horst Faas]]
[[pt:Horst Faas]]
[[ru:Фаас, Хорст]]
[[vi:Horst Faas]]

The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (video game)

2012-05-11T17:36:30Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:مومیایی: مقبره امپراتور اژدها (بازی ویدیویی)

{{Infobox VG
| width =
| title = The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor
| image = [[Image:The Mummy Tomb of the Dragon Emperor.jpg]]
| caption = Nintendo DS cover art
| aspect ratio =
| resolution =
| developer = [[Eurocom]] (Playstation 2 and Wii) [[Artificial Mind and Movement|A2M]] (Nintendo DS)
| publisher = [[Sierra Entertainment]]
| distributor =
| designer =
| license =
| series = [[The Mummy (franchise)|The Mummy]]
| engine =
| version =
| released = July 22, 2008 (US) August 8, 2008 (EU) August 28, 2008 (AU)
| genre = Action-Adventure
| modes = Single-Player and [[Wi-Fi]] multiplayer
| ratings = [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: Teen<ref name="IGN TOTDE"/> [[Pan European Game Information|PEGI]]: 16+<ref name="guardian">{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Anderieze|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/aug/28/games.themummy|title=Game review: The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|date=August 28, 2008|accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref> [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: 15+
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[Wii]]
| media =
| requirements =
| input =
}}

'''''The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor''''' is a third-person action-adventure video game adaption of [[The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor|film of the same name]]. The [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Wii]] versions of the game were developed by [[Eurocom]], while the [[Nintendo DS]] version was developed by [[Artificial Mind and Movement]] (or A2M).<ref name="IGN TOTDE"/> The game was published by [[Sierra Entertainment]], a subsidiary of [[Vivendi Games]].<ref name="IGN TOTDE">{{cite web|url=http://uk.ps2.ign.com/articles/894/894709p1.html|title=Sierra Entertainment's The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Game Awakens on Store Shelves|publisher=IGN|date=July 29, 2008|accessdate=May 8, 2010}}</ref> It was released in the United States on July 22, 2008,<ref name="IGN TOTDE"/> in Europe on August 8, 2008,<ref name="Gamespot Article">{{cite web|first=Tom|last=Magrino|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/themummytombofthedragonemperor/news.html?sid=6190626&om_act=convert&om_clk=newsfeatures&tag=newsfeatures%3Btitle%3B3|title=Sierra exhumes new Mummy game|work=[[GameSpot]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=May 10, 2010|date=May 8, 2008}}</ref> and in Australia on August 28, 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kozanecki|first=James|url=http://uk.gamespot.com/ps2/action/themummytombofthedragonemperor/news.html?sid=6196728|title=AU Shippin' Out August 25-August 29: Too Human|work=[[GameSpot]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|date=August 25, 2008|accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
''The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'' follows the same plot as the film. The player controls either [[Rick O'Connell]] or his son, [[Alex O'Connell (fictional character)|Alex]], from a [[Third-person narrative|third-person]] perspective. The game combines platforming, puzzle-solving, and combat elements into its gameplay, and consists of six levels.

The game's platforming sections, have been compared to those of the ''[[Tomb Raider]]'' series, and allow the player to perform several acrobatic manoeuvres, such as jumping or shimmying along edges. The player must also evade dangers and traps such as rotating saws or falling debris.<ref name="1UP"/>

During combat, the game allows the player to switch between gun combat and hand-to-hand combat. The player has a range of melee attacks that can be used against enemies, and can also evade the attacks of enemies. Gun combat features a lock-on system, and the player can use either pistols, shotguns or tommy guns.<ref name="GAMESPOT CONSOLE"/> The game also includes puzzle-solving, in the form of hieroglyphic decoding.<ref name="IGN TOTDE"/> Additional unlockables, such as concept art, can be obtained by collecting artifacts hidden throughout the levels.<ref name="GAMESPOT CONSOLE"/>

==Reception==
{{Video game multiple console reviews
| DS = yes
| PS2 = yes
| WII = yes
| GameZone_PS2=3.5/10<ref>{{cite web | last=Sandoval | first=Angelina | url=http://ps2.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r35322.htm | title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Review (PS2) | work=GameZone | date=August 29, 2008 | accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>
| GameZone_WII=3.8/10<ref>{{cite web | last=Knutson | first=Michael | url=http://wii.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r35322.htm| title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Review (Wii) | work=GameZone | date=August 26, 2008 | accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>
| GameZone_DS=4.5/10<ref>{{cite web | last=Buck | first=Derek | url=http://nds.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r35322.htm | title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Review (DS) | work=GameZone | date=August 29, 2008 | accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>
| 1UP_PS2 = C-<ref name="1UP">{{cite web|last=Hayward|first=Andrew|url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3169122&p=44&sec=REVIEWS|title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (PS2/Wii)|work=[[1UP.com]]|publisher=UGO Entertainment|date=August 1, 2010|accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>
| 1UP_WII = C-<ref name="1UP"/>
| 1UP_DS = -
| Allgame_DS =2/5<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=65200|title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (DS)|work=[[Allgame]]|publisher=[[All Media Guide]]|accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>
| Allgame_PS2 =1.5/5<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=65198|title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (PS2)|work=[[Allgame]]|publisher=[[All Media Guide]]|accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>
| Allgame_WII =1.5/5<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=65199|title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (Wii)|work=[[Allgame]]|publisher=[[All Media Guide]]|accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>
| GI_PS2 =
| GR_DS = 46.29%<ref name="GRDS">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/ds/946210-the-mummy-tomb-of-the-dragon-emperor/index.html|title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (DS)|work=[[GameRankings]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
| GR_PS2 = 41.67%<ref name="GRPS2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/ps2/946209-the-mummy-tomb-of-the-dragon-emperor/index.html|title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (PS2)|work=[[GameRankings]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
| GR_WII = 41.71%<ref name="GRWII">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/wii/946208-the-mummy-tomb-of-the-dragon-emperor/index.html|title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor|work=[[GameRankings]]|publisher=CBS Interactive|accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
| MC_DS =43/100<ref name="MCDS">{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ds/mummytombofthedragonemperor?q=The%20Mummy:%20Tomb%20of%20the%20Dragon%20Emperor| title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (DS) | work=[[Metacritic]] | publisher=CBS Interactive | accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
| MC_PS2 = 38/100<ref name="MCPS2">{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps2/mummytombofthedragonemperor?q=The%20Mummy:%20Tomb%20of%20the%20Dragon%20Emperor | title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (PS2) | work=[[Metacritic]] | publisher=CBS Interactive | accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
| MC_WII = 39/100<ref name="MCWII">{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/wii/mummytombofthedragonemperor?q=The%20Mummy:%20Tomb%20of%20the%20Dragon%20Emperor | title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (Wii) | work=[[Metacritic]] | publisher=CBS Interactive | accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
| IGN_DS = 4.5/10<ref name="IGN DS review"/>
| IGN_PS2 =3.0/10<ref>{{cite web | last=Bishop | first=Sam | url=http://uk.ps2.ign.com/articles/895/895319p1.html | title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Review (PS2) | work=IGN | date=July 30, 2008 | accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
| IGN_WII =3.5/10<ref>{{cite web | last=Bishop | first=Sam | url=http://uk.wii.ign.com/articles/895/895332p1.html | title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Review (Wii) | work=IGN | date=July 30, 2008 | accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
| GSpot_PS2=3.5<ref name="GAMESPOT CONSOLE"/>
| GSpot_WII=3.5<ref name="GAMESPOT CONSOLE"/>
| GSpot_DS=3.5<ref name="GAMESPOT DS">{{cite web | last=Petit | first=Carolyne | url=http://uk.gamespot.com/ds/action/themummytombofthedragonemperor/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Bread-review | title=
The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Review (DS) | work=[[GameSpot]] | publisher=CBS Interactive | date=September 3, 2008 | accessdate=May 9, 2010}}</ref>
}}

The game received mostly negative reviews upon its release. Jack DeVries of [[IGN]] gave the Nintendo DS version a 4.5/10. DeVries criticised most aspects of the game, specifically "terrible" voiceover work and restrictive gameplay, saying "The game is rigid in its progression to the point of doing absolutely stupid things". However, he did acknowledge that the game had "Some decent cinematics."<ref name="IGN DS review">{{cite web|last=DeVries|first=Jack|url=http://uk.ds.ign.com/articles/900/900302p1.html|title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Review (DS)|work=IGN|date=August 19, 2008|accessdate=May 8, 2010}}</ref>

The [[GameSpot]] review for the Wii and PS2 versions gave the game 3.5/10, calling the boss battle "unspeakably horrible", but praising "Nicely detailed, varied environments."<ref name="GAMESPOT CONSOLE">{{citeweb | url=http://uk.gamespot.com/wii/action/themummytombofthedragonemperor/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Bread-review | last=Petit | first=Carolyn | title=The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor Review (Wii & PS2) | work=[[GameSpot]] | publisher=CBS Interactive | accessdate=May 8, 2010 | date=September 4, 2008}}</ref> [[1UP.com]] gave the same versions a C- rating. The reviewer listed "bland melee combat", "zero control of the camera", and "the inability to save during missions" as some of its flaws, but also mentioned that the puzzle-solving "complements the action nicely".<ref name="1UP"/>

On aggregator website [[Metacritic]], ''The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor'' currently holds a 43/100, 38/100, and a 39/100 rating for the DS, PS2 and Wii versions respectively.<ref name="MCDS"/><ref name="MCPS2"/><ref name="MCWII"/> At [[GameRankings]], the game has scores of 46.29% (DS), 41.67% (PS2) and 41.71% (Wii).<ref name="GRDS"/><ref name="GRPS2"/><ref name="GRWII"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mummyvideogame.com/us/index1.html Official website]

{{The Mummy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mummy, The: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor (video game)}}

[[Category:2008 video games]]
[[Category:Action-adventure games]]
[[Category:Nintendo DS games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[Category:Video games based on films]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Canada]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Wii games]]
[[Category:Video games based on films directed by Rob Cohen]]

[[fa:مومیایی: مقبره امپراتور اژدها (بازی ویدیویی)]]

Calvin Harris

2012-05-11T16:50:11Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:کالوین هریس

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Calvin Harris
| image = CalvinHarrisLive11.jpg
| caption = Harris performing at the [[Sziget Festival]] in [[Budapest]], Hungary on 14 August 2010
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Adam Richard Wiles
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|1|17}}
| birth_place = [[Dumfries]], Scotland
| genre = [[Electropop]], [[house music|electro house]], [[nu-disco]], [[synthpop]]
| occupation = Singer-songwriter, record producer, DJ
| instrument = Vocals, keyboards, synthesizer
| years_active = 1999–present
| label = Fly Eye, [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Ministry of Sound]], [[Ultra Records|Ultra]]
| associated_acts = 
| website = {{URL|www.calvinharris.co.uk}}
}}

'''Calvin Harris''' (born '''Adam Richard Wiles''';<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/calvin-harris-how-the-nondancing-foulmouthed-antisocial-scot-became-the-caledonian-justin-timberlake-1764506.html |title=Calvin Harris: How the non-dancing, foul-mouthed, anti-social apricot became the 'Caledonian Justin Timberlake' |work=[[The Independent]] |publisher=[[Independent News & Media]] |date=2 August 2009 |accessdate=2 August 2009}}</ref> 17 January 1984)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Harris,_Calvin/Biography/ |title=Calvin Harris Biography |accessdate=16 January 2009 |publisher=starpulse.com}}</ref> is a Scottish [[disk jockey|DJ]], singer, songwriter, and record producer. His [[British Phonographic Industry#Sales certificates|gold-selling]] debut album, ''[[I Created Disco]]'', was released in 2007 and contained the top ten singles "[[Acceptable in the 80s]]" and "[[The Girls (song)|The Girls]]". His second studio album, ''[[Ready for the Weekend (album)|Ready for the Weekend]]'' (2009), reached number one in the [[UK Album Chart]] and includes the chart-topper "[[I'm Not Alone (song)|I'm Not Alone]]", the UK top five hit "[[Ready for the Weekend (song)|Ready for the Weekend]]", and the singles "[[Flashback (Calvin Harris song)|Flashback]]" and "[[You Used to Hold Me]]".

A remix album titled ''L.E.D. Festival'' was released in July 2010 as a free album in the August issue of ''[[Mixmag]]''. Harris is currently working on his third studio album—due for release in Summer 2012—which has produced the singles "Awooga", "[[Bounce (Calvin Harris song)|Bounce]]" and "[[Feel So Close]]". He has written and produced records for other recording artists including [[Kylie Minogue]], [[Sophie Ellis-Bextor]], [[Dizzee Rascal]], and [[Rihanna]] (on the international chart topper "[[We Found Love]]").<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/#/news/rihanna-s-found-her-way-back-to-hot-100-1005464372.story Rihanna's 'Found' Her Way Back to Hot 100 Summit] Billboard. Retrieved 3 November 2011</ref> He has also collaborated with [[Ne-Yo]] on the song "Let's Go."

== Biography ==
===Early life and career===
Harris was born in [[Dumfries]], Scotland. He states that his childhood hero was football star [[Steve McManaman]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcmreunion.co.uk/artist-136-Calvin-Harris.php#all |title=Calvin Harris – BCM Reunion Artist Profile |publisher=Bcmreunion.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-01-29}}</ref> but because he could not play [the game] nor have McManaman's 'curly hair', music was the next best option for a career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeoutdubai.com/nightlife/features/10161-calvin-harris |title=Calvin Harris – Nightlife Features |publisher=TimeOutDubai.com |date=24 August 2009 |accessdate=2011-01-29}}</ref> He was first attracted to electronic music in his teens and was recording bedroom demos by 1999.<ref name="amgbio">{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p918608|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( Calvin Harris > Overview )))|last=Mason|first=Stewart|date=9 September 2008|work=[[Allmusic]]|publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=26 October 2009}}</ref> According to an interview with ''[[News of the World]]'', all the while he created music, he started becoming an antisocial person, which affected his personality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsoftheworld.co.uk/entertainment/music/439812/Calvin-Harris-prefers-playing-alone-Does-not-mix-well-with-others.html |title = Calvin Harris prefers playing alone, does not mix well (with others) |News of the World |accessdate=29 October 2009| publisher=[[News of the World]]}}</ref> His earliest success was when he was 21: the songs "Da Bongos" and "Brighter Days" were released as a 12" club single and CD-EP by the Prima Facie label in early 2002 under the name Stouffer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Harris,_Calvin/Biography/ |title=Calvin Harris Biography |accessdate=10 August 2007 |publisher=starpulse.com}}</ref> He released one song in 2004, "Let Me Know", with artist Ayah Marar. The song appears on The Unabombers' ''Electric Soul 2''.

===2006–08: ''I Created Disco''===
{{main|I Created Disco}}
[[File:Calvin Harris 003.jpg|thumb|right|Harris performing in 2008]]
Harris signed contracts with [[EMI]] (publishing) and [[Sony BMG]] (recording) in 2006 after he had been discovered by [[Tommie Sunshine]] on the social networking website [[MySpace]] and his music was released on Sunshine's label Xylophone Jones Recordings previous to his album on [[Sony BMG]].<ref>"http://www.discogs.com/Calvin-Harris-Rock-Band/release/959613"</ref> Harris had recently moved back from London to his hometown of Dumfries because he was unable to find a job.<ref>Liam Ronan, [http://www.gigwise.com/contents.asp?contentid=29792&p=1 "Acceptable In The Noughties – Calvin Harris"] gigwise.com, 26 March 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2007.</ref> Later in 2006, Harris produced a remix of [[All Saints (group)|All Saints]]' hit single "[[Rock Steady (All Saints song)|Rock Steady]]".

Harris' first album, ''[[I Created Disco]]'', was released in June 2007. The album contains uptempo [[electroclash]] songs that were influenced by music from the 1980s. To promote ''I Created Disco'', Harris embarked on a tour of the UK, supporting [[Faithless]] and [[Groove Armada]].<ref name="kyliecolabboration">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/south_of_scotland/6377017.stm "Web wonder Calvin wins over Kylie"] [[BBC]], 19 February 2007. Retrieved 12 March 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.calvinharris.tv/story?newsID=41 "Calvin To Support Groove Armada On UK Tour"] calvinharris.tv. Retrieved 12 June 2007.</ref> ''I Created Disco'' has been certified gold by the [[British Phonographic Industry]] for sales of 100,000 copies in the UK, where it reached number eight on the [[UK Albums Chart]].

The first single, "[[Vegas (Calvin Harris song)|Vegas]]", was issued on limited edition vinyl; the first wide-release single from the album was "[[Acceptable in the 80s]]", a tribute to the style and culture of the decade. The song reached the top ten on the [[UK Singles Chart]], remaining on the chart for fifteen weeks.<ref>[http://acharts.us/song/12178 "Acceptable in the 80s" World Charts] acharts.us. Retrieved 12 June 2007.</ref> "[[The Girls (Calvin Harris song)|The Girls]]", the album's third single, peaked at number three in the UK, although the fourth release, "[[Merrymaking at My Place]]", reached only number forty-three. The fifth and final single, "Colours", was featured in television advertisements for [[DFS]] sofas and [[Kia Motors]]. In October 2008, Harris was featured on [[BBC Radio 1]]'s Essential Mix with a two-hour set.

===2008–10: ''Ready for the Weekend''===
{{main|Ready for the Weekend (album)}}
In April 2008, Harris stated that the only existing copy of his upcoming album work was lost when his was misplaced during the baggage handling problems at the opening of [[London Heathrow Terminal 5]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7328513.stm | work=BBC News | title=DJ loses album in baggage backlog | date=4 April 2008 | accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref> Harris later admitted that this was a lie as the album was not in his luggage at all, and that he hoped that what he said would buy him some more time to finish recording the LP.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nme.com/news/calvin-harris/44171 |title=Calvin Harris: 'I Lied about losing my new album at Heathrow' |accessdate=24 April 2009 |publisher=NME.com}}</ref> The album, ''[[Ready for the Weekend (album)|Ready for the Weekend]]'', was released in August 2009 in the United Kingdom<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/calvin-harris/45305 Calvin Harris announces new album details] nme.com, 12 June 2009</ref> and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, eventually being certified gold by the BPI for selling 100,000 copies. The first single, "[[I'm Not Alone (song)|I'm Not Alone]]", released in April 2009, debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number one and was shortlisted for the [[Popjustice £20 Music Prize]]. The follow-up single, "[[Ready for the Weekend (song)|Ready for the Weekend]]" (featuring singer [[Mary Pearce]]), went to number three. Other tracks included on the album are "Worst Day" featuring [[Izza Kizza]]<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/metrolife/music/article.html?Want_to_dance_wiv_Calvin_Harris?&in_article_id=610011&in_page_id=25 Want to dance wiv Calvin Harris?] metro.co.uk, 5 April 2009</ref> and "Yeah Yeah Yeah La La La", which was used in a [[Coca-Cola]] advertisement.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/may/07/coca-cola-ad-calvin-harris Calvin Harris soundtracks Coca-Cola ad] The Guardian, 7 May 2009</ref>

Harris toured around the UK, Ireland, France, the Netherlands and the United States promoting the album. In June 2009, Harris appeared at the Summertime Ball at the [[Emirates Stadium]], and in August, he made an appearance on the first ''[[Soccer AM]]'' show of the season. Harris performed at [[Wembley Stadium]] in October 2009 as part of the pre-game entertainment for the [[NFL International Series]] game between the [[New England Patriots]] and the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]]. The third single from ''Ready for the Weekend'', "[[Flashback (Calvin Harris song)|Flashback]]", reached the top twenty in the UK, and the fourth, "[[You Used to Hold Me]]", entered the top forty. During promotion of the album, Harris hosted a series of videos on YouTube titled ''JAM TV'', in which musicians such as [[Florence Welch]], [[Goldie]] and [[Katy Perry]] tried to open pots of jam.<ref>[http://www.getyourearsout.com/times/2009/07/its-jam-tv-from-calvin-harrisgenius/ It’s JAM TV from Calvin Harris…genius. – The GYEO Times]. Getyourearsout.com (2009-07-16). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> In 2010, Harris received a [[BRIT Award]] nomination for British Male.

On 14 November, Harris invaded the stage of ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'' during a performance by [[Jedward|John & Edward]], holding a [[pineapple]] on his head and bending over to point at his buttocks. He was subsequently evicted from the studio by the security team and told not to return to have his say on the [[ITV2]] programme ''The Xtra Factor''—in which he was to have been a "Celebrity Guest". He later apologised on [[Twitter]], saying he was a fan of the boys, "At the end of the day, I had a pineapple on my head. Sorry if I caused anyone embarrassment. PS, I love Jedward (sic)"<ref>[http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/music/calvin-sorry-for-jedward-stunt-1943856.html Calvin sorry for Jedward stunt] ''Irish Independent'', Saturday 14 November 2009</ref> The same week, Harris spoke to [[The Chris Moyles Show]] and revealed that he had been "inspired to make a mockery of the show", as well as stating that "If you look at music it's a frightening stranglehold that Simon Cowell has got over the entire music chart in the UK at the moment."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/hi/entertainment/newsid_10000000/newsid_10002900/10002988.stm Calvin Harris wanted X Factor 'mockery'] BBC Newsbeat, 16 November 2009</ref> On the same day, John and Edward's "mentor" [[Louis Walsh]], appearing on ''[[The Paul O'Grady Show]]'', accused Harris of trying to "cash in" on John & Edward's fame, and claimed to not know who he was.<ref>Louis Walsh, Television interview with Paul O'Grady, ''The Paul O'Grady Show'', Channel 4, 16 November 2009</ref>

===2010–present: Third album and touring===
[[File:CalvinHarrisBigDayOut2010.jpg|thumb|right|Harris performing in Australia]]
Harris played at the 2010 [[Big Day Out]], a music festival which takes place in several major cities in Australia and [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]. In May 2010, he performed at [[Evolution Festival, UK]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Quayside]], and in July he played at Nottingham Splendour and headlined at the Stockton International Riverside Festival in [[Stockton-on-Tees]]. In July 2010, Harris released a mix, titled ''L.E.D. Festival'' (short for ''L.E.D. Festival Presents... Calvin Harris''). It was available for one month as a free [[covermount]] CD in ''[[Mixmag]]''.

Harris appeared at the tenth birthday of Our:House in Auckland, New Zealand, in November 2010, alongside [[Afrojack]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.georgefm.co.nz/OURHOUSE-10-Years/tabid/73/articleID/52876/Default.aspx |title=Event details – Events |publisher=George FM |date= |accessdate=2011-01-29}}</ref> and performed an hour-long DJ set at Australia's Steresonic Festival alongside Tiesto, Carl Cox, Afrojack and Major Lazer in November/December 2010, in several major Australian cities including Sydney and Melbourne. In 2011, he toured with [[Rihanna]] in Australia, Poland and the UK as a support act on her [[Loud Tour]]; Rihanna was quoted to say that "Calvin is the perfect fit for the Loud tour. He is going to bring something unique and fun for the fans."<ref>[http://www.welovepopmag.co.uk/blog/77 Calvin Harris Supporting Rihanna On UK Tour]. welovepopmag.co.uk. 29 July 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</ref> Harris headlined the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras 2011 party.

During March and April 2011, Harris was scheduled to be an opening act/DJ for [[Katy Perry]] on the UK leg of her [[California Dreams Tour]], but he withdrew from the tour shortly before his first date, citing production issues and difficulties with Perry's management in his apology to her fans.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/12890492 Newsbeat – Calvin Harris pulls out of DJ slot on Katy Perry tour]. BBC (2011-03-29). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> Perry publicly criticised Harris via her Twitter feed, stating that the tour's other support acts had expressed no problems with their production arrangements,<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a311564/katy-perry-slams-calvin-harris-on-twitter.html Katy Perry slams Calvin Harris on Twitter – Showbiz News]. Digital Spy (2011-03-28). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> but Harris later said "it's all fine" between them and that he would still like to work with her in the future.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/music-news/2011/06/17/calvin-harris-i-d-work-with-dizzee-rascal-in-a-heartbeat-but-i-m-worried-he-s-cut-me-off-86908-23207621/ Calvin Harris: I'd work with Dizzee Rascal in a heartbeat.. but I'm worried he's cut me off]. The Daily Record. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref>

Harris headlined Limelite at Metropolis Fremantle (Western Australia) in March 2011 in celebration of the event's fourth birthday, where he played small samples of his new track, "Awooga", which was subsequently uploaded onto YouTube via his channel, icreateddisco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/icreateddisco#p/a/u/0/ubRu70CRHEc |title=Harris' YouTube channel, icreateddisco |date= |accessdate=2011-03-12}}</ref> Following "Awooga", Harris released the single "[[Bounce (Calvin Harris song)|Bounce]]", a collaboration with [[Kelis]] that debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart in June 2011. Another single, "[[Feel So Close]]", was released in August 2011 and also reached number two. A remix of his next single "Let's Go" premiered on [[Pete Tong]]'s BBC Radio 1 show in March 2012; the original song features American R&B artist [[Ne-Yo]] and will be released as Harris's third single.<ref>http://www.detailsofmylife.net/new-singles/calvin-harris-lets-go-calvin-harris-remix/</ref> The original version premiered on Kiss 100 on the same night and will be released in 22 April 2012<ref>http://itunes.apple.com/gb/preorder/lets-go-feat.-ne-yo-remixes-ep/id513147083</ref>.<ref>http://www.detailsofmylife.net/new-singles/calvin-harris-lets-go-feat-neyo/</ref> These singles precede Harris's third studio album, which will be released in 2012;<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/14127700 Newsbeat – Calvin Harris says he's 'not a front man any more']. BBC (2011-07-13). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> he has said of the LP, "I'm going for pretty epic-sounding dance records. I guess the whole sound has just moved on in terms of production as I've got a new studio and some new gear to make the sounds I wasn't able to make before."<ref>[http://www.beatportal.com/feed/item/interview-calvin-harris-on-his-new-single-twitter-and-touring-with-rihanna/ Interview: Calvin Harris on his new single, Twitter and touring with Rihanna]. Beatportal (2011-04-14). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref>

Harris performed at the 2011 [[Jingle Bell Ball]] concert, and has been announced as one of the headline acts at a number of Southern Hemisphere 2011/2012 new year music festivals, including [[Shore Thing]] and [[Field_Day_(Sydney_festival)|Field Day]]<ref>[http://fuzzy.com.au/coming-up/252/info Coming Up: Field Day 2012 Entire Line-Up Revealed]. fuzzy.com.au. Retrieved 19 November 2011.</ref> in [[Sydney]], as well as [[Rhythm and Vines]] in [[New Zealand]].<ref>[http://rhythmandvines.co.nz/#/line-up/ 2011 RhythmandVines, New Zealand].</ref>

==Productions and songwriting==
In 2007, Harris caught the attention of pop singer [[Kylie Minogue]] after his recordings had been passed on to her by another record producer.<ref name="kyliecolabboration"/> This led to him co-writing and producing two songs on her 2007 album ''[[X (Kylie Minogue album)|X]]''—"Heart Beat Rock" and "[[In My Arms (Kylie Minogue song)|In My Arms]]", the latter a top ten hit in the UK. Harris said that working with Minogue was "surreal, but fun" although he admitted to ''Mixmag'' in 2007 to "needing a few drinks before meeting her". Harris returned to work with Minogue on her album ''[[Aphrodite (Kylie Minogue album)|Aphrodite]]'' (2010), co-producing the track "Too Much".

In 2008, Harris collaborated with rapper [[Dizzee Rascal]] on his single "[[Dance wiv Me]]", producing the track and singing the hook. The single reached number one in the UK and has been certified platinum by the BPI, selling 300,000 copies. It was shortlisted for the 2008 [[Popjustice £20 Music Prize]] and, in 2009, received a [[BRIT Award]] nomination for British Single and an [[Ivor Novello Award]] nomination for Best Contemporary Song. In 2009, he produced Dizzee Rascal's next single entitled "[[Holiday (Dizzee Rascal song)|Holiday]]", which also reached number one. He was supposed to make an appearance in its music video, but objected to dancing along in some scenes, wearing a certain shirt for the video and not wearing his "fly eye" glasses.<ref name="independent"/> Also in 2009, Harris made a guest appearance on [[Tiësto]]'s song "Century" on the Dutch producer's album ''[[Kaleidoscope (Tiësto album)|Kaleidoscope]]''.<ref>[http://pitchfork.com/news/36120-sigur-ross-jonsi-bloc-partys-kele-okereke-on-new-tiesto-album/ Sigur Rós's Jónsi, Bloc Party's Kele Okereke on New Tiësto Album] Pitchfork, 4 August 2009</ref> Harris produced a track for English singer/rapper [[Example (rapper)|Example]] for his second album ''[[Won't Go Quietly]]'' (2010), "Time Machine", and mixed [[The Ting Tings]]' UK top forty single "[[Hands (The Ting Tings song)|Hands]]", having previously remixed the band's singles "[[Great DJ]]" (2008) and "[[We Walk]]" (2009).

In 2011, Harris featured on [[LMFAO (band)|LMFAO's]] album ''[[Sorry for Party Rocking]]'', appearing on the track "Reminds Me of You" which is based on Harris's own song "Awooga". Harris produced [[Tinchy Stryder]]'s second single, "[[Off the Record (Tinchy Stryder song)|Off the Record]]" from his fourth studio album, ''Full Tank''. The track had its première on 15 September 2011, and was released in the UK on 6 November 2011. Following a stint as her support act on the Australian leg of her tour, Harris produced "[[We Found Love]]" and "Where Have You Been" for Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]]. The former is the lead single from her sixth studio album, ''[[Talk That Talk]]'', and was premiered in September 2011. It has reached number one in countries such as the UK and the United States, becoming Harris's first charting appearance on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. He co-wrote and co-produced the bonus track "One Life" for R&B singer [[Mary J. Blige]]'s album ''[[My Life II... The Journey Continues (Act 1)]]'' (2011).

In mid April 2012, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' published an article on their website claiming that Harris had contributed several tracks to Kesha's upcoming album ''[[Spandex on the Distant Horizon]]'', with their specific recording date being left unknown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/calvin-harris-is-done-singing-lead-despite-1006758152.story#/news/calvin-harris-is-done-singing-lead-despite-1006758152.story|first=Andrew|last=Hampp|title=Calvin Harris Is Done Singing Lead, Despite Solo Hits|date=2012-04-13|accessdate=2012-04-13|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media}}</ref> Calvin Harris worked with American pop band [[Scissor Sisters]] on the single "[[Only the Horses]]" from their fourth studio album, ''[[Magic Hour (Scissor Sisters album)|Magic Hour]]''. He wrote and produced [[Cheryl Cole]]'s comeback single "[[Call My Name (Cheryl Cole song)|Call My Name]]", the lead single from her upcoming third album ''A Million Lights''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goodacre|first=Kate|title=Cheryl Cole new single 'Call My Name' - listen now|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a377494/cheryl-cole-new-single-call-my-name-listen-now.html|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|accessdate=21 April 2012|date=20 April 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}

===Failed collaborations===
In 2007, Harris contributed the song "[[Off & On]]" to [[Róisín Murphy]]'s album ''[[Overpowered]]'', but it was cut from the album; Harris later gave the song to [[Sophie Ellis-Bextor]] to record for her 2011 album ''[[Make a Scene]]''. He said that Murphy was "a bit mental", "crazy" and a "twat" and told her not to use the songs,<ref name=popjustice>[http://www.popjustice.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=937&Itemid=9 Calvin Harris Interview]. Popjustice. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> though subsequently apologized in person to Murphy "for throwing my toys out of the pram because I said things that weren't very nice. She said: 'That's all right, we all say silly things sometimes.'"<ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/73311-60-seconds-calvin-harris 60 SECONDS: Calvin Harris]. Metro.co.uk (2007-10-29). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> Harris also produced a remix of [[Dragonette]]'s debut single "[[I Get Around]]" that was rejected by the band, whom he said "weren't very nice to me [...] they said, 'by the way, it's s--t', and then asked me to change everything about it. I told them I couldn't because I was on a bus and that they could basically F--- OFF. That's where we left it."<ref name=popjustice/>

In 2007, Kelis discussed plans to work with Harris on her fifth studio album, ''[[Flesh Tone]]'' (2010), saying that he was "very creative and exciting [...] very, very talented". Although she said they were "looking at doing something together" for the album,<ref>[http://dev.showbizspy.com/article/2007/05/13/kelis-work-calvin-harris Kelis to Work with Calvin Harris? | Showbiz Spy – Celebrity News, Rumors & Gossip]. Dev.showbizspy.com (2007-05-13). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> this did not materialise; Harris did, however, produce a remix of ''Flesh Tone''{{'}}s second single, "[[4th of July (Fireworks)]]" and later collaborated with her on his 2011 single "Bounce".

Harris has said that in early 2008, he turned down the opportunity to work with [[United States|American]] singer [[Lady Gaga]] before the release of her top-selling debut album, ''[[The Fame]]''. He recalled: "When Lady Gaga first came out, her name rang a bell, so I checked my emails—and it turns out that on 1 January 2008, I got an email asking to work with her. I thought, 'Lady Gaga, what sort of name is that?' So I replied saying, 'Nah, I’m not into that.' Fast forward a year and she's the biggest thing. But I don't regret turning her down as I didn't think the song I heard then was that good."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/calvin-harris/43985 |title=Calvin Harris: 'I turned down Lady GaGa' | News |publisher=Nme.Com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-05}}</ref> In a later interview, Harris stated he considers Gaga to be a "good artist".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8208310.stm Calvin Harris BBC Online Interview]. BBC News (2009-08-19). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref>

American singer [[Katy Perry]] expressed an interest in working with Harris in 2009,<ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/calvin-harris/43933 Calvin Harris to work with Katy Perry? | News]. Nme.Com (2009-04-07). Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> and at one point they had pencilled recording sessions for her second album, ''[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)|Teenage Dream]]'' (2010),<ref>[http://web.orange.co.uk/article/calvin-harris-cofirms-katy-perry-collaboration Calvin Harris confirms Katy Perry collaboration | Orange UK]. Web.orange.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> but no material was released. Harris worked with boyband [[JLS (band)|JLS]] on songs for their second album, ''[[Outta This World]]'' (2010), but none of his work appeared on the released LP.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/music-news/2010/05/03/boyband-stars-jls-recruit-scots-dance-guru-calvin-harris-to-work-on-new-album-86908-22230063/ Boyband stars JLS recruit Scots dance guru Calvin Harris to work on new album]. The Daily Record. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref> The third single from that album, "[[Eyes Wide Shut (song)|Eyes Wide Shut]]", was said to copy heavily from Harris's own single "I'm Not Alone", but Harris said that it "wasn't [JLS's] fault and had nothing to do with them".<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/music-news/2011/07/03/calvin-harris-i-won-t-be-singing-on-my-tracks-anymore-i-ll-just-dj-the-songs-86908-23244661/ Calvin Harris: I won't be singing on my tracks anymore – I'll just DJ the songs]. The Daily Record. Retrieved on 2011-11-07.</ref>

==Concert tours==
* Groove Armada: ''Soundboy Rock'' tour (2007)
* Faithless: ''To All New Arrivals'' tour (2007)
* ''Ready for the Weekend'' tour (2009–2010)
* [[Deadmau5]] & [[Skrillex]]: 'Unhooked' tour (2010)
* Rihanna: [[Loud Tour]] (2011)

== Discography ==
{{Main|Calvin Harris discography}}

* ''[[I Created Disco]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Ready for the Weekend (album)|Ready for the Weekend]]'' (2009)
* ''TBA'' (2012)

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Title
!Result
|-
|rowspan="2"|2007
|[[BT Group|BT]] Digital Music Awards
|''Best Electronic Artist or DJ''
|–
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Q Awards]]
|''Best Breakthrough Artist''
|–
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|2008
|[[Xfm]] New Music Award
|–
|''[[I Created Disco]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Shortlist Music Prize]]
|–
|''I Created Disco''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Popjustice £20 Music Prize]]
|–
|"[[Dance Wiv Me]]"
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|2009
|[[The Music Producers Guild]] Awards
|''Best Remixer''
|–
|{{won}}
|-
|[[2009 BRIT Awards]]
|''British Single''
|"Dance Wiv Me"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[NME Awards]]
|''Best Dancefloor Filler''
|"Dance Wiv Me"
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Ivor Novello Awards]]
|''Best Contemporary Song''
|"Dance Wiv Me"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Popjustice £20 Music Prize]]
|''Best Contemporary Song''
|"I'm Not Alone"
|{{nom}}
|-
||2010
|[[2010 BRIT Awards]]
|''Best British Male''
|–
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Calvin Harris}}
* {{Official website|http://www.calvinharris.co.uk/}}
* [http://www.ultrarecords.com/artists/calvin-harris/ Calvin Harris] at [[Ultra Records]]

{{Calvin Harris}}
{{Calvin Harris singles}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Wiles, Adam Richard
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Harris, Calvin
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Scottish singer-songwriter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 17 January 1984
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dumfries]], Scotland
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Calvin}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:British house musicians]]
[[Category:Columbia Records artists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:NME Awards winners]]
[[Category:Nu-disco musicians]]
[[Category:People educated at Dumfries High School]]
[[Category:People from Dumfries]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous musicians]]
[[Category:Remixers]]
[[Category:Scottish DJs]]
[[Category:Scottish electronic musicians]]
[[Category:Scottish male singers]]
[[Category:Scottish singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Synthpop musicians]]
[[Category:Tracker musicians]]

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[[es:Calvin Harris]]
[[fa:کالوین هریس]]
[[fr:Calvin Harris]]
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[[nl:Calvin Harris]]
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[[no:Calvin Harris]]
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[[vi:Calvin Harris]]

List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2009

2012-05-11T16:31:34Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:فهرست ترانه‌های با رتبه یک در آمریکا (۲۰۰۹)

{{pp-semi-indef}}
[[File:Les Black Eyed Peas en concert au VIP Room Paris 3.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[The Black Eyed Peas]] remained at the top of the chart for a record 26 consecutive weeks with their singles "[[Boom Boom Pow]]" and "[[I Gotta Feeling]]."]]

The [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] is a chart that ranks the best-performing [[single (music)|singles]] of the United States. Published by ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine, the data are compiled by [[Nielsen SoundScan]] based collectively on each single's weekly [[CD single|physical]] and [[music download|digital]] sales, and [[heavy rotation|airplay]]. There were a total of 12 number-one singles in 2009, although 13 claimed the top spot as [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé's]] "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" reached its peak position in 2008, and thus is excluded.

In 2009, six acts achieved their first U.S. number-one single either as a lead artist or a featured guest: [[Lady Gaga]],<ref name=Billboard0108>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-dances-to-the-top-of-hot-100-1003928479.story|title=Lady GaGa Dances To The Top Of Hot 100|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|date=2009-01-08|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-09}}</ref> [[Colby O'Donis]]<ref name=Billboard0108 /> [[The Black Eyed Peas]],<ref name=Billboard0618>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/black-eyed-peas-take-top-two-slots-on-billboard-1003985636.story|title=Black Eyed Peas Take Top Two Slots On Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-06-18|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-06-18}}</ref><ref name=Billboard0625>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/drake-flies-twice-into-top-10-of-billboard-1003987890.story|title=Drake Flies Twice Into Top 10 Of Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-06-25|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-06-25}}</ref> [[Jay Sean]],<ref name=Billboard1007>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/jay-sean-sends-peas-packing-from-hot-100-1004020213.story|title='Jay Sean Sends Peas Packing From Hot 100 Penthouse|last=Ben-Yehuda|first=Ayala |date=2009-10-07|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-10-07}}</ref> [[Jason DeRulo]],<ref name=Billboard1104>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/derulo-tops-hot-100-but-swift-swoops-in-1004033394.story#/news/derulo-tops-hot-100-but-swift-swoops-in-1004033394.story|title=DeRulo Tops Hot 100, But Swift Swoops In With Record-Breaking Debut Sum|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-11-04 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-11-04}}</ref> and [[Owl City]].<ref name=Billboard1029>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/owl-city-s-fireflies-lands-at-no-1-on-hot-1004031758.story|title=Owl City's 'Fireflies' Lands At No. 1 On Hot 100|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-10-29 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-10-29}}</ref> [[Jay-Z]] earned his first number-one single as a lead artist (with [[Alicia Keys]]) with "[[Empire State of Mind]]", after being the featured guest on three number-one singles.<ref name=Billboard1118>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/jay-z-jumps-to-no-1-on-the-hot-100-1004043615.story|title=Jay-Z Jumps To No. 1 On The Hot 100|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-11-18|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-11-18}}</ref> Lady Gaga and Black Eyed Peas each earned two number-one singles.<ref name=Billboard0108 /><ref name=Billboard0401>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-draws-a-pair-of-no-1s-1003957967.story|title=Lady GaGa Draws A Pair Of No. 1s|author=Pietroluongo, Silvio|date=2009-04-01|accessdate=2009-04-01|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref><ref name=Billboard0402>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-scores-hot-100-milestone-with-1003958324.story|title=Lady GaGa Scores Hot 100 Milestone With 'Poker Face'|last=Ben-Yehuda|first=Ayala|first2=Silvio|last2= Pietroluongo|date=2009-04-02|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-04-10}}</ref>

Black Eyed Peas broke the record for having spent the most consecutive weeks at number one (26 weeks consecutive weeks at the top) with "[[I Gotta Feeling]]" the longest-running number-one single of 2009 and of the 2000s (decade) (fourteen weeks), along with the non-consecutive Mariah Carey's "[[We Belong Together]]" in 2005, and their first number-one single "[[Boom Boom Pow]]", which topped the chart for twelve weeks.<ref name=Billboard0618 /><ref name=Billboard0625 />

Notable highlights of the 2009 Billboard Hot 100 issues include [[Kelly Clarkson]]'s "[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]", which broke the record for the biggest leap to number one by jumping from number 97 to the number-one position.<ref name=Billboard0128>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/kelly-clarkson-breaks-record-for-hot-100-1003935142.story|title=Kelly Clarkson Breaks Record For Hot 100 Jump|first=Silvio |last=Pietroluongo|date=2009-01-28|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-28}}</ref> [[Britney Spears]]'s "[[3 (song)|3]]" became the first and so far only non-'[[American Idol]]' song to debut at number one in the 2000s (decade).<ref name=Billboard1014>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/3-to-1-britney-beats-odds-to-debut-atop-1004021929.story|title="3" To 1: Britney Beats Odds To Debut Atop Hot 100|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-10-14|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-10-14}}</ref>

==Chart history==
[[File:Gaga-monster-ball.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Pop singer [[Lady Gaga]]'s "[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]" featuring [[Colby O'Donis]] and "[[Poker Face (Lady Gaga song)|Poker Face]]" made her the first artist in nine years ([[Christina Aguilera]]) whose first two consecutive singles topped the chart.]]

[[File:Kelly Clarkson 2006.jpg|thumb|170px||right|[[Kelly Clarkson]]'s "[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]" went from 97 on the chart to number one, the biggest leap in Hot 100 history.]]

[[File:Circus Live Boston.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Britney Spears]]'s "[[3 (song)|3]]" became the first song in three years to debut at number one and the only song not by an ''[[American Idol]]'' star to debut at number one in the 2000s (decade).]]
[[File:Jay-Z concert (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|180px|Rapper [[Jay-Z]]'s "[[Empire State of Mind]]" featuring [[Alicia Keys]] marked his first number one single as a lead artist.]]

{| class="wikitable"
!Issue date
!Song
!Artist(s)
!Reference(s)
|-
|January 3
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|"[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|[[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/beyonce-celebrates-christmas-atop-hot-100-1003925108.story|title=Beyonce Celebrates Christmas Atop Hot 100|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|date=2008-12-24|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media|Nielsen Business Media, Inc]]|accessdate=2008-12-24}}</ref>
|-
|January 10
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/beyonce-starts-2009-atop-the-hot-100-1003926344.story|title=Beyonce Starts 2009 Atop The Hot 100|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|date=2009-01-01|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|January 17
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|"[[Just Dance (song)|Just Dance]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3"|[[Lady Gaga]] featuring [[Colby O'Donis]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard0108 />
|-
|January 24
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-dances-again-atop-hot-100-1003931002.story|title=Lady GaGa Dances Again Atop Hot 100|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|date=2009-01-15|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-15}}</ref>
|-
|January 31
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-leads-hot-100-amid-static-top-1003933329.story|title=Lady GaGa Leads Hot 100 Amid Static Top 5|last=Cohen|first=Jonathan|date=2009-01-22|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-22}}</ref>
|-
|February 7
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|"[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"|[[Kelly Clarkson]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard0128 />
|-
|February 14
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/life-is-good-for-clarkson-atop-hot-100-1003938622.story|title='Life' Is Good For Clarkson Atop Hot 100|last=Hasty|first=Katy|date=2009-02-05|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref>
|-
|February 21
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|"[[Crack a Bottle]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|[[Eminem]], [[Dr. Dre]] and [[50 Cent]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/eminem-s-bottle-breaks-digital-record-1003940455.story|title=Eminem's 'Bottle' Breaks Digital Record|first=Silvio |last=Pietroluongo|date=2009-02-11|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|February 28
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="6"|"[[Right Round]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="6"|[[Flo Rida]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/flo-rida-topples-single-week-download-mark-1003942356.story|title=Flo Rida Topples Single-Week Download Mark|first=Silvio |last=Pietroluongo|date=2009-02-18|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-02-18}}</ref>
|-
|March 7
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3iaeb1c24de37000ac6970b0af10e20d31|title=Flo Rida, T.I. Hold Their Billboard Hot 100 Spots|first=Ayala |last=Ben-Yehuda|date=2009-02-26|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-02-26}}</ref>
|-
|March 14
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://login.vnuemedia.com/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i99cfa85eeeab5b041f20149f9686ecce|title=Soulja Boy Climbs Hot 100|first=Ayala |last=Ben-Yehuda|date=2009-03-05|accessdate=2009-03-04|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref>
|-
|March 21
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/miley-cyrus-climb-debuts-high-on-hot-100-1003950890.story|title=Miley Cyrus' 'Climb' Debuts High on Hot 100|author=Caulfield, Keith|date=2009-03-12|accessdate=2009-03-12|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref>
|-
|March 28
|style="text-align: center;"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3i8cb6d62d50873a493f4756f295f9ddb8|title=Flo Rida Tops Hot 100 As Carrie Underwood's 'Home' Debuts High|first=Ayala |last=Ben-Yehuda|date=2009-03-19|accessdate=2009-03-19|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref>
|-
|April 4
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=gainer>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/flo-rida-is-doubly-sweet-on-the-hot-100-1003955976.story|title=Flo Rida Is Doubly Sweet On The Hot 100|first=Ayala |last=Ben-Yehuda|date=2009-03-26|accessdate=2009-03-27|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media Inc.}}</ref>
|-
|April 11
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|"[[Poker Face (Lady Gaga song)|Poker Face]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|Lady Gaga
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard0401 /><ref name=Billboard0402 />
|-
|April 18
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="12"|"[[Boom Boom Pow]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="26"|[[The Black Eyed Peas]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/black-eyed-peas-score-first-no-1-on-hot-1003960617.story|title=Black Eyed Peas Score First No. 1 On Hot 100|author=Pietroluongo, Silvio|date=2009-04-08|accessdate=2009-04-08|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/black-eyed-peas-lady-gaga-top-hot-100-1003960938.story|title=Black Eyed Peas, Lady GaGa Top Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|first2=Keith |last2=Caulfield|date=2009-04-09|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-04-10}}</ref>
|-
|April 25
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/hannah-montana-boosts-six-songs-into-hot-1003963093.story|title='Hannah Montana' Boosts Six Songs Into Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|first2=Keith |last2=Caulfield|date=2009-04-16 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-04-16}}</ref>
|-
|May 2
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/eminem-green-day-make-big-hot-100-debuts-1003965853.story|title=Eminem, Green Day Make Big Hot 100 Debuts|first=Silvio| last=Pietroluongo|first2=Keith |last2=Caulfield|date=2009-04-23|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-04-23}}</ref>
|-
|May 9
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/flo-rida-has-sweet-week-on-billboard-hot-1003968125.story|title=Flo Rida Has Sweet Week On Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|first2=Keith |last2=Caulfield|date=2009-04-30|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref>
|-
|May 16
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/3oh-3-hits-top-ten-on-billboard-hot-100-1003970665.story|title=3OH!3 Hits Top Ten On Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-05-07|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref>
|-
|May 23
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/daughtry-debuts-high-on-hot-100-1003973158.story|title=Daughtry Debuts High On Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-05-14|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-05-14}}</ref>
|-
|May 30
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/pitbull-jeremih-hit-top-ten-on-billboard-1003975760.story|title=Pitbull, Jeremih Hit Top Ten On Billboard Hot 100|last=Trust |first=Gary|date=2009-05-21|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-05-21}}</ref>
|-
|June 6
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/hot-100?chartDate=2009-06-06|title=Black Eyed Peas - Boom Boom Pow|date=2009-06-06|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|accessdate=2009-06-05}}</ref>
|-
|June 13
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-takes-two-top-10-spots-on-billboard-1003980330.story|title=Lady GaGa Takes Two Top 10 Spots On Billboard's Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-06-04|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-06-04}}</ref>
|-
|June 20
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/the-black-eyed-peas-snag-top-spot-on-hot-1003983720.story|title=The Black Eyed Peas Snag Top Spot On Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda|first=Ayala|date=2009-06-11|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-06-13}}</ref>
|-
|June 27
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard0618 />
|-
|July 4
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard0625 />
|-
|July 11
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="14"|"[[I Gotta Feeling]]"
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/chart-beat-bonus/chart-beat-michael-jackson-the-black-eyed-1003990416.story|title=Chart Beat Bonus, "'Feeling' Like The Second Time"|date=2009-07-02|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-07-02}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
|-
|July 18
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/colbie-caillat-ting-tings-shake-up-billboard-1003992264.story|title=Colbie Caillat, Ting Tings Shake Up Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-07-09|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>
|-
|July 25
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/hannah-montana-mariah-carey-debut-high-on-1003994507.story|title=Hannah Montana, Mariah Carey Debut High On Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-07-16 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>
|-
|August 1
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/taylor-swift-shakira-make-moves-on-billboard-1003996978.story#/news/taylor-swift-shakira-make-moves-on-billboard-1003996978.story|title=Taylor Swift, Shakira Make Moves On Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-07-23 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref>
|-
|August 8
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/black-eyed-peas-set-billboard-hot-100-record-1003998841.story#/news/black-eyed-peas-set-billboard-hot-100-record-1003998841.story|title=Black Eyed Peas Set Billboard Hot 100 Record|first=Ayala |last=Ben-Yehuda |first2=Keith |last2=Caulfield|date=2009-07-30 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref>
|-
|August 15
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/t-i-jay-sean-post-high-debuts-on-billboard-1004000836.story|title=T.I., Jay Sean Post High Debuts On Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-08-06 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref>
|-
|August 22
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/black-eyed-peas-jason-mraz-tie-records-on-1004002946.story#/news/black-eyed-peas-jason-mraz-tie-records-on-1004002946.story|title=
Black Eyed Peas, Jason Mraz Tie Records On Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda |first=Ayala|date=2009-08-13|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-08-13}}</ref>
|-
|August 29
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/black-eyed-peas-jason-mraz-streak-to-hot-1004004352.story|title=Black Eyed Peas, Jason Mraz Streak To Hot 100 Records|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-08-19 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-08-19}}</ref>
|-
|September 5
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/black-eyed-peas-hold-top-spot-on-hot-100-1004007199.story|title=Black Eyed Peas Hold Top Spot On Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda|first=Ayala|date=2009-08-27|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-09-05}}</ref>
|-
|September 12
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/pearl-jam-posts-week-s-highest-hot-100-debut-1004009055.story|title=Pearl Jam Posts Week's Highest Hot 100 Debut, Peas Stay On Top|last=Ben-Yehuda|first=Ayala|date=2009-09-03|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-09-05}}</ref>
|-
|September 19
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/mariah-carey-returns-to-hot-100-top-10-1004010990.story|title=Mariah Carey Returns To Hot 100 Top 10|last=Ben-Yehuda|first=Ayala|date=2009-09-10|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref>
|-
|September 26
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/glee-songs-liven-up-billboard-hot-100-1004013664.story|title='Glee' Songs Liven Up Billboard Hot 100|last=Ben-Yehuda|first=Ayala|date=2009-09-17|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-09-17}}</ref>
|-
|October 3
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/chart-beat-thursday-live-blogging-the-hot-1004015827.story|title=Chart Beat Thursday: Live-Blogging The Hot 100|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=2009-09-24|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-09-24}}</ref>
|-
|October 10
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-thursday-black-eyed-peas-pearl-1004017927.story|title=Chart Beat Thursday: Black Eyed Peas, Pearl Jam, Frank Sinatra|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=2009-10-01|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref>
|-
|October 17
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|"[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|[[Jay Sean]] featuring [[Lil Wayne]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard1007 />
|-
|October 24
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|"[[3 (song)|3]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|[[Britney Spears]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard1014 />
|-
|October 31
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|"Down"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|Jay Sean featuring Lil Wayne
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/news/jay-sean-recaptures-hot-100-s-top-slot-1004029518.story#/news/jay-sean-recaptures-hot-100-s-top-slot-1004029518.story|title=Jay Sean Recaptures Hot 100's Top Slot|date=2009-10-22|accessdate=2009-10-26|work=Billboard |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio}}</ref>
|-
|November 7
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|"[[Fireflies (song)|Fireflies]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|[[Owl City]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard1029 />
|-
|November 14
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|"[[Whatcha Say]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|[[Jason DeRulo]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard1104 />
|-
|November 21
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|"Fireflies"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1"|Owl City
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/rihanna-s-roulette-lands-in-hot-100-s-top-1004042315.story|title=Rihanna's 'Roulette' Lands In Hot 100's Top 10|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-11-12|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-11-12}}</ref>
|-
|November 28
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="5"|"[[Empire State of Mind]]"
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="5"|[[Jay-Z]] and [[Alicia Keys]]
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref name=Billboard1118 />
|-
|December 5
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/empire-entrenched-at-no-1-on-billboard-1004048469.story|title='Empire' Entrenched At No. 1 On Billboard Hot 100|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-11-26|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref>
|-
|December 12
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/jay-z-and-alicia-keys-empire-stays-put-on-1004050478.story|title=Jay-Z And Alicia Keys' 'Empire' Stays Put On Hot 100|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-12-03|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-12-03}}</ref>
|-
|December 19
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/jay-z-alicia-keys-lock-up-fourth-week-atop-1004052613.story|title=Jay-Z, Alicia Keys Lock Up Fourth Week Atop Hot 100|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-12-10|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-12-10}}</ref>
|-
|December 26
|style="text-align: center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/news/empire-state-stays-put-on-hot-100-for-a-1004054241.story|title='Empire State' Stays Put On Hot 100 For A Fifth Week|last=Pietroluongo|first=Silvio|date=2009-12-17|work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2009-12-17}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[2009 in music]]
*[[Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2009]]
*[[List of number-one hits (United States)]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{USNumber1s}}

[[Category:2009 record charts|United States Hot 100]]
[[Category:Lists of Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits|2009]]
[[Category:2009 in American music|Hot 100 number-one singles]]

{{Link FL|pt}}

[[cs:Singly na prvním místě v roce 2009 (USA)]]
[[de:Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in den USA (2009)]]
[[es:Anexo:Sencillos número uno de Hot 100 de 2009 (EE. UU.)]]
[[fa:فهرست ترانه‌های با رتبه یک در آمریکا (۲۰۰۹)]]
[[it:Lista dei singoli al numero uno nella Billboard Hot 100 nel 2009]]
[[hu:A Billboard Hot 100 listavezetői 2009-ben]]
[[nl:Nummer 1-hits in de Billboard Hot 100 in 2009]]
[[pl:Single numer jeden w roku 2009 (USA)]]
[[pt:Anexo:Lista de singles número um na Billboard Hot 100 em 2009]]
[[ru:Список синглов № 1 в США в 2009 году (Billboard)]]
[[fi:Luettelo Billboard Hot 100 -listan ykkösistä 2009]]
[[sv:Billboardlistans förstaplaceringar 2009]]
[[tr:ABD 2009 yılı 1 numara şarkıları]]
[[vi:Danh sách đĩa đơn quán quân Hot 100 năm 2009 (Mỹ)]]

Oded Fehr

2012-05-11T16:25:31Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:اودد فهر

{{Infobox person
|image = Oded Fehr6.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|11|23}}
| birth_place = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1998–present
| spouse = Rhonda Tollefson (2000-present)
| children = 2
}}

'''Oded Fehr''' ({{lang-he|עודד פהר}}; born November 23, 1970) is an [[Israelis|Israeli]] film and television [[actor]] now based in the [[United States]]. He is known for his appearance as [[Ardeth Bay]] in the 1999 remake of ''[[The Mummy (1999 movie)|The Mummy]]'' and its sequel ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'', as well as [[List of characters in the Resident Evil series#Carlos Olivera|Carlos Olivera]] in ''[[Resident Evil: Apocalypse]]'', ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]'' and ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]'', Faris al-Farik in ''[[Sleeper Cell (TV series)|Sleeper Cell]]'', the demon [[Zankou]] in the TV series ''[[Charmed]]'' and Eli Cohn on the TV series ''[[V (2009 TV series)|V]]''. Most recently, he portrayed Eyal Lavin, a [[Mossad]] agent, on the TV series ''[[Covert Affairs]]''.

==Career==
Fehr's screen appearances include the 2001-02 NBC series ''[[UC: Undercover]]'', the 2002-03 CBS series ''[[Presidio Med]]'', and the 2004 movie release ''[[Resident Evil: Apocalypse]]'' (he reprised the role in the sequel, ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]''). He provided the voice of [[Doctor Fate]] in ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'', played Antoine Laconte, a male prostitute in [[Rob Schneider]]'s comedy ''[[Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo]]'' (1999) and made a cameo appearance as Antoine Laconte in ''[[Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo]]'' (2005). He also acted in the American hit supernatural series ''[[Charmed]]'', where he played the evil demon [[Zankou]], the chief villain in that series' seventh season.

Director [[Stephen Sommers]] was one of the people who helped in giving Oded his big break in the film ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]'' and ''[[The Mummy Returns]]''.

Between 2005-2006 Fehr played [[List of Sleeper Cell characters#Faris al-Farik|Farik]] on the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] series ''[[Sleeper Cell (TV series)|Sleeper Cell]]''.

In 2010, Fehr guested in the fourth episode of USA's ''[[Covert Affairs]]'' as an Israeli [[Mossad]] operative. He has also appeared in the second episode of the second season titled "Good Advices", and appears to be a recurring character.

Fehr will return to the 5th installment of the ''[[Resident Evil]]'' series.

==Personal life==
Fehr was born in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]], of [[Jews|Jewish]] heritage. His mother is a [[day care]] supervisor and his father is a [[Germany|German]]-born [[physicist]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EF9AF9D590B3C5A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | title=NewsLibrary Search Results}}</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/27694/edition_id/529/format/html/displaystory.html j. - Israeli actor plays Muslim terrorist in Showtime’s ‘Sleeper Cell’]</ref> He has an older brother, a sister, and a younger half-sister. He trained at the [[Bristol Old Vic Theatre School]] in [[England]] after taking a very brief drama class in [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]]. He served in the [[Israeli army]] from 1989 to 1992<ref>[http://www.somethingjewish.co.uk/articles/69_interview_with_oded_.htm Interview with Oded Fehr | www.somethingjewish.co.uk]</ref> and used to work for security for [[El Al]] (Israel's airline) in [[Germany]].

Fehr is married to [[Rhonda Tollefson]], whom he met at a Los Angeles opera. They married on December 22, 2000. The couple have two children: son Atticus (born January 4, 2003), daughter Finley (born February 26, 2006). Fehr speaks [[Hebrew]], [[English language|English]] and some [[German language|German]].

==Credits==
===Films===
====Theatrical releases====

* ''[[Kiss of Fire]]'' (1998)
* ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]'' (1999) Ardeth Bay
* ''[[Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo]]'' (1999) Antoine Laconte
* ''[[Texas Rangers (film)|Texas Rangers]]'' (2000) Anton Marsale
* ''[[Bread and Roses (film)|Bread and Roses]]'' (2000) Himself - Party Guest
* ''[[The Mummy Returns]]'' (2001) Ardeth Bay
* ''[[Resident Evil: Apocalypse]]'' (2004) Carlos Olivera
* ''[[Dreamer: Inspired by a True Story]]'' (2005) Prince Sadir
* ''[[Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo]]'' (2005) Antoine Laconte
* ''[[Resident Evil: Extinction]]'' (2007) Carlos Olivera
* ''[[The Betrayed (2008 film)|The Betrayed]]'' (2008) Alek
* ''[[Drool (film)|Drool]]'' (2009) Cheb Fleece
* ''[[For the Love of Money]]'' (2011) Levi
* ''[[Resident Evil: Retribution]]'' (2012) Carlos Olivera

====TV movies====

* ''[[Killer Net]]'' (1998) Victor
* ''[[Cleopatra (1999 film)|Cleopatra]]'' (1999) Egyptian Captain
* ''[[Arabian Nights (TV miniseries)]]'' (2000) Robber #2
* ''[[Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy?]]'' DTV (2005) Amahl Ali Akbar

====Documentaries====

* ''Game Over: 'Resident Evil' Reanimated'' DTV (2004) Himself
* ''Game Babes'' (2004) DTV Himself
* ''Corporate Malfeasance'' (2004) DTV Himself

===TV series===

* ''[[The Knock]]'' (1994–2000) Oded Fehr appeared in 1998
* ''[[UC: Undercover]]'' (2000) Frank Donovan
* ''[[Presidio Med]]'' (2002–2003) Dr. Nicholas Kokoris
* ''[[Charmed]]'' (2004-2005) as recurring special guest star playing the demon [[Zankou]], the principal villain of [[Charmed (season 7)|the shows seventh]].
* ''[[Sleeper Cell (TV series)|Sleeper Cell]]'' (2005–2006) Faris al-Farik
* ''[[Burn Notice]]'' (2008) Episode: Scatter Point
* ''[[Eleventh Hour (U.S. TV series)|Eleventh Hour]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Covert Affairs]]'' (2010) Episode: No Quarter
* ''[[Law and Order: Los Angeles]]'' (2010) Episode: Hollywood
* ''[[V (2009 TV series)|V]]'' (2011) Eli Cohn
* ''[[Covert Affairs]]'' (2011) Episode: Good Advices
* ''[[Covert Affairs]]'' (2011) Episode: A Girl Like You
* ''[[Jane by Design]]'' (2012) Episode: The Birkin & The Getaway

====Animated series====

* ''[[Justice League (TV series)|Justice League]]''
** "The Terror Beyond" (Parts 1 and 2) (2003) [[Dr. Fate]]
* ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]''
**"The Return" (2004) Dr. Fate
**"Wake the Dead" (2004) Dr. Fate
**"The Great Brain Robbery" (2005) Dr. Fate
* ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]''
** "Mystery in Space!" (2009) [[Libra (DC Comics)|Equinox]]
** "When OMAC Attacks!" (2009) Equinox
** "The Fate of Equinox!" (2009) Equinox
** "Time Out for Vengeance!" (2011) Equinox
* ''[[Young Justice (TV series)|Young Justice]]''
** "Fireworks"(2010) [[Ra's al Ghul]] (credited as L-2)
** "Targets" (2011) Ra's al Ghul

====Guest appearances====

* ''[[American Dad!]]'' Episode: "[[Stan of Arabia]]" (Part 2) (2005) Kazim
* ''[[Medium (TV series)|Medium]]'' (2009) Dr. Thomas Statler

===Video games===

* ''[[Champions of Norrath: Realms of EverQuest]]'' (2005)

==References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|4912}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Fehr, Oded
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1970-11-23
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fehr, Oded}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School]]
[[Category:Israeli film actors]]
[[Category:American people of German-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Israeli people of German origin]]
[[Category:Israeli television actors]]
[[Category:Israeli emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Israeli military personnel]]
[[Category:People from Tel Aviv]]

[[de:Oded Fehr]]
[[es:Oded Fehr]]
[[fa:اودد فهر]]
[[fr:Oded Fehr]]
[[gl:Oded Fehr]]
[[id:Oded Fehr]]
[[it:Oded Fehr]]
[[he:עודד פהר]]
[[hu:Ódéd Fehr]]
[[ml:ഒഡെഡ് ഫെർ]]
[[nl:Oded Fehr]]
[[ja:オデッド・フェール]]
[[pl:Oded Fehr]]
[[pt:Oded Fehr]]
[[ru:Фер, Одед]]
[[simple:Oded Fehr]]
[[sr:Одед Фер]]
[[sh:Oded Fehr]]
[[fi:Oded Fehr]]
[[sv:Oded Fehr]]
[[th:โอเดด เฟหร์]]

Tricana poveira

2012-05-11T11:54:21Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:تریکانا پوویرا

[[File:Tricana_norte_grupo.jpg|thumb|280px|Tricana girls during Saint Peter Festival.]]
'''Tricana poveira''' is a traditional style of women's clothing from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] city of [[Póvoa de Varzim]]. This look, consisting of colorful costumes, was fashionable and mainstream from the 1920's to the 1960's. Women who dressed in the Tricana poveira style became known as tricana girls.

==Description==
[[image:Tricana desfile nocturno.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bairro da Matriz]] tricana girl.]]
During tricana's heyday, a tricana girl would typically wear a shawl, an apron, a skirt, a handkerchief and glossy high-heeled slippers.<ref name="vera"/><ref name="cmpvtri"/>

They were thought of as Povoan beauty icons. The author José de Azevedo, referring to their peculiar way of walking and dressing, called tricanas common people with the mannerisms of royalty.<ref name= "Azevedo p. ">{{harvnb|Azevedo|2007|p=}}</ref>

Even though the fashion was based on traditional fishers' clothing, the Tricanas were generally from a blue collar background, often daughters of shoemakers, carpenters or similar craftsmen, while many worked as tailors themselves. They applied their knowledge derived from their background in fashion-related industries to their own dressing style. [[Bairro da Matriz]] quarter was famed for its charming and attractive tricanas.<ref name= "Azevedo p. "/>

Meanwhile, women actually working in the fishing industry would wear their traditional costumes. Though dressed similarly to the tricana girls, they were visibly poorer and wore longer skirts made of lower-quality materials and in darker colors.<ref name= "Azevedo p. "/>

===Color code===
During parades, tricanas from the six traditional quarters wear dresses in their neighborhood colors.<ref name="vera">{{cite web | title=Bairros com novidades para o S. Pedro | publisher=Póvoa Semanário | author= Vera Rodrigues | date=June 21, 2011 | url=http://povoasemanario.pt/index.php?page=news&idn=3281| accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" | align="center"
! Quarter (''Bairro'') !! Tricana dressing color code
|-
| [[Bairro Norte]] || Blue and yellow
|-
| [[Bairro Sul]] || Green and white
|-
| [[Bairro da Matriz]] || Red and white
|-
| [[Mariadeira|Bairro da Mariadeira]] || Red and yellow
|-
| [[Giesteira|Bairro de Belém]] || Blue and white
|-
| [[Regufe|Bairro de Regufe]] || Red and green
|}

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header_align = center
| header = Tricanas poveiras
| image1 = Tricana norte grupo lead.jpg
| width1 = 230
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Tricanas using [[Bairro Norte]]'s colors and the [[Pole star|North star]], symbols of the quarter

| image2 = Tricana_regufe.jpg
| width2 = 230
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Tricanas using [[Regufe|Bairro de Regufe]]'s red and green

| image3 = Tricana_norte_frontal.jpg
| width3 = 230
| alt3 =
| caption3 = [[Bairro Norte]] girls during a folk festival

| image4 = Rusgas spedro.JPG
| width4 = 205
| alt4 =
| caption4 = [[Bairro Sul]] Tricana girls
}}

==History==
[[File:Tricana poveira.jpeg|thumb|150px|Drawing of a traditional tricana, compared to a tricana during a parade.]]
The tricana style's heyday was between the 1920s and the 1960s. In that time, it had a strong impact both within Póvoa de Varzim and on outsiders visiting the city.<ref name= "Azevedo p. "/>

Tricana costumes were main stream fashion amongst middle class teenagers until the appearance of ready-to-wear clothing in the 1970s. As younger people adopted more modern international fashions, tricana poveira now only appears in urban folklore groups and parades.<ref name= "Azevedo p. "/>

Nowadays, tricana costumes can be quite expensive depending on the preferences of the tricana girl and the materials used. Still kept as a strong tradition, to this day, tricana girls during ''Rusgas de São Pedro'' (Saint Peter Parades), play a big part during the city festivities in June 28 and 29.<ref name= "Azevedo p. "/>

''Tricanas do Cidral'' (from Bairro da Matriz quarter), the first folklore group based on the tricana style, appeared as early as 1920.<ref name="cmpvcidral">{{cite web | title=Associação Cultural e Recreativa da Matriz | publisher=CMPV | url=http://www.cm-pvarzim.pt/municipio/associacoes/associacoes-do-concelho-1/povoa-de-varzim/associacao-cultural-e-recreativa-da-matriz/?searchterm=tricana%20poveira | accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref> ''Tricanas da Lapa'' (from Bairro Sul quarter) banded together in 1952, ''Rancho Estrela do Norte'' in 1954<ref name="cmpvrenorte">{{cite web | title=55º Aniversário Rancho Estrela do Norte | publisher=CMPV | url=http://www.cm-pvarzim.pt/groups/staff/conteudo/noticias/55o-aniversario-rancho-estrela-do-norte/ | accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref> and the regional ''Tricanas Poveiras'' in 1993.<ref name="cmpvtri">{{cite web | title=Bairros com novidades para o S. Pedro | publisher=CMPV | url=http://www.cm-pvarzim.pt/municipio/associacoes/associacoes-do-concelho-1/povoa-de-varzim/grupo-recreativo-e-etnografico-as-tricanas-poveiras | accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref> Leões da Lapa F.C, the city's south quarter association, has a Miss Tricana contest.<ref name="miss">{{cite web | title=Bairro Sul escolhe a Miss Tricana | publisher=CMPV | url=http://www.cm-pvarzim.pt/groups/staff/conteudo/noticias/bairro-sul-escolhe-a-miss-tricana/| accessdate=May 9, 2012}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;References
{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Azevedo|first=José de| authorlink = | title = Poveirinhos pela graça de Deus|edition=2007|year=2007| publisher = Câmara Municipal da Póvoa de Varzim| isbn= 9789729146459|language=Portuguese}} - Total pages: 435 
{{Póvoa de Varzim}}

[[category:Portuguese clothing]]
[[category:Dresses]]
[[category:National costume]]

[[fa:تریکانا پوویرا]]

Ricardo Oliveira

2012-05-11T11:13:25Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:ریکاردو الیورا

{{for|another footballer|Ricardo Lopes de Oliveira}}
{{Infobox football biography
| playername = Ricardo Oliveira
| image = [[File:Ricardo Oliveira.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Oliveira during pre-match training session with Milan
| dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1980|5|6}}
| cityofbirth = [[São Paulo]]
| countryofbirth = [[Brazil]]
| height = {{height|meter=1.83}}
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Striker]]
| currentclub = [[Al Jazira Club|Al-Jazira]]
| clubnumber = 99
| youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2000–2002 | clubs1 = [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos|Portuguesa]] | caps1 = 46 | goals1 = 23
| years2 = 2003 | clubs2 = [[Santos FC|Santos]] | caps2 = 14 | goals2 = 4
| years3 = 2003–2004 | clubs3 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] | caps3 = 21 | goals3 = 8
| years4 = 2004–2006 | clubs4 = [[Real Betis|Betis]] | caps4 = 46 | goals4 = 26
| years5 = 2006 | clubs5 = → [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] (loan) | caps5 = 8 | goals5 = 5
| years6 = 2006–2008 | clubs6 = [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] | caps6 = 26 | goals6 = 3
| years7 = 2007–2008 | clubs7 = → [[Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza]] (loan) | caps7 = 36 | goals7 = 18
| years8 = 2008–2009 | clubs8 = [[Real Zaragoza|Zaragoza]] | caps8 = 18 | goals8 = 9
| years9 = 2009 | clubs9 = [[Real Betis|Betis]] | caps9 = 16 | goals9 = 6
| years10 = 2009– | clubs10 = [[Al Jazira Club|Al-Jazira]] | caps10 = 35 | goals10 = 31
| years11 = 2010 | clubs11 = → [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] (loan) | caps11 = 15 | goals11 = 7
| nationalyears1 = 2004– | nationalteam1 = [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] | nationalcaps1 = 11 | nationalgoals1 = 3
| pcupdate = 7 June 2011
| ntupdate = 7 June 2011
}}
'''Ricardo Oliveira''' (born 6 May 1980) is a [[Brazil]]ian [[Association football|football]]er who plays for [[Al Jazira Club]] in the [[United Arab Emirates]], as a [[Forward (association football)|striker]].

He represented [[São Paulo FC|São Paulo]] in two different spells, but also played in [[Spain]], amassing [[La Liga]] totals of 120 games and 58 goals for three teams.

A [[Brazil national football team|Brazilian international]] in the 2000s, Oliveira helped the national team win one [[Copa América]] and one [[FIFA Confederations Cup|Confederations Cup]].

==Club career==
===Early career===
Born in [[São Paulo]], Oliveira began his career at [[Associação Portuguesa de Desportos]], where he scored 23 goals over the course of three seasons in the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]], before moving on to [[Santos FC]].

He scored for Santos in the group and knockout stages of the [[2003 Copa Libertadores]], and he appeared in both legs of the final, although his team lost to [[Boca Juniors]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rsssf.com/sacups/copa03.html|title=Copa Libertadores de América 2003|publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]]|date=|accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref>

===Valencia===
On 31 July 2003, Oliveira moved to [[Spain]] and joined [[Valencia CF]], signing a five-year contract with Santos retaining part-ownership.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=86934.html|title=Valencia sign South American duo|publisher=UEFA.com|date=31 July 2003|accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref>

Under the guidance of [[Rafael Benítez]], he scored eight [[La Liga]] goals in 21 games, including a fantastic long-range effort against [[FC Barcelona]] in a 1–0 away win in October, netting a [[hat-trick]] the following month, at [[RCD Mallorca]] (5–0 win). The ''Che'' were eventually [[2003–04 La Liga|crowned national champions]], adding [[2003–04 UEFA Cup|the season]]'s [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]].

===Betis===
However, after only one season, Oliveira joined [[Real Betis]] for a reported fee of [[Euro|€]]4 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=211206.html|title=Oliveira bound for Betis|publisher=UEFA.com|date=30 July 2004|accessdate=27 May 2008}}</ref> He scored 22 league goals in 37 appearances as the [[Andalusia]]ns [[2005–06 UEFA Champions League|reached]] the [[UEFA Champions League]] for the first time ever after finishing fourth, and also [[2004–05 Copa del Rey|won the season]]'s [[Copa del Rey]] against [[CA Osasuna]], with the player netting the first goal in a 2–1 [[Overtime (sports)|extra time]] win.

Oliveira scored his first official Champions League goal against [[R.S.C. Anderlecht]], following two goals, including a solo effort, against [[AS Monaco FC]] in the third qualifying round. Due to [[Ligament#Knee|knee ligament]] damage sustained against [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] on 1 November 2005, he only played nine times in [[2005–06 La Liga|the league]], although he scored four goals.

Oliveira moved on loan to [[São Paulo FC]] in early 2006, in a bid to gain a place in [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]]'s [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 World Cup]] squad. Prolonged recovery time meant Oliveira never made it but he did continue to compete for São Paulo in all the fronts until 10 August 2006.

Following his loan spell, Oliveira returned to Betis on 21 August, nine days later than he was requested which caused controversy among the club's faithful and its board. The delay was caused by an unplanned schedule change made by [[CONMEBOL]], which postponed the Libertadores final match in one week, and his contract was due on the day after the previous final match date. Oliveira wanted to play on the decisive match and tried to reach an agreement with Betis, even with a special allowance from [[FIFA]], but the Spanish team would not cooperate and he was not able to play the match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://espndeportes.espn.go.com/news/story?id=473899|title=Al menos llegó otro brasileño|trans_title=Al least another Brazilian arrives|publisher=[[ESPN]] Deportes|language=Spanish|date=25 August 2006|accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref>

Oliveira was fined by Betis on two occasions (his late arrival in August notwithstanding), first for the breach of his contract, then for having a medical test with [[A.C. Milan]] without authorization.

===Milan===
The [[Serie A]] giants had just lost [[Andriy Shevchenko]] after the [[2006 Italian football scandal]], and signed Oliveira as his replacement on 31 August 2006, to a five-year contract. [[Midfielder]] [[Johann Vogel]] moving in the opposite position as part of the deal, after the two clubs negotiated nearly a week over the transfer fee, which reportedly reached €17.5 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11847_2388628,00.html|title=Oliveira makes Milan move|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|date=31 August 2006|accessdate=27 May 2008}}</ref>

Oliveira made his debut in the second half of Milan's [[2006–07 Serie A|2006–07]] opening-day match against [[S.S. Lazio]], heading past [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] [[Angelo Peruzzi]] from the goalline in a 2–1 home win. However, he netted only twice more after that for the ''Rossoneri'' in the league, adding two more in [[2006–07 Coppa Italia|the season]]'s [[Coppa Italia|Italian Cup]]; he spent most of the season under the stress of the October 2006 kidnapping of his sister, Maria Lourdes, who was released unharmed on 12 March 2007.

===Zaragoza===
On 14 July 2007, Oliveira moved back to Spain and joined [[Real Zaragoza]] on loan, forming an impressive striker partnership with [[Argentina|Argentine]] [[Diego Milito]], as the two scored 33 of the side's 50 goals during [[2007–08 La Liga|the season]], which nonetheless ended in relegation. The [[Aragon]]ese would have an option to purchase him for an agreed price when the loan period finished.

On 25 May 2008, Zaragoza bought Oliveira from Milan for reported €10 million.<ref>[http://www.skysports.com/story/0%2C19528%2C12875_3610627%2C00.html Zaragoza keep Oliveira]; Sky Sports, 25 May 2008</ref>

===Betis return===
However, in late January 2009, Oliveira re-joined Betis on a fee of €8.9 million with commission, signing until June 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2009-01-31-2998931573_x.htm|title=Real Betis signs Ricardo Oliveira from Zaragoza|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=31 January 2009|accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> he scored in the 83rd minute of his Betis comeback, netting the second goal in the [[Local derby|derby]] against [[Sevilla FC]], on 7 February, a 2–1 win at the ''[[Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán|Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán]]''.

Betis would be [[2008–09 La Liga|eventually relegated]], as both Oliveira (who struck in the last match, a 1–1 home draw against [[Real Valladolid]]) and former Zaragoza teammate [[Sergio García de la Fuente|Sergio García]] met the same fate for the second consecutive year.

===Al-Jazira===
In mid-July 2009, Oliveira, already immerse in pre-season with Betis, left for [[Al Jazira Club]], in a lucrative deal of about €14 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11836_5441438,00.html|title=Oliveira seals Al-Jazira switch|publisher=Sky Sports|date=19 July 2009|accessdate=19 July 2009}}</ref> In January of the following year, he returned to his country and São Paulo, on loan.

==International career==
Oliveira made his debut for the [[Brazil national football team|Brazil national team]] against the [[Catalonia national football team|Catalan XI]] on 25 May 2004, scoring in the match as Brazil won 5–1. However, that match was not considered an official friendly match by FIFA.

He was subsequently included in Brazil's squad for the [[2004 Copa América]], winning his first cap on 8 July 2004, against [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]]. During the event, he also scored his first international goal, in the quarterfinal match against [[Mexico national football team|Mexico]] on the 18th, as Brazil went on to win the cup.

Subsequently, Oliveira became a regular in the Brazil setup as a cover for [[Ronaldo]], [[Adriano Leite Ribeiro|Adriano]] and [[Robinho]]. He was also included in the squad for the [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup]], only missing out on the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] due to injury with Betis - he recovered earlier than expected, but failed to win a place on the squad.

After a one-year absence from the national team, Brazil's new coach [[Dunga]] recalled Oliveira for a friendly match with [[Switzerland national football team|Switzerland]], on 15 November 2006.

==Club statistics==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="3"| Cup2
!colspan="3"| [[AFC Champions League|Asia]]1
!colspan="3"|Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Assists
!Apps
!Goals
!Assists
!Apps
!Goals
!Assists
!Apps
!Goals
!Assists
|-
|- align=center
|rowspan="2" align=center valign=center|'''[[Al Jazira Club|Al-Jazira]]'''
|[[2009–10 UAE Pro-League|2009–10]]
|11||8||8||5||5||2||0||0||0||16||13||10
|-
|[[2010–11 UAE Pro-League|2010–11]]
|11||10||-||4||4||-||3||1||-||18||15||-
|-
|- align=center
!style="background: #DCDCDC" colspan="2"| Career Totals
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 22
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 18
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 8
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 9
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 9
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 2
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 3
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 1
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 0
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 34
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 28
!style="background: #DCDCDC"| 10
|}
 1Continental competitions include the [[AFC Champions League]] 
2Other tournaments include the [[UAE President Cup]] and [[Etisalat Emirates Cup]],

==Honours==
===Club===
*'''[[Valencia CF|Valencia]]''':
**[[La Liga|Spanish League]]: [[2003–04 La Liga|2003–04]]
**[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]: [[2003–04 UEFA Cup|2003–04]]

*'''[[Real Betis|Betis]]''':
**[[Copa del Rey|Spanish Cup]]: [[2004–05 Copa del Rey|2004–05]]

*'''[[A.C. Milan|Milan]]''':
**[[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2006–07 UEFA Champions League|2006–07]]

*'''[[Al Jazira Club|Al Jazira]]''':
**[[UAE Pro-League|Pro-League]]: [[2010–11 UAE Pro-League|2010–11]]
**[[Etisalat Emirates Cup|Etisalat Cup]]: [[2009–10 Etisalat Emirates Cup|2009–10]]
**[[UAE President's Cup|President's Cup]]: [[2010–11 UAE President's Cup|2010–11]], [[2011–12 UAE President's Cup|2011–12]]

===Country===
*[[Copa América]]: [[2004 Copa América|2004]]
*[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]: [[2005 FIFA Confederations Cup|2005]]

===Individual===
*[[Copa Libertadores|Libertadores Cup]]: Top scorer [[2003 Copa Libertadores|2003]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j2325.html BDFutbol profile]
*{{nfteams|8406}}
*[http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=1354&pn=Ricardo_Oliveira FootballDatabase profile and stats]
*[http://www.uefa.com/Competitions/UCL/talkfootball/chat/newsId=323764.html Chat with Betis star Oliveira]; UEFA.com, 15 September 2006

{{Copa Libertadores top scorers}}
{{navboxes colour
|title=Brazil squad
|bg= #FBEC5D
|fg= #008000
|list1=
{{Brazil Squad 2004 Copa América}}
{{Brazil Squad Confederations Cup 2005}}
}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Oliveira, Ricardo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Brazilian footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 6 May 1980
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oliveira, Ricardo}}

[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Brazilian people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players]]
[[Category:Santos Futebol Clube players]]
[[Category:São Paulo FC players]]
[[Category:La Liga footballers]]
[[Category:Valencia CF footballers]]
[[Category:Real Betis footballers]]
[[Category:Real Zaragoza footballers]]
[[Category:Serie A footballers]]
[[Category:A.C. Milan players]]
[[Category:Al Jazira Club players]]
[[Category:Brazil international footballers]]
[[Category:2004 Copa América players]]
[[Category:2005 FIFA Confederations Cup players]]
[[Category:FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in the United Arab Emirates]]

[[ar:ريكاردو أوليفيرا]]
[[ca:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[cs:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[de:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[es:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[fa:ریکاردو الیورا]]
[[fr:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[id:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[it:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[nl:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[ja:リカルド・オリヴェイラ]]
[[no:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[pl:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[pt:Ricardo Oliveira]]
[[ru:Рикардо Оливейра]]
[[simple:Ricardo Oliveira]]
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Capila phanaeus

2012-05-11T10:42:21Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:پروانه بامدادی گندمی

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox | name = Fulvous Dawnfly
| status =
| image =OrthophaetusLalita 754 1.jpg
| image_caption =''C. p. lalita''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Hesperiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Capila]]''
| species = '''''C. phanaeus'''''
| binomial = ''Capila phanaeus''
| binomial_authority = ([[William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson]], 1867)<ref name="LepIndex Capila phanaeus">Card for [http://internt.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/research-curation/projects/lepindex/detail.dsml?TaxonNo=181757.0&UserID=&UserName=&&listPageURL=list%2edsml%3fsort%3dSCIENTIFIC%255fNAME%255fon%255fcard%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcardqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcard%3dphanaeus%26recLimit%3d30&searchPageURL=index%2edsml%3fSCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcardqtype%3dstarts%2bwith%26sort%3dSCIENTIFIC%255fNAME%255fon%255fcard%26SCIENTIFIC%5fNAME%5fon%5fcard%3dphanaeus%26recLimit%3d30 '''''Capila phanaeus'''''] in LepIndex. Accessed 04 November2007.</ref>
| synonyms =
| range_map =
| range_map_width = 250px
| range_map_caption =
}}

'''''Capila phanaeus''''', commonly known as '''Fulvous Dawnfly''',<ref name="TOLWeb Capila">TOL web page on [http://www.tolweb.org/Capila genus ''Capila'']</ref><ref name="Savela Capila">Marrku Savela's Website on Lepidoptera page on genus [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/hesperioidea/hesperiidae/pyrginae/capila/index.html ''Capila''].</ref> is a species of [[hesperiidae|hesperid]] [[butterfly]] found in [[India]] and [[Southeast Asia]].

==Range==
The butterfly occurs in [[India]] in the Northeast, namely, in [[Meghalaya]] ([[Khasi hills]]), [[Manipur]] and [[Mizoram]] ([[Lushai hills]]) onto [[Myanmar]] ([[Maymyo]], [[Karen hills]] and [[Tavoy]]). It is also found in [[Indo-China]] in the countries of [[Thailand]], South [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]], and, in the [[Malaysia|Malay peninsula]] as well as in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]].<ref name="Savela Capila"/><ref name="Evans">Evans,W.H.(1932) The Identification of Indian Butterflies, ser no I 6.2, pp 322.</ref>

The type locality is [[Sarawak]].<ref name="LepIndex Capila phanaeus"/>

==Status==
Rare.<ref name="Evans"/>

==Cited references==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Pyrginae]]
*[[Hesperiidae]]
*[[List of butterflies of India (Pyrginae)]]
*[[List of butterflies of India (Hesperiidae)]]

==References==
'''Print'''
*{{aut|Evans, W.H.}} (1932) ''The Identification of Indian Butterflies''. 2nd Ed, (i to x, pp454, Plates I to XXXII), Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, India.
*{{aut|Watson, E. Y.}} (1891) ''Hesperiidae indicae: being a reprint of descriptions of the Hesperiidae of India, Burma, and Ceylon.''. Vest and Co. Madras.
'''Online'''
*{{aut|Beccaloni, G. W.}}, {{aut|Scoble, M. J.}}, {{aut|Robinson, G. S.}} & {{aut|Pitkin, B.}} (Editors). 2003. The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). World Wide Web electronic publication. [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/lepindex] (accessed 22 September 2007).
*{{aut|Brower, Andrew V. Z.}} (2007). Capila Moore 1866. Version 04 March 2007 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Capila/95329/2007.03.04 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
*{{aut|Savela, Marrku }} Website on Lepidoptera [http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/index.html] (accessed 22 September 2007)
 

[[Category:Capila]]

{{Pyrginae-stub}}
[[Category:Butterflies of India]]

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[[vi:Capila phanaeus]]

James–Lange theory

2012-05-11T10:24:47Z

WikitanvirBot: r2.7.1) (Robot: Adding fa:نظریه جیمز-لانگه

The '''James–Lange theory''' refers to a hypothesis on the origin and nature of [[emotion]]s and is one of the earliest [[Emotion#Theories|theories of emotion]], developed independently by two 19th-century scholars, [[William James]] and [[Carl Lange]].

==Overview==
This theory states that within human beings, there is a response to experiences in the world and that the autonomic [[nervous system]] creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a ''result'' of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause. James and Lange arrived at the theory independently. Lange specifically stated that vasomotor changes ''are'' emotions. (Ex. A person rationalizes that because he/she is crying, he/she must be sad.) James elucidated his concept as:

{{cquote|<blockquote>My theory ... is that the bodily changes follow directly the perception of the exciting fact, and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur is the emotion. Common sense says, we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, are angry and strike. The hypothesis here to be defended says that this order of sequence is incorrect ... and that the more rational statement is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble ... Without the bodily states following on the perception, the latter would be purely cognitive in form, pale, colorless, destitute of emotional warmth. We might then see the bear, and judge it best to run, receive the insult and deem it right to strike, but we should not actually feel afraid or angry.<ref>[[Phoebe C. Ellsworth|Ellsworth, P. C.]] (1994). William James and Emotion: Is a Century of Fame Worth a Century of Misunderstanding?. ''Psychological Review, (101)''2, 222-229.</ref></blockquote>}}

This order of causality is a difficult one. The theory has been largely disfavored in modern times. Some evidence to support it, however, may come from the fact that sufferers of various psychological challenges such as [[panic disorders]] often experience psychoemotional trauma ''after'' physiological responses arise in the body, responses which individuals are conditioned to associate with a particular emotional state but which can, via therapy, be dissociated.

This theory was challenged in the 1920s by psychologists such as [[Walter Cannon]] and [[Philip Bard]], who theorized that physiological changes are caused by emotions (collectively known as the [[Cannon-Bard theory|Cannon-Bard theory of emotion]]).

The third theory of emotion is Schachter & Singer's [[two factor theory of emotion]]. This theory states that cognitions are used to interpret the meaning of physiological reactions to outside events.

==Criticisms==
# The [[viscera]] are largely unresponsive and react relatively slowly (i.e., people 'feel' the emotion before the physiological changes have occurred.)
# Cutting nerves from the viscera has no effect on emotions in rats.
# Visceral responses are the same no matter what the reported emotion.
# Injecting [[adrenaline]]/epinephrine (as in released from the adrenal glands during "normal" emotional state) does not induce the feeling of an emotion, only moods.
# A double dissociation has been found for [[autonomic nervous system]] responses between those with injuries to the [[ventromedial prefrontal cortex]] that have the feelings not the responses, and those with injuries to the right [[somatosensory cortex]] that lack the feelings but not the responses.<ref>Johnsen EL, Tranel D, Lutgendorf S, Adolphs R. (2009). [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=2656600&blobtype=pdf A neuroanatomical dissociation for emotion induced by music.] Int J Psychophysiol. 72(1):24-33. {{doi|10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.03.011}} PMID 18824047</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Facial feedback hypothesis]]
* [[Somatic markers hypothesis]]
* [[Stress (medicine)]]
* [[Two factor theory of emotion]]
* [[Cannon-Bard theory]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/james_lange_emotion.htm The James-Lange theory of emotion]

{{DEFAULTSORT:James–Lange Theory}}
[[Category:Psychological theories]]
[[Category:Emotion]]

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