Algorithms of Oppression - Revision history

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	'''''Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism''''' is a 2018 book by [[Safiya Noble\|Safiya Umoja Noble]] in the fields of information science, machine learning, and human-computer interaction.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.popmatters.com/algorithms-oppression-safiya-umoja-noble-2529677349.html\|title=Don't Google It! How Search Engines Reinforce Racism\|date=2018-01-30\|work=PopMatters\|access-date=2018-03-24\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5e3901a6-208e-11e8-8d6c-a1920d9e946f\|title=Coded prejudice: how algorithms fuel injustice\|website=Financial Times\|date=7 March 2018\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2018-05-10\|last1=Fine\|first1=Cordelia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/google-search-algorithms-are-not-impartial-they-are-biased-just-ncna849886\|title=Opinion {{!}} Noah Berlatsky: How search algorithms reinforce racism and sexism\|work=NBC News\|access-date=2018-05-10\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/4/3/17168256/google-racism-algorithms-technology\|title=How search engines are making us more racist\|work=Vox\|access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref>		'''''Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism''''' is a 2018 book by [[Safiya Noble\|Safiya Umoja Noble]] in the fields of [[information science]], [[machine learning]], and [[human-computer interaction]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.popmatters.com/algorithms-oppression-safiya-umoja-noble-2529677349.html\|title=Don't Google It! How Search Engines Reinforce Racism\|date=2018-01-30\|work=PopMatters\|access-date=2018-03-24\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5e3901a6-208e-11e8-8d6c-a1920d9e946f\|title=Coded prejudice: how algorithms fuel injustice\|website=Financial Times\|date=7 March 2018\|language=en-GB\|access-date=2018-05-10\|last1=Fine\|first1=Cordelia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/google-search-algorithms-are-not-impartial-they-are-biased-just-ncna849886\|title=Opinion {{!}} Noah Berlatsky: How search algorithms reinforce racism and sexism\|work=NBC News\|access-date=2018-05-10\|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/4/3/17168256/google-racism-algorithms-technology\|title=How search engines are making us more racist\|work=Vox\|access-date=2018-05-10}}</ref>

	== Background ==		== Background ==

GreenLipstickLesbian: Moving from Category:English-language books to Category:English-language non-fiction books using Cat-a-lot

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	[[Category:Information science]]		[[Category:Information science]]
	[[Category:Human–computer interaction]]		[[Category:Human–computer interaction]]

Arielle Schlesinger: /* Background */ Article misrepresents Dr. Noble's expertise level, obfuscating doctoral work. In 2012 she completed her Ph.D. thesis. Her master's degree was completed in 2009.

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Background: Article misrepresents Dr. Noble's expertise level, obfuscating doctoral work. In 2012 she completed her Ph.D. thesis. Her master's degree was completed in 2009.

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	== Background ==		== Background ==
	Noble earned an undergraduate degree in [[sociology]] from [[California State University, Fresno]] in the 1990s, then worked in advertising and marketing for fifteen years before going to the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] for a [[Master of Library and Information Science]] degree.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|last=Munro\|first=Donald\|date=2018-04-19\|title=When Google gets it wrong\|url=https://munroreview.com/2018/04/19/when-google-gets-it-wrong-safiya-noble-studies-how-search-engines-reinforce-racism/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=THE MUNRO REVIEW\|language=en-US}}</ref> The book's first inspiration came in 2011, when Noble Googled the phrase "black girls" and saw results for pornography on the first page.<ref name=":4" /> Noble's ~~MLIS~~ thesis, completed in 2012, was titled "Searching for Black girls: Old traditions in new media."<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Jessie\|first1=Daniels\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zBSDQAAQBAJ\|title=Digital Sociologies\|last2=Karen\|first2=Gregory\|last3=Cottom\|first3=Tressie McMillan\|date=2017\|publisher=Policy Press\|isbn=978-1-4473-2901-5\|pages=420\|language=en}}</ref> At this time, Noble thought of the title "Algorithms of Oppression" for the eventual book.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=In 'Algorithms of Oppression,' Safiya Noble finds old stereotypes persist in new media\|url=http://annenberg.usc.edu/news/diversity-and-inclusion/algorithms-oppression-safiya-noble-finds-old-stereotypes-persist-new\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=annenberg.usc.edu\|language=en}}</ref> By this time, changes to Google's algorithm had changed the most common results for a search of "black girls," though the underlying biases remain influential.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=a book review by Robert Fantina: Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism\|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/algorithms\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.nyjournalofbooks.com}}</ref> Noble became an assistant professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] in 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web\|date=2019-02-07\|title=Safiya Umoja Noble Receives Top Honor from Fresno State {{!}} UCLA GSE&IS Ampersand\|url=https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020429/https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|archive-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> In 2017, she published an article on racist and sexist bias in search engines in [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Noble\|first=Safiya U.\|date=2017-01-15\|title=Google and the Misinformed Public\|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.chronicle.com\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723183127/https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/ \|archive-date=2020-07-23 }}</ref> The book was published on February 20, 2018.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/safiya-umoja-noble/algorithms-of-oppression/\|title=ALGORITHMS OF OPPRESSION {{!}} Kirkus Reviews\|language=en}}</ref>		Noble earned an undergraduate degree in [[sociology]] from [[California State University, Fresno]] in the 1990s, then worked in advertising and marketing for fifteen years before going to the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] for a [[Master of Library and Information Science]] degree in the early 2000s.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|last=Munro\|first=Donald\|date=2018-04-19\|title=When Google gets it wrong\|url=https://munroreview.com/2018/04/19/when-google-gets-it-wrong-safiya-noble-studies-how-search-engines-reinforce-racism/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=THE MUNRO REVIEW\|language=en-US}}</ref> The book's first inspiration came in 2011, when Noble Googled the phrase "black girls" and saw results for pornography on the first page.<ref name=":4" /> Noble's doctoral thesis, completed in 2012, was titled "Searching for Black girls: Old traditions in new media."<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Jessie\|first1=Daniels\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zBSDQAAQBAJ\|title=Digital Sociologies\|last2=Karen\|first2=Gregory\|last3=Cottom\|first3=Tressie McMillan\|date=2017\|publisher=Policy Press\|isbn=978-1-4473-2901-5\|pages=420\|language=en}}</ref> At this time, Noble thought of the title "Algorithms of Oppression" for the eventual book.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=In 'Algorithms of Oppression,' Safiya Noble finds old stereotypes persist in new media\|url=http://annenberg.usc.edu/news/diversity-and-inclusion/algorithms-oppression-safiya-noble-finds-old-stereotypes-persist-new\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=annenberg.usc.edu\|language=en}}</ref> By this time, changes to Google's algorithm had changed the most common results for a search of "black girls," though the underlying biases remain influential.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=a book review by Robert Fantina: Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism\|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/algorithms\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.nyjournalofbooks.com}}</ref> Noble became an assistant professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] in 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web\|date=2019-02-07\|title=Safiya Umoja Noble Receives Top Honor from Fresno State {{!}} UCLA GSE&IS Ampersand\|url=https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020429/https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|archive-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> In 2017, she published an article on racist and sexist bias in search engines in [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Noble\|first=Safiya U.\|date=2017-01-15\|title=Google and the Misinformed Public\|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.chronicle.com\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723183127/https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/ \|archive-date=2020-07-23 }}</ref> The book was published on February 20, 2018.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/safiya-umoja-noble/algorithms-of-oppression/\|title=ALGORITHMS OF OPPRESSION {{!}} Kirkus Reviews\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Overview==		==Overview==

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	[[Category:Human–computer interaction]]		[[Category:Human–computer interaction]]
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			[[Category:New York University Press books]]

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	''Algorithms of Oppression'' is a text based on over six years of academic research on Google search [[Algorithm\|algorithms]], examining search results from 2009 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Erigha\|first=Maryann\|date=2019-07-01\|title=Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism by Safiya Umoja Noble\|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/703431\|journal=American Journal of Sociology\|volume=125\|issue=1\|pages=305–307\|doi=10.1086/703431\|s2cid=198603932\|issn=0002-9602}}</ref> The book addresses the relationship between search engines and discriminatory biases. Noble argues that search algorithms are racist and perpetuate societal problems because they reflect the negative biases that exist in society and the people who create them.<ref>Noble's main focus is on Google’s algorithms, although she also discusses Amazon, Facebook, Twitter, and WordPress. She invests in the control over what users see and don't see. "Search results reflects the values and norms of the search companies commercial partners and advertisers and often reflect our lowest and most demeaning beliefs, because these ideas circulate so freely and so often that they are normalized and extremely profitable." (Nobel, 36)</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/02/06/scholar-sets-twitter-furor-critiquing-book-he-hasnt-read\|title=Scholar sets off Twitter furor by critiquing a book he hasn't read\|access-date=2018-02-08\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/algorithms-of-oppression-racist/\|title=Can an algorithm be racist? Spotting systemic oppression in the age of Google\|date=2018-03-03\|work=Digital Trends\|access-date=2018-03-24\|language=en-US}}</ref> Noble dismantles the idea that search engines are inherently neutral by explaining how algorithms in search engines privilege whiteness by depicting positive cues when key words like “white” are searched as opposed to “asian,” “hispanic,” or “Black.” Her main example surrounds the search results of "Black girls" versus "white girls" and the biases that are depicted in the results.<ref name=":3" /> These algorithms can then have negative biases against [[women of color]] and other marginalized populations, while also affecting Internet users in general by leading to "racial and gender profiling, misrepresentation, and even economic redlining." The book argues that algorithms perpetuate oppression and discriminate against People of Color, specifically women of color.		''Algorithms of Oppression'' is a text based on over six years of academic research on Google search [[Algorithm\|algorithms]], examining search results from 2009 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Erigha\|first=Maryann\|date=2019-07-01\|title=Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism by Safiya Umoja Noble\|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/703431\|journal=American Journal of Sociology\|volume=125\|issue=1\|pages=305–307\|doi=10.1086/703431\|s2cid=198603932\|issn=0002-9602}}</ref> The book addresses the relationship between search engines and discriminatory biases. Noble argues that search algorithms are racist and perpetuate societal problems because they reflect the negative biases that exist in society and the people who create them.<ref>Noble's main focus is on Google’s algorithms, although she also discusses Amazon, Facebook, Twitter, and WordPress. She invests in the control over what users see and don't see. "Search results reflects the values and norms of the search companies commercial partners and advertisers and often reflect our lowest and most demeaning beliefs, because these ideas circulate so freely and so often that they are normalized and extremely profitable." (Nobel, 36)</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news\|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/02/06/scholar-sets-twitter-furor-critiquing-book-he-hasnt-read\|title=Scholar sets off Twitter furor by critiquing a book he hasn't read\|access-date=2018-02-08\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/algorithms-of-oppression-racist/\|title=Can an algorithm be racist? Spotting systemic oppression in the age of Google\|date=2018-03-03\|work=Digital Trends\|access-date=2018-03-24\|language=en-US}}</ref> Noble dismantles the idea that search engines are inherently neutral by explaining how algorithms in search engines privilege whiteness by depicting positive cues when key words like “white” are searched as opposed to “asian,” “hispanic,” or “Black.” Her main example surrounds the search results of "Black girls" versus "white girls" and the biases that are depicted in the results.<ref name=":3" /> These algorithms can then have negative biases against [[women of color]] and other marginalized populations, while also affecting Internet users in general by leading to "racial and gender profiling, misrepresentation, and even economic redlining." The book argues that algorithms perpetuate oppression and discriminate against People of Color, specifically women of color.

	Noble takes a Black intersectional feminist approach to her work in studying how google algorithms affect people differently by race and gender. Intersectional Feminism takes into account the diverse experiences of women of different races and sexualities when discussing their oppression society, and how their distinct backgrounds affect their struggles. Additionally, Noble's argument addresses how racism infiltrates the google algorithm itself, something that is true throughout many coding systems including facial recognition, and medical care programs.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=D’Ignazio\|first1=C.\|title=Data Feminism\|last2=Klein\|first2=L.\|publisher=MIT Press\|year=2019\|pages=The Power Chapter 1: The Power Chapter (pgs 21-47)}}</ref> ~~Many~~ new technological systems promote themselves as progressive and unbiased, Noble is arguing against this point and saying that many technologies, including google's algorithm "reflect and reproduce existing inequities."<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Benjamin\|first=R.\|title=Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code\|publisher=Polity\|year=2019\|location=Medford, MA\|pages=3}}</ref>		Noble takes a Black intersectional feminist approach to her work in studying how google algorithms affect people differently by race and gender. Intersectional Feminism takes into account the diverse experiences of women of different races and sexualities when discussing their oppression society, and how their distinct backgrounds affect their struggles. Additionally, Noble's argument addresses how racism infiltrates the google algorithm itself, something that is true throughout many coding systems including facial recognition, and medical care programs.<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=D’Ignazio\|first1=C.\|title=Data Feminism\|last2=Klein\|first2=L.\|publisher=MIT Press\|year=2019\|pages=The Power Chapter 1: The Power Chapter (pgs 21-47)}}</ref> While many new technological systems promote themselves as progressive and unbiased, Noble is arguing against this point and saying that many technologies, including google's algorithm "reflect and reproduce existing inequities."<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Benjamin\|first=R.\|title=Race After Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code\|publisher=Polity\|year=2019\|location=Medford, MA\|pages=3}}</ref>

	==Chapter Summaries==		==Chapter Summaries==

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	== Background ==		== Background ==
	Noble earned an undergraduate degree in [[sociology]] from [[California State University, Fresno]] in the 1990s, then worked in advertising and marketing for fifteen years before going to the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] for a [[Master of Library and Information Science]] degree.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|last=Munro\|first=Donald\|date=2018-04-19\|title=When Google gets it wrong\|url=https://munroreview.com/2018/04/19/when-google-gets-it-wrong-safiya-noble-studies-how-search-engines-reinforce-racism/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=THE MUNRO REVIEW\|language=en-US}}</ref> The book's first inspiration came in 2011, when Noble Googled the phrase "black girls" and saw results for pornography on the first page.<ref name=":4" /> Noble's MLIS thesis, completed in 2012, was titled "Searching for Black girls: Old traditions in new media."<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Jessie\|first1=Daniels\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zBSDQAAQBAJ\|title=Digital Sociologies\|last2=Karen\|first2=Gregory\|last3=Cottom\|first3=Tressie McMillan\|date=2017\|publisher=Policy Press\|isbn=978-1-4473-2901-5\|pages=420\|language=en}}</ref> At this time, Noble thought of the title "Algorithms of Oppression" for the eventual book.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=In 'Algorithms of Oppression,' Safiya Noble finds old stereotypes persist in new media\|url=http://annenberg.usc.edu/news/diversity-and-inclusion/algorithms-oppression-safiya-noble-finds-old-stereotypes-persist-new\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=annenberg.usc.edu\|language=en}}</ref> By this time, changes to Google's algorithm had changed the most common results for a search of "black girls," though the underlying biases remain influential.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=a book review by Robert Fantina: Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism\|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/algorithms\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.nyjournalofbooks.com}}</ref> Noble became an assistant professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] in 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web\|date=2019-02-07\|title=Safiya Umoja Noble Receives Top Honor from Fresno State {{!}} UCLA GSE&IS Ampersand\|url=https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020429/https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|archive-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> In 2017, she published an article on racist and sexist bias in search engines in [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Noble\|first=Safiya U.\|date=2017-01-15\|title=Google and the Misinformed Public\|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.chronicle.com\|archive-url=~~http~~://web.archive.org/web/20200723183127/https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/ \|archive-date=2020-07-23 }}</ref> The book was published on February 20, 2018.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/safiya-umoja-noble/algorithms-of-oppression/\|title=ALGORITHMS OF OPPRESSION {{!}} Kirkus Reviews\|language=en}}</ref>		Noble earned an undergraduate degree in [[sociology]] from [[California State University, Fresno]] in the 1990s, then worked in advertising and marketing for fifteen years before going to the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] for a [[Master of Library and Information Science]] degree.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|last=Munro\|first=Donald\|date=2018-04-19\|title=When Google gets it wrong\|url=https://munroreview.com/2018/04/19/when-google-gets-it-wrong-safiya-noble-studies-how-search-engines-reinforce-racism/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=THE MUNRO REVIEW\|language=en-US}}</ref> The book's first inspiration came in 2011, when Noble Googled the phrase "black girls" and saw results for pornography on the first page.<ref name=":4" /> Noble's MLIS thesis, completed in 2012, was titled "Searching for Black girls: Old traditions in new media."<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Jessie\|first1=Daniels\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zBSDQAAQBAJ\|title=Digital Sociologies\|last2=Karen\|first2=Gregory\|last3=Cottom\|first3=Tressie McMillan\|date=2017\|publisher=Policy Press\|isbn=978-1-4473-2901-5\|pages=420\|language=en}}</ref> At this time, Noble thought of the title "Algorithms of Oppression" for the eventual book.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=In 'Algorithms of Oppression,' Safiya Noble finds old stereotypes persist in new media\|url=http://annenberg.usc.edu/news/diversity-and-inclusion/algorithms-oppression-safiya-noble-finds-old-stereotypes-persist-new\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=annenberg.usc.edu\|language=en}}</ref> By this time, changes to Google's algorithm had changed the most common results for a search of "black girls," though the underlying biases remain influential.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=a book review by Robert Fantina: Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism\|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/algorithms\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.nyjournalofbooks.com}}</ref> Noble became an assistant professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] in 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web\|date=2019-02-07\|title=Safiya Umoja Noble Receives Top Honor from Fresno State {{!}} UCLA GSE&IS Ampersand\|url=https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020429/https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|archive-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> In 2017, she published an article on racist and sexist bias in search engines in [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Noble\|first=Safiya U.\|date=2017-01-15\|title=Google and the Misinformed Public\|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.chronicle.com\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723183127/https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/ \|archive-date=2020-07-23 }}</ref> The book was published on February 20, 2018.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/safiya-umoja-noble/algorithms-of-oppression/\|title=ALGORITHMS OF OPPRESSION {{!}} Kirkus Reviews\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Overview==		==Overview==

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	== Background ==		== Background ==
	Noble earned an undergraduate degree in [[sociology]] from [[California State University, Fresno]] in the 1990s, then worked in advertising and marketing for fifteen years before going to the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] for a [[Master of Library and Information Science]] degree.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|last=Munro\|first=Donald\|date=2018-04-19\|title=When Google gets it wrong\|url=https://munroreview.com/2018/04/19/when-google-gets-it-wrong-safiya-noble-studies-how-search-engines-reinforce-racism/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=THE MUNRO REVIEW\|language=en-US}}</ref> The book's first inspiration came in 2011, when Noble Googled the phrase "black girls" and saw results for pornography on the first page.<ref name=":4" /> Noble's MLIS thesis, completed in 2012, was titled "Searching for Black girls: Old traditions in new media."<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Jessie\|first1=Daniels\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zBSDQAAQBAJ\|title=Digital Sociologies\|last2=Karen\|first2=Gregory\|last3=Cottom\|first3=Tressie McMillan\|date=2017\|publisher=Policy Press\|isbn=978-1-4473-2901-5\|pages=420\|language=en}}</ref> At this time, Noble thought of the title "Algorithms of Oppression" for the eventual book.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=In 'Algorithms of Oppression,' Safiya Noble finds old stereotypes persist in new media\|url=http://annenberg.usc.edu/news/diversity-and-inclusion/algorithms-oppression-safiya-noble-finds-old-stereotypes-persist-new\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=annenberg.usc.edu\|language=en}}</ref> By this time, changes to Google's algorithm had changed the most common results for a search of "black girls," though the underlying biases remain influential.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=a book review by Robert Fantina: Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism\|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/algorithms\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.nyjournalofbooks.com}}</ref> Noble became an assistant professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] in 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web\|date=2019-02-07\|title=Safiya Umoja Noble Receives Top Honor from Fresno State {{!}} UCLA GSE&IS Ampersand\|url=https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020429/https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|archive-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> In 2017, she published an article on racist and sexist bias in search engines in [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Noble\|first=Safiya U.\|date=2017-01-15\|title=Google and the Misinformed Public\|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.chronicle.com}}</ref> The book was published on February 20, 2018.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/safiya-umoja-noble/algorithms-of-oppression/\|title=ALGORITHMS OF OPPRESSION {{!}} Kirkus Reviews\|language=en}}</ref>		Noble earned an undergraduate degree in [[sociology]] from [[California State University, Fresno]] in the 1990s, then worked in advertising and marketing for fifteen years before going to the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] for a [[Master of Library and Information Science]] degree.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|last=Munro\|first=Donald\|date=2018-04-19\|title=When Google gets it wrong\|url=https://munroreview.com/2018/04/19/when-google-gets-it-wrong-safiya-noble-studies-how-search-engines-reinforce-racism/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=THE MUNRO REVIEW\|language=en-US}}</ref> The book's first inspiration came in 2011, when Noble Googled the phrase "black girls" and saw results for pornography on the first page.<ref name=":4" /> Noble's MLIS thesis, completed in 2012, was titled "Searching for Black girls: Old traditions in new media."<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Jessie\|first1=Daniels\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7zBSDQAAQBAJ\|title=Digital Sociologies\|last2=Karen\|first2=Gregory\|last3=Cottom\|first3=Tressie McMillan\|date=2017\|publisher=Policy Press\|isbn=978-1-4473-2901-5\|pages=420\|language=en}}</ref> At this time, Noble thought of the title "Algorithms of Oppression" for the eventual book.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=In 'Algorithms of Oppression,' Safiya Noble finds old stereotypes persist in new media\|url=http://annenberg.usc.edu/news/diversity-and-inclusion/algorithms-oppression-safiya-noble-finds-old-stereotypes-persist-new\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=annenberg.usc.edu\|language=en}}</ref> By this time, changes to Google's algorithm had changed the most common results for a search of "black girls," though the underlying biases remain influential.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=a book review by Robert Fantina: Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism\|url=https://www.nyjournalofbooks.com/book-review/algorithms\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.nyjournalofbooks.com}}</ref> Noble became an assistant professor at [[University of California, Los Angeles]] in 2014.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web\|date=2019-02-07\|title=Safiya Umoja Noble Receives Top Honor from Fresno State {{!}} UCLA GSE&IS Ampersand\|url=https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|access-date=2021-10-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020429/https://ampersand.gseis.ucla.edu/safiya-umoja-noble-receives-top-honor-from-fresno-state/\|archive-date=2019-02-07}}</ref> In 2017, she published an article on racist and sexist bias in search engines in [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]].<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Noble\|first=Safiya U.\|date=2017-01-15\|title=Google and the Misinformed Public\|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/\|url-status=live\|access-date=2021-10-05\|website=www.chronicle.com\|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200723183127/https://www.chronicle.com/article/google-and-the-misinformed-public/ \|archive-date=2020-07-23 }}</ref> The book was published on February 20, 2018.<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/safiya-umoja-noble/algorithms-of-oppression/\|title=ALGORITHMS OF OPPRESSION {{!}} Kirkus Reviews\|language=en}}</ref>

	==Overview==		==Overview==

Jessamyn: link Emily Drabinski using Find link

2022-01-30T00:15:31Z

link Emily Drabinski using Find link

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:15, 30 January 2022
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	==Critical reception==		==Critical reception==
	Critical reception for ''Algorithms of Oppression'' has been largely positive. In the ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]'', Emily Drabinski writes, "What emerges from these pages is the sense that Google’s algorithms of oppression comprise just one of the hidden infrastructures that govern our daily lives, and that the others are likely just as hard-coded with white supremacy and misogyny as the one that Noble explores."<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/ideologies-of-boring-things-the-internet-and-infrastructures-of-race/#!\|title=Ideologies of Boring Things: The Internet and Infrastructures of Race - Los Angeles Review of Books\|work=Los Angeles Review of Books\|access-date=2018-03-24\|language=en-US}}</ref> In ''[[PopMatters]],'' Hans Rollman writes that ''Algorithms of Oppression'' "demonstrate[s] that search engines, and in particular [[Google]], are not simply imperfect machines, but systems designed by humans in ways that replicate the power structures of the western countries where they are built, complete with all the sexism and racism that are built into those structures."<ref name=":1" /> In ''[[Booklist]],'' reviewer Lesley Williams states, "Noble’s study should prompt some soul-searching about our reliance on commercial search engines and about digital social equity."<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Algorithms-of-Oppression-How-Search-Engines-Reinforce-Racism-Safiya-Umoja-Noble/pid=9240185\|title=Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism, by Safiya Umoja Noble {{!}} Booklist Online}}</ref>		Critical reception for ''Algorithms of Oppression'' has been largely positive. In the ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]'', [[Emily Drabinski]] writes, "What emerges from these pages is the sense that Google’s algorithms of oppression comprise just one of the hidden infrastructures that govern our daily lives, and that the others are likely just as hard-coded with white supremacy and misogyny as the one that Noble explores."<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/ideologies-of-boring-things-the-internet-and-infrastructures-of-race/#!\|title=Ideologies of Boring Things: The Internet and Infrastructures of Race - Los Angeles Review of Books\|work=Los Angeles Review of Books\|access-date=2018-03-24\|language=en-US}}</ref> In ''[[PopMatters]],'' Hans Rollman writes that ''Algorithms of Oppression'' "demonstrate[s] that search engines, and in particular [[Google]], are not simply imperfect machines, but systems designed by humans in ways that replicate the power structures of the western countries where they are built, complete with all the sexism and racism that are built into those structures."<ref name=":1" /> In ''[[Booklist]],'' reviewer Lesley Williams states, "Noble’s study should prompt some soul-searching about our reliance on commercial search engines and about digital social equity."<ref>{{Cite book\|url=https://www.booklistonline.com/Algorithms-of-Oppression-How-Search-Engines-Reinforce-Racism-Safiya-Umoja-Noble/pid=9240185\|title=Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism, by Safiya Umoja Noble {{!}} Booklist Online}}</ref>

	In early February 2018, ''Algorithms of Oppression'' received press attention when the official [[Twitter]] account for the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] expressed criticism of the book, saying that the results of a Google search suggested in its blurb did not match Noble's predictions. IEEE's outreach historian, Alexander Magoun, later revealed that he had not read the book, and issued an apology.<ref name=":0" />		In early February 2018, ''Algorithms of Oppression'' received press attention when the official [[Twitter]] account for the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] expressed criticism of the book, saying that the results of a Google search suggested in its blurb did not match Noble's predictions. IEEE's outreach historian, Alexander Magoun, later revealed that he had not read the book, and issued an apology.<ref name=":0" />