Distributed-element circuit - Revision history

Catslash: Undid revision 1225173465 by Liz (talk) The image file still exists

2024-05-22T23:23:34Z

Undid revision 1225173465 by Liz (talk) The image file still exists

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:23, 22 May 2024
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	Distributed-element circuits were studied during the 1920s and 1930s but did not become important until [[World War II]], when they were used in [[radar]]. After the war their use was limited to military, space, and [[broadcasting]] infrastructure, but improvements in [[materials science]] in the field soon led to broader applications. They can now be found in domestic products such as satellite dishes and mobile phones.		Distributed-element circuits were studied during the 1920s and 1930s but did not become important until [[World War II]], when they were used in [[radar]]. After the war their use was limited to military, space, and [[broadcasting]] infrastructure, but improvements in [[materials science]] in the field soon led to broader applications. They can now be found in domestic products such as satellite dishes and mobile phones.
	~~<!-- Commented out:~~ [[File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png\|thumb\|upright=2\|A [[low-pass filter]] as conventional discrete components connected on a [[printed circuit board]] (left), and as a distributed-element design printed on the board itself (right)]] ~~-->~~		[[File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png\|thumb\|upright=2\|A [[low-pass filter]] as conventional discrete components connected on a [[printed circuit board]] (left), and as a distributed-element design printed on the board itself (right)]]

	== Circuit modelling ==		== Circuit modelling ==

Pokechu22: Undid revision 1225173465 and 1225173581 by Liz (talk) - Huh? They both still on commons at c:File:Hilbert resonator.svg and c:File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png, it looks like you just removed the local copy for reasons that make sense for that but don't make sense for removing from the article

2024-05-22T20:16:05Z

Undid revision 1225173465 and 1225173581 by Liz (talk) - Huh? They both still on commons at c:File:Hilbert resonator.svg and c:File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png, it looks like you just removed the local copy for reasons that make sense for that but don't make sense for removing from the article

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:16, 22 May 2024
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	=== Fractals ===		=== Fractals ===
	{{see also\|Fractal antenna}}		{{see also\|Fractal antenna}}
	~~<!-- Commented out:~~ [[file:Hilbert resonator.svg\|thumb\|upright\|alt=diagram\|Three-iteration Hilbert fractal resonator in microstrip<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 197</ref>]] ~~-->~~		[[file:Hilbert resonator.svg\|thumb\|upright\|alt=diagram\|Three-iteration Hilbert fractal resonator in microstrip<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 197</ref>]]
	The use of [[fractal]]-like curves as a circuit component is an emerging field in distributed-element circuits.<ref>Ramadan ''et al.'', p. 237</ref> Fractals have been used to make resonators for filters and antennae. One of the benefits of using fractals is their space-filling property, making them smaller than other designs.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 191</ref> Other advantages include the ability to produce [[wide-band]] and [[Multi-band device\|multi-band]] designs, good in-band performance, and good [[out-of-band]] rejection.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', pp. 191–192</ref> In practice, a true fractal cannot be made because at each [[Iterated function system\|fractal iteration]] the manufacturing tolerances become tighter and are eventually greater than the construction method can achieve. However, after a small number of iterations, the performance is close to that of a true fractal. These may be called ''pre-fractals'' or ''finite-order fractals'' where it is necessary to distinguish from a true fractal.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 196</ref>		The use of [[fractal]]-like curves as a circuit component is an emerging field in distributed-element circuits.<ref>Ramadan ''et al.'', p. 237</ref> Fractals have been used to make resonators for filters and antennae. One of the benefits of using fractals is their space-filling property, making them smaller than other designs.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 191</ref> Other advantages include the ability to produce [[wide-band]] and [[Multi-band device\|multi-band]] designs, good in-band performance, and good [[out-of-band]] rejection.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', pp. 191–192</ref> In practice, a true fractal cannot be made because at each [[Iterated function system\|fractal iteration]] the manufacturing tolerances become tighter and are eventually greater than the construction method can achieve. However, after a small number of iterations, the performance is close to that of a true fractal. These may be called ''pre-fractals'' or ''finite-order fractals'' where it is necessary to distinguish from a true fractal.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 196</ref>

Liz: Commenting out use(s) of file "File:Hilbert resonator.svg": Removing usages of and/or links to deleted file File:Hilbert resonator.svg.

2024-05-22T20:09:04Z

Commenting out use(s) of file "File:Hilbert resonator.svg": Removing usages of and/or links to deleted file File:Hilbert resonator.svg.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:09, 22 May 2024
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	=== Fractals ===		=== Fractals ===
	{{see also\|Fractal antenna}}		{{see also\|Fractal antenna}}
	[[file:Hilbert resonator.svg\|thumb\|upright\|alt=diagram\|Three-iteration Hilbert fractal resonator in microstrip<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 197</ref>]]		<!-- Commented out: [[file:Hilbert resonator.svg\|thumb\|upright\|alt=diagram\|Three-iteration Hilbert fractal resonator in microstrip<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 197</ref>]] -->
	The use of [[fractal]]-like curves as a circuit component is an emerging field in distributed-element circuits.<ref>Ramadan ''et al.'', p. 237</ref> Fractals have been used to make resonators for filters and antennae. One of the benefits of using fractals is their space-filling property, making them smaller than other designs.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 191</ref> Other advantages include the ability to produce [[wide-band]] and [[Multi-band device\|multi-band]] designs, good in-band performance, and good [[out-of-band]] rejection.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', pp. 191–192</ref> In practice, a true fractal cannot be made because at each [[Iterated function system\|fractal iteration]] the manufacturing tolerances become tighter and are eventually greater than the construction method can achieve. However, after a small number of iterations, the performance is close to that of a true fractal. These may be called ''pre-fractals'' or ''finite-order fractals'' where it is necessary to distinguish from a true fractal.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 196</ref>		The use of [[fractal]]-like curves as a circuit component is an emerging field in distributed-element circuits.<ref>Ramadan ''et al.'', p. 237</ref> Fractals have been used to make resonators for filters and antennae. One of the benefits of using fractals is their space-filling property, making them smaller than other designs.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 191</ref> Other advantages include the ability to produce [[wide-band]] and [[Multi-band device\|multi-band]] designs, good in-band performance, and good [[out-of-band]] rejection.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', pp. 191–192</ref> In practice, a true fractal cannot be made because at each [[Iterated function system\|fractal iteration]] the manufacturing tolerances become tighter and are eventually greater than the construction method can achieve. However, after a small number of iterations, the performance is close to that of a true fractal. These may be called ''pre-fractals'' or ''finite-order fractals'' where it is necessary to distinguish from a true fractal.<ref>Janković ''et al.'', p. 196</ref>

Liz: Commenting out use(s) of file "File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png": Removing usages of and/or links to deleted file File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png.

2024-05-22T20:08:13Z

Commenting out use(s) of file "File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png": Removing usages of and/or links to deleted file File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:08, 22 May 2024
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	Distributed-element circuits were studied during the 1920s and 1930s but did not become important until [[World War II]], when they were used in [[radar]]. After the war their use was limited to military, space, and [[broadcasting]] infrastructure, but improvements in [[materials science]] in the field soon led to broader applications. They can now be found in domestic products such as satellite dishes and mobile phones.		Distributed-element circuits were studied during the 1920s and 1930s but did not become important until [[World War II]], when they were used in [[radar]]. After the war their use was limited to military, space, and [[broadcasting]] infrastructure, but improvements in [[materials science]] in the field soon led to broader applications. They can now be found in domestic products such as satellite dishes and mobile phones.
	[[File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png\|thumb\|upright=2\|A [[low-pass filter]] as conventional discrete components connected on a [[printed circuit board]] (left), and as a distributed-element design printed on the board itself (right)]]		<!-- Commented out: [[File:Lumped-distributed comparison.png\|thumb\|upright=2\|A [[low-pass filter]] as conventional discrete components connected on a [[printed circuit board]] (left), and as a distributed-element design printed on the board itself (right)]] -->

	== Circuit modelling ==		== Circuit modelling ==

Spinningspark: Reverted good faith edits by Alexander Davronov (talk): Already linked earlier

2021-12-17T11:50:17Z

Reverted good faith edits by Alexander Davronov (talk): Already linked earlier

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:50, 17 December 2021
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	== Advantages and disadvantages ==		== Advantages and disadvantages ==

	Distributed-element circuits are cheap and easy to manufacture in some formats, but take up more space than ~~[[Lumped-element model\|~~lumped-element ~~circuit]]<nowiki/>s~~. This is problematic in mobile devices (especially hand-held ones), where space is at a premium. If the operating frequencies are not too high, the designer may miniaturise components rather than switching to distributed elements. However, [[Parasitic element (electrical networks)\|parasitic elements]] and resistive losses in lumped components are greater with increasing frequency as a proportion of the nominal value of the lumped-element impedance. In some cases, designers may choose a distributed-element design (even if lumped components are available at that frequency) to benefit from improved [[Q factor\|quality]]. Distributed-element designs tend to have greater power-handling capability; with a lumped component, all the energy passed by a circuit is concentrated in a small volume.<ref>{{multiref\|Doumanis ''et al.'', pp. 45–46\|Nguyen, pp. 27–28}}</ref>		Distributed-element circuits are cheap and easy to manufacture in some formats, but take up more space than lumped-element circuits. This is problematic in mobile devices (especially hand-held ones), where space is at a premium. If the operating frequencies are not too high, the designer may miniaturise components rather than switching to distributed elements. However, [[Parasitic element (electrical networks)\|parasitic elements]] and resistive losses in lumped components are greater with increasing frequency as a proportion of the nominal value of the lumped-element impedance. In some cases, designers may choose a distributed-element design (even if lumped components are available at that frequency) to benefit from improved [[Q factor\|quality]]. Distributed-element designs tend to have greater power-handling capability; with a lumped component, all the energy passed by a circuit is concentrated in a small volume.<ref>{{multiref\|Doumanis ''et al.'', pp. 45–46\|Nguyen, pp. 27–28}}</ref>

	== Media ==		== Media ==

Alexander Davronov: /* Advantages and disadvantages */

2021-12-17T10:07:37Z

Advantages and disadvantages

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:07, 17 December 2021
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	== Advantages and disadvantages ==		== Advantages and disadvantages ==

	Distributed-element circuits are cheap and easy to manufacture in some formats, but take up more space than lumped-element ~~circuits~~. This is problematic in mobile devices (especially hand-held ones), where space is at a premium. If the operating frequencies are not too high, the designer may miniaturise components rather than switching to distributed elements. However, [[Parasitic element (electrical networks)\|parasitic elements]] and resistive losses in lumped components are greater with increasing frequency as a proportion of the nominal value of the lumped-element impedance. In some cases, designers may choose a distributed-element design (even if lumped components are available at that frequency) to benefit from improved [[Q factor\|quality]]. Distributed-element designs tend to have greater power-handling capability; with a lumped component, all the energy passed by a circuit is concentrated in a small volume.<ref>{{multiref\|Doumanis ''et al.'', pp. 45–46\|Nguyen, pp. 27–28}}</ref>		Distributed-element circuits are cheap and easy to manufacture in some formats, but take up more space than [[Lumped-element model\|lumped-element circuit]]<nowiki/>s. This is problematic in mobile devices (especially hand-held ones), where space is at a premium. If the operating frequencies are not too high, the designer may miniaturise components rather than switching to distributed elements. However, [[Parasitic element (electrical networks)\|parasitic elements]] and resistive losses in lumped components are greater with increasing frequency as a proportion of the nominal value of the lumped-element impedance. In some cases, designers may choose a distributed-element design (even if lumped components are available at that frequency) to benefit from improved [[Q factor\|quality]]. Distributed-element designs tend to have greater power-handling capability; with a lumped component, all the energy passed by a circuit is concentrated in a small volume.<ref>{{multiref\|Doumanis ''et al.'', pp. 45–46\|Nguyen, pp. 27–28}}</ref>

	== Media ==		== Media ==

Spinningspark: Undid revision 1032886323 by DesertPipeline (talk) revert unwanted change to ref system.

2021-07-26T17:03:43Z

Undid revision 1032886323 by DesertPipeline (talk) revert unwanted change to ref system.

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DesertPipeline: Replace {{Multiref}} with {{Multiref2}}. Remove {{Multiref}} from single-reference citations

2021-07-10T07:35:53Z

Replace {{Multiref}} with {{Multiref2}}. Remove {{Multiref}} from single-reference citations

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Srleffler: rv refspam

2021-06-14T00:52:41Z

rv refspam

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:52, 14 June 2021
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	=== Taper ===		=== Taper ===
	A taper is a transmission line with a gradual change in cross-section. It can be considered the limiting case of the stepped impedance structure with an infinite number of steps.<ref>Zhurbenko, p. 310</ref> Tapers are a simple way of joining two transmission lines of different characteristic impedances. Using tapers greatly reduces the mismatch effects that a direct join would cause. If the change in cross-section is not too great, no other matching circuitry may be needed.<ref>Garg ''et al.'', pp. 180–181</ref> Tapers can provide [[Planar transmission line#Transitions\|transitions]] between lines in different media, especially different forms of planar media.<ref>{{multiref\|Garg ''et al.'', pp. 404–406, 540\|Edwards & Steer, p. 493}}</ref> Tapers commonly change shape linearly~~<ref>Sangam and Kshetrimayum</ref>~~, but a variety of other profiles may be used. The profile that achieves a specified match in the shortest length is known as a Klopfenstein taper and is based on the [[Chebychev filter]] design.<ref>{{multiref\|Zhurbenko, p. 311\|Misra, p. 276\|Lee, p. 100}}</ref>		A taper is a transmission line with a gradual change in cross-section. It can be considered the limiting case of the stepped impedance structure with an infinite number of steps.<ref>Zhurbenko, p. 310</ref> Tapers are a simple way of joining two transmission lines of different characteristic impedances. Using tapers greatly reduces the mismatch effects that a direct join would cause. If the change in cross-section is not too great, no other matching circuitry may be needed.<ref>Garg ''et al.'', pp. 180–181</ref> Tapers can provide [[Planar transmission line#Transitions\|transitions]] between lines in different media, especially different forms of planar media.<ref>{{multiref\|Garg ''et al.'', pp. 404–406, 540\|Edwards & Steer, p. 493}}</ref> Tapers commonly change shape linearly, but a variety of other profiles may be used. The profile that achieves a specified match in the shortest length is known as a Klopfenstein taper and is based on the [[Chebychev filter]] design.<ref>{{multiref\|Zhurbenko, p. 311\|Misra, p. 276\|Lee, p. 100}}</ref>

	Tapers can be used to match a transmission line to an antenna. In some designs, such as the [[horn antenna]] and [[Vivaldi antenna]], the taper is itself the antenna. Horn antennae, like other tapers, are often linear, but the best match is obtained with an exponential curve. The Vivaldi antenna is a flat (slot) version of the exponential taper.<ref>{{multiref\|Bakshi & Bakshi\|pp. 3-68–3-70\|Milligan, p. 513}}</ref>		Tapers can be used to match a transmission line to an antenna. In some designs, such as the [[horn antenna]] and [[Vivaldi antenna]], the taper is itself the antenna. Horn antennae, like other tapers, are often linear, but the best match is obtained with an exponential curve. The Vivaldi antenna is a flat (slot) version of the exponential taper.<ref>{{multiref\|Bakshi & Bakshi\|pp. 3-68–3-70\|Milligan, p. 513}}</ref>
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	* Richtmeyer, R D, [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707320 "Dielectric resonators"], ''Journal of Applied Physics'', vol. 10, iss. 6, pp. 391–397, June 1939.		* Richtmeyer, R D, [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707320 "Dielectric resonators"], ''Journal of Applied Physics'', vol. 10, iss. 6, pp. 391–397, June 1939.
	* Roer, T G, ''Microwave Electronic Devices'', Springer, 2012 {{ISBN\|1461525004}}.		* Roer, T G, ''Microwave Electronic Devices'', Springer, 2012 {{ISBN\|1461525004}}.
	*Sangam, R. S., Kshetrimayum, R. S. "Linear Tapers: Analysis, Design and Applications", in Proc. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and RF Conference (IMaRC), Nov. 2018. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8877280 10.1109/IMaRC.2018.8877280]
	* Sharma, K K, ''Fundamental of Microwave and Radar Engineering'', S. Chand Publishing, 2011 {{ISBN\|8121935377}}.		* Sharma, K K, ''Fundamental of Microwave and Radar Engineering'', S. Chand Publishing, 2011 {{ISBN\|8121935377}}.
	* Sheingold, L S; Morita, T, [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1124845/ "A coaxial magic-T"], ''Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on Microwave Theory and Techniques'', vol. 1, iss. 2, pp. 17–23, November 1953.		* Sheingold, L S; Morita, T, [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1124845/ "A coaxial magic-T"], ''Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on Microwave Theory and Techniques'', vol. 1, iss. 2, pp. 17–23, November 1953.

Excell strive: /* Bibliography */

2021-06-13T03:22:53Z

Bibliography

← Previous revision		Revision as of 03:22, 13 June 2021
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	* Richtmeyer, R D, [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707320 "Dielectric resonators"], ''Journal of Applied Physics'', vol. 10, iss. 6, pp. 391–397, June 1939.		* Richtmeyer, R D, [https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1707320 "Dielectric resonators"], ''Journal of Applied Physics'', vol. 10, iss. 6, pp. 391–397, June 1939.
	* Roer, T G, ''Microwave Electronic Devices'', Springer, 2012 {{ISBN\|1461525004}}.		* Roer, T G, ''Microwave Electronic Devices'', Springer, 2012 {{ISBN\|1461525004}}.
			*Sangam, R. S., Kshetrimayum, R. S. "Linear Tapers: Analysis, Design and Applications", in Proc. IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and RF Conference (IMaRC), Nov. 2018. [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8877280 10.1109/IMaRC.2018.8877280]
	* Sharma, K K, ''Fundamental of Microwave and Radar Engineering'', S. Chand Publishing, 2011 {{ISBN\|8121935377}}.		* Sharma, K K, ''Fundamental of Microwave and Radar Engineering'', S. Chand Publishing, 2011 {{ISBN\|8121935377}}.
	* Sheingold, L S; Morita, T, [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1124845/ "A coaxial magic-T"], ''Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on Microwave Theory and Techniques'', vol. 1, iss. 2, pp. 17–23, November 1953.		* Sheingold, L S; Morita, T, [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1124845/ "A coaxial magic-T"], ''Transactions of the IRE Professional Group on Microwave Theory and Techniques'', vol. 1, iss. 2, pp. 17–23, November 1953.