Government by algorithm - Revision history

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2025-05-25T06:43:47Z

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:43, 25 May 2025
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	A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|bibcode=2020SusCS..6302364S \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>		A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|bibcode=2020SusCS..6302364S \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>

	The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=~~http~~://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>		The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=https://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>

	In [[Saudi Arabia]], the planners of [[The Line, Saudi Arabia\|The Line]] assert that it will be monitored by AI to improve life by using data and predictive modeling.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Saudi Arabia is planning a 100-mile line of car-free smart communities \|url=https://www.engadget.com/the-line-neom-smart-city-saudi-arabia-mohammed-bin-salman-113539487.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMcI4yDl2upDPXrWiYcCTvvnvLTYKdun8IrX9Z5qdG4mnuWTzhJXw6ImGxBrHyoFm8THyrYuJAnCXujn6nMP5RtPji43N5A0iz5T2qguDg1q8342WV8_PitetSew8vJ9bA-5qKIjexmcriDG6I84NBwoIgZbzR_BlQhWICkM5Jk3 \|access-date=18 May 2022 \|work=Engadget}}</ref>		In [[Saudi Arabia]], the planners of [[The Line, Saudi Arabia\|The Line]] assert that it will be monitored by AI to improve life by using data and predictive modeling.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Saudi Arabia is planning a 100-mile line of car-free smart communities \|url=https://www.engadget.com/the-line-neom-smart-city-saudi-arabia-mohammed-bin-salman-113539487.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMcI4yDl2upDPXrWiYcCTvvnvLTYKdun8IrX9Z5qdG4mnuWTzhJXw6ImGxBrHyoFm8THyrYuJAnCXujn6nMP5RtPji43N5A0iz5T2qguDg1q8342WV8_PitetSew8vJ9bA-5qKIjexmcriDG6I84NBwoIgZbzR_BlQhWICkM5Jk3 \|access-date=18 May 2022 \|work=Engadget}}</ref>
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	Judges' decisions in Australia are supported by the [[Split Up (expert system)\|"Split Up" software]] in cases of determining the percentage of a split after a [[divorce]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Stranieri \|first1=Andrew \|last2=Zeleznikow \|first2=John \|title=Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '95 \|chapter=Levels of reasoning as the basis for a formalisation of argumentation \|date=2 December 1995 \|pages=333–339 \|doi=10.1145/221270.221608 \|chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/221270.221608 \|access-date=5 February 2022 \|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery\|isbn=0897918126 \|s2cid=12179742 }}</ref> [[COMPAS (software)\|COMPAS]] software is used in the USA to assess the risk of [[recidivism]] in courts.<ref>{{cite news \|title=A computer program used for bail and sentencing decisions was labeled biased against blacks. It's actually not that clear. \|author=Sam Corbett-Davies \|author2=Emma Pierson \|author3=Avi Feller \|author4=Sharad Goel \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/17/can-an-algorithm-be-racist-our-analysis-is-more-cautious-than-propublicas/ \|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] \|date=October 17, 2016 \|access-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine \|author=Aaron M. Bornstein \|title=Are Algorithms Building the New Infrastructure of Racism? \|magazine=[[Nautilus (science magazine)\|Nautilus]] \|date=December 21, 2017 \|url=http://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism \|access-date=January 2, 2018 \|issue=55 \|archive-date=January 3, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011728/http://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the statement of Beijing Internet Court, China is the first country to create an internet court or cyber court.<ref name=internetcourt>{{cite web \|title=Beijing Internet Court launches online litigation service center \|url=https://english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn/2019-07/01/c_190.htm \|website=english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn \|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=China Now Has AI-Powered Judges \|url=https://radiichina.com/china-now-has-ai-powered-robot-judges/ \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|work=RADII {{!}} Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China \|date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Fish \|first1=Tom \|title=AI shock: China unveils 'cyber court' complete with AI judges and verdicts via chat app \|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1214019/ai-china-cyber-court-artificial-intelligence-judges-verdicts-chat-app \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|work=Express.co.uk \|date=6 December 2019}}</ref> The Chinese AI judge is a [[virtual actor\|virtual recreation]] of an actual female judge. She "will help the court's judges complete repetitive basic work, including litigation reception, thus enabling professional practitioners to focus better on their trial work".<ref name=internetcourt/> Also, [[Estonia]] plans to employ artificial intelligence to decide small-claim cases of less than €7,000.<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So \|url=https://www.wired.com/story/can-ai-be-fair-judge-court-estonia-thinks-so/ \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|magazine=Wired}}</ref>		Judges' decisions in Australia are supported by the [[Split Up (expert system)\|"Split Up" software]] in cases of determining the percentage of a split after a [[divorce]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Stranieri \|first1=Andrew \|last2=Zeleznikow \|first2=John \|title=Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '95 \|chapter=Levels of reasoning as the basis for a formalisation of argumentation \|date=2 December 1995 \|pages=333–339 \|doi=10.1145/221270.221608 \|chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/221270.221608 \|access-date=5 February 2022 \|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery\|isbn=0897918126 \|s2cid=12179742 }}</ref> [[COMPAS (software)\|COMPAS]] software is used in the USA to assess the risk of [[recidivism]] in courts.<ref>{{cite news \|title=A computer program used for bail and sentencing decisions was labeled biased against blacks. It's actually not that clear. \|author=Sam Corbett-Davies \|author2=Emma Pierson \|author3=Avi Feller \|author4=Sharad Goel \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/17/can-an-algorithm-be-racist-our-analysis-is-more-cautious-than-propublicas/ \|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] \|date=October 17, 2016 \|access-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine \|author=Aaron M. Bornstein \|title=Are Algorithms Building the New Infrastructure of Racism? \|magazine=[[Nautilus (science magazine)\|Nautilus]] \|date=December 21, 2017 \|url=http://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism \|access-date=January 2, 2018 \|issue=55 \|archive-date=January 3, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011728/http://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the statement of Beijing Internet Court, China is the first country to create an internet court or cyber court.<ref name=internetcourt>{{cite web \|title=Beijing Internet Court launches online litigation service center \|url=https://english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn/2019-07/01/c_190.htm \|website=english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn \|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=China Now Has AI-Powered Judges \|url=https://radiichina.com/china-now-has-ai-powered-robot-judges/ \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|work=RADII {{!}} Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China \|date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Fish \|first1=Tom \|title=AI shock: China unveils 'cyber court' complete with AI judges and verdicts via chat app \|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1214019/ai-china-cyber-court-artificial-intelligence-judges-verdicts-chat-app \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|work=Express.co.uk \|date=6 December 2019}}</ref> The Chinese AI judge is a [[virtual actor\|virtual recreation]] of an actual female judge. She "will help the court's judges complete repetitive basic work, including litigation reception, thus enabling professional practitioners to focus better on their trial work".<ref name=internetcourt/> Also, [[Estonia]] plans to employ artificial intelligence to decide small-claim cases of less than €7,000.<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So \|url=https://www.wired.com/story/can-ai-be-fair-judge-court-estonia-thinks-so/ \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|magazine=Wired}}</ref>

	[[Lawbot]]s can perform tasks that are typically done by paralegals or young associates at law firms. One such technology used by US law firms to assist in legal research is from ROSS Intelligence,<ref>"ROSS Intelligence Lands Another Law Firm Client." The American Lawyer. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <~~http~~://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202769384977/ROSS-Intelligence-Lands-Another-Law-Firm-Client>.</ref> and others vary in sophistication and dependence on scripted [[algorithm]]s.<ref>CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081439/https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ \|date=2022-03-31 }}>.</ref> Another legal technology [[chatbot]] application is [[DoNotPay]].		[[Lawbot]]s can perform tasks that are typically done by paralegals or young associates at law firms. One such technology used by US law firms to assist in legal research is from ROSS Intelligence,<ref>"ROSS Intelligence Lands Another Law Firm Client." The American Lawyer. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202769384977/ROSS-Intelligence-Lands-Another-Law-Firm-Client>.</ref> and others vary in sophistication and dependence on scripted [[algorithm]]s.<ref>CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081439/https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ \|date=2022-03-31 }}>.</ref> Another legal technology [[chatbot]] application is [[DoNotPay]].

	===Algorithms in education===		===Algorithms in education===

Bozonik0: misspelling of theoretic corrected

2025-05-23T19:27:27Z

misspelling of theoretic corrected

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:27, 23 May 2025
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	[[File:Model Cybernetic Factory.svg\|thumb\|Model of cybernetic thinking about organisation. On the one hand in reality a system is determined. On the other hand, cybernetic factory can be modeled as a control system.<ref>{{cite book \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|title=Cybernetic and Management \|date=1959 \|publisher=English Universities Press \|chapter=XVI}}</ref>]]		[[File:Model Cybernetic Factory.svg\|thumb\|Model of cybernetic thinking about organisation. On the one hand in reality a system is determined. On the other hand, cybernetic factory can be modeled as a control system.<ref>{{cite book \|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> \|title=Cybernetic and Management \|date=1959 \|publisher=English Universities Press \|chapter=XVI}}</ref>]]

	Tim O'Reilly suggested that data sources and [[reputation system]]s combined in algorithmic regulation can outperform traditional regulations.<ref name=timoreilly/> For instance, once taxi-drivers are rated by passengers, the quality of their services will improve automatically and "drivers who provide poor service are eliminated".<ref name=timoreilly/> O'Reilly's suggestion is based on the [[control theory\|control-~~theoreric~~]] concept of [[feedback\|feed-back loop]]—[[positive feedback\|improvements]] and [[negative feedback\|disimprovements]] of reputation enforce desired behavior.<ref name=socialmachine/> The usage of feedback-loops for the management of social systems has already been suggested in [[management cybernetics]] by [[Stafford Beer]] before.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Beer \|first1=Stafford \|author-link1=Stafford Beer \|title=Platform for change : a message from Stafford Beer. \|date=1975 \|publisher=J. Wiley \|isbn=978-0471948407}}</ref>		Tim O'Reilly suggested that data sources and [[reputation system]]s combined in algorithmic regulation can outperform traditional regulations.<ref name=timoreilly/> For instance, once taxi-drivers are rated by passengers, the quality of their services will improve automatically and "drivers who provide poor service are eliminated".<ref name=timoreilly/> O'Reilly's suggestion is based on the [[control theory\|control-theoretic]] concept of [[feedback\|feed-back loop]]—[[positive feedback\|improvements]] and [[negative feedback\|disimprovements]] of reputation enforce desired behavior.<ref name=socialmachine/> The usage of feedback-loops for the management of social systems has already been suggested in [[management cybernetics]] by [[Stafford Beer]] before.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Beer \|first1=Stafford \|author-link1=Stafford Beer \|title=Platform for change : a message from Stafford Beer. \|date=1975 \|publisher=J. Wiley \|isbn=978-0471948407}}</ref>

	These connections are explored by [[Nello Cristianini]] and Teresa Scantamburlo, where the reputation-credit scoring system is modeled as an incentive given to the citizens and computed by a [[social machine]], so that rational agents would be motivated to increase their score by adapting their behaviour. Several ethical aspects of that technology are still being discussed.<ref name=socialmachine/>		These connections are explored by [[Nello Cristianini]] and Teresa Scantamburlo, where the reputation-credit scoring system is modeled as an incentive given to the citizens and computed by a [[social machine]], so that rational agents would be motivated to increase their score by adapting their behaviour. Several ethical aspects of that technology are still being discussed.<ref name=socialmachine/>

OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-05-22T18:07:08Z

Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:07, 22 May 2025
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	Since the 2000s, algorithms have been designed and used to [[Closed-circuit television#Computer-controlled analytics and identification\|automatically analyze surveillance videos]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sodemann \|first1=Angela A. \|last2=Ross \|first2=Matthew P. \|last3=Borghetti \|first3=Brett J. \|title=A Review of Anomaly Detection in Automated Surveillance \|journal=IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part C: Applications and Reviews\|date=November 2012 \|volume=42 \|issue=6 \|pages=1257–1272 \|doi=10.1109/TSMCC.2012.2215319\|s2cid=15466712}}</ref>		Since the 2000s, algorithms have been designed and used to [[Closed-circuit television#Computer-controlled analytics and identification\|automatically analyze surveillance videos]].<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Sodemann \|first1=Angela A. \|last2=Ross \|first2=Matthew P. \|last3=Borghetti \|first3=Brett J. \|title=A Review of Anomaly Detection in Automated Surveillance \|journal=IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part C: Applications and Reviews\|date=November 2012 \|volume=42 \|issue=6 \|pages=1257–1272 \|doi=10.1109/TSMCC.2012.2215319\|s2cid=15466712}}</ref>

	In his 2006 book ''Virtual Migration'', [[A. Aneesh]] developed the concept of algocracy — information technologies constrain human participation in public decision making.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Kelty \|first1=Christopher \|title=Explaining IT \|journal=Political and Legal Anthropology Review \|date=2009 \|volume=32 \|issue=1 \|pages=156–160 \|doi=10.1111/j.1555-2934.2009.01035.x \|jstor=24497537 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24497537 \|access-date=26 January 2022 \|issn=1081-6976}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Danaher \|first1=John \|title=The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation \|journal=Philosophy & Technology \|date=September 2016 \|volume=29 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–268 \|doi=10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1 \|s2cid=146674621 \|url=https://philarchive.org/rec/DANTTO-13 }}</ref> Aneesh differentiated algocratic systems from bureaucratic systems (legal-rational regulation) as well as market-based systems (price-based regulation).<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Aneesh \|first1=A. \|title=Virtual Migration: the Programming of Globalization. \|date=2006 \|publisher=Duke University Press \|isbn=978-0-8223-3669-3 \|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/Virtual-Migration/}}</ref>		In his 2006 book ''Virtual Migration'', [[A. Aneesh]] developed the concept of algocracy — information technologies constrain human participation in public decision making.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Kelty \|first1=Christopher \|title=Explaining IT \|journal=Political and Legal Anthropology Review \|date=2009 \|volume=32 \|issue=1 \|pages=156–160 \|doi=10.1111/j.1555-2934.2009.01035.x \|jstor=24497537 \|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24497537 \|access-date=26 January 2022 \|issn=1081-6976\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Danaher \|first1=John \|title=The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation \|journal=Philosophy & Technology \|date=September 2016 \|volume=29 \|issue=3 \|pages=245–268 \|doi=10.1007/s13347-015-0211-1 \|s2cid=146674621 \|url=https://philarchive.org/rec/DANTTO-13 }}</ref> Aneesh differentiated algocratic systems from bureaucratic systems (legal-rational regulation) as well as market-based systems (price-based regulation).<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Aneesh \|first1=A. \|title=Virtual Migration: the Programming of Globalization. \|date=2006 \|publisher=Duke University Press \|isbn=978-0-8223-3669-3 \|url=https://www.dukeupress.edu/Virtual-Migration/}}</ref>

	In 2013, algorithmic regulation was coined by [[Tim O'Reilly]], founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media Inc.:		In 2013, algorithmic regulation was coined by [[Tim O'Reilly]], founder and CEO of O'Reilly Media Inc.:
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	[[File:Architecture-of-the-IoT-for-home-care-systems.jpg\|thumb\|Architecture of the [[IoT]] for home care systems]]		[[File:Architecture-of-the-IoT-for-home-care-systems.jpg\|thumb\|Architecture of the [[IoT]] for home care systems]]

	A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|bibcode=2020SusCS..6302364S \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707}}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>		A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|bibcode=2020SusCS..6302364S \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>

	The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=http://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>		The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=http://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>
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	===Smart contracts===		===Smart contracts===
	[[Smart contract]]s, [[cryptocurrencies]], and [[decentralized autonomous organization]] are mentioned as means to replace traditional ways of governance.<ref name=indiadao>{{cite news \|last1=Bindra \|first1=Jaspreet \|title=Transforming India through blockchain \|url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/UZIex6fPPyAqVuTHqpzZiN/Transforming-India-through-blockchain.html \|access-date=31 May 2020 \|work=Livemint \|date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Finn \|first1=Ed \|date=10 April 2017 \|title=Do digital currencies spell the end of capitalism? \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2017/apr/10/do-digital-currencies-spell-the-end-of-capitalism \|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=algocracyblockchain/> Cryptocurrencies are currencies which are enabled by algorithms without a governmental [[central bank]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Reiff \|first1=Nathan \|title=Blockchain Explained \|website=Investopedia \|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp \|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> [[Central bank digital currency]] often employs similar technology, but is differentiated from the fact that it does use a central bank. It is soon to be employed by major unions and governments such as the European Union and China. [[Smart contracts]] are self-executable [[contract]]s, whose objectives are the reduction of need in trusted governmental intermediators, arbitrations and enforcement costs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Szabo \|first1=Nick \|author-link1=Nick Szabo \|title=View of Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks \|journal=First Monday \|date=1997 \|doi=10.5210/fm.v2i9.548 \|s2cid=33773111 \|url=https://firstmonday.org/article/view/548/469 \|access-date=2020-05-31 \|archive-date=2022-04-10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410235953/https://firstmonday.org/article/view/548/469 \|url-status=dead \|doi-access= free}}</ref><ref name=conbook>{{cite book \|last1=Fries \|first1=Martin \|last2=P. Paal \|first2=Boris \|title=Smart Contracts \|year=2019 \|publisher=Mohr Siebeck \|jstor=j.ctvn96h9r \|isbn=978-3-16-156911-1 \|language=de}}</ref> A decentralized autonomous organization is an [[organization]] represented by smart contracts that is transparent, controlled by shareholders and not influenced by a central government.<ref>{{cite web \|title=What is DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations \|url=https://blockchainhub.net/dao-decentralized-autonomous-organization/ \|website=BlockchainHub \|access-date=31 May 2020 \|archive-date=24 May 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103723/https://blockchainhub.net/dao-decentralized-autonomous-organization/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Prusty \|first=Narayan \|date=27 Apr 2017 \|title=Building Blockchain Projects \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80EwDwAAQBAJ \|location=Birmingham, UK \|publisher=Packt \|page=9 \|isbn=9781787125339}}</ref><ref>{{citation \|last1=Chohan \|first1=Usman W. \|title=The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues \|date=4 December 2017 \|publisher=Social Science Research Network \|ssrn=3082055}}.</ref> Smart contracts have been discussed for use in such applications as use in (temporary) [[employment contract]]s<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3270867\|title=The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts, and Disruption of Traditional Work Arrangements\|first1=Seth\|last1=Oranburg\|first2=Liya\|last2=Palagashvili\|date=October 22, 2018\|via=Social Science Research Network\|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3270867\|ssrn=3270867 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328657407\|title=A Blockchain-Based Decentralized System for Proper Handling of Temporary Employment Contracts}}</ref> and automatic transfership of funds and property (i.e. [[inheritance]], upon registration of a [[death certificate]]).<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/581948/EPRS_IDA(2017)581948_EN.pdf How blockchain technology could change our lives]</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://medium.com/@illuminatesofficial/business-inheritance-in-blockchain-b3fab4613c8c\|title=Business inheritance in blockchain\|first=Illuminates\|last=Official\|date=September 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.inc.com/chris-j-snook/4-small-business-verticals-artificial-intelligence-blockchain-will-destroy-in-coming-decade.html\|title=Blockchain and AI are coming to kill these 4 business verticals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://silentnotary.com/#project\|title=Silent Notary - Blockchain Notary Service 100% events falsification protection\|website=silentnotary.com}}</ref> Some countries such as Georgia and Sweden have already launched blockchain programs focusing on property ([[Title search\|land titles]] and [[real estate]] ownership)<ref name=ukrainereuteers>{{cite news \|last1=Chavez-Dreyfuss \|first1=Gertrude \|title=Ukraine launches big blockchain deal with tech firm Bitfury \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-bitfury-blockchain-idUSKBN17F0N2 \|access-date=15 August 2021 \|work=Reuters \|date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://bitfury.com/content/downloads/the_bitfury_group_republic_of_georgia_expand_blockchain_pilot_2_7_16.pdf\|title=The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Blockchain Pilot}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/inov_a_00276 A BLOCKCHAIN - Journals Gateway]</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.oecd.org/corruption/integrity-forum/academic-papers/Georg%20Eder-%20Blockchain%20-%20Ghana_verified.pdf\|title=Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Land Titles}}</ref> Ukraine is also looking at other areas too such as [[Public records\|state registers]].<ref name=ukrainereuteers/>		[[Smart contract]]s, [[cryptocurrencies]], and [[decentralized autonomous organization]] are mentioned as means to replace traditional ways of governance.<ref name=indiadao>{{cite news \|last1=Bindra \|first1=Jaspreet \|title=Transforming India through blockchain \|url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/UZIex6fPPyAqVuTHqpzZiN/Transforming-India-through-blockchain.html \|access-date=31 May 2020 \|work=Livemint \|date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Finn \|first1=Ed \|date=10 April 2017 \|title=Do digital currencies spell the end of capitalism? \|work=The Guardian \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2017/apr/10/do-digital-currencies-spell-the-end-of-capitalism \|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=algocracyblockchain/> Cryptocurrencies are currencies which are enabled by algorithms without a governmental [[central bank]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Reiff \|first1=Nathan \|title=Blockchain Explained \|website=Investopedia \|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp \|access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> [[Central bank digital currency]] often employs similar technology, but is differentiated from the fact that it does use a central bank. It is soon to be employed by major unions and governments such as the European Union and China. [[Smart contracts]] are self-executable [[contract]]s, whose objectives are the reduction of need in trusted governmental intermediators, arbitrations and enforcement costs.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Szabo \|first1=Nick \|author-link1=Nick Szabo \|title=View of Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks \|journal=First Monday \|date=1997 \|doi=10.5210/fm.v2i9.548 \|s2cid=33773111 \|url=https://firstmonday.org/article/view/548/469 \|access-date=2020-05-31 \|archive-date=2022-04-10 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410235953/https://firstmonday.org/article/view/548/469 \|url-status=dead \|doi-access= free\|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=conbook>{{cite book \|last1=Fries \|first1=Martin \|last2=P. Paal \|first2=Boris \|title=Smart Contracts \|year=2019 \|publisher=Mohr Siebeck \|jstor=j.ctvn96h9r \|isbn=978-3-16-156911-1 \|language=de}}</ref> A decentralized autonomous organization is an [[organization]] represented by smart contracts that is transparent, controlled by shareholders and not influenced by a central government.<ref>{{cite web \|title=What is DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations \|url=https://blockchainhub.net/dao-decentralized-autonomous-organization/ \|website=BlockchainHub \|access-date=31 May 2020 \|archive-date=24 May 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524103723/https://blockchainhub.net/dao-decentralized-autonomous-organization/ \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last=Prusty \|first=Narayan \|date=27 Apr 2017 \|title=Building Blockchain Projects \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80EwDwAAQBAJ \|location=Birmingham, UK \|publisher=Packt \|page=9 \|isbn=9781787125339}}</ref><ref>{{citation \|last1=Chohan \|first1=Usman W. \|title=The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues \|date=4 December 2017 \|publisher=Social Science Research Network \|ssrn=3082055}}.</ref> Smart contracts have been discussed for use in such applications as use in (temporary) [[employment contract]]s<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3270867\|title=The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts, and Disruption of Traditional Work Arrangements\|first1=Seth\|last1=Oranburg\|first2=Liya\|last2=Palagashvili\|date=October 22, 2018\|via=Social Science Research Network\|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3270867\|ssrn=3270867 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328657407\|title=A Blockchain-Based Decentralized System for Proper Handling of Temporary Employment Contracts}}</ref> and automatic transfership of funds and property (i.e. [[inheritance]], upon registration of a [[death certificate]]).<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/581948/EPRS_IDA(2017)581948_EN.pdf How blockchain technology could change our lives]</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://medium.com/@illuminatesofficial/business-inheritance-in-blockchain-b3fab4613c8c\|title=Business inheritance in blockchain\|first=Illuminates\|last=Official\|date=September 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.inc.com/chris-j-snook/4-small-business-verticals-artificial-intelligence-blockchain-will-destroy-in-coming-decade.html\|title=Blockchain and AI are coming to kill these 4 business verticals}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://silentnotary.com/#project\|title=Silent Notary - Blockchain Notary Service 100% events falsification protection\|website=silentnotary.com}}</ref> Some countries such as Georgia and Sweden have already launched blockchain programs focusing on property ([[Title search\|land titles]] and [[real estate]] ownership)<ref name=ukrainereuteers>{{cite news \|last1=Chavez-Dreyfuss \|first1=Gertrude \|title=Ukraine launches big blockchain deal with tech firm Bitfury \|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-bitfury-blockchain-idUSKBN17F0N2 \|access-date=15 August 2021 \|work=Reuters \|date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://bitfury.com/content/downloads/the_bitfury_group_republic_of_georgia_expand_blockchain_pilot_2_7_16.pdf\|title=The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Blockchain Pilot}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/inov_a_00276 A BLOCKCHAIN - Journals Gateway]</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.oecd.org/corruption/integrity-forum/academic-papers/Georg%20Eder-%20Blockchain%20-%20Ghana_verified.pdf\|title=Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Land Titles}}</ref> Ukraine is also looking at other areas too such as [[Public records\|state registers]].<ref name=ukrainereuteers/>

	===Algorithms in government agencies===		===Algorithms in government agencies===

GreenC bot: Move 2 urls. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#www.vice.com

2025-05-13T01:43:56Z

Move 2 urls. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:URLREQ#www.vice.com

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:43, 13 May 2025
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	In 2012, [[NOPD]] started a collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of [[predictive policing]].<ref name=verge>{{cite news \|last1=Winston \|first1=Ali \|title=Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology \|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/27/17054740/palantir-predictive-policing-tool-new-orleans-nopd \|access-date=23 April 2020 \|work=The Verge \|date=27 February 2018}}</ref> Besides Palantir's Gotham software, other similar ([[numerical analysis software]]) used by police agencies (such as the NCRIC) include [[SAS (software)\|SAS]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article~~/neapqg~~/300-californian-cities-secretly-have-access-to-palantir\|title=300 Californian Cities Secretly Have Access to Palantir\|first=Caroline\|last=Haskins\|date=July 12, 2019}}</ref>		In 2012, [[NOPD]] started a collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of [[predictive policing]].<ref name=verge>{{cite news \|last1=Winston \|first1=Ali \|title=Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology \|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/27/17054740/palantir-predictive-policing-tool-new-orleans-nopd \|access-date=23 April 2020 \|work=The Verge \|date=27 February 2018}}</ref> Besides Palantir's Gotham software, other similar ([[numerical analysis software]]) used by police agencies (such as the NCRIC) include [[SAS (software)\|SAS]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/300-californian-cities-secretly-have-access-to-palantir/\|title=300 Californian Cities Secretly Have Access to Palantir\|first=Caroline\|last=Haskins\|date=July 12, 2019}}</ref>

	In the fight against money laundering, [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network\|FinCEN]] employs the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) since 1995.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Senator \|first1=Ted E. \|last2=Wong \|first2=Raphael W.H. \|last3=Marrone \|first3=Michael P. \|last4=Llamas \|first4=Winston M. \|last5=Klinger \|first5=Christina D. \|last6=Khan \|first6=A.F. Umar \|last7=Cottini \|first7=Matthew A. \|last8=Goldberg \|first8=Henry G. \|last9=Wooton \|first9=Jerry \|title=The FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System: Identifying Potential Money Laundering from Reports of Large Cash Transactions \|journal=AAAI \|url=https://www.aaai.org/Library/IAAI/1995/iaai95-015.php \|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Goldberg \|first1=H. G. \|last2=Senator \|first2=T. E. \|chapter=The FinCEN AI System: Finding Financial Crimes in a Large Database of Cash Transactions \|title=Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets \|date=1998 \|pages=283–302 \|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 \|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=978-3-642-08344-0 \|language=en}}</ref>		In the fight against money laundering, [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network\|FinCEN]] employs the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) since 1995.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Senator \|first1=Ted E. \|last2=Wong \|first2=Raphael W.H. \|last3=Marrone \|first3=Michael P. \|last4=Llamas \|first4=Winston M. \|last5=Klinger \|first5=Christina D. \|last6=Khan \|first6=A.F. Umar \|last7=Cottini \|first7=Matthew A. \|last8=Goldberg \|first8=Henry G. \|last9=Wooton \|first9=Jerry \|title=The FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System: Identifying Potential Money Laundering from Reports of Large Cash Transactions \|journal=AAAI \|url=https://www.aaai.org/Library/IAAI/1995/iaai95-015.php \|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Goldberg \|first1=H. G. \|last2=Senator \|first2=T. E. \|chapter=The FinCEN AI System: Finding Financial Crimes in a Large Database of Cash Transactions \|title=Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets \|date=1998 \|pages=283–302 \|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 \|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=978-3-642-08344-0 \|language=en}}</ref>
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	In 2019, AI-powered messenger [[chatbot]] SAM participated in the discussions on social media connected to an electoral race in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Sarmah \|first1=Harshajit \|title=World's First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand \|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/worlds-first-ai-powered-virtual-politician-sam-joins-the-electoral-race-in-new-zealand/ \|access-date=11 April 2020 \|work=Analytics India Magazine \|date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The creator of SAM, Nick Gerritsen, believed SAM would be advanced enough to run as a [[Virtual politician\|candidate]] by late 2020, when New Zealand had its next general election.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Meet SAM, world's first AI politician that hopes to run for New Zealand election in 2020 \|date=26 November 2017 \|work=Hindustan Times \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126111001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=November 26, 2017 \|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>		In 2019, AI-powered messenger [[chatbot]] SAM participated in the discussions on social media connected to an electoral race in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Sarmah \|first1=Harshajit \|title=World's First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand \|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/worlds-first-ai-powered-virtual-politician-sam-joins-the-electoral-race-in-new-zealand/ \|access-date=11 April 2020 \|work=Analytics India Magazine \|date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The creator of SAM, Nick Gerritsen, believed SAM would be advanced enough to run as a [[Virtual politician\|candidate]] by late 2020, when New Zealand had its next general election.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Meet SAM, world's first AI politician that hopes to run for New Zealand election in 2020 \|date=26 November 2017 \|work=Hindustan Times \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126111001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=November 26, 2017 \|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

	In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for [[The Synthetic Party]] to run in the 2022 [[Danish Realm\|Danish]] parliamentary election,<ref>{{cite news \|last=Sternberg \|first=Sarah \|date=20 June 2022 \|title=Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens \|trans-title=Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence \|newspaper=[[Jyllands-Posten]] \|url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/ECE14145385/danskere-vil-ind-paa-den-politiske-scene-med-kunstig-intelligens/ \|access-date=2022-06-20}}</ref> and was built by the artist collective [https://computerlars.com Computer Lars].<ref>{{cite news \|last=Diwakar \|first=Amar \|date=2022-08-22 \|title=Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics? \|trans-title= \|newspaper=[[TRT World]] \|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/can-an-ai-led-danish-party-usher-in-an-age-of-algorithmic-politics-60008 \|access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref> Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a [[political party]] and by not pretending to be an objective candidate.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Xiang \|first=Chloe \|date=13 October 2022 \|title=This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI \|trans-title= \|newspaper=[[Motherboard (website)\|Vice: Motherboard]] \|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article~~/jgpb3p~~/this-danish-political-party-is-led-by-an-ai \|access-date=2022-10-13}}</ref> This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Hearing \|first=Alice \|date=14 October 2022 \|title=A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines \|url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/14/ai-chatbot-leader-lars-the-synthetic-party-discord-russia-ukraine-crimea-policy/ \|work=Fortune }}</ref>		In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for [[The Synthetic Party]] to run in the 2022 [[Danish Realm\|Danish]] parliamentary election,<ref>{{cite news \|last=Sternberg \|first=Sarah \|date=20 June 2022 \|title=Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens \|trans-title=Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence \|newspaper=[[Jyllands-Posten]] \|url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/ECE14145385/danskere-vil-ind-paa-den-politiske-scene-med-kunstig-intelligens/ \|access-date=2022-06-20}}</ref> and was built by the artist collective [https://computerlars.com Computer Lars].<ref>{{cite news \|last=Diwakar \|first=Amar \|date=2022-08-22 \|title=Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics? \|trans-title= \|newspaper=[[TRT World]] \|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/can-an-ai-led-danish-party-usher-in-an-age-of-algorithmic-politics-60008 \|access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref> Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a [[political party]] and by not pretending to be an objective candidate.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Xiang \|first=Chloe \|date=13 October 2022 \|title=This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI \|trans-title= \|newspaper=[[Motherboard (website)\|Vice: Motherboard]] \|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-danish-political-party-is-led-by-an-ai/ \|access-date=2022-10-13}}</ref> This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Hearing \|first=Alice \|date=14 October 2022 \|title=A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines \|url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/14/ai-chatbot-leader-lars-the-synthetic-party-discord-russia-ukraine-crimea-policy/ \|work=Fortune }}</ref>

	In 2023, In the Japanese town of Manazuru, a mayoral candidate called "[[AI Mayer]]" hopes to be the first AI-powered officeholder in Japan in November 2023. This candidacy is said to be supported by a group led by Michihito Matsuda <ref>{{cite news \|date=2023-11-07\|title=Danskere vil ind den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens \|trans-title=AI Mayer run to the election in Manazuru Town\|newspaper=Tokyo Sports \|url= https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/articles/-/282034 \|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref>		In 2023, In the Japanese town of Manazuru, a mayoral candidate called "[[AI Mayer]]" hopes to be the first AI-powered officeholder in Japan in November 2023. This candidacy is said to be supported by a group led by Michihito Matsuda <ref>{{cite news \|date=2023-11-07\|title=Danskere vil ind den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens \|trans-title=AI Mayer run to the election in Manazuru Town\|newspaper=Tokyo Sports \|url= https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/articles/-/282034 \|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref>

Alexander-Mart-Earth: /* Criticism */ style

2025-04-28T10:11:42Z

Criticism: style

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:11, 28 April 2025
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	* [[Algorithmic bias\|algorithms becoming susceptible to bias]],<ref name=":1">{{cite web \|url=https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/artificial_intelligence_for_citizen_services.pdf\|title=Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government\|last=Mehr\|first=Hila\|date=August 2017\|website=ash.harvard.edu\|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>		* [[Algorithmic bias\|algorithms becoming susceptible to bias]],<ref name=":1">{{cite web \|url=https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/artificial_intelligence_for_citizen_services.pdf\|title=Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government\|last=Mehr\|first=Hila\|date=August 2017\|website=ash.harvard.edu\|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>
	* a lack of transparency in how an algorithm may make decisions,<ref name=":6">{{cite web\|url=https://www.capgemini.com/consulting/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/10/ai-in-public-sector.pdf\|title=Unleashing the potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector\|last=Capgemini Consulting\|date=2017\|website=www.capgemini.com\|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>		* a lack of transparency in how an algorithm may make decisions,<ref name=":6">{{cite web\|url=https://www.capgemini.com/consulting/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/10/ai-in-public-sector.pdf\|title=Unleashing the potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector\|last=Capgemini Consulting\|date=2017\|website=www.capgemini.com\|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>
	* ~~and~~ the accountability for any such decisions.<ref name=":6" />		* the accountability for any such decisions.<ref name=":6" />

	According to a 2016's book [[Weapons of Math Destruction]], algorithms and [[big data]] are suspected to increase inequality due to opacity, scale and damage.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Verma \|first1=Shikha \|title=Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy \|journal=Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers \|date=June 2019 \|volume=44 \|issue=2 \|pages=97–98 \|doi=10.1177/0256090919853933 \|s2cid=198779932 \|issn=0256-0909\|doi-access=free }}</ref>		According to a 2016's book [[Weapons of Math Destruction]], algorithms and [[big data]] are suspected to increase inequality due to opacity, scale and damage.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Verma \|first1=Shikha \|title=Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy \|journal=Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers \|date=June 2019 \|volume=44 \|issue=2 \|pages=97–98 \|doi=10.1177/0256090919853933 \|s2cid=198779932 \|issn=0256-0909\|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Alexander-Mart-Earth: /* Criticism */

2025-04-28T10:10:40Z

Criticism

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:10, 28 April 2025
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	===Criticism===		===Criticism===
			There are potential risks associated with the use of algorithms in government. Those include:
	There are potential risks associated with the use of algorithms in government. Those include [[Algorithmic bias\|algorithms becoming susceptible to bias]],<ref name=":1">{{cite web \|url=https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/artificial_intelligence_for_citizen_services.pdf\|title=Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government\|last=Mehr\|first=Hila\|date=August 2017\|website=ash.harvard.edu\|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> a lack of transparency in how an algorithm may make decisions,<ref name=":6">{{cite web\|url=https://www.capgemini.com/consulting/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/10/ai-in-public-sector.pdf\|title=Unleashing the potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector\|last=Capgemini Consulting\|date=2017\|website=www.capgemini.com\|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> and the accountability for any such decisions.<ref name=":6" /> According to a 2016's book [[Weapons of Math Destruction]], algorithms and [[big data]] are suspected to increase inequality due to opacity, scale and damage.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Verma \|first1=Shikha \|title=Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy \|journal=Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers \|date=June 2019 \|volume=44 \|issue=2 \|pages=97–98 \|doi=10.1177/0256090919853933 \|s2cid=198779932 \|issn=0256-0909\|doi-access=free }}</ref>
			* [[Algorithmic bias\|algorithms becoming susceptible to bias]],<ref name=":1">{{cite web \|url=https://ash.harvard.edu/files/ash/files/artificial_intelligence_for_citizen_services.pdf\|title=Artificial Intelligence for Citizen Services and Government\|last=Mehr\|first=Hila\|date=August 2017\|website=ash.harvard.edu\|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>
			* a lack of transparency in how an algorithm may make decisions,<ref name=":6">{{cite web\|url=https://www.capgemini.com/consulting/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2017/10/ai-in-public-sector.pdf\|title=Unleashing the potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector\|last=Capgemini Consulting\|date=2017\|website=www.capgemini.com\|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>
			* and the accountability for any such decisions.<ref name=":6" />

			According to a 2016's book [[Weapons of Math Destruction]], algorithms and [[big data]] are suspected to increase inequality due to opacity, scale and damage.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Verma \|first1=Shikha \|title=Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy \|journal=Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers \|date=June 2019 \|volume=44 \|issue=2 \|pages=97–98 \|doi=10.1177/0256090919853933 \|s2cid=198779932 \|issn=0256-0909\|doi-access=free }}</ref>

	There is also a serious concern that [[gaming the system\|gaming]] by the regulated parties might occur, once more [[Right to explanation\|transparency is brought into the decision making by algorithmic governance]], regulated parties might try to manipulate their outcome in own favor and even use [[adversarial machine learning]].<ref name=sstandford/><ref name=socialmachine/> According to [[Yuval Noah Harari\|Harari]], the conflict between democracy and dictatorship is seen as a conflict of two different data-processing systems—AI and algorithms may swing the advantage toward the latter by processing enormous amounts of information centrally.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Harari \|first1=Story by Yuval Noah \|title=Why Technology Favors Tyranny \|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/yuval-noah-harari-technology-tyranny/568330/ \|access-date=11 April 2020 \|work=The Atlantic}}</ref>		There is also a serious concern that [[gaming the system\|gaming]] by the regulated parties might occur, once more [[Right to explanation\|transparency is brought into the decision making by algorithmic governance]], regulated parties might try to manipulate their outcome in own favor and even use [[adversarial machine learning]].<ref name=sstandford/><ref name=socialmachine/> According to [[Yuval Noah Harari\|Harari]], the conflict between democracy and dictatorship is seen as a conflict of two different data-processing systems—AI and algorithms may swing the advantage toward the latter by processing enormous amounts of information centrally.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Harari \|first1=Story by Yuval Noah \|title=Why Technology Favors Tyranny \|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/yuval-noah-harari-technology-tyranny/568330/ \|access-date=11 April 2020 \|work=The Atlantic}}</ref>

Alexander-Mart-Earth: /* See also */ add related article

2025-04-28T10:06:03Z

Citation bot: Added bibcode. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Anas1712 | Category:Applications of artificial intelligence | #UCB_Category 14/136

2025-04-23T18:42:08Z

Added bibcode. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Anas1712 | Category:Applications of artificial intelligence | #UCB_Category 14/136

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:42, 23 April 2025
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	[[File:Architecture-of-the-IoT-for-home-care-systems.jpg\|thumb\|Architecture of the [[IoT]] for home care systems]]		[[File:Architecture-of-the-IoT-for-home-care-systems.jpg\|thumb\|Architecture of the [[IoT]] for home care systems]]

	A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707}}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>		A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|bibcode=2020SusCS..6302364S \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707}}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>

	The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=http://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>		The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=http://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>
Line 151:		Line 151:
	{{See also\|Early warning system}}		{{See also\|Early warning system}}

	[[Tsunami]]s can be detected by [[Tsunami warning system]]s. They can make use of AI.<ref>{{cite web \|first=Magdalena \|last=Osumi\|title=How AI will help us better understand tsunami risks \|date=August 16, 2019\|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/how-ai-will-help-us-better-understand-tsunami-risks \|website=www.preventionweb.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221057355\|title=Artificially Intelligent Tsunami Early Warning System}}</ref> [[Flooding]]s can also be detected using AI systems.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://fortune.com/2019/08/10/artificial-intelligence-wildfires-flooding-rescue/\|title=How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Fight Climate Change-Driven Wildfires and Save Lives\|website=Fortune}}</ref> [[Wildfire]]s can be predicted using AI systems.<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Predictive modeling of wildfires: A new dataset and machine learning approach\|first1=Younes Oulad\|last1=Sayad\|first2=Hajar \|last2=Mousannif\|first3=Hassan\|last3=Al Moatassime\|date=March 1, 2019\|journal=Fire Safety Journal \|volume=104\|pages=130–146\|doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.006\|s2cid=116032143\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261272818\|title=Artificial intelligence for forest fire prediction}}</ref> [[Wildfire#Detection\|Wildfire detection is possible by AI systems]] (i.e. through satellite data, aerial imagery, and GPS phone personnel position) and can help in the evacuation of people during wildfires,<ref>{{cite journal \|last1= Zhao \|first1=Xilei \|last2=Lovreglio \|first2=Ruggiero \|last3=Kuligowski \|first3=Erica \|last4=Nilsson \|first4=Daniel \|date=April 15, 2020 \|title=Using Artificial Intelligence for Safe and Effective Wildfire Evacuations \|journal=Fire Technology \|volume=57 \|issue=2 \|pages=483–485 \|doi=10.1007/s10694-020-00979-x \|s2cid=218801709 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> to investigate how householders responded in wildfires<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Zhao \|first1=Xilei \|last2=Xu \|first2=Yiming \|last3=Lovreglio \|first3=Ruggiero \|last4=Kuligowski \|first4=Erica \|last5=Nilsson \|first5=Daniel \|last6=Cova \|first6=Thomas J. \|last7=Wu \|first7=Alex \|last8=Yan \|first8=Xiang \|date=2022-06-01 \|title=Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192092200102X \|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment \|volume=107 \|pages=103277 \|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277 \|issn=1361-9209\|arxiv=2109.07745 }}</ref> and spotting wildfire in real time using [[computer vision]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/05/tech/ai-wildfires/index.html \|title=How AI is helping spot wildfires faster\|author1=Rachel Metz \|others=Video by John General \|website=CNN\|date=5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/11/06/california-has-million-acres-forest-this-company-is-training-artificial-intelligence-scour-it-all-wildfire/\|title=California has 33 million acres of forest. This company is training artificial intelligence to scour it all for wildfire. \|first=Peter\|last=Holley \|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Earthquake warning system\|Earthquake detection systems]] are now improving alongside the development of AI technology through measuring seismic data and implementing complex algorithms to improve detection and prediction rates.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=S. Mostafa \|last2=Sheng \|first2=Yixiao \|last3=Zhu \|first3=Weiqiang \|last4=Beroza \|first4=Gregory C. \|date=2019 \|title=STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI \|journal=IEEE Access \|volume=7 \|pages=179464–179476 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848 \|s2cid=208111095 \|issn=2169-3536\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2019IEEEA...7q9464M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Banna \|first1=Md. Hasan Al \|last2=Taher \|first2=Kazi Abu \|last3=Kaiser \|first3=M. Shamim \|last4=Mahmud \|first4=Mufti \|last5=Rahman \|first5=Md. Sazzadur \|last6=Hosen \|first6=A. S. M. Sanwar \|last7=Cho \|first7=Gi Hwan \|date=2020 \|title=Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Earthquakes: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges \|journal=IEEE Access \|volume=8 \|pages=192880–192923 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029859 \|s2cid=226292959 \|issn=2169-3536\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2020IEEEA...8s2880B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-02-09 \|title=How Location Intelligence Can Help Protect Lives During Disasters \|url=https://ehsdailyadvisor.blr.com/2022/02/how-location-intelligence-can-help-protect-lives-during-disasters/ \|access-date=2024-01-23 \|website=EHS Daily Advisor \|language=en-US}}</ref> Earthquake monitoring, phase picking, and seismic signal detection have developed through AI algorithms of [[Deep learning\|deep-learning]], analysis, and computational models.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=S. Mostafa \|last2=Ellsworth \|first2=William L. \|last3=Zhu \|first3=Weiqiang \|last4=Chuang \|first4=Lindsay Y. \|last5=Beroza \|first5=Gregory C. \|date=2020-08-07 \|title=Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking \|journal=Nature Communications \|language=en \|volume=11 \|issue=1 \|pages=3952 \|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w \|pmid=32770023 \|pmc=7415159 \|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3952M \|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> [[Locust]] breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help to stop locust swarms in an early phase.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Gómez \|first1=Diego \|last2=Salvador \|first2=Pablo \|last3=Sanz \|first3=Julia \|last4=Casanova \|first4=Carlos \|last5=Taratiel \|first5=Daniel \|last6=Casanova \|first6=Jose Luis \|date=August 15, 2018 \|title=Machine learning approach to locate desert locust breeding areas based on ESA CCI soil moisture \|journal=Journal of Applied Remote Sensing \|volume=12 \|issue=3 \|at=036011 \|bibcode=2018JARS...12c6011G \|doi=10.1117/1.JRS.12.036011 \|doi-access=free \|s2cid=52230139}}</ref>		[[Tsunami]]s can be detected by [[Tsunami warning system]]s. They can make use of AI.<ref>{{cite web \|first=Magdalena \|last=Osumi\|title=How AI will help us better understand tsunami risks \|date=August 16, 2019\|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/how-ai-will-help-us-better-understand-tsunami-risks \|website=www.preventionweb.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221057355\|title=Artificially Intelligent Tsunami Early Warning System}}</ref> [[Flooding]]s can also be detected using AI systems.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://fortune.com/2019/08/10/artificial-intelligence-wildfires-flooding-rescue/\|title=How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Fight Climate Change-Driven Wildfires and Save Lives\|website=Fortune}}</ref> [[Wildfire]]s can be predicted using AI systems.<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Predictive modeling of wildfires: A new dataset and machine learning approach\|first1=Younes Oulad\|last1=Sayad\|first2=Hajar \|last2=Mousannif\|first3=Hassan\|last3=Al Moatassime\|date=March 1, 2019\|journal=Fire Safety Journal \|volume=104\|pages=130–146\|doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.006\|s2cid=116032143\|doi-access=free\|bibcode=2019FirSJ.104..130S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261272818\|title=Artificial intelligence for forest fire prediction}}</ref> [[Wildfire#Detection\|Wildfire detection is possible by AI systems]] (i.e. through satellite data, aerial imagery, and GPS phone personnel position) and can help in the evacuation of people during wildfires,<ref>{{cite journal \|last1= Zhao \|first1=Xilei \|last2=Lovreglio \|first2=Ruggiero \|last3=Kuligowski \|first3=Erica \|last4=Nilsson \|first4=Daniel \|date=April 15, 2020 \|title=Using Artificial Intelligence for Safe and Effective Wildfire Evacuations \|journal=Fire Technology \|volume=57 \|issue=2 \|pages=483–485 \|doi=10.1007/s10694-020-00979-x \|s2cid=218801709 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> to investigate how householders responded in wildfires<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Zhao \|first1=Xilei \|last2=Xu \|first2=Yiming \|last3=Lovreglio \|first3=Ruggiero \|last4=Kuligowski \|first4=Erica \|last5=Nilsson \|first5=Daniel \|last6=Cova \|first6=Thomas J. \|last7=Wu \|first7=Alex \|last8=Yan \|first8=Xiang \|date=2022-06-01 \|title=Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192092200102X \|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment \|volume=107 \|pages=103277 \|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277 \|issn=1361-9209\|arxiv=2109.07745 \|bibcode=2022TRPD..10703277Z }}</ref> and spotting wildfire in real time using [[computer vision]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/05/tech/ai-wildfires/index.html \|title=How AI is helping spot wildfires faster\|author1=Rachel Metz \|others=Video by John General \|website=CNN\|date=5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/11/06/california-has-million-acres-forest-this-company-is-training-artificial-intelligence-scour-it-all-wildfire/\|title=California has 33 million acres of forest. This company is training artificial intelligence to scour it all for wildfire. \|first=Peter\|last=Holley \|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Earthquake warning system\|Earthquake detection systems]] are now improving alongside the development of AI technology through measuring seismic data and implementing complex algorithms to improve detection and prediction rates.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=S. Mostafa \|last2=Sheng \|first2=Yixiao \|last3=Zhu \|first3=Weiqiang \|last4=Beroza \|first4=Gregory C. \|date=2019 \|title=STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI \|journal=IEEE Access \|volume=7 \|pages=179464–179476 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848 \|s2cid=208111095 \|issn=2169-3536\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2019IEEEA...7q9464M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Banna \|first1=Md. Hasan Al \|last2=Taher \|first2=Kazi Abu \|last3=Kaiser \|first3=M. Shamim \|last4=Mahmud \|first4=Mufti \|last5=Rahman \|first5=Md. Sazzadur \|last6=Hosen \|first6=A. S. M. Sanwar \|last7=Cho \|first7=Gi Hwan \|date=2020 \|title=Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Earthquakes: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges \|journal=IEEE Access \|volume=8 \|pages=192880–192923 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029859 \|s2cid=226292959 \|issn=2169-3536\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2020IEEEA...8s2880B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-02-09 \|title=How Location Intelligence Can Help Protect Lives During Disasters \|url=https://ehsdailyadvisor.blr.com/2022/02/how-location-intelligence-can-help-protect-lives-during-disasters/ \|access-date=2024-01-23 \|website=EHS Daily Advisor \|language=en-US}}</ref> Earthquake monitoring, phase picking, and seismic signal detection have developed through AI algorithms of [[Deep learning\|deep-learning]], analysis, and computational models.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=S. Mostafa \|last2=Ellsworth \|first2=William L. \|last3=Zhu \|first3=Weiqiang \|last4=Chuang \|first4=Lindsay Y. \|last5=Beroza \|first5=Gregory C. \|date=2020-08-07 \|title=Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking \|journal=Nature Communications \|language=en \|volume=11 \|issue=1 \|pages=3952 \|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w \|pmid=32770023 \|pmc=7415159 \|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3952M \|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> [[Locust]] breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help to stop locust swarms in an early phase.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Gómez \|first1=Diego \|last2=Salvador \|first2=Pablo \|last3=Sanz \|first3=Julia \|last4=Casanova \|first4=Carlos \|last5=Taratiel \|first5=Daniel \|last6=Casanova \|first6=Jose Luis \|date=August 15, 2018 \|title=Machine learning approach to locate desert locust breeding areas based on ESA CCI soil moisture \|journal=Journal of Applied Remote Sensing \|volume=12 \|issue=3 \|at=036011 \|bibcode=2018JARS...12c6011G \|doi=10.1117/1.JRS.12.036011 \|doi-access=free \|s2cid=52230139}}</ref>

	==Reception==		==Reception==

Frap: /* See also */ add portal

2025-04-21T11:07:15Z

GreenC bot: Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:USURPURL and JUDI batch #26aa

2025-03-06T18:11:37Z

Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.5 per WP:USURPURL and JUDI batch #26aa

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:11, 6 March 2025
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	* [https://eticasfoundation.org/oasi/register/ The OASI Register], algorithms with social impact		* [https://eticasfoundation.org/oasi/register/ The OASI Register], algorithms with social impact
	* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11279794/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_1 ''iHuman''] (Documentary, 2019) by [[Tonje Hessen Schei]]		* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11279794/?ref_=nm_flmg_dr_1 ''iHuman''] (Documentary, 2019) by [[Tonje Hessen Schei]]
	* ~~[https://motivatingspeech.com/how-blockchain-can-transform-india-jaspreet-bindra/ How Blockchain can transform India: Jaspreet Bindra]~~ {{~~Webarchive~~\|~~url~~=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628064819/https://motivatingspeech.com/how-blockchain-can-transform-india-jaspreet-bindra/ ~~\|date=2021-06-28~~ }}		* {{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210628064819/https://motivatingspeech.com/how-blockchain-can-transform-india-jaspreet-bindra/ How Blockchain can transform India: Jaspreet Bindra]}}
	* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sr2ga3BBMTc Can An AI Design Our Tax Policy?]		* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sr2ga3BBMTc Can An AI Design Our Tax Policy?]
	* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540962.2020.1821514/ New development: Blockchain—a revolutionary tool for the public sector], An introduction on the Blockchain's usage in the public sector by Vasileios Yfantis		* [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540962.2020.1821514/ New development: Blockchain—a revolutionary tool for the public sector], An introduction on the Blockchain's usage in the public sector by Vasileios Yfantis

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:43, 25 May 2025
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	A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|bibcode=2020SusCS..6302364S \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>		A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|bibcode=2020SusCS..6302364S \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>

	The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=~~http~~://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>		The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=https://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>

	In [[Saudi Arabia]], the planners of [[The Line, Saudi Arabia\|The Line]] assert that it will be monitored by AI to improve life by using data and predictive modeling.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Saudi Arabia is planning a 100-mile line of car-free smart communities \|url=https://www.engadget.com/the-line-neom-smart-city-saudi-arabia-mohammed-bin-salman-113539487.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMcI4yDl2upDPXrWiYcCTvvnvLTYKdun8IrX9Z5qdG4mnuWTzhJXw6ImGxBrHyoFm8THyrYuJAnCXujn6nMP5RtPji43N5A0iz5T2qguDg1q8342WV8_PitetSew8vJ9bA-5qKIjexmcriDG6I84NBwoIgZbzR_BlQhWICkM5Jk3 \|access-date=18 May 2022 \|work=Engadget}}</ref>		In [[Saudi Arabia]], the planners of [[The Line, Saudi Arabia\|The Line]] assert that it will be monitored by AI to improve life by using data and predictive modeling.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Saudi Arabia is planning a 100-mile line of car-free smart communities \|url=https://www.engadget.com/the-line-neom-smart-city-saudi-arabia-mohammed-bin-salman-113539487.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMcI4yDl2upDPXrWiYcCTvvnvLTYKdun8IrX9Z5qdG4mnuWTzhJXw6ImGxBrHyoFm8THyrYuJAnCXujn6nMP5RtPji43N5A0iz5T2qguDg1q8342WV8_PitetSew8vJ9bA-5qKIjexmcriDG6I84NBwoIgZbzR_BlQhWICkM5Jk3 \|access-date=18 May 2022 \|work=Engadget}}</ref>
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	Judges' decisions in Australia are supported by the [[Split Up (expert system)\|"Split Up" software]] in cases of determining the percentage of a split after a [[divorce]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Stranieri \|first1=Andrew \|last2=Zeleznikow \|first2=John \|title=Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '95 \|chapter=Levels of reasoning as the basis for a formalisation of argumentation \|date=2 December 1995 \|pages=333–339 \|doi=10.1145/221270.221608 \|chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/221270.221608 \|access-date=5 February 2022 \|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery\|isbn=0897918126 \|s2cid=12179742 }}</ref> [[COMPAS (software)\|COMPAS]] software is used in the USA to assess the risk of [[recidivism]] in courts.<ref>{{cite news \|title=A computer program used for bail and sentencing decisions was labeled biased against blacks. It's actually not that clear. \|author=Sam Corbett-Davies \|author2=Emma Pierson \|author3=Avi Feller \|author4=Sharad Goel \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/17/can-an-algorithm-be-racist-our-analysis-is-more-cautious-than-propublicas/ \|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] \|date=October 17, 2016 \|access-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine \|author=Aaron M. Bornstein \|title=Are Algorithms Building the New Infrastructure of Racism? \|magazine=[[Nautilus (science magazine)\|Nautilus]] \|date=December 21, 2017 \|url=http://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism \|access-date=January 2, 2018 \|issue=55 \|archive-date=January 3, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011728/http://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the statement of Beijing Internet Court, China is the first country to create an internet court or cyber court.<ref name=internetcourt>{{cite web \|title=Beijing Internet Court launches online litigation service center \|url=https://english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn/2019-07/01/c_190.htm \|website=english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn \|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=China Now Has AI-Powered Judges \|url=https://radiichina.com/china-now-has-ai-powered-robot-judges/ \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|work=RADII {{!}} Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China \|date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Fish \|first1=Tom \|title=AI shock: China unveils 'cyber court' complete with AI judges and verdicts via chat app \|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1214019/ai-china-cyber-court-artificial-intelligence-judges-verdicts-chat-app \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|work=Express.co.uk \|date=6 December 2019}}</ref> The Chinese AI judge is a [[virtual actor\|virtual recreation]] of an actual female judge. She "will help the court's judges complete repetitive basic work, including litigation reception, thus enabling professional practitioners to focus better on their trial work".<ref name=internetcourt/> Also, [[Estonia]] plans to employ artificial intelligence to decide small-claim cases of less than €7,000.<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So \|url=https://www.wired.com/story/can-ai-be-fair-judge-court-estonia-thinks-so/ \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|magazine=Wired}}</ref>		Judges' decisions in Australia are supported by the [[Split Up (expert system)\|"Split Up" software]] in cases of determining the percentage of a split after a [[divorce]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Stranieri \|first1=Andrew \|last2=Zeleznikow \|first2=John \|title=Proceedings of the fourth international conference on Information and knowledge management - CIKM '95 \|chapter=Levels of reasoning as the basis for a formalisation of argumentation \|date=2 December 1995 \|pages=333–339 \|doi=10.1145/221270.221608 \|chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/221270.221608 \|access-date=5 February 2022 \|publisher=Association for Computing Machinery\|isbn=0897918126 \|s2cid=12179742 }}</ref> [[COMPAS (software)\|COMPAS]] software is used in the USA to assess the risk of [[recidivism]] in courts.<ref>{{cite news \|title=A computer program used for bail and sentencing decisions was labeled biased against blacks. It's actually not that clear. \|author=Sam Corbett-Davies \|author2=Emma Pierson \|author3=Avi Feller \|author4=Sharad Goel \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/17/can-an-algorithm-be-racist-our-analysis-is-more-cautious-than-propublicas/ \|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] \|date=October 17, 2016 \|access-date=January 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine \|author=Aaron M. Bornstein \|title=Are Algorithms Building the New Infrastructure of Racism? \|magazine=[[Nautilus (science magazine)\|Nautilus]] \|date=December 21, 2017 \|url=http://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism \|access-date=January 2, 2018 \|issue=55 \|archive-date=January 3, 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103011728/http://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism \|url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the statement of Beijing Internet Court, China is the first country to create an internet court or cyber court.<ref name=internetcourt>{{cite web \|title=Beijing Internet Court launches online litigation service center \|url=https://english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn/2019-07/01/c_190.htm \|website=english.bjinternetcourt.gov.cn \|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=China Now Has AI-Powered Judges \|url=https://radiichina.com/china-now-has-ai-powered-robot-judges/ \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|work=RADII {{!}} Culture, Innovation, and Life in today's China \|date=16 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|last1=Fish \|first1=Tom \|title=AI shock: China unveils 'cyber court' complete with AI judges and verdicts via chat app \|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1214019/ai-china-cyber-court-artificial-intelligence-judges-verdicts-chat-app \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|work=Express.co.uk \|date=6 December 2019}}</ref> The Chinese AI judge is a [[virtual actor\|virtual recreation]] of an actual female judge. She "will help the court's judges complete repetitive basic work, including litigation reception, thus enabling professional practitioners to focus better on their trial work".<ref name=internetcourt/> Also, [[Estonia]] plans to employ artificial intelligence to decide small-claim cases of less than €7,000.<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So \|url=https://www.wired.com/story/can-ai-be-fair-judge-court-estonia-thinks-so/ \|access-date=13 April 2020 \|magazine=Wired}}</ref>

	[[Lawbot]]s can perform tasks that are typically done by paralegals or young associates at law firms. One such technology used by US law firms to assist in legal research is from ROSS Intelligence,<ref>"ROSS Intelligence Lands Another Law Firm Client." The American Lawyer. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <~~http~~://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202769384977/ROSS-Intelligence-Lands-Another-Law-Firm-Client>.</ref> and others vary in sophistication and dependence on scripted [[algorithm]]s.<ref>CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081439/https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ \|date=2022-03-31 }}>.</ref> Another legal technology [[chatbot]] application is [[DoNotPay]].		[[Lawbot]]s can perform tasks that are typically done by paralegals or young associates at law firms. One such technology used by US law firms to assist in legal research is from ROSS Intelligence,<ref>"ROSS Intelligence Lands Another Law Firm Client." The American Lawyer. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://www.americanlawyer.com/id=1202769384977/ROSS-Intelligence-Lands-Another-Law-Firm-Client>.</ref> and others vary in sophistication and dependence on scripted [[algorithm]]s.<ref>CodeX Techindex. Stanford Law School, n.d. Web. 16 June 2017. <https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081439/https://techindex.law.stanford.edu/ \|date=2022-03-31 }}>.</ref> Another legal technology [[chatbot]] application is [[DoNotPay]].

	===Algorithms in education===		===Algorithms in education===

← Previous revision		Revision as of 01:43, 13 May 2025
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	In 2012, [[NOPD]] started a collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of [[predictive policing]].<ref name=verge>{{cite news \|last1=Winston \|first1=Ali \|title=Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology \|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/27/17054740/palantir-predictive-policing-tool-new-orleans-nopd \|access-date=23 April 2020 \|work=The Verge \|date=27 February 2018}}</ref> Besides Palantir's Gotham software, other similar ([[numerical analysis software]]) used by police agencies (such as the NCRIC) include [[SAS (software)\|SAS]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article~~/neapqg~~/300-californian-cities-secretly-have-access-to-palantir\|title=300 Californian Cities Secretly Have Access to Palantir\|first=Caroline\|last=Haskins\|date=July 12, 2019}}</ref>		In 2012, [[NOPD]] started a collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of [[predictive policing]].<ref name=verge>{{cite news \|last1=Winston \|first1=Ali \|title=Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology \|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/27/17054740/palantir-predictive-policing-tool-new-orleans-nopd \|access-date=23 April 2020 \|work=The Verge \|date=27 February 2018}}</ref> Besides Palantir's Gotham software, other similar ([[numerical analysis software]]) used by police agencies (such as the NCRIC) include [[SAS (software)\|SAS]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/300-californian-cities-secretly-have-access-to-palantir/\|title=300 Californian Cities Secretly Have Access to Palantir\|first=Caroline\|last=Haskins\|date=July 12, 2019}}</ref>

	In the fight against money laundering, [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network\|FinCEN]] employs the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) since 1995.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Senator \|first1=Ted E. \|last2=Wong \|first2=Raphael W.H. \|last3=Marrone \|first3=Michael P. \|last4=Llamas \|first4=Winston M. \|last5=Klinger \|first5=Christina D. \|last6=Khan \|first6=A.F. Umar \|last7=Cottini \|first7=Matthew A. \|last8=Goldberg \|first8=Henry G. \|last9=Wooton \|first9=Jerry \|title=The FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System: Identifying Potential Money Laundering from Reports of Large Cash Transactions \|journal=AAAI \|url=https://www.aaai.org/Library/IAAI/1995/iaai95-015.php \|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Goldberg \|first1=H. G. \|last2=Senator \|first2=T. E. \|chapter=The FinCEN AI System: Finding Financial Crimes in a Large Database of Cash Transactions \|title=Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets \|date=1998 \|pages=283–302 \|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 \|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=978-3-642-08344-0 \|language=en}}</ref>		In the fight against money laundering, [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network\|FinCEN]] employs the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) since 1995.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Senator \|first1=Ted E. \|last2=Wong \|first2=Raphael W.H. \|last3=Marrone \|first3=Michael P. \|last4=Llamas \|first4=Winston M. \|last5=Klinger \|first5=Christina D. \|last6=Khan \|first6=A.F. Umar \|last7=Cottini \|first7=Matthew A. \|last8=Goldberg \|first8=Henry G. \|last9=Wooton \|first9=Jerry \|title=The FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System: Identifying Potential Money Laundering from Reports of Large Cash Transactions \|journal=AAAI \|url=https://www.aaai.org/Library/IAAI/1995/iaai95-015.php \|access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Goldberg \|first1=H. G. \|last2=Senator \|first2=T. E. \|chapter=The FinCEN AI System: Finding Financial Crimes in a Large Database of Cash Transactions \|title=Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets \|date=1998 \|pages=283–302 \|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 \|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 \|publisher=Springer \|isbn=978-3-642-08344-0 \|language=en}}</ref>
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	In 2019, AI-powered messenger [[chatbot]] SAM participated in the discussions on social media connected to an electoral race in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Sarmah \|first1=Harshajit \|title=World's First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand \|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/worlds-first-ai-powered-virtual-politician-sam-joins-the-electoral-race-in-new-zealand/ \|access-date=11 April 2020 \|work=Analytics India Magazine \|date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The creator of SAM, Nick Gerritsen, believed SAM would be advanced enough to run as a [[Virtual politician\|candidate]] by late 2020, when New Zealand had its next general election.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Meet SAM, world's first AI politician that hopes to run for New Zealand election in 2020 \|date=26 November 2017 \|work=Hindustan Times \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126111001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=November 26, 2017 \|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>		In 2019, AI-powered messenger [[chatbot]] SAM participated in the discussions on social media connected to an electoral race in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Sarmah \|first1=Harshajit \|title=World's First AI-powered Virtual Politician SAM Joins The Electoral Race In New Zealand \|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/worlds-first-ai-powered-virtual-politician-sam-joins-the-electoral-race-in-new-zealand/ \|access-date=11 April 2020 \|work=Analytics India Magazine \|date=28 January 2019}}</ref> The creator of SAM, Nick Gerritsen, believed SAM would be advanced enough to run as a [[Virtual politician\|candidate]] by late 2020, when New Zealand had its next general election.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Meet SAM, world's first AI politician that hopes to run for New Zealand election in 2020 \|date=26 November 2017 \|work=Hindustan Times \|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126111001/http://www.hindustantimes.com/science/meet-sam-world-s-first-ai-politician-that-hopes-to-run-for-new-zealand-election-in-2020/story-TPnkQNM4UQae3IgcifZq4K.html \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=November 26, 2017 \|access-date=11 April 2020}}</ref>

	In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for [[The Synthetic Party]] to run in the 2022 [[Danish Realm\|Danish]] parliamentary election,<ref>{{cite news \|last=Sternberg \|first=Sarah \|date=20 June 2022 \|title=Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens \|trans-title=Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence \|newspaper=[[Jyllands-Posten]] \|url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/ECE14145385/danskere-vil-ind-paa-den-politiske-scene-med-kunstig-intelligens/ \|access-date=2022-06-20}}</ref> and was built by the artist collective [https://computerlars.com Computer Lars].<ref>{{cite news \|last=Diwakar \|first=Amar \|date=2022-08-22 \|title=Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics? \|trans-title= \|newspaper=[[TRT World]] \|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/can-an-ai-led-danish-party-usher-in-an-age-of-algorithmic-politics-60008 \|access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref> Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a [[political party]] and by not pretending to be an objective candidate.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Xiang \|first=Chloe \|date=13 October 2022 \|title=This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI \|trans-title= \|newspaper=[[Motherboard (website)\|Vice: Motherboard]] \|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article~~/jgpb3p~~/this-danish-political-party-is-led-by-an-ai \|access-date=2022-10-13}}</ref> This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Hearing \|first=Alice \|date=14 October 2022 \|title=A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines \|url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/14/ai-chatbot-leader-lars-the-synthetic-party-discord-russia-ukraine-crimea-policy/ \|work=Fortune }}</ref>		In 2022, the chatbot "Leader Lars" or "Leder Lars" was nominated for [[The Synthetic Party]] to run in the 2022 [[Danish Realm\|Danish]] parliamentary election,<ref>{{cite news \|last=Sternberg \|first=Sarah \|date=20 June 2022 \|title=Danskere vil ind på den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens \|trans-title=Danes want to enter the political scene with artificial intelligence \|newspaper=[[Jyllands-Posten]] \|url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/ECE14145385/danskere-vil-ind-paa-den-politiske-scene-med-kunstig-intelligens/ \|access-date=2022-06-20}}</ref> and was built by the artist collective [https://computerlars.com Computer Lars].<ref>{{cite news \|last=Diwakar \|first=Amar \|date=2022-08-22 \|title=Can an AI-led Danish party usher in an age of algorithmic politics? \|trans-title= \|newspaper=[[TRT World]] \|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/can-an-ai-led-danish-party-usher-in-an-age-of-algorithmic-politics-60008 \|access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref> Leader Lars differed from earlier virtual politicians by leading a [[political party]] and by not pretending to be an objective candidate.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Xiang \|first=Chloe \|date=13 October 2022 \|title=This Danish Political Party Is Led by an AI \|trans-title= \|newspaper=[[Motherboard (website)\|Vice: Motherboard]] \|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-danish-political-party-is-led-by-an-ai/ \|access-date=2022-10-13}}</ref> This chatbot engaged in critical discussions on politics with users from around the world.<ref>{{cite web \|last=Hearing \|first=Alice \|date=14 October 2022 \|title=A.I. chatbot is leading a Danish political party and setting its policies. Now users are grilling it for its stance on political landmines \|url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/14/ai-chatbot-leader-lars-the-synthetic-party-discord-russia-ukraine-crimea-policy/ \|work=Fortune }}</ref>

	In 2023, In the Japanese town of Manazuru, a mayoral candidate called "[[AI Mayer]]" hopes to be the first AI-powered officeholder in Japan in November 2023. This candidacy is said to be supported by a group led by Michihito Matsuda <ref>{{cite news \|date=2023-11-07\|title=Danskere vil ind den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens \|trans-title=AI Mayer run to the election in Manazuru Town\|newspaper=Tokyo Sports \|url= https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/articles/-/282034 \|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref>		In 2023, In the Japanese town of Manazuru, a mayoral candidate called "[[AI Mayer]]" hopes to be the first AI-powered officeholder in Japan in November 2023. This candidacy is said to be supported by a group led by Michihito Matsuda <ref>{{cite news \|date=2023-11-07\|title=Danskere vil ind den politiske scene med kunstig intelligens \|trans-title=AI Mayer run to the election in Manazuru Town\|newspaper=Tokyo Sports \|url= https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/articles/-/282034 \|access-date=2023-11-25}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:06, 28 April 2025
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	* [[Management cybernetics]]		* [[Management cybernetics]]
	* [[Multivac]]		* [[Multivac]]
			* [[Post-scarcity]]
	* [[Predictive analytics]]		* [[Predictive analytics]]
	* [[Sharing economy]]		* [[Sharing economy]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:42, 23 April 2025
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	[[File:Architecture-of-the-IoT-for-home-care-systems.jpg\|thumb\|Architecture of the [[IoT]] for home care systems]]		[[File:Architecture-of-the-IoT-for-home-care-systems.jpg\|thumb\|Architecture of the [[IoT]] for home care systems]]

	A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707}}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>		A [[smart city]] is an urban area where collected surveillance data is used to improve various operations. Increase in computational power allows more automated decision making and replacement of public agencies by algorithmic governance.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Brauneis \|first1=Robert \|last2=Goodman \|first2=Ellen P. \|title=Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City \|journal=Yale Journal of Law & Technology \|date=1 January 2018 \|volume=20 \|issue=1 \|pages=103 \|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-544510684/algorithmic-transparency-for-the-smart-city \|access-date=20 September 2020 \|archive-date=15 August 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815021439/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia \|url-status=dead }}</ref> In particular, the combined use of artificial intelligence and blockchains for [[Internet of things\|IoT]] may lead to the creation of [[sustainable]] smart city ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Singh \|first1=Saurabh \|last2=Sharma \|first2=Pradip Kumar \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Byungun \|last4=Shojafar \|first4=Mohammad \|last5=Cho \|first5=Gi Hwan \|last6=Ra \|first6=In-Ho \|title=Convergence of blockchain and artificial intelligence in IoT network for the sustainable smart city \|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society \|date=1 December 2020 \|volume=63 \|pages=102364 \|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2020.102364 \|bibcode=2020SusCS..6302364S \|s2cid=225022879 \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210670720305850 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|issn=2210-6707}}</ref> [[Intelligent street lighting]] in [[Glasgow]] is an example of successful government application of AI algorithms.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Gardner \|first1=Allison \|title=Don't write off government algorithms – responsible AI can produce real benefits \|work=The Conversation \|url=https://theconversation.com/dont-write-off-government-algorithms-responsible-ai-can-produce-real-benefits-145895 \|access-date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A study of smart city initiatives in the US shows that it requires public sector as a main organizer and coordinator, the private sector as a technology and infrastructure provider, and universities as expertise contributors.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Morrow \|first1=Garrett \|title=The Robot in City Hall: The Limitations, Structure, and Governance of Smart City Technology Regimes\|date=2022 \|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/6785af5e14f63d5e91d47b76337e4aec/1.pdf \|via=ProQuest \|language=en}}</ref>

	The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=http://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>		The [[cryptocurrency]] millionaire Jeffrey Berns proposed the operation of [[local governments]] in [[Nevada]] by tech firms in 2021.<ref name=nevada>{{cite news \|title=Nevada smart city: A millionaire's plan to create a local government \|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56409924 \|access-date=24 March 2021 \|work=BBC News \|date=18 March 2021}}</ref> Berns bought 67,000 acres (271 km<sup>2</sup>) in Nevada's rural [[Storey County]] (population 4,104) for $170,000,000 (£121,000,000) in 2018 in order to develop a smart city with more than 36,000 residents that could generate an annual output of $4,600,000,000.<ref name=nevada/> Cryptocurrency would be allowed for payments.<ref name=nevada/> Blockchains, Inc. "Innovation Zone" was canceled in September 2021 after it failed to secure enough water<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Independent \|first=Daniel Rothberg {{!}} The Nevada \|title=Blockchains, Inc. withdraws 'Innovation Zone' plan for Storey County \|url=http://www.nnbw.com/news/2021/oct/12/blockchains-inc-withdraws-innovation-zone-plan-sto/ \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=www.nnbw.com}}</ref> for the planned 36,000 residents, through water imports from a site located 100 miles away in the neighboring [[Washoe County, Nevada\|Washoe County]].<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com">{{Cite web \|title=Months before a company lobbied the Legislature to create its own county, it purchased faraway water rights that could fuel future growth \|url=https://thenevadaindependent.com/article/months-before-a-company-lobbied-the-legislature-to-create-its-own-county-it-purchased-faraway-water-rights-that-could-fuel-future-growth \|access-date=2022-11-07 \|website=The Nevada Independent \|date=12 February 2021 \|language=en}}</ref> A similar water pipeline proposed in 2007 was estimated to cost $100 million and would have taken about 10 years to develop.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/> With additional water rights purchased from Tahoe Reno Industrial General Improvement District, "Innovation Zone" would have acquired enough water for about 15,400 homes - meaning that it would have barely covered its planned 15,000 dwelling units, leaving nothing for the rest of the projected city and its 22 million square-feet of industrial development.<ref name="thenevadaindependent.com"/>
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	{{See also\|Early warning system}}		{{See also\|Early warning system}}

	[[Tsunami]]s can be detected by [[Tsunami warning system]]s. They can make use of AI.<ref>{{cite web \|first=Magdalena \|last=Osumi\|title=How AI will help us better understand tsunami risks \|date=August 16, 2019\|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/how-ai-will-help-us-better-understand-tsunami-risks \|website=www.preventionweb.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221057355\|title=Artificially Intelligent Tsunami Early Warning System}}</ref> [[Flooding]]s can also be detected using AI systems.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://fortune.com/2019/08/10/artificial-intelligence-wildfires-flooding-rescue/\|title=How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Fight Climate Change-Driven Wildfires and Save Lives\|website=Fortune}}</ref> [[Wildfire]]s can be predicted using AI systems.<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Predictive modeling of wildfires: A new dataset and machine learning approach\|first1=Younes Oulad\|last1=Sayad\|first2=Hajar \|last2=Mousannif\|first3=Hassan\|last3=Al Moatassime\|date=March 1, 2019\|journal=Fire Safety Journal \|volume=104\|pages=130–146\|doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.006\|s2cid=116032143\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261272818\|title=Artificial intelligence for forest fire prediction}}</ref> [[Wildfire#Detection\|Wildfire detection is possible by AI systems]] (i.e. through satellite data, aerial imagery, and GPS phone personnel position) and can help in the evacuation of people during wildfires,<ref>{{cite journal \|last1= Zhao \|first1=Xilei \|last2=Lovreglio \|first2=Ruggiero \|last3=Kuligowski \|first3=Erica \|last4=Nilsson \|first4=Daniel \|date=April 15, 2020 \|title=Using Artificial Intelligence for Safe and Effective Wildfire Evacuations \|journal=Fire Technology \|volume=57 \|issue=2 \|pages=483–485 \|doi=10.1007/s10694-020-00979-x \|s2cid=218801709 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> to investigate how householders responded in wildfires<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Zhao \|first1=Xilei \|last2=Xu \|first2=Yiming \|last3=Lovreglio \|first3=Ruggiero \|last4=Kuligowski \|first4=Erica \|last5=Nilsson \|first5=Daniel \|last6=Cova \|first6=Thomas J. \|last7=Wu \|first7=Alex \|last8=Yan \|first8=Xiang \|date=2022-06-01 \|title=Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192092200102X \|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment \|volume=107 \|pages=103277 \|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277 \|issn=1361-9209\|arxiv=2109.07745 }}</ref> and spotting wildfire in real time using [[computer vision]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/05/tech/ai-wildfires/index.html \|title=How AI is helping spot wildfires faster\|author1=Rachel Metz \|others=Video by John General \|website=CNN\|date=5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/11/06/california-has-million-acres-forest-this-company-is-training-artificial-intelligence-scour-it-all-wildfire/\|title=California has 33 million acres of forest. This company is training artificial intelligence to scour it all for wildfire. \|first=Peter\|last=Holley \|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Earthquake warning system\|Earthquake detection systems]] are now improving alongside the development of AI technology through measuring seismic data and implementing complex algorithms to improve detection and prediction rates.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=S. Mostafa \|last2=Sheng \|first2=Yixiao \|last3=Zhu \|first3=Weiqiang \|last4=Beroza \|first4=Gregory C. \|date=2019 \|title=STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI \|journal=IEEE Access \|volume=7 \|pages=179464–179476 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848 \|s2cid=208111095 \|issn=2169-3536\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2019IEEEA...7q9464M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Banna \|first1=Md. Hasan Al \|last2=Taher \|first2=Kazi Abu \|last3=Kaiser \|first3=M. Shamim \|last4=Mahmud \|first4=Mufti \|last5=Rahman \|first5=Md. Sazzadur \|last6=Hosen \|first6=A. S. M. Sanwar \|last7=Cho \|first7=Gi Hwan \|date=2020 \|title=Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Earthquakes: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges \|journal=IEEE Access \|volume=8 \|pages=192880–192923 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029859 \|s2cid=226292959 \|issn=2169-3536\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2020IEEEA...8s2880B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-02-09 \|title=How Location Intelligence Can Help Protect Lives During Disasters \|url=https://ehsdailyadvisor.blr.com/2022/02/how-location-intelligence-can-help-protect-lives-during-disasters/ \|access-date=2024-01-23 \|website=EHS Daily Advisor \|language=en-US}}</ref> Earthquake monitoring, phase picking, and seismic signal detection have developed through AI algorithms of [[Deep learning\|deep-learning]], analysis, and computational models.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=S. Mostafa \|last2=Ellsworth \|first2=William L. \|last3=Zhu \|first3=Weiqiang \|last4=Chuang \|first4=Lindsay Y. \|last5=Beroza \|first5=Gregory C. \|date=2020-08-07 \|title=Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking \|journal=Nature Communications \|language=en \|volume=11 \|issue=1 \|pages=3952 \|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w \|pmid=32770023 \|pmc=7415159 \|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3952M \|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> [[Locust]] breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help to stop locust swarms in an early phase.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Gómez \|first1=Diego \|last2=Salvador \|first2=Pablo \|last3=Sanz \|first3=Julia \|last4=Casanova \|first4=Carlos \|last5=Taratiel \|first5=Daniel \|last6=Casanova \|first6=Jose Luis \|date=August 15, 2018 \|title=Machine learning approach to locate desert locust breeding areas based on ESA CCI soil moisture \|journal=Journal of Applied Remote Sensing \|volume=12 \|issue=3 \|at=036011 \|bibcode=2018JARS...12c6011G \|doi=10.1117/1.JRS.12.036011 \|doi-access=free \|s2cid=52230139}}</ref>		[[Tsunami]]s can be detected by [[Tsunami warning system]]s. They can make use of AI.<ref>{{cite web \|first=Magdalena \|last=Osumi\|title=How AI will help us better understand tsunami risks \|date=August 16, 2019\|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/how-ai-will-help-us-better-understand-tsunami-risks \|website=www.preventionweb.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221057355\|title=Artificially Intelligent Tsunami Early Warning System}}</ref> [[Flooding]]s can also be detected using AI systems.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://fortune.com/2019/08/10/artificial-intelligence-wildfires-flooding-rescue/\|title=How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Fight Climate Change-Driven Wildfires and Save Lives\|website=Fortune}}</ref> [[Wildfire]]s can be predicted using AI systems.<ref>{{cite journal \|title=Predictive modeling of wildfires: A new dataset and machine learning approach\|first1=Younes Oulad\|last1=Sayad\|first2=Hajar \|last2=Mousannif\|first3=Hassan\|last3=Al Moatassime\|date=March 1, 2019\|journal=Fire Safety Journal \|volume=104\|pages=130–146\|doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.006\|s2cid=116032143\|doi-access=free\|bibcode=2019FirSJ.104..130S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261272818\|title=Artificial intelligence for forest fire prediction}}</ref> [[Wildfire#Detection\|Wildfire detection is possible by AI systems]] (i.e. through satellite data, aerial imagery, and GPS phone personnel position) and can help in the evacuation of people during wildfires,<ref>{{cite journal \|last1= Zhao \|first1=Xilei \|last2=Lovreglio \|first2=Ruggiero \|last3=Kuligowski \|first3=Erica \|last4=Nilsson \|first4=Daniel \|date=April 15, 2020 \|title=Using Artificial Intelligence for Safe and Effective Wildfire Evacuations \|journal=Fire Technology \|volume=57 \|issue=2 \|pages=483–485 \|doi=10.1007/s10694-020-00979-x \|s2cid=218801709 \|doi-access=free}}</ref> to investigate how householders responded in wildfires<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Zhao \|first1=Xilei \|last2=Xu \|first2=Yiming \|last3=Lovreglio \|first3=Ruggiero \|last4=Kuligowski \|first4=Erica \|last5=Nilsson \|first5=Daniel \|last6=Cova \|first6=Thomas J. \|last7=Wu \|first7=Alex \|last8=Yan \|first8=Xiang \|date=2022-06-01 \|title=Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192092200102X \|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment \|volume=107 \|pages=103277 \|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277 \|issn=1361-9209\|arxiv=2109.07745 \|bibcode=2022TRPD..10703277Z }}</ref> and spotting wildfire in real time using [[computer vision]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/05/tech/ai-wildfires/index.html \|title=How AI is helping spot wildfires faster\|author1=Rachel Metz \|others=Video by John General \|website=CNN\|date=5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/11/06/california-has-million-acres-forest-this-company-is-training-artificial-intelligence-scour-it-all-wildfire/\|title=California has 33 million acres of forest. This company is training artificial intelligence to scour it all for wildfire. \|first=Peter\|last=Holley \|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> [[Earthquake warning system\|Earthquake detection systems]] are now improving alongside the development of AI technology through measuring seismic data and implementing complex algorithms to improve detection and prediction rates.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=S. Mostafa \|last2=Sheng \|first2=Yixiao \|last3=Zhu \|first3=Weiqiang \|last4=Beroza \|first4=Gregory C. \|date=2019 \|title=STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI \|journal=IEEE Access \|volume=7 \|pages=179464–179476 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848 \|s2cid=208111095 \|issn=2169-3536\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2019IEEEA...7q9464M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Banna \|first1=Md. Hasan Al \|last2=Taher \|first2=Kazi Abu \|last3=Kaiser \|first3=M. Shamim \|last4=Mahmud \|first4=Mufti \|last5=Rahman \|first5=Md. Sazzadur \|last6=Hosen \|first6=A. S. M. Sanwar \|last7=Cho \|first7=Gi Hwan \|date=2020 \|title=Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Earthquakes: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges \|journal=IEEE Access \|volume=8 \|pages=192880–192923 \|doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029859 \|s2cid=226292959 \|issn=2169-3536\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2020IEEEA...8s2880B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2022-02-09 \|title=How Location Intelligence Can Help Protect Lives During Disasters \|url=https://ehsdailyadvisor.blr.com/2022/02/how-location-intelligence-can-help-protect-lives-during-disasters/ \|access-date=2024-01-23 \|website=EHS Daily Advisor \|language=en-US}}</ref> Earthquake monitoring, phase picking, and seismic signal detection have developed through AI algorithms of [[Deep learning\|deep-learning]], analysis, and computational models.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Mousavi \|first1=S. Mostafa \|last2=Ellsworth \|first2=William L. \|last3=Zhu \|first3=Weiqiang \|last4=Chuang \|first4=Lindsay Y. \|last5=Beroza \|first5=Gregory C. \|date=2020-08-07 \|title=Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking \|journal=Nature Communications \|language=en \|volume=11 \|issue=1 \|pages=3952 \|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w \|pmid=32770023 \|pmc=7415159 \|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3952M \|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> [[Locust]] breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help to stop locust swarms in an early phase.<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Gómez \|first1=Diego \|last2=Salvador \|first2=Pablo \|last3=Sanz \|first3=Julia \|last4=Casanova \|first4=Carlos \|last5=Taratiel \|first5=Daniel \|last6=Casanova \|first6=Jose Luis \|date=August 15, 2018 \|title=Machine learning approach to locate desert locust breeding areas based on ESA CCI soil moisture \|journal=Journal of Applied Remote Sensing \|volume=12 \|issue=3 \|at=036011 \|bibcode=2018JARS...12c6011G \|doi=10.1117/1.JRS.12.036011 \|doi-access=free \|s2cid=52230139}}</ref>

	==Reception==		==Reception==

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:07, 21 April 2025
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	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Portal\|Law}}
	{{div col\|colwidth=20em}}		{{div col\|colwidth=20em}}
	* [[Anti-corruption]]		* [[Anti-corruption]]