Graphical Kernel System - Revision history

Maury Markowitz at 18:09, 3 June 2025

2025-06-03T18:09:17Z

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			The '''Graphical Kernel System''' ('''GKS''') is a [[2D computer graphics]] system using [[vector graphics]], introduced in 1977. It was suitable for making line and bar charts and similar tasks. A key concept was cross-system portability, based on an underlying coordinate system that could be represented on almost any hardware. GKS is best known as the basis for the graphics in the [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] [[graphical user interface\|GUI]] system used on the [[Atari ST]] and as part of [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]].
	The '''Graphical Kernel System''' ('''GKS''') was the first [[International Organization for Standardization\|ISO]] standard for low-level [[computer graphics]], introduced in 1977. A draft international standard was circulated for review in September 1983.<ref name="NS_1983"/><ref name="Straayer_1983"/><ref name="DW_1983"/>

	Final ratification of the standard was achieved in 1985.<ref name="ISO_1985"/><ref name="CW_1985"/>
			A draft international standard was circulated for review in September 1983.<ref name="NS_1983"/><ref name="Straayer_1983"/><ref name="DW_1983"/> Final ratification of the standard was achieved in 1985, making it the first [[International Organization for Standardization\|ISO]] graphics standard.<ref name="ISO_1985"/><ref name="CW_1985"/>

			A [[3D computer graphics\|3D]] system modelled on GKS was introduced as [[PHIGS]], which saw some use in the 1980s and early 1990s.

	==Overview==		==Overview==
	GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional [[vector graphics]] suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different [[programming language]]s, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.		GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional [[vector graphics]] suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different [[programming language]]s, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.

		⚫	GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/> GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] which evolved into VDI, one of the core components of [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]]. GEM was the native GUI on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs, particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. GKS was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.
	GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>
⚫	GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] which evolved into VDI, one of the core components of [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]]. GEM was the native GUI on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs, particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. GKS was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile~~]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS~~]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.

	A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].		A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2024-06-18T06:36:23Z

Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist\|refs=		{{Reflist\|refs=
	<ref name="NS_1983">{{cite magazine \|magazine=[[New Scientist]] \|title=Europe calls the tune on computer graphics \|author=<!-- staff editors --> \|page=152 \|date=1983-04-21 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYf6sbOhyP0C&pg=PA152 \|access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>		<ref name="NS_1983">{{cite magazine \|magazine=[[New Scientist]] \|title=Europe calls the tune on computer graphics \|author=<!-- staff editors --> \|page=152 \|date=1983-04-21 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYf6sbOhyP0C&pg=PA152 \|access-date=2018-01-18 }}{{Dead link\|date=June 2024 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
	<ref name="Straayer_1983">{{cite magazine \|magazine=[[Computerworld]] \|title=Headway Being Made on Graphics Standards \|author-first=Dave \|author-last=Straayer \|page=7 \|date=1983-07-25 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mIm9mWKDxYC&pg=RA1-PA7 \|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref>		<ref name="Straayer_1983">{{cite magazine \|magazine=[[Computerworld]] \|title=Headway Being Made on Graphics Standards \|author-first=Dave \|author-last=Straayer \|page=7 \|date=1983-07-25 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mIm9mWKDxYC&pg=RA1-PA7 \|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref>
	<ref name="DW_1983">{{cite magazine \|author=<!-- staff editors --> \|magazine=[[Computerworld]] \|page=64 \|title=Ansi Seeking Comment On Standard for Graphics \|date=1983-09-12 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_itgx7IkelMC&pg=PA64 \|access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>		<ref name="DW_1983">{{cite magazine \|author=<!-- staff editors --> \|magazine=[[Computerworld]] \|page=64 \|title=Ansi Seeking Comment On Standard for Graphics \|date=1983-09-12 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_itgx7IkelMC&pg=PA64 \|access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>
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	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==
	* {{Cite book \|author-last=Hopgood \|author-first=F. R. A. \|title=Introduction to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) \|date=1983 \|publisher=[[Academic Press]] \|location=London \|isbn=0-12-355570-1}}		* {{Cite book \|author-last=Hopgood \|author-first=F. R. A. \|title=Introduction to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) \|date=1983 \|publisher=[[Academic Press]] \|location=London \|isbn=0-12-355570-1}}
	* {{cite web \|title=The Graphical Kernel System \|author-last=Laflin \|author-first=Susan \|date=August 1999 \|work=SEM307 Computer Graphics II \|publisher=School of Computer Science, [[University of Birmingham]] \|url=http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~slb/courses/Graphics/g13.html \|access-date=2007-02-18}}		* {{cite web \|title=The Graphical Kernel System \|author-last=Laflin \|author-first=Susan \|date=August 1999 \|work=SEM307 Computer Graphics II \|publisher=School of Computer Science, [[University of Birmingham]] \|url=http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~slb/courses/Graphics/g13.html \|access-date=2007-02-18 \|archive-date=2015-09-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211533/http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~slb/courses/Graphics/g13.html \|url-status=dead }}
	* {{cite book \|author-first1=José L. \|author-last1=Encarnação \|author-link1=José Luis Encarnação \|author-first2=L. M. \|author-last2=Encarnação \|author-first3=Wolfgang R. \|author-last3=Herzner \|title=Graphische Datenverarbeitung mit GKS \|language=de \|publisher=[[Carl Hanser Verlag]] \|location=München / Wien \|date=1987 \|edition=1 \|isbn=3446149783}}		* {{cite book \|author-first1=José L. \|author-last1=Encarnação \|author-link1=José Luis Encarnação \|author-first2=L. M. \|author-last2=Encarnação \|author-first3=Wolfgang R. \|author-last3=Herzner \|title=Graphische Datenverarbeitung mit GKS \|language=de \|publisher=[[Carl Hanser Verlag]] \|location=München / Wien \|date=1987 \|edition=1 \|isbn=3446149783}}
	* {{cite book \|author-first1=Jörg \|author-last1=Bechlars \|author-first2=Rainer \|author-last2=Buhtz \|title=GKS in der Praxis \|language=de \|publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] \|location=Heidelberg \|date=1994 \|edition=2 \|isbn=3540567852}}		* {{cite book \|author-first1=Jörg \|author-last1=Bechlars \|author-first2=Rainer \|author-last2=Buhtz \|title=GKS in der Praxis \|language=de \|publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] \|location=Heidelberg \|date=1994 \|edition=2 \|isbn=3540567852}}

AbsoluteWissen: Oxford spelling

2024-04-18T08:06:25Z

Oxford spelling

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	{{Short description\|First ISO standard for low-level computer graphics}}		{{Short description\|First ISO standard for low-level computer graphics}}
	{{Use ~~British (~~Oxford) ~~English~~\|date=~~December~~ ~~2011~~}}		{{Use Oxford spelling\|date=April 2024}}
	{{Infobox standardref		{{Infobox standardref
	\| title = Graphical Kernel System		\| title = Graphical Kernel System

ShadyCrack: /* Overview */Wording edit to be a little less awkward

2023-11-23T16:29:39Z

Overview: Wording edit to be a little less awkward

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	GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>		GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>
	GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] ~~and GSX~~ evolved into VDI, one of the core components of [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]]. GEM was the native GUI on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs, particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. GKS was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.		GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] which evolved into VDI, one of the core components of [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]]. GEM was the native GUI on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs, particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. GKS was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.

	A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].		A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].

174.83.18.116: /* Overview */

2023-11-23T06:56:54Z

Overview

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:56, 23 November 2023
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	GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>		GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>
	GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] ~~products;~~ the ~~latter was~~ ~~common~~ on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.		GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and GSX evolved into VDI, one of the core components of [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]]. GEM was the native GUI on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs, particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. GKS was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.

	A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].		A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].

TAnthony: Reverted edits by 46.253.36.101 (talk) to last version by 2001:861:8C86:A770:B88F:49DA:BC12:97B2

2023-05-27T23:50:40Z

Reverted edits by 46.253.36.101 (talk) to last version by 2001:861:8C86:A770:B88F:49DA:BC12:97B2

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:50, 27 May 2023
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	GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>		GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>
	GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] products; the latter was common on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite ~~Web~~ \|title=GR Framework \|author1=Josef Heinen \|date=1985–2019 \|url=https://gr-framework.org/ \|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.		GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] products; the latter was common on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.

	A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].		A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].

46.253.36.101: /* Overview */

2023-05-27T19:50:17Z

Overview

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:50, 27 May 2023
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	GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>		GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>
	GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] products; the latter was common on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite ~~web~~\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen~~\|display-authors=etal~~\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.		GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] products; the latter was common on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite Web \|title=GR Framework \|author1=Josef Heinen \|date=1985–2019 \|url=https://gr-framework.org/ \|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.

	A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].		A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].

2001:861:8C86:A770:B88F:49DA:BC12:97B2: /* Overview */

2023-05-05T10:22:18Z

Overview

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:22, 5 May 2023
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	GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional [[vector graphics]] suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different [[programming language]]s, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.		GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional [[vector graphics]] suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different [[programming language]]s, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.

	GKS was fairly common on [[computer workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>		GKS was fairly common on computer [[workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>
	GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research~~\|Digital Research's~~]] [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] products; the latter was common on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.		GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research]]'s [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] products; the latter was common on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.

	A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].		A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].

Filmssssssssssss: Reverted 1 edit by 176.12.82.147 (talk) to last revision by 116.14.116.114

2023-03-08T17:45:12Z

Reverted 1 edit by 176.12.82.147 (talk) to last revision by 116.14.116.114

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:45, 8 March 2023
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	GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional [[vector graphics]] suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different [[programming language]]s, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.		GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional [[vector graphics]] suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different [[programming language]]s, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.

			GKS was fairly common on [[computer workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>
	Los comunistaas comerme la polla maricones
			GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research\|Digital Research's]] [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] products; the latter was common on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.


	A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].		A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].

176.12.82.147 at 17:44, 8 March 2023

2023-03-08T17:44:36Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:44, 8 March 2023
Line 19:		Line 19:
	GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional [[vector graphics]] suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different [[programming language]]s, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.		GKS provides a set of drawing features for two-dimensional [[vector graphics]] suitable for charting and similar duties. The calls are designed to be portable across different [[programming language]]s, graphics devices and hardware, so that applications written to use GKS will be readily portable to many platforms and devices.

			Los comunistaas comerme la polla maricones
	GKS was fairly common on [[computer workstation]]s in the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="CW_1986"/>

	GKS formed the basis of [[Digital Research\|Digital Research's]] [[Graphics System Extension\|GSX]] and [[Graphics Environment Manager\|GEM]] products; the latter was common on the [[Atari ST]] and was occasionally seen on PCs particularly in conjunction with [[Corel Ventura\|Ventura Publisher]]. It was little used commercially outside these markets, but remains in use in some scientific visualization packages. It is also the underlying [[API]] defining the [[Computer Graphics Metafile]]. A descendant of GKS was [[PHIGS]]. One popular application based on an implementation of GKS is the GR Framework,<ref name=gr>{{cite web\|title=GR Framework\|author1=Josef Heinen\|display-authors=etal\|date=1985–2019\|url=https://gr-framework.org/\|access-date=2020-11-16}}</ref> a C library for high-performance scientific visualization that has become a common plotting backend among [[Julia (programming language)\|Julia]] users.

	A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].		A main developer and promoter of the GKS was [[José Luis Encarnação]], formerly director of the [[Fraunhofer Institute]] for Computer Graphics (IGD) in [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]].

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:36, 18 June 2024
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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist\|refs=		{{Reflist\|refs=
	<ref name="NS_1983">{{cite magazine \|magazine=[[New Scientist]] \|title=Europe calls the tune on computer graphics \|author=<!-- staff editors --> \|page=152 \|date=1983-04-21 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYf6sbOhyP0C&pg=PA152 \|access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>		<ref name="NS_1983">{{cite magazine \|magazine=[[New Scientist]] \|title=Europe calls the tune on computer graphics \|author=<!-- staff editors --> \|page=152 \|date=1983-04-21 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYf6sbOhyP0C&pg=PA152 \|access-date=2018-01-18 }}{{Dead link\|date=June 2024 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
	<ref name="Straayer_1983">{{cite magazine \|magazine=[[Computerworld]] \|title=Headway Being Made on Graphics Standards \|author-first=Dave \|author-last=Straayer \|page=7 \|date=1983-07-25 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mIm9mWKDxYC&pg=RA1-PA7 \|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref>		<ref name="Straayer_1983">{{cite magazine \|magazine=[[Computerworld]] \|title=Headway Being Made on Graphics Standards \|author-first=Dave \|author-last=Straayer \|page=7 \|date=1983-07-25 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mIm9mWKDxYC&pg=RA1-PA7 \|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref>
	<ref name="DW_1983">{{cite magazine \|author=<!-- staff editors --> \|magazine=[[Computerworld]] \|page=64 \|title=Ansi Seeking Comment On Standard for Graphics \|date=1983-09-12 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_itgx7IkelMC&pg=PA64 \|access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>		<ref name="DW_1983">{{cite magazine \|author=<!-- staff editors --> \|magazine=[[Computerworld]] \|page=64 \|title=Ansi Seeking Comment On Standard for Graphics \|date=1983-09-12 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_itgx7IkelMC&pg=PA64 \|access-date=2018-01-18}}</ref>
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	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==
	* {{Cite book \|author-last=Hopgood \|author-first=F. R. A. \|title=Introduction to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) \|date=1983 \|publisher=[[Academic Press]] \|location=London \|isbn=0-12-355570-1}}		* {{Cite book \|author-last=Hopgood \|author-first=F. R. A. \|title=Introduction to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) \|date=1983 \|publisher=[[Academic Press]] \|location=London \|isbn=0-12-355570-1}}
	* {{cite web \|title=The Graphical Kernel System \|author-last=Laflin \|author-first=Susan \|date=August 1999 \|work=SEM307 Computer Graphics II \|publisher=School of Computer Science, [[University of Birmingham]] \|url=http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~slb/courses/Graphics/g13.html \|access-date=2007-02-18}}		* {{cite web \|title=The Graphical Kernel System \|author-last=Laflin \|author-first=Susan \|date=August 1999 \|work=SEM307 Computer Graphics II \|publisher=School of Computer Science, [[University of Birmingham]] \|url=http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~slb/courses/Graphics/g13.html \|access-date=2007-02-18 \|archive-date=2015-09-23 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211533/http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~slb/courses/Graphics/g13.html \|url-status=dead }}
	* {{cite book \|author-first1=José L. \|author-last1=Encarnação \|author-link1=José Luis Encarnação \|author-first2=L. M. \|author-last2=Encarnação \|author-first3=Wolfgang R. \|author-last3=Herzner \|title=Graphische Datenverarbeitung mit GKS \|language=de \|publisher=[[Carl Hanser Verlag]] \|location=München / Wien \|date=1987 \|edition=1 \|isbn=3446149783}}		* {{cite book \|author-first1=José L. \|author-last1=Encarnação \|author-link1=José Luis Encarnação \|author-first2=L. M. \|author-last2=Encarnação \|author-first3=Wolfgang R. \|author-last3=Herzner \|title=Graphische Datenverarbeitung mit GKS \|language=de \|publisher=[[Carl Hanser Verlag]] \|location=München / Wien \|date=1987 \|edition=1 \|isbn=3446149783}}
	* {{cite book \|author-first1=Jörg \|author-last1=Bechlars \|author-first2=Rainer \|author-last2=Buhtz \|title=GKS in der Praxis \|language=de \|publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] \|location=Heidelberg \|date=1994 \|edition=2 \|isbn=3540567852}}		* {{cite book \|author-first1=Jörg \|author-last1=Bechlars \|author-first2=Rainer \|author-last2=Buhtz \|title=GKS in der Praxis \|language=de \|publisher=[[Springer Verlag]] \|location=Heidelberg \|date=1994 \|edition=2 \|isbn=3540567852}}