Guam - Revision history

Fylindfotberserk: script-assisted date audit and style fixes per MOS:NUM, syntax

2025-10-01T20:52:30Z

script-assisted date audit and style fixes per MOS:NUM, syntax <br/>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:52, 1 October 2025
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	{{pp\|small=yes}}		{{pp\|small=yes}}
	{{About\|the U.S. territory\|the international organization\|GUAM}}		{{About\|the U.S. territory\|the international organization\|GUAM}}
	{{Use mdy dates\|date=~~September~~ 2025}}		{{Use mdy dates\|date=October 2025}}
	{{Infobox dependency		{{Infobox dependency
	\|name= Guam		\|name= Guam
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	\|nickname_link=List of U.S. state and territory nicknames		\|nickname_link=List of U.S. state and territory nicknames
	\|motto_link=List of U.S. state and territory mottos		\|motto_link=List of U.S. state and territory mottos
	\|motto={{native name\|ch\|"Tånó I' Man Chamoru"\|italics=off}}<br>({{Langx\|en\|"Land of the Chamorros"}})		\|motto={{native name\|ch\|"Tånó I' Man Chamoru"\|italics=off}}<br/>({{Langx\|en\|"Land of the Chamorros"}})
	\|anthem_link=List of U.S. state songs		\|anthem_link=List of U.S. state songs
	\|anthem="[[Stand Ye Guamanians]]" (regional)<br>{{center\|[[File:Stand Ye Guamanians.oga]]}}<br> "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" (official)<br>{{center\|[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]}}		\|anthem="[[Stand Ye Guamanians]]" (regional)<br/>{{center\|[[File:Stand Ye Guamanians.oga]]}}<br/> "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]" (official)<br/>{{center\|[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]}}
	\|image_map=Guam on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg		\|image_map=Guam on the globe (Southeast Asia centered) (small islands magnified).svg
	\|map_alt=Location of Guam		\|map_alt=Location of Guam

Tobby72: add images

2025-09-29T00:44:48Z

add images

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:44, 29 September 2025
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	Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668, with the arrival of a mission led by [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]], who established the first Catholic church.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|64}} The islands were part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], and part of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], based in [[Mexico City]].<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|68}} The [[Spanish-Chamorro Wars]] on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the [[Jesuits\|Jesuit]] mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|86}}		Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668, with the arrival of a mission led by [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]], who established the first Catholic church.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|64}} The islands were part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], and part of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], based in [[Mexico City]].<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|68}} The [[Spanish-Chamorro Wars]] on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the [[Jesuits\|Jesuit]] mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|86}}
			[[File:Chamorro fishing for the village - Pellion - 1819.jpg\|thumb\|1819 depiction of a group of Chamorus fishing for a village]]

	Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the [[smallpox]] epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000, and finally to less than 5,000.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|86}} Up until the late 19th century, Guam was encountered by adventurers and pirates, including [[Thomas Cavendish]], [[Olivier van Noort]], [[John Eaton (pirate)\|John Eaton]], [[William Dampier]], [[Woodes Rogers]], [[John Clipperton]], [[George Shelvocke]] and [[Bully Hayes\|William "Bully" Hayes]].		Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the [[smallpox]] epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000, and finally to less than 5,000.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|86}} Up until the late 19th century, Guam was encountered by adventurers and pirates, including [[Thomas Cavendish]], [[Olivier van Noort]], [[John Eaton (pirate)\|John Eaton]], [[William Dampier]], [[Woodes Rogers]], [[John Clipperton]], [[George Shelvocke]] and [[Bully Hayes\|William "Bully" Hayes]].

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	==== World War II ====		==== World War II ====
	[[File:~~3rd~~ ~~Battalion~~ ~~3rd~~ ~~Marines~~ ~~Agana~~.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|[[United States Marine Corps\|U.S. Marines]] ~~walk through~~ the ~~ruins~~ of ~~Hagåtña~~, July 1944.]]		[[File:440721-O-BC209-004 Marines raise the American Flag over the Marine barracks on the island of Guam.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|[[United States Marine Corps\|U.S. Marines]] raise the American Flag over the Marine barracks, July 1944.]]
	During [[World War II]], the [[Empire of Japan]] invaded and occupied Guam in the [[Battle of Guam (1941)\|1941 Battle of Guam]] on December 8, at the same time as the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. The Japanese renamed Guam {{lang\|ja-Latn\|Ōmiya-jima}} (Great Shrine Island). The [[Japanese occupation of Guam]] lasted about 31 months. During this period, the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to beatings, forced labor, family separation, concentration camps, massacres, beheadings and rape.<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/197751 War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co...\|National Library of Australia] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406001230/http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/197751\|date=April 6, 2010}}. Catalogue.nla.gov.au (September 20, 1994). Retrieved June 13, 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2004/72104guam_war_claims.cfm Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission\|July 21, 2004] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120023031/http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2004/72104guam_war_claims.cfm\|date=January 20, 2013}}." ''[[Office of Insular Affairs]]''. Retrieved September 19, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Higuchi\|first=Wakako\|title=The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam, 1941–1944\|journal=The Journal of Pacific History\|year=2001\|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The_Japanisation_Policy_for_the_Chamorros_of_Guam,_1941-1944.pdf\|doi=10.1080/00223340120049424\|volume=36\|issue=1\|pages=19–35\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021514/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The_Japanisation_Policy_for_the_Chamorros_of_Guam%2C_1941-1944.pdf\|archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">Werner Gruhl, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102 Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014017/https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102\|date=January 1, 2016}}'', Transaction Publishers, 2007 {{ISBN\|978-0-7658-0352-8}}</ref>		During [[World War II]], the [[Empire of Japan]] invaded and occupied Guam in the [[Battle of Guam (1941)\|1941 Battle of Guam]] on December 8, at the same time as the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. The Japanese renamed Guam {{lang\|ja-Latn\|Ōmiya-jima}} (Great Shrine Island). The [[Japanese occupation of Guam]] lasted about 31 months. During this period, the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to beatings, forced labor, family separation, concentration camps, massacres, beheadings and rape.<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/197751 War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co...\|National Library of Australia] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406001230/http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/197751\|date=April 6, 2010}}. Catalogue.nla.gov.au (September 20, 1994). Retrieved June 13, 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2004/72104guam_war_claims.cfm Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission\|July 21, 2004] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120023031/http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2004/72104guam_war_claims.cfm\|date=January 20, 2013}}." ''[[Office of Insular Affairs]]''. Retrieved September 19, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Higuchi\|first=Wakako\|title=The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam, 1941–1944\|journal=The Journal of Pacific History\|year=2001\|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The_Japanisation_Policy_for_the_Chamorros_of_Guam,_1941-1944.pdf\|doi=10.1080/00223340120049424\|volume=36\|issue=1\|pages=19–35\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021514/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The_Japanisation_Policy_for_the_Chamorros_of_Guam%2C_1941-1944.pdf\|archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">Werner Gruhl, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102 Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014017/https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102\|date=January 1, 2016}}'', Transaction Publishers, 2007 {{ISBN\|978-0-7658-0352-8}}</ref>

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	==== Post-war ====		==== Post-war ====
	After World War II, the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]] established Guam as an [[Territories of the United States\|unincorporated organized territory of the United States]], provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. However, the grant of citizenship did not include full civil and political rights. The Organic Act excluded the right to trial by jury, leading to further mobilization until the first jury trial in the territory was held in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Unterman \|first=Katherine \|date=2020 \|title=Trial without Jury in Guam, USA \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abs/trial-without-jury-in-guam-usa/62A96EFD2E138F0BD59FD6F7FB2B417B \|journal=Law and History Review \|language=en \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|pages=811–841 \|doi=10.1017/S0738248018000627 \|issn=0738-2480\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the [[Guam Elective Governor Act]] provided for the office's popular election.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Robert F.\|last=Rogers\|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam\|year=1995\|place=Honolulu\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>{{rp\|242}} Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their only representation in the U.S. Congress is a non-voting member in the House of Representatives.<ref name=" Rogers2"/> They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24839059\|publisher=[[NBC News]]\|title=Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico\|first1=Tom\|last1=Curry\|date=May 28, 2008\|access-date=August 19, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815080233/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24839059/ns/politics-decision_08/t/nominating-not-voting-president\|archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>		After World War II, the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]] established Guam as an [[Territories of the United States\|unincorporated organized territory of the United States]], provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. However, the grant of citizenship did not include full civil and political rights. The Organic Act excluded the right to trial by jury, leading to further mobilization until the first jury trial in the territory was held in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Unterman \|first=Katherine \|date=2020 \|title=Trial without Jury in Guam, USA \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abs/trial-without-jury-in-guam-usa/62A96EFD2E138F0BD59FD6F7FB2B417B \|journal=Law and History Review \|language=en \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|pages=811–841 \|doi=10.1017/S0738248018000627 \|issn=0738-2480\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the [[Guam Elective Governor Act]] provided for the office's popular election.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Robert F.\|last=Rogers\|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam\|year=1995\|place=Honolulu\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>{{rp\|242}} Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their only representation in the U.S. Congress is a non-voting member in the House of Representatives.<ref name=" Rogers2"/> They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24839059\|publisher=[[NBC News]]\|title=Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico\|first1=Tom\|last1=Curry\|date=May 28, 2008\|access-date=August 19, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815080233/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24839059/ns/politics-decision_08/t/nominating-not-voting-president\|archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>
			[[File:Yokoicave.jpg\|thumb\|Japanese sergeant [[Shoichi Yokoi]] spent 28 years in a self-dug [[Yokoi's Cave\|cave]] in the jungle of Guam, where he hid to avoid capture by US forces in World War II.]]

	In 1969, [[1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum\|a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands]] was held and rejected.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 Northern Mariana Islands, 9 November 1969: Status] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415165235/https://sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 \|date=April 15, 2021 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang\|de}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Maryly Van Leer Peck]] started an engineering program, expanded [[University of Guam]], and founded [[Guam Community College]].<ref name="Rottman">Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN\|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp\|17}} In the same period, [[Alby Mangels]], Australian adventurer and filmmaker of ''[[World Safari]]'' visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the Pacific leg of his voyage aboard the ''Klaraborg''.		In 1969, [[1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum\|a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands]] was held and rejected.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 Northern Mariana Islands, 9 November 1969: Status] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415165235/https://sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 \|date=April 15, 2021 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang\|de}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Maryly Van Leer Peck]] started an engineering program, expanded [[University of Guam]], and founded [[Guam Community College]].<ref name="Rottman">Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN\|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp\|17}} In the same period, [[Alby Mangels]], Australian adventurer and filmmaker of ''[[World Safari]]'' visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the Pacific leg of his voyage aboard the ''Klaraborg''.

Nsae Comp at 06:59, 13 September 2025

2025-09-13T06:59:55Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:59, 13 September 2025
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	* [[51st state]]		* [[51st state]]
	* [[Index of Guam-related articles]]		* [[Index of Guam-related articles]]
			* [[Island chain strategy]]
	* [[Lists of hospitals in the United States#Insular areas]]		* [[Lists of hospitals in the United States#Insular areas]]
	* [[List of people from Guam]]		* [[List of people from Guam]]

Folkezoft: script-assisted date audit and style fixes per MOS:NUM

2025-09-11T20:11:58Z

script-assisted date audit and style fixes per MOS:NUM

Show changes

Yue: Removing extra spaces.

2025-08-24T23:47:57Z

Removing extra spaces.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:47, 24 August 2025
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	Despite these developments, the Chamorro people faced significant challenges under the naval administration. Civil liberties were limited, and the local population had minimal input in governmental decisions. Recognizing these constraints, Chamorro leaders petitioned for U.S. citizenship and greater political autonomy as early as 1901, though these efforts were largely unsuccessful during this period.<ref name=":0" />		Despite these developments, the Chamorro people faced significant challenges under the naval administration. Civil liberties were limited, and the local population had minimal input in governmental decisions. Recognizing these constraints, Chamorro leaders petitioned for U.S. citizenship and greater political autonomy as early as 1901, though these efforts were largely unsuccessful during this period.<ref name=":0" />

	These advocacy efforts continued over the years, with Chamorro representatives seeking citizenship and self-governance. For instance, in 1936, delegates Baltazar J. Bordallo and Francisco B. Leon Guerrero traveled to [[Washington, D.C.]], to personally petition for Chamorro citizenship. Despite these persistent efforts, substantial political reforms were not achieved during this period.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Magazine \|first=Smithsonian \|last2=Herman \|first2=Doug \|title=A Brief, 500-Year History of Guam \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/brief-500-year-history-guam-180964508/ \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=Smithsonian Magazine \|language=en}}</ref>		These advocacy efforts continued over the years, with Chamorro representatives seeking citizenship and self-governance. For instance, in 1936, delegates Baltazar J. Bordallo and Francisco B. Leon Guerrero traveled to [[Washington, D.C.]], to personally petition for Chamorro citizenship. Despite these persistent efforts, substantial political reforms were not achieved during this period.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Magazine \|first=Smithsonian \|last2=Herman \|first2=Doug \|title=A Brief, 500-Year History of Guam \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/brief-500-year-history-guam-180964508/ \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=Smithsonian Magazine \|language=en}}</ref>

	==== World War I ====		==== World War I ====
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	{{further\|List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|Invasive species in Guam\|Climate change in Guam\|Guam National Wildlife Refuge}}		{{further\|List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|Invasive species in Guam\|Climate change in Guam\|Guam National Wildlife Refuge}}
	[[File:Ficus prolixa interwoven canopy. 1000 Steps hiking trail, Pagat, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Hiking in Guam's limestone forest.]]		[[File:Ficus prolixa interwoven canopy. 1000 Steps hiking trail, Pagat, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Hiking in Guam's limestone forest.]]
	Guam is home to a diverse array of ecosystems,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Natural Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/category/natural-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2011-02-13 \|title=Ancient Guam's Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-guams-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> including coral reefs,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-10 \|title=Coral Reefs: Essential Ecosystems on Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/coral-reefs-essential-ecosystems-on-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> deep seas, sea grasses,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-10-01 \|title=Seagrasses Overview - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/seagrasses-overview/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> beach strand, mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Mangroves: The Forest Between Land and Sea - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/mangroves-the-forest-between-land-and-sea/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> a variety of different [[Marianas tropical dry forests\|limestone forest]] types,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Limestone Forests of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/limestone-forests-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Fosberg \|first=F. Raymond \|date=1960 \|title=The Vegetation of Micronesia. 1, General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam \|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b7a6abd7-e958-47d7-98aa-89efd6c2da30 \|journal=Bulletin of the AMNH \|volume=119 \|issue=1 \|via=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> volcanic forests and grasslands,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Badlands in Southern Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/badlands-in-southern-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[List of rivers of Guam\|riparian systems]], and caves.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Guam's Amazing Caves - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/guams-amazing-caves/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> There are approximately 17 species of plant that are endemic only to the island of Guam, and many more that are [[List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|endemic to the Mariana Islands]]. Numerous endemic insects have been described.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-I, Bulletin 172 \|date=1942 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=October 9, 2024 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164301/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-II, Bulletin 189 \|date=1946 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=January 9, 2025 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031812/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Insects of Micronesia \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=hbs.bishopmuseum.org \|archive-date=July 11, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711093745/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> There are approximately 29 [[List of land snails of the Mariana Islands\|land snails]] listed as endemic to the island of Guam, although many are now endangered or presumed extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2013-04-23 \|title=Land Snails (Akaleha') of the Mariana Islands - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/land-snails-akaleha-of-the-mariana-islands/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Kerr \|first1=Alexander M. \|url=https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/148Kerr_and_Bauman_2013_UOGMLTechReport148.pdf \|title=Annotated Checklist of the Land snails of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia \|last2=Bauman \|first2=Scott \|date=2013 \|publisher=University of Guam (UOG)}}</ref>		Guam is home to a diverse array of ecosystems,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Natural Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/category/natural-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2011-02-13 \|title=Ancient Guam's Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-guams-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> including coral reefs,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-10 \|title=Coral Reefs: Essential Ecosystems on Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/coral-reefs-essential-ecosystems-on-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> deep seas, sea grasses,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-10-01 \|title=Seagrasses Overview - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/seagrasses-overview/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> beach strand, mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Mangroves: The Forest Between Land and Sea - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/mangroves-the-forest-between-land-and-sea/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> a variety of different [[Marianas tropical dry forests\|limestone forest]] types,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Limestone Forests of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/limestone-forests-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Fosberg \|first=F. Raymond \|date=1960 \|title=The Vegetation of Micronesia. 1, General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam \|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b7a6abd7-e958-47d7-98aa-89efd6c2da30 \|journal=Bulletin of the AMNH \|volume=119 \|issue=1 \|via=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> volcanic forests and grasslands,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Badlands in Southern Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/badlands-in-southern-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[List of rivers of Guam\|riparian systems]], and caves.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Guam's Amazing Caves - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/guams-amazing-caves/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> There are approximately 17 species of plant that are endemic only to the island of Guam, and many more that are [[List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|endemic to the Mariana Islands]]. Numerous endemic insects have been described.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-I, Bulletin 172 \|date=1942 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=October 9, 2024 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164301/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-II, Bulletin 189 \|date=1946 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=January 9, 2025 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031812/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Insects of Micronesia \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=hbs.bishopmuseum.org \|archive-date=July 11, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711093745/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> There are approximately 29 [[List of land snails of the Mariana Islands\|land snails]] listed as endemic to the island of Guam, although many are now endangered or presumed extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2013-04-23 \|title=Land Snails (Akaleha') of the Mariana Islands - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/land-snails-akaleha-of-the-mariana-islands/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Kerr \|first1=Alexander M. \|url=https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/148Kerr_and_Bauman_2013_UOGMLTechReport148.pdf \|title=Annotated Checklist of the Land snails of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia \|last2=Bauman \|first2=Scott \|date=2013 \|publisher=University of Guam (UOG)}}</ref>

	Guam once hosted 14 kinds of terrestrial [[List of birds of Guam\|birds]], 7 of which were endemic to Guam on the species or subspecies level, although all but one of the 14 are now [[List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|extinct, extirpated, or endangered]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-09-30 \|title=Native Forest Birds of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/a-native-forest-birds-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Three locations on Guam ([[Guam National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Cocos Island (Guam)\|Cocos Island]], and Mahlac Caves) have been identified as [[Important Bird Area\|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because they support populations of [[Micronesian starling\|Micronesian starlings]], [[Mariana swiftlet\|Mariana swiftlets]], [[Mariana crow\|Mariana crows]], and Guam rails. The [[Guam rail]] became the second bird species to ever be downlisted from [[Extinct in the wild]] after a population was established on Cocos Island.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-12-10 \|title=Species recoveries bring hope amidst the biodiversity crisis - IUCN Red List {{!}} IUCN \|url=https://iucn.org/news/species/201912/species-recoveries-bring-hope-amidst-biodiversity-crisis-iucn-red-list \|access-date=2025-01-07 \|website=iucn.org \|language=en}}</ref> Guam was home to three native bat species: the [[Guam flying fox\|little Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus tokudae''), now extinct; the endangered [[Pacific sheath-tailed bat]] (''Emballonura semicaudata rotensis''); and the endangered [[Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus mariannus mariannus'').		Guam once hosted 14 kinds of terrestrial [[List of birds of Guam\|birds]], 7 of which were endemic to Guam on the species or subspecies level, although all but one of the 14 are now [[List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|extinct, extirpated, or endangered]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-09-30 \|title=Native Forest Birds of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/a-native-forest-birds-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Three locations on Guam ([[Guam National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Cocos Island (Guam)\|Cocos Island]], and Mahlac Caves) have been identified as [[Important Bird Area\|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because they support populations of [[Micronesian starling\|Micronesian starlings]], [[Mariana swiftlet\|Mariana swiftlets]], [[Mariana crow\|Mariana crows]], and Guam rails. The [[Guam rail]] became the second bird species to ever be downlisted from [[Extinct in the wild]] after a population was established on Cocos Island.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-12-10 \|title=Species recoveries bring hope amidst the biodiversity crisis - IUCN Red List {{!}} IUCN \|url=https://iucn.org/news/species/201912/species-recoveries-bring-hope-amidst-biodiversity-crisis-iucn-red-list \|access-date=2025-01-07 \|website=iucn.org \|language=en}}</ref> Guam was home to three native bat species: the [[Guam flying fox\|little Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus tokudae''), now extinct; the endangered [[Pacific sheath-tailed bat]] (''Emballonura semicaudata rotensis''); and the endangered [[Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus mariannus mariannus'').
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	Guam, situated in the western Pacific, has long been a favored destination for tourists, particularly from [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]]. The island's tourism hub, [[Tumon, Guam\|Tumon]], boasts over 20 large hotels, the Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, the Pleasure Island district, an indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows, and various shopping and entertainment venues. Additionally, Guam offers seven public golf courses, catering to a diverse range of visitors.<ref name="visitguam.org">{{cite web\|url=http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|title=Guam Visitors Bureau Tourist Statistics\|access-date=August 27, 2007\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827061618/http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|archive-date=August 27, 2007}}. visitguam.org</ref>		Guam, situated in the western Pacific, has long been a favored destination for tourists, particularly from [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]]. The island's tourism hub, [[Tumon, Guam\|Tumon]], boasts over 20 large hotels, the Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, the Pleasure Island district, an indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows, and various shopping and entertainment venues. Additionally, Guam offers seven public golf courses, catering to a diverse range of visitors.<ref name="visitguam.org">{{cite web\|url=http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|title=Guam Visitors Bureau Tourist Statistics\|access-date=August 27, 2007\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827061618/http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|archive-date=August 27, 2007}}. visitguam.org</ref>

	Historically, Japanese tourists comprised a significant portion of Guam's visitors. In 2019, approximately 685,000 Japanese travelers visited the island. This number declined to around 135,760 in 2023, reflecting broader shifts in travel patterns and external factors affecting global tourism.<ref name="visitguam.org"/><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Japan: traveler numbers to Guam 2023 {{!}} Statista \|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/786657/number-japanese-travelers-to-guam/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809194242/https://www.statista.com/statistics/786657/number-japanese-travelers-to-guam/ \|archive-date=August 9, 2024 \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=Statista \|language=en \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|title=Tourism Recovery Plan for Guam \|url=https://bsp.guam.gov/wp-bsp-content/uploads/2025/01/Updated-Guam-Tourism-Recovery-Plan_December-17-2024_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> In recent years, South Korean tourists have become increasingly prominent. For instance, in May and June of 2024, South Korean visitors accounted for over 51% of Guam's total arrivals, while Japanese tourists comprised over 21%. Other significant visitor groups include travelers from the [[United States]] mainland, [[Hawaii]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bad news and bright spots: Guam’s tourism industry in 2024 {{!}} Marianas Business Journal \|url=https://www.mbjguam.com/bad-news-and-bright-spots-guam%E2%80%99s-tourism-industry-2024 \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=www.mbjguam.com \|language=en-US}}</ref>		Historically, Japanese tourists comprised a significant portion of Guam's visitors. In 2019, approximately 685,000 Japanese travelers visited the island. This number declined to around 135,760 in 2023, reflecting broader shifts in travel patterns and external factors affecting global tourism.<ref name="visitguam.org"/><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Japan: traveler numbers to Guam 2023 {{!}} Statista \|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/786657/number-japanese-travelers-to-guam/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809194242/https://www.statista.com/statistics/786657/number-japanese-travelers-to-guam/ \|archive-date=August 9, 2024 \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=Statista \|language=en \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|title=Tourism Recovery Plan for Guam \|url=https://bsp.guam.gov/wp-bsp-content/uploads/2025/01/Updated-Guam-Tourism-Recovery-Plan_December-17-2024_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> In recent years, South Korean tourists have become increasingly prominent. For instance, in May and June of 2024, South Korean visitors accounted for over 51% of Guam's total arrivals, while Japanese tourists comprised over 21%. Other significant visitor groups include travelers from the [[United States]] mainland, [[Hawaii]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bad news and bright spots: Guam’s tourism industry in 2024 {{!}} Marianas Business Journal \|url=https://www.mbjguam.com/bad-news-and-bright-spots-guam%E2%80%99s-tourism-industry-2024 \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=www.mbjguam.com \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had a profound impact on Guam's tourism industry. In 2023, the island recorded approximately 656,000 visitor arrivals, a 50% decrease compared to 2013 figures. Despite these challenges, the industry has shown signs of recovery, with 775,000 passenger arrivals reported at the [[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport\|Guam International Airport]] during the 2024 fiscal year (October-July). While this indicated an upward trend, it remained below the pre-pandemic levels of 2019.<ref name=":1" />		The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had a profound impact on Guam's tourism industry. In 2023, the island recorded approximately 656,000 visitor arrivals, a 50% decrease compared to 2013 figures. Despite these challenges, the industry has shown signs of recovery, with 775,000 passenger arrivals reported at the [[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport\|Guam International Airport]] during the 2024 fiscal year (October-July). While this indicated an upward trend, it remained below the pre-pandemic levels of 2019.<ref name=":1" />

NextGenStudent: /* History */Minor grammatical edits.

2025-08-14T06:59:34Z

History: Minor grammatical edits.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:59, 14 August 2025
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	{{Main\|Mariana Islands#Prehistory}}		{{Main\|Mariana Islands#Prehistory}}
	[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg\|thumb\|A map showing the [[Neolithic]] [[Austronesian peoples\|Austronesian migrations]] into the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]]\|368x368px]]		[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg\|thumb\|A map showing the [[Neolithic]] [[Austronesian peoples\|Austronesian migrations]] into the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]]\|368x368px]]
	Guam, ~~along with~~ the other [[Mariana Islands]], were the first islands settled by humans in [[Remote Oceania]]. It was the first and the longest of the ocean-crossing voyages of the [[Austronesian peoples]], and is separate from the later [[Polynesian people\|Polynesian]] settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled around 1500 to 1400 BC, by migrants departing from the [[Philippines]]. This was followed by a second migration from the [[Caroline Islands]] in the first millennium AD. A third migration wave took place from [[Island Southeast Asia]], likely the Philippines or eastern [[Indonesia]], by 900 AD.<ref name="Hung">{{cite journal \|last1=Hung \|first1=Hsiao-chun \|last2=Carson \|first2=Mike T. \|last3=Bellwood \|first3=Peter \|last4=Campos \|first4=Fredeliza Z. \|last5=Piper \|first5=Philip J. \|last6=Dizon \|first6=Eusebio \|last7=Bolunia \|first7=Mary Jane Louise A. \|last8=Oxenham \|first8=Marc \|last9=Chi \|first9=Zhang \|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas \|journal=Antiquity \|date=2015 \|volume=85 \|issue=329 \|pages=909–926 \|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{cite journal \|last1=Zotomayor \|first1=Alexie Villegas \|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history \|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views \|date=March 12, 2013 \|page=2 \|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 \|access-date=October 25, 2020 \|archive-date=October 21, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021085833/https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Guam and the other [[Mariana Islands]] were the first islands settled by humans in [[Remote Oceania]]. It was the first and the longest of the ocean-crossing voyages of the [[Austronesian peoples]], and is separate from the later [[Polynesian people\|Polynesian]] settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled around 1500 to 1400 BC, by migrants departing from the [[Philippines]]. This was followed by a second migration from the [[Caroline Islands]] in the first millennium AD. A third migration wave took place from [[Island Southeast Asia]], likely the Philippines or eastern [[Indonesia]], by 900 AD.<ref name="Hung">{{cite journal \|last1=Hung \|first1=Hsiao-chun \|last2=Carson \|first2=Mike T. \|last3=Bellwood \|first3=Peter \|last4=Campos \|first4=Fredeliza Z. \|last5=Piper \|first5=Philip J. \|last6=Dizon \|first6=Eusebio \|last7=Bolunia \|first7=Mary Jane Louise A. \|last8=Oxenham \|first8=Marc \|last9=Chi \|first9=Zhang \|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas \|journal=Antiquity \|date=2015 \|volume=85 \|issue=329 \|pages=909–926 \|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{cite journal \|last1=Zotomayor \|first1=Alexie Villegas \|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history \|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views \|date=March 12, 2013 \|page=2 \|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 \|access-date=October 25, 2020 \|archive-date=October 21, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021085833/https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	These original settlers of Guam and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] evolved into the [[Chamorro people]], historically known as Chamorros after first contact with the Spaniards.<ref name="Carano">{{cite book\|last1=Carano\|first1=Paul\|last2=Sanchez\|first2=Pedro C.\|year=1964\|title=A Complete History of Guam\|location=Tokyo\|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company\|oclc=414965}}</ref>{{rp\|16}} The ancient Chamorro society had four classes: {{transliteration\|ch\|chamorri}} (chiefs), {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} (upper class), {{transliteration\|ch\|achaot}} (middle class), and {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} (lower class).<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|20–21}} The {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds. The {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} were located in the island's interior. {{transliteration\|ch\|Matua}} and {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} rarely communicated with each other. The {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} often used {{transliteration\|ch\|achaot}} as intermediaries.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|21}}		These original settlers of Guam and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] evolved into the [[Chamorro people]], historically known as Chamorros after first contact with the Spaniards.<ref name="Carano">{{cite book\|last1=Carano\|first1=Paul\|last2=Sanchez\|first2=Pedro C.\|year=1964\|title=A Complete History of Guam\|location=Tokyo\|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company\|oclc=414965}}</ref>{{rp\|16}} The ancient Chamorro society had four classes: {{transliteration\|ch\|chamorri}} (chiefs), {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} (upper class), {{transliteration\|ch\|achaot}} (middle class), and {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} (lower class).<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|20–21}} The {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds. The {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} were located in the island's interior. {{transliteration\|ch\|Matua}} and {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} rarely communicated with each other. The {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} often used {{transliteration\|ch\|achaot}} as intermediaries.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|21}}
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	There were also "{{transliteration\|ch\|makåhna}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|kakahna}}", shamans with magical powers and "'{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Suruhanu\|suruhånu]]}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhåna}}", healers who used different kinds of plants and natural materials to make medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called "{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Taotao mo'na]]}}" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. It is believed that "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhånu}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhåna}}" are the only ones who can safely harvest plants and other natural materials from their homes or "{{transliteration\|ch\|hålomtåno}}" without incurring the wrath of the "{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Taotao mo'na]]}}." Their society was organized along [[matrilineality\|matrilineal]] clans.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|21}}		There were also "{{transliteration\|ch\|makåhna}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|kakahna}}", shamans with magical powers and "'{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Suruhanu\|suruhånu]]}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhåna}}", healers who used different kinds of plants and natural materials to make medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called "{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Taotao mo'na]]}}" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. It is believed that "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhånu}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhåna}}" are the only ones who can safely harvest plants and other natural materials from their homes or "{{transliteration\|ch\|hålomtåno}}" without incurring the wrath of the "{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Taotao mo'na]]}}." Their society was organized along [[matrilineality\|matrilineal]] clans.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|21}}

	The Chamorro people raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called {{transliteration\|ch\|[[latte stone]]s}} upon which they built their homes. Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands. They are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamorro society. The latte-stone was used as a foundation on which thatched huts were built.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|26}} Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the {{transliteration\|ch\|haligi}} and with a capstone, or {{transliteration\|ch\|tåsa}}, made either from a large brain coral or limestone, placed on top.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|27–28}} A possible source for these stones, the [[Rota Latte Stone Quarry]], was discovered in 1925 on [[Rota (island)\|Rota]].<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|28}}		The Chamorro people raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called {{transliteration\|ch\|[[latte stone]]s}} upon which they built their homes. Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands. They are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamorro society. The latte stone was used as a foundation on which thatched huts were built.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|26}} Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the {{transliteration\|ch\|haligi}} and with a capstone, or {{transliteration\|ch\|tåsa}}, made either from a large brain coral or limestone, placed on top.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|27–28}} A possible source for these stones, the [[Rota Latte Stone Quarry]], was discovered in 1925 on [[Rota (island)\|Rota]].<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|28}}

	=== Spanish era ===		=== Spanish era ===

OAbot: Open access bot: url-access=subscription updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-08-11T05:43:14Z

Open access bot: url-access=subscription updated in citation with #oabot.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:43, 11 August 2025
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	==== Post-war ====		==== Post-war ====
	After World War II, the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]] established Guam as an [[Territories of the United States\|unincorporated organized territory of the United States]], provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. However, the grant of citizenship did not include full civil and political rights. The Organic Act excluded the right to trial by jury, leading to further mobilization until the first jury trial in the territory was held in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Unterman \|first=Katherine \|date=2020 \|title=Trial without Jury in Guam, USA \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abs/trial-without-jury-in-guam-usa/62A96EFD2E138F0BD59FD6F7FB2B417B \|journal=Law and History Review \|language=en \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|pages=811–841 \|doi=10.1017/S0738248018000627 \|issn=0738-2480}}</ref> The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the [[Guam Elective Governor Act]] provided for the office's popular election.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Robert F.\|last=Rogers\|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam\|year=1995\|place=Honolulu\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>{{rp\|242}} Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their only representation in the U.S. Congress is a non-voting member in the House of Representatives.<ref name=" Rogers2"/> They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24839059\|publisher=[[NBC News]]\|title=Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico\|first1=Tom\|last1=Curry\|date=May 28, 2008\|access-date=August 19, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815080233/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24839059/ns/politics-decision_08/t/nominating-not-voting-president\|archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>		After World War II, the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]] established Guam as an [[Territories of the United States\|unincorporated organized territory of the United States]], provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. However, the grant of citizenship did not include full civil and political rights. The Organic Act excluded the right to trial by jury, leading to further mobilization until the first jury trial in the territory was held in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Unterman \|first=Katherine \|date=2020 \|title=Trial without Jury in Guam, USA \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abs/trial-without-jury-in-guam-usa/62A96EFD2E138F0BD59FD6F7FB2B417B \|journal=Law and History Review \|language=en \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|pages=811–841 \|doi=10.1017/S0738248018000627 \|issn=0738-2480\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the [[Guam Elective Governor Act]] provided for the office's popular election.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Robert F.\|last=Rogers\|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam\|year=1995\|place=Honolulu\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>{{rp\|242}} Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their only representation in the U.S. Congress is a non-voting member in the House of Representatives.<ref name=" Rogers2"/> They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24839059\|publisher=[[NBC News]]\|title=Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico\|first1=Tom\|last1=Curry\|date=May 28, 2008\|access-date=August 19, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815080233/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24839059/ns/politics-decision_08/t/nominating-not-voting-president\|archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>

	In 1969, [[1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum\|a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands]] was held and rejected.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 Northern Mariana Islands, 9 November 1969: Status] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415165235/https://sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 \|date=April 15, 2021 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang\|de}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Maryly Van Leer Peck]] started an engineering program, expanded [[University of Guam]], and founded [[Guam Community College]].<ref name="Rottman">Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN\|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp\|17}} In the same period, [[Alby Mangels]], Australian adventurer and filmmaker of ''[[World Safari]]'' visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the Pacific leg of his voyage aboard the ''Klaraborg''.		In 1969, [[1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum\|a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands]] was held and rejected.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 Northern Mariana Islands, 9 November 1969: Status] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415165235/https://sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 \|date=April 15, 2021 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang\|de}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Maryly Van Leer Peck]] started an engineering program, expanded [[University of Guam]], and founded [[Guam Community College]].<ref name="Rottman">Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN\|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp\|17}} In the same period, [[Alby Mangels]], Australian adventurer and filmmaker of ''[[World Safari]]'' visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the Pacific leg of his voyage aboard the ''Klaraborg''.

Defiant22: /* Post-war */ added some material on rights after the Organic Act

2025-08-08T18:02:59Z

Post-war: added some material on rights after the Organic Act

← Previous revision		Revision as of 18:02, 8 August 2025
Line 158:		Line 158:

	==== Post-war ====		==== Post-war ====
	After World War II, the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]] established Guam as an [[Territories of the United States\|unincorporated organized territory of the United States]], provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the [[Guam Elective Governor Act]] provided for the office's popular election.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Robert F.\|last=Rogers\|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam\|year=1995\|place=Honolulu\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>{{rp\|242}} Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president. ~~Their~~ ~~congressional~~ ~~representative~~ is a non-voting member.<ref name=" Rogers2"/>		After World War II, the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]] established Guam as an [[Territories of the United States\|unincorporated organized territory of the United States]], provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. However, the grant of citizenship did not include full civil and political rights. The Organic Act excluded the right to trial by jury, leading to further mobilization until the first jury trial in the territory was held in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Unterman \|first=Katherine \|date=2020 \|title=Trial without Jury in Guam, USA \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abs/trial-without-jury-in-guam-usa/62A96EFD2E138F0BD59FD6F7FB2B417B \|journal=Law and History Review \|language=en \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|pages=811–841 \|doi=10.1017/S0738248018000627 \|issn=0738-2480}}</ref> The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the [[Guam Elective Governor Act]] provided for the office's popular election.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Robert F.\|last=Rogers\|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam\|year=1995\|place=Honolulu\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>{{rp\|242}} Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their only representation in the U.S. Congress is a non-voting member in the House of Representatives.<ref name=" Rogers2"/> They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24839059\|publisher=[[NBC News]]\|title=Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico\|first1=Tom\|last1=Curry\|date=May 28, 2008\|access-date=August 19, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815080233/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24839059/ns/politics-decision_08/t/nominating-not-voting-president\|archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>

	They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24839059\|publisher=[[NBC News]]\|title=Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico\|first1=Tom\|last1=Curry\|date=May 28, 2008\|access-date=August 19, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815080233/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24839059/ns/politics-decision_08/t/nominating-not-voting-president\|archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref> In 1969, [[1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum\|a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands]] was held and rejected.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 Northern Mariana Islands, 9 November 1969: Status] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415165235/https://sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 \|date=April 15, 2021 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang\|de}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Maryly Van Leer Peck]] started an engineering program, expanded [[University of Guam]], and founded [[Guam Community College]].<ref name="Rottman">Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN\|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp\|17}} In the same period, [[Alby Mangels]], Australian adventurer and filmmaker of ''[[World Safari]]'' visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the Pacific leg of his voyage aboard the ''Klaraborg''.		In 1969, [[1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum\|a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands]] was held and rejected.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 Northern Mariana Islands, 9 November 1969: Status] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415165235/https://sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 \|date=April 15, 2021 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang\|de}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Maryly Van Leer Peck]] started an engineering program, expanded [[University of Guam]], and founded [[Guam Community College]].<ref name="Rottman">Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN\|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp\|17}} In the same period, [[Alby Mangels]], Australian adventurer and filmmaker of ''[[World Safari]]'' visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the Pacific leg of his voyage aboard the ''Klaraborg''.

	In 1963, the removal of Guam's security clearance by President John F. Kennedy allowed for the development of a tourism industry. In the early 1990s, when the United States closed [[U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay]] and [[Clark Air Base]] bases in the [[Philippines]] after the expiration of their leases, many of the forces stationed there were relocated to Guam.{{citation needed\|date=July 2021}}		In 1963, the removal of Guam's security clearance by President John F. Kennedy allowed for the development of a tourism industry. In the early 1990s, when the United States closed [[U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay]] and [[Clark Air Base]] bases in the [[Philippines]] after the expiration of their leases, many of the forces stationed there were relocated to Guam.{{citation needed\|date=July 2021}}

WikiPate: /* Tourism */ adjustment

2025-08-07T11:33:33Z

Tourism: adjustment

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:33, 7 August 2025
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	<div class="floatright">		<div class="floatright">
			{\|
			\|+'''Tourist arrivals of 2024 in %'''<ref>{{Cite web \|title=UN Tourism Data Dashboard \|url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/un-tourism-tourism-dashboard \|access-date=2025-08-05 \|website=www.unwto.org}}</ref>
			\|-
			\|
	<timeline>		<timeline>
	ImageSize=width:270 height:~~300~~		ImageSize=width:270 height:250
	PlotArea=left:60 bottom:75 top:10 right:16		PlotArea=left:60 bottom:25 top:3 right:16
	AlignBars=justify		AlignBars=justify
	Period=from:0 till:12		Period=from:0 till:12
Line 521:		Line 525:
	bar:October from:start till:7.2 text:		bar:October from:start till:7.2 text:
	bar:November from:start till:7.4 text:		bar:November from:start till:7.4 text:
	bar:December from:start till:9.1 text:		bar:December from:start till:9.1 text:
		⚫	</timeline>

			\|}</div>
	TextData=
	pos:(50,37) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Tourist arrivals in 2024 (%)
	TextData=
	pos:(50,20) textcolor:gray fontsize:M text:Source: UN Tourism Data Dashboard
⚫	</timeline~~></div~~>

	Guam, situated in the western Pacific, has long been a favored destination for tourists, particularly from [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]]. The island's tourism hub, [[Tumon, Guam\|Tumon]], boasts over 20 large hotels, the Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, the Pleasure Island district, an indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows, and various shopping and entertainment venues. Additionally, Guam offers seven public golf courses, catering to a diverse range of visitors.<ref name="visitguam.org">{{cite web\|url=http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|title=Guam Visitors Bureau Tourist Statistics\|access-date=August 27, 2007\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827061618/http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|archive-date=August 27, 2007}}. visitguam.org</ref>		Guam, situated in the western Pacific, has long been a favored destination for tourists, particularly from [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]]. The island's tourism hub, [[Tumon, Guam\|Tumon]], boasts over 20 large hotels, the Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, the Pleasure Island district, an indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows, and various shopping and entertainment venues. Additionally, Guam offers seven public golf courses, catering to a diverse range of visitors.<ref name="visitguam.org">{{cite web\|url=http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|title=Guam Visitors Bureau Tourist Statistics\|access-date=August 27, 2007\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827061618/http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|archive-date=August 27, 2007}}. visitguam.org</ref>

Hindbærbrus: Grammar, copy edit

2025-08-02T11:59:15Z

Grammar, copy edit

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:59, 2 August 2025
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	{{further\|List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|Invasive species in Guam\|Climate change in Guam\|Guam National Wildlife Refuge}}		{{further\|List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|Invasive species in Guam\|Climate change in Guam\|Guam National Wildlife Refuge}}
	[[File:Ficus prolixa interwoven canopy. 1000 Steps hiking trail, Pagat, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Hiking in Guam's limestone forest.]]		[[File:Ficus prolixa interwoven canopy. 1000 Steps hiking trail, Pagat, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Hiking in Guam's limestone forest.]]
	Guam is home to a diverse array of ecosystems,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Natural Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/category/natural-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2011-02-13 \|title=Ancient Guam's Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-guams-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> including coral reefs,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-10 \|title=Coral Reefs: Essential Ecosystems on Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/coral-reefs-essential-ecosystems-on-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> deep seas, sea grasses,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-10-01 \|title=Seagrasses Overview - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/seagrasses-overview/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> beach strand, mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Mangroves: The Forest Between Land and Sea - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/mangroves-the-forest-between-land-and-sea/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> a variety of different [[Marianas tropical dry forests\|limestone forest]] types,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Limestone Forests of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/limestone-forests-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Fosberg \|first=F. Raymond \|date=1960 \|title=The Vegetation of Micronesia. 1, General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam \|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b7a6abd7-e958-47d7-98aa-89efd6c2da30 \|journal=Bulletin of the AMNH \|volume=119 \|issue=1 \|via=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> volcanic forests and grasslands,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Badlands in Southern Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/badlands-in-southern-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[List of rivers of Guam\|riparian systems]], and caves.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Guam's Amazing Caves - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/guams-amazing-caves/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> There are approximately 17 species of plant that are endemic only to the island of Guam, and many more that are [[List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|endemic to the Mariana Islands]]. Numerous endemic insects have been described.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-I, Bulletin 172 \|date=1942 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=October 9, 2024 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164301/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-II, Bulletin 189 \|date=1946 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=January 9, 2025 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031812/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Insects of Micronesia \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=hbs.bishopmuseum.org \|archive-date=July 11, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711093745/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> There are approximately 29 [[List of land snails of the Mariana Islands\|land snails]] listed as endemic to the island of Guam, although many are now endangered or presumed extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2013-04-23 \|title=Land Snails (Akaleha') of the Mariana Islands - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/land-snails-akaleha-of-the-mariana-islands/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Kerr \|first1=Alexander M. \|url=https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/148Kerr_and_Bauman_2013_UOGMLTechReport148.pdf \|title=Annotated Checklist of the Land snails of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia \|last2=Bauman \|first2=Scott \|date=2013 \|publisher=University of Guam (UOG)}}</ref> Guam once hosted 14 kinds of terrestrial [[List of birds of Guam\|birds]], 7 of which were endemic to Guam on the species or subspecies level, although all but one of the 14 are now [[List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|extinct, extirpated, or endangered]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-09-30 \|title=Native Forest Birds of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/a-native-forest-birds-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Three locations on Guam ([[Guam National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Cocos Island (Guam)\|Cocos Island]], and Mahlac Caves) have been identified as [[Important Bird Area\|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because they support populations of [[Micronesian starling\|Micronesian starlings]], [[Mariana swiftlet\|Mariana swiftlets]], [[Mariana crow\|Mariana crows]], and Guam rails. The [[Guam rail]] became the second bird species to ever be downlisted from [[Extinct in the wild]] after a population was established on Cocos Island.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-12-10 \|title=Species recoveries bring hope amidst the biodiversity crisis - IUCN Red List {{!}} IUCN \|url=https://iucn.org/news/species/201912/species-recoveries-bring-hope-amidst-biodiversity-crisis-iucn-red-list \|access-date=2025-01-07 \|website=iucn.org \|language=en}}</ref> Guam was home to three native bat species: the [[Guam flying fox\|little Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus tokudae''), now extinct; the endangered [[Pacific sheath-tailed bat]] (''Emballonura semicaudata rotensis''); and the endangered [[Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus mariannus mariannus'').		Guam is home to a diverse array of ecosystems,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Natural Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/category/natural-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2011-02-13 \|title=Ancient Guam's Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-guams-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> including coral reefs,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-10 \|title=Coral Reefs: Essential Ecosystems on Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/coral-reefs-essential-ecosystems-on-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> deep seas, sea grasses,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-10-01 \|title=Seagrasses Overview - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/seagrasses-overview/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> beach strand, mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Mangroves: The Forest Between Land and Sea - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/mangroves-the-forest-between-land-and-sea/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> a variety of different [[Marianas tropical dry forests\|limestone forest]] types,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Limestone Forests of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/limestone-forests-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Fosberg \|first=F. Raymond \|date=1960 \|title=The Vegetation of Micronesia. 1, General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam \|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b7a6abd7-e958-47d7-98aa-89efd6c2da30 \|journal=Bulletin of the AMNH \|volume=119 \|issue=1 \|via=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> volcanic forests and grasslands,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Badlands in Southern Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/badlands-in-southern-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[List of rivers of Guam\|riparian systems]], and caves.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Guam's Amazing Caves - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/guams-amazing-caves/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> There are approximately 17 species of plant that are endemic only to the island of Guam, and many more that are [[List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|endemic to the Mariana Islands]]. Numerous endemic insects have been described.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-I, Bulletin 172 \|date=1942 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=October 9, 2024 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164301/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-II, Bulletin 189 \|date=1946 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=January 9, 2025 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031812/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Insects of Micronesia \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=hbs.bishopmuseum.org \|archive-date=July 11, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711093745/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> There are approximately 29 [[List of land snails of the Mariana Islands\|land snails]] listed as endemic to the island of Guam, although many are now endangered or presumed extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2013-04-23 \|title=Land Snails (Akaleha') of the Mariana Islands - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/land-snails-akaleha-of-the-mariana-islands/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Kerr \|first1=Alexander M. \|url=https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/148Kerr_and_Bauman_2013_UOGMLTechReport148.pdf \|title=Annotated Checklist of the Land snails of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia \|last2=Bauman \|first2=Scott \|date=2013 \|publisher=University of Guam (UOG)}}</ref>

			Guam once hosted 14 kinds of terrestrial [[List of birds of Guam\|birds]], 7 of which were endemic to Guam on the species or subspecies level, although all but one of the 14 are now [[List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|extinct, extirpated, or endangered]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-09-30 \|title=Native Forest Birds of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/a-native-forest-birds-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Three locations on Guam ([[Guam National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Cocos Island (Guam)\|Cocos Island]], and Mahlac Caves) have been identified as [[Important Bird Area\|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because they support populations of [[Micronesian starling\|Micronesian starlings]], [[Mariana swiftlet\|Mariana swiftlets]], [[Mariana crow\|Mariana crows]], and Guam rails. The [[Guam rail]] became the second bird species to ever be downlisted from [[Extinct in the wild]] after a population was established on Cocos Island.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-12-10 \|title=Species recoveries bring hope amidst the biodiversity crisis - IUCN Red List {{!}} IUCN \|url=https://iucn.org/news/species/201912/species-recoveries-bring-hope-amidst-biodiversity-crisis-iucn-red-list \|access-date=2025-01-07 \|website=iucn.org \|language=en}}</ref> Guam was home to three native bat species: the [[Guam flying fox\|little Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus tokudae''), now extinct; the endangered [[Pacific sheath-tailed bat]] (''Emballonura semicaudata rotensis''); and the endangered [[Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus mariannus mariannus'').

	[[File:20140402-APHIS-UNK-0004 (13592983734).jpg\|thumb\|The introduction of the [[brown tree snake]] nearly eradicated the native bird population.]]		[[File:20140402-APHIS-UNK-0004 (13592983734).jpg\|thumb\|The introduction of the [[brown tree snake]] nearly eradicated the native bird population.]]
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	[[Wildfire]]s plague the forested areas of Guam every [[dry season]] despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are caused by humans with 80% resulting from [[arson]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/final_guam_2004.pdf\|title=Territory of Guam Fire Assessment January 2004\|access-date=March 24, 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324224423/http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/final_guam_2004.pdf\|archive-date=March 24, 2009}}, pp. 6–7, guamforestry.org</ref> Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion.<ref name="National Park Service">{{cite web\|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Park/Natural/fire/fireguam.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213232039/http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Park/Natural/fire/fireguam.htm\|archive-date=December 13, 2007\|work=[[United States Department of the Interior]]\|author=National Park Service\|title=Fire and Guam\|access-date=June 16, 2007\|author-link=National Park Service}}</ref>		[[Wildfire]]s plague the forested areas of Guam every [[dry season]] despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are caused by humans with 80% resulting from [[arson]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/final_guam_2004.pdf\|title=Territory of Guam Fire Assessment January 2004\|access-date=March 24, 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324224423/http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/final_guam_2004.pdf\|archive-date=March 24, 2009}}, pp. 6–7, guamforestry.org</ref> Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion.<ref name="National Park Service">{{cite web\|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Park/Natural/fire/fireguam.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213232039/http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Park/Natural/fire/fireguam.htm\|archive-date=December 13, 2007\|work=[[United States Department of the Interior]]\|author=National Park Service\|title=Fire and Guam\|access-date=June 16, 2007\|author-link=National Park Service}}</ref>

	During the rainy season, sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the [[Fena Lake]] Reservoir and [[Ugum River]], leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.<ref name="National Park Service" />[[File:Fish and coral in Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Previously extensively [[dredging\|dredged]], [[Tumon Bay]] is now a marine preserve.]]		During the rainy season, sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the [[Fena Lake]] Reservoir and [[Ugum River]], leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers planting trees have had little success in preserving natural habitats.<ref name="National Park Service" />[[File:Fish and coral in Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Previously extensively [[dredging\|dredged]], [[Tumon Bay]] is now a marine preserve.]]
	Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. This has both ecological and economic value, as Guam is a significant [[Underwater diving on Guam\|vacation spot for scuba divers]], and one study found that Guam's reefs are worth [[US$]]127 million per year.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Brown \|first1=Val \|title=Guam's Reefs are Important to Guam's Culture and Economy \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/646794275 \|access-date=October 1, 2021 \|work=Pacific Daily News \|date=May 30, 2008 \|location=Agana Heights, Guam \|page=5 \|quote=The results indicated that Guam's reefs are worth $127 million per year \|archive-date=October 1, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001213252/http://www.newspapers.com/image/646794275/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.guampdn.com/guampublishing/special-sections/mlsea/8-future.htm \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103031256/http://www.guampdn.com/guampublishing/special-sections/mlsea/8-future.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 3, 2013 \|work=Pacific Daily News \|title=Guam's Marine Preserves \|last=Brown \|first=Valerie \|date=2006}}</ref> These are located at [[Pati Point]], [[Piti Bomb Holes]], [[Sasa Bay]], Achang Reef Flat, and [[Tumon Bay]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Sea Life \|url=https://www.visitguam.com/chamorro-culture/nature/sea-life/ \|website=Guam Visitors Bureau \|access-date=May 20, 2020 \|archive-date=May 31, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531225300/https://www.visitguam.com/chamorro-culture/nature/sea-life/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. This has both ecological and economic value, as Guam is a significant [[Underwater diving on Guam\|vacation spot for scuba divers]], and one study found that Guam's reefs are worth [[US$]]127 million per year.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Brown \|first1=Val \|title=Guam's Reefs are Important to Guam's Culture and Economy \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/646794275 \|access-date=October 1, 2021 \|work=Pacific Daily News \|date=May 30, 2008 \|location=Agana Heights, Guam \|page=5 \|quote=The results indicated that Guam's reefs are worth $127 million per year \|archive-date=October 1, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001213252/http://www.newspapers.com/image/646794275/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.guampdn.com/guampublishing/special-sections/mlsea/8-future.htm \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103031256/http://www.guampdn.com/guampublishing/special-sections/mlsea/8-future.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 3, 2013 \|work=Pacific Daily News \|title=Guam's Marine Preserves \|last=Brown \|first=Valerie \|date=2006}}</ref> These are located at [[Pati Point]], [[Piti Bomb Holes]], [[Sasa Bay]], Achang Reef Flat, and [[Tumon Bay]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Sea Life \|url=https://www.visitguam.com/chamorro-culture/nature/sea-life/ \|website=Guam Visitors Bureau \|access-date=May 20, 2020 \|archive-date=May 31, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531225300/https://www.visitguam.com/chamorro-culture/nature/sea-life/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:44, 29 September 2025
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	Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668, with the arrival of a mission led by [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]], who established the first Catholic church.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|64}} The islands were part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], and part of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], based in [[Mexico City]].<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|68}} The [[Spanish-Chamorro Wars]] on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the [[Jesuits\|Jesuit]] mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|86}}		Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668, with the arrival of a mission led by [[Diego Luis de San Vitores]], who established the first Catholic church.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|64}} The islands were part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], and part of the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], based in [[Mexico City]].<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|68}} The [[Spanish-Chamorro Wars]] on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the [[Jesuits\|Jesuit]] mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|86}}
			[[File:Chamorro fishing for the village - Pellion - 1819.jpg\|thumb\|1819 depiction of a group of Chamorus fishing for a village]]

	Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the [[smallpox]] epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000, and finally to less than 5,000.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|86}} Up until the late 19th century, Guam was encountered by adventurers and pirates, including [[Thomas Cavendish]], [[Olivier van Noort]], [[John Eaton (pirate)\|John Eaton]], [[William Dampier]], [[Woodes Rogers]], [[John Clipperton]], [[George Shelvocke]] and [[Bully Hayes\|William "Bully" Hayes]].		Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the [[smallpox]] epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamorro population from 50,000 to 10,000, and finally to less than 5,000.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|86}} Up until the late 19th century, Guam was encountered by adventurers and pirates, including [[Thomas Cavendish]], [[Olivier van Noort]], [[John Eaton (pirate)\|John Eaton]], [[William Dampier]], [[Woodes Rogers]], [[John Clipperton]], [[George Shelvocke]] and [[Bully Hayes\|William "Bully" Hayes]].

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	==== World War II ====		==== World War II ====
	[[File:~~3rd~~ ~~Battalion~~ ~~3rd~~ ~~Marines~~ ~~Agana~~.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|[[United States Marine Corps\|U.S. Marines]] ~~walk through~~ the ~~ruins~~ of ~~Hagåtña~~, July 1944.]]		[[File:440721-O-BC209-004 Marines raise the American Flag over the Marine barracks on the island of Guam.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|[[United States Marine Corps\|U.S. Marines]] raise the American Flag over the Marine barracks, July 1944.]]
	During [[World War II]], the [[Empire of Japan]] invaded and occupied Guam in the [[Battle of Guam (1941)\|1941 Battle of Guam]] on December 8, at the same time as the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. The Japanese renamed Guam {{lang\|ja-Latn\|Ōmiya-jima}} (Great Shrine Island). The [[Japanese occupation of Guam]] lasted about 31 months. During this period, the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to beatings, forced labor, family separation, concentration camps, massacres, beheadings and rape.<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/197751 War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co...\|National Library of Australia] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406001230/http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/197751\|date=April 6, 2010}}. Catalogue.nla.gov.au (September 20, 1994). Retrieved June 13, 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2004/72104guam_war_claims.cfm Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission\|July 21, 2004] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120023031/http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2004/72104guam_war_claims.cfm\|date=January 20, 2013}}." ''[[Office of Insular Affairs]]''. Retrieved September 19, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Higuchi\|first=Wakako\|title=The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam, 1941–1944\|journal=The Journal of Pacific History\|year=2001\|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The_Japanisation_Policy_for_the_Chamorros_of_Guam,_1941-1944.pdf\|doi=10.1080/00223340120049424\|volume=36\|issue=1\|pages=19–35\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021514/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The_Japanisation_Policy_for_the_Chamorros_of_Guam%2C_1941-1944.pdf\|archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">Werner Gruhl, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102 Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014017/https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102\|date=January 1, 2016}}'', Transaction Publishers, 2007 {{ISBN\|978-0-7658-0352-8}}</ref>		During [[World War II]], the [[Empire of Japan]] invaded and occupied Guam in the [[Battle of Guam (1941)\|1941 Battle of Guam]] on December 8, at the same time as the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]]. The Japanese renamed Guam {{lang\|ja-Latn\|Ōmiya-jima}} (Great Shrine Island). The [[Japanese occupation of Guam]] lasted about 31 months. During this period, the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to beatings, forced labor, family separation, concentration camps, massacres, beheadings and rape.<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/197751 War Restitution Act : hearing before the Subcommittee on Insular and International Affairs of the Co...\|National Library of Australia] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406001230/http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/197751\|date=April 6, 2010}}. Catalogue.nla.gov.au (September 20, 1994). Retrieved June 13, 2012.</ref><ref>"[http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2004/72104guam_war_claims.cfm Statement of David B. Cohen Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Insular Affairs Before the House Committee on Resources Regarding the Report of the Guam War Claims Review Commission\|July 21, 2004] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120023031/http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2004/72104guam_war_claims.cfm\|date=January 20, 2013}}." ''[[Office of Insular Affairs]]''. Retrieved September 19, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last=Higuchi\|first=Wakako\|title=The Japanisation Policy for the Chamorros of Guam, 1941–1944\|journal=The Journal of Pacific History\|year=2001\|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The_Japanisation_Policy_for_the_Chamorros_of_Guam,_1941-1944.pdf\|doi=10.1080/00223340120049424\|volume=36\|issue=1\|pages=19–35\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021514/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/The_Japanisation_Policy_for_the_Chamorros_of_Guam%2C_1941-1944.pdf\|archive-date=January 20, 2013}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">Werner Gruhl, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102 Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101014017/https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102\|date=January 1, 2016}}'', Transaction Publishers, 2007 {{ISBN\|978-0-7658-0352-8}}</ref>

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	==== Post-war ====		==== Post-war ====
	After World War II, the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]] established Guam as an [[Territories of the United States\|unincorporated organized territory of the United States]], provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. However, the grant of citizenship did not include full civil and political rights. The Organic Act excluded the right to trial by jury, leading to further mobilization until the first jury trial in the territory was held in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Unterman \|first=Katherine \|date=2020 \|title=Trial without Jury in Guam, USA \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abs/trial-without-jury-in-guam-usa/62A96EFD2E138F0BD59FD6F7FB2B417B \|journal=Law and History Review \|language=en \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|pages=811–841 \|doi=10.1017/S0738248018000627 \|issn=0738-2480\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the [[Guam Elective Governor Act]] provided for the office's popular election.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Robert F.\|last=Rogers\|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam\|year=1995\|place=Honolulu\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>{{rp\|242}} Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their only representation in the U.S. Congress is a non-voting member in the House of Representatives.<ref name=" Rogers2"/> They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24839059\|publisher=[[NBC News]]\|title=Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico\|first1=Tom\|last1=Curry\|date=May 28, 2008\|access-date=August 19, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815080233/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24839059/ns/politics-decision_08/t/nominating-not-voting-president\|archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>		After World War II, the [[Guam Organic Act of 1950]] established Guam as an [[Territories of the United States\|unincorporated organized territory of the United States]], provided for the structure of the island's civilian government, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. However, the grant of citizenship did not include full civil and political rights. The Organic Act excluded the right to trial by jury, leading to further mobilization until the first jury trial in the territory was held in 1956.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Unterman \|first=Katherine \|date=2020 \|title=Trial without Jury in Guam, USA \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/law-and-history-review/article/abs/trial-without-jury-in-guam-usa/62A96EFD2E138F0BD59FD6F7FB2B417B \|journal=Law and History Review \|language=en \|volume=38 \|issue=4 \|pages=811–841 \|doi=10.1017/S0738248018000627 \|issn=0738-2480\|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the [[Guam Elective Governor Act]] provided for the office's popular election.<ref>{{cite book\|first=Robert F.\|last=Rogers\|title=Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam\|year=1995\|place=Honolulu\|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}</ref>{{rp\|242}} Since Guam is not a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their only representation in the U.S. Congress is a non-voting member in the House of Representatives.<ref name=" Rogers2"/> They do, however, vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news\|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna24839059\|publisher=[[NBC News]]\|title=Nominating, but not voting for president: Clinton-Obama struggle spotlights Guam, American Samoa, Puerto Rico\|first1=Tom\|last1=Curry\|date=May 28, 2008\|access-date=August 19, 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815080233/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/24839059/ns/politics-decision_08/t/nominating-not-voting-president\|archive-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>
			[[File:Yokoicave.jpg\|thumb\|Japanese sergeant [[Shoichi Yokoi]] spent 28 years in a self-dug [[Yokoi's Cave\|cave]] in the jungle of Guam, where he hid to avoid capture by US forces in World War II.]]

	In 1969, [[1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum\|a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands]] was held and rejected.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 Northern Mariana Islands, 9 November 1969: Status] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415165235/https://sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 \|date=April 15, 2021 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang\|de}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Maryly Van Leer Peck]] started an engineering program, expanded [[University of Guam]], and founded [[Guam Community College]].<ref name="Rottman">Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN\|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp\|17}} In the same period, [[Alby Mangels]], Australian adventurer and filmmaker of ''[[World Safari]]'' visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the Pacific leg of his voyage aboard the ''Klaraborg''.		In 1969, [[1969 Guamanian unification with the Northern Mariana Islands referendum\|a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands]] was held and rejected.<ref>[http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 Northern Mariana Islands, 9 November 1969: Status] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415165235/https://sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=mp011969 \|date=April 15, 2021 }} Direct Democracy {{in lang\|de}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Maryly Van Leer Peck]] started an engineering program, expanded [[University of Guam]], and founded [[Guam Community College]].<ref name="Rottman">Rottman, G. (2004) ''Guam 1941 & 1944: Loss and Reconquest''. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, {{ISBN\|978-1-84176-811-3}}</ref>{{rp\|17}} In the same period, [[Alby Mangels]], Australian adventurer and filmmaker of ''[[World Safari]]'' visited Guam during his six-year escapade on the Pacific leg of his voyage aboard the ''Klaraborg''.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:47, 24 August 2025
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	Despite these developments, the Chamorro people faced significant challenges under the naval administration. Civil liberties were limited, and the local population had minimal input in governmental decisions. Recognizing these constraints, Chamorro leaders petitioned for U.S. citizenship and greater political autonomy as early as 1901, though these efforts were largely unsuccessful during this period.<ref name=":0" />		Despite these developments, the Chamorro people faced significant challenges under the naval administration. Civil liberties were limited, and the local population had minimal input in governmental decisions. Recognizing these constraints, Chamorro leaders petitioned for U.S. citizenship and greater political autonomy as early as 1901, though these efforts were largely unsuccessful during this period.<ref name=":0" />

	These advocacy efforts continued over the years, with Chamorro representatives seeking citizenship and self-governance. For instance, in 1936, delegates Baltazar J. Bordallo and Francisco B. Leon Guerrero traveled to [[Washington, D.C.]], to personally petition for Chamorro citizenship. Despite these persistent efforts, substantial political reforms were not achieved during this period.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Magazine \|first=Smithsonian \|last2=Herman \|first2=Doug \|title=A Brief, 500-Year History of Guam \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/brief-500-year-history-guam-180964508/ \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=Smithsonian Magazine \|language=en}}</ref>		These advocacy efforts continued over the years, with Chamorro representatives seeking citizenship and self-governance. For instance, in 1936, delegates Baltazar J. Bordallo and Francisco B. Leon Guerrero traveled to [[Washington, D.C.]], to personally petition for Chamorro citizenship. Despite these persistent efforts, substantial political reforms were not achieved during this period.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Magazine \|first=Smithsonian \|last2=Herman \|first2=Doug \|title=A Brief, 500-Year History of Guam \|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/brief-500-year-history-guam-180964508/ \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=Smithsonian Magazine \|language=en}}</ref>

	==== World War I ====		==== World War I ====
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	{{further\|List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|Invasive species in Guam\|Climate change in Guam\|Guam National Wildlife Refuge}}		{{further\|List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|Invasive species in Guam\|Climate change in Guam\|Guam National Wildlife Refuge}}
	[[File:Ficus prolixa interwoven canopy. 1000 Steps hiking trail, Pagat, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Hiking in Guam's limestone forest.]]		[[File:Ficus prolixa interwoven canopy. 1000 Steps hiking trail, Pagat, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Hiking in Guam's limestone forest.]]
	Guam is home to a diverse array of ecosystems,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Natural Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/category/natural-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2011-02-13 \|title=Ancient Guam's Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-guams-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> including coral reefs,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-10 \|title=Coral Reefs: Essential Ecosystems on Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/coral-reefs-essential-ecosystems-on-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> deep seas, sea grasses,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-10-01 \|title=Seagrasses Overview - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/seagrasses-overview/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> beach strand, mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Mangroves: The Forest Between Land and Sea - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/mangroves-the-forest-between-land-and-sea/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> a variety of different [[Marianas tropical dry forests\|limestone forest]] types,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Limestone Forests of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/limestone-forests-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Fosberg \|first=F. Raymond \|date=1960 \|title=The Vegetation of Micronesia. 1, General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam \|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b7a6abd7-e958-47d7-98aa-89efd6c2da30 \|journal=Bulletin of the AMNH \|volume=119 \|issue=1 \|via=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> volcanic forests and grasslands,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Badlands in Southern Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/badlands-in-southern-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[List of rivers of Guam\|riparian systems]], and caves.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Guam's Amazing Caves - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/guams-amazing-caves/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> There are approximately 17 species of plant that are endemic only to the island of Guam, and many more that are [[List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|endemic to the Mariana Islands]]. Numerous endemic insects have been described.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-I, Bulletin 172 \|date=1942 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=October 9, 2024 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164301/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-II, Bulletin 189 \|date=1946 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=January 9, 2025 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031812/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Insects of Micronesia \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=hbs.bishopmuseum.org \|archive-date=July 11, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711093745/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> There are approximately 29 [[List of land snails of the Mariana Islands\|land snails]] listed as endemic to the island of Guam, although many are now endangered or presumed extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2013-04-23 \|title=Land Snails (Akaleha') of the Mariana Islands - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/land-snails-akaleha-of-the-mariana-islands/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Kerr \|first1=Alexander M. \|url=https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/148Kerr_and_Bauman_2013_UOGMLTechReport148.pdf \|title=Annotated Checklist of the Land snails of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia \|last2=Bauman \|first2=Scott \|date=2013 \|publisher=University of Guam (UOG)}}</ref>		Guam is home to a diverse array of ecosystems,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Natural Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/category/natural-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2011-02-13 \|title=Ancient Guam's Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-guams-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> including coral reefs,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-10 \|title=Coral Reefs: Essential Ecosystems on Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/coral-reefs-essential-ecosystems-on-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> deep seas, sea grasses,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-10-01 \|title=Seagrasses Overview - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/seagrasses-overview/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> beach strand, mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Mangroves: The Forest Between Land and Sea - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/mangroves-the-forest-between-land-and-sea/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> a variety of different [[Marianas tropical dry forests\|limestone forest]] types,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Limestone Forests of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/limestone-forests-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Fosberg \|first=F. Raymond \|date=1960 \|title=The Vegetation of Micronesia. 1, General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam \|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b7a6abd7-e958-47d7-98aa-89efd6c2da30 \|journal=Bulletin of the AMNH \|volume=119 \|issue=1 \|via=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> volcanic forests and grasslands,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Badlands in Southern Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/badlands-in-southern-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[List of rivers of Guam\|riparian systems]], and caves.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Guam's Amazing Caves - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/guams-amazing-caves/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> There are approximately 17 species of plant that are endemic only to the island of Guam, and many more that are [[List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|endemic to the Mariana Islands]]. Numerous endemic insects have been described.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-I, Bulletin 172 \|date=1942 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=October 9, 2024 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164301/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-II, Bulletin 189 \|date=1946 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=January 9, 2025 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031812/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Insects of Micronesia \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=hbs.bishopmuseum.org \|archive-date=July 11, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711093745/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> There are approximately 29 [[List of land snails of the Mariana Islands\|land snails]] listed as endemic to the island of Guam, although many are now endangered or presumed extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2013-04-23 \|title=Land Snails (Akaleha') of the Mariana Islands - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/land-snails-akaleha-of-the-mariana-islands/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Kerr \|first1=Alexander M. \|url=https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/148Kerr_and_Bauman_2013_UOGMLTechReport148.pdf \|title=Annotated Checklist of the Land snails of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia \|last2=Bauman \|first2=Scott \|date=2013 \|publisher=University of Guam (UOG)}}</ref>

	Guam once hosted 14 kinds of terrestrial [[List of birds of Guam\|birds]], 7 of which were endemic to Guam on the species or subspecies level, although all but one of the 14 are now [[List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|extinct, extirpated, or endangered]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-09-30 \|title=Native Forest Birds of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/a-native-forest-birds-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Three locations on Guam ([[Guam National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Cocos Island (Guam)\|Cocos Island]], and Mahlac Caves) have been identified as [[Important Bird Area\|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because they support populations of [[Micronesian starling\|Micronesian starlings]], [[Mariana swiftlet\|Mariana swiftlets]], [[Mariana crow\|Mariana crows]], and Guam rails. The [[Guam rail]] became the second bird species to ever be downlisted from [[Extinct in the wild]] after a population was established on Cocos Island.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-12-10 \|title=Species recoveries bring hope amidst the biodiversity crisis - IUCN Red List {{!}} IUCN \|url=https://iucn.org/news/species/201912/species-recoveries-bring-hope-amidst-biodiversity-crisis-iucn-red-list \|access-date=2025-01-07 \|website=iucn.org \|language=en}}</ref> Guam was home to three native bat species: the [[Guam flying fox\|little Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus tokudae''), now extinct; the endangered [[Pacific sheath-tailed bat]] (''Emballonura semicaudata rotensis''); and the endangered [[Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus mariannus mariannus'').		Guam once hosted 14 kinds of terrestrial [[List of birds of Guam\|birds]], 7 of which were endemic to Guam on the species or subspecies level, although all but one of the 14 are now [[List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|extinct, extirpated, or endangered]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-09-30 \|title=Native Forest Birds of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/a-native-forest-birds-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Three locations on Guam ([[Guam National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Cocos Island (Guam)\|Cocos Island]], and Mahlac Caves) have been identified as [[Important Bird Area\|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because they support populations of [[Micronesian starling\|Micronesian starlings]], [[Mariana swiftlet\|Mariana swiftlets]], [[Mariana crow\|Mariana crows]], and Guam rails. The [[Guam rail]] became the second bird species to ever be downlisted from [[Extinct in the wild]] after a population was established on Cocos Island.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-12-10 \|title=Species recoveries bring hope amidst the biodiversity crisis - IUCN Red List {{!}} IUCN \|url=https://iucn.org/news/species/201912/species-recoveries-bring-hope-amidst-biodiversity-crisis-iucn-red-list \|access-date=2025-01-07 \|website=iucn.org \|language=en}}</ref> Guam was home to three native bat species: the [[Guam flying fox\|little Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus tokudae''), now extinct; the endangered [[Pacific sheath-tailed bat]] (''Emballonura semicaudata rotensis''); and the endangered [[Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus mariannus mariannus'').
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	Guam, situated in the western Pacific, has long been a favored destination for tourists, particularly from [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]]. The island's tourism hub, [[Tumon, Guam\|Tumon]], boasts over 20 large hotels, the Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, the Pleasure Island district, an indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows, and various shopping and entertainment venues. Additionally, Guam offers seven public golf courses, catering to a diverse range of visitors.<ref name="visitguam.org">{{cite web\|url=http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|title=Guam Visitors Bureau Tourist Statistics\|access-date=August 27, 2007\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827061618/http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|archive-date=August 27, 2007}}. visitguam.org</ref>		Guam, situated in the western Pacific, has long been a favored destination for tourists, particularly from [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]]. The island's tourism hub, [[Tumon, Guam\|Tumon]], boasts over 20 large hotels, the Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, the Pleasure Island district, an indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows, and various shopping and entertainment venues. Additionally, Guam offers seven public golf courses, catering to a diverse range of visitors.<ref name="visitguam.org">{{cite web\|url=http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|title=Guam Visitors Bureau Tourist Statistics\|access-date=August 27, 2007\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827061618/http://www.visitguam.org/members/?pg=research\|archive-date=August 27, 2007}}. visitguam.org</ref>

	Historically, Japanese tourists comprised a significant portion of Guam's visitors. In 2019, approximately 685,000 Japanese travelers visited the island. This number declined to around 135,760 in 2023, reflecting broader shifts in travel patterns and external factors affecting global tourism.<ref name="visitguam.org"/><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Japan: traveler numbers to Guam 2023 {{!}} Statista \|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/786657/number-japanese-travelers-to-guam/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809194242/https://www.statista.com/statistics/786657/number-japanese-travelers-to-guam/ \|archive-date=August 9, 2024 \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=Statista \|language=en \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|title=Tourism Recovery Plan for Guam \|url=https://bsp.guam.gov/wp-bsp-content/uploads/2025/01/Updated-Guam-Tourism-Recovery-Plan_December-17-2024_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> In recent years, South Korean tourists have become increasingly prominent. For instance, in May and June of 2024, South Korean visitors accounted for over 51% of Guam's total arrivals, while Japanese tourists comprised over 21%. Other significant visitor groups include travelers from the [[United States]] mainland, [[Hawaii]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bad news and bright spots: Guam’s tourism industry in 2024 {{!}} Marianas Business Journal \|url=https://www.mbjguam.com/bad-news-and-bright-spots-guam%E2%80%99s-tourism-industry-2024 \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=www.mbjguam.com \|language=en-US}}</ref>		Historically, Japanese tourists comprised a significant portion of Guam's visitors. In 2019, approximately 685,000 Japanese travelers visited the island. This number declined to around 135,760 in 2023, reflecting broader shifts in travel patterns and external factors affecting global tourism.<ref name="visitguam.org"/><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Japan: traveler numbers to Guam 2023 {{!}} Statista \|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/786657/number-japanese-travelers-to-guam/ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809194242/https://www.statista.com/statistics/786657/number-japanese-travelers-to-guam/ \|archive-date=August 9, 2024 \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=Statista \|language=en \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web \|title=Tourism Recovery Plan for Guam \|url=https://bsp.guam.gov/wp-bsp-content/uploads/2025/01/Updated-Guam-Tourism-Recovery-Plan_December-17-2024_FINAL.pdf}}</ref> In recent years, South Korean tourists have become increasingly prominent. For instance, in May and June of 2024, South Korean visitors accounted for over 51% of Guam's total arrivals, while Japanese tourists comprised over 21%. Other significant visitor groups include travelers from the [[United States]] mainland, [[Hawaii]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Bad news and bright spots: Guam’s tourism industry in 2024 {{!}} Marianas Business Journal \|url=https://www.mbjguam.com/bad-news-and-bright-spots-guam%E2%80%99s-tourism-industry-2024 \|access-date=2025-03-29 \|website=www.mbjguam.com \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had a profound impact on Guam's tourism industry. In 2023, the island recorded approximately 656,000 visitor arrivals, a 50% decrease compared to 2013 figures. Despite these challenges, the industry has shown signs of recovery, with 775,000 passenger arrivals reported at the [[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport\|Guam International Airport]] during the 2024 fiscal year (October-July). While this indicated an upward trend, it remained below the pre-pandemic levels of 2019.<ref name=":1" />		The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had a profound impact on Guam's tourism industry. In 2023, the island recorded approximately 656,000 visitor arrivals, a 50% decrease compared to 2013 figures. Despite these challenges, the industry has shown signs of recovery, with 775,000 passenger arrivals reported at the [[Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport\|Guam International Airport]] during the 2024 fiscal year (October-July). While this indicated an upward trend, it remained below the pre-pandemic levels of 2019.<ref name=":1" />

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:59, 14 August 2025
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	{{Main\|Mariana Islands#Prehistory}}		{{Main\|Mariana Islands#Prehistory}}
	[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg\|thumb\|A map showing the [[Neolithic]] [[Austronesian peoples\|Austronesian migrations]] into the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]]\|368x368px]]		[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg\|thumb\|A map showing the [[Neolithic]] [[Austronesian peoples\|Austronesian migrations]] into the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]]\|368x368px]]
	Guam, ~~along with~~ the other [[Mariana Islands]], were the first islands settled by humans in [[Remote Oceania]]. It was the first and the longest of the ocean-crossing voyages of the [[Austronesian peoples]], and is separate from the later [[Polynesian people\|Polynesian]] settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled around 1500 to 1400 BC, by migrants departing from the [[Philippines]]. This was followed by a second migration from the [[Caroline Islands]] in the first millennium AD. A third migration wave took place from [[Island Southeast Asia]], likely the Philippines or eastern [[Indonesia]], by 900 AD.<ref name="Hung">{{cite journal \|last1=Hung \|first1=Hsiao-chun \|last2=Carson \|first2=Mike T. \|last3=Bellwood \|first3=Peter \|last4=Campos \|first4=Fredeliza Z. \|last5=Piper \|first5=Philip J. \|last6=Dizon \|first6=Eusebio \|last7=Bolunia \|first7=Mary Jane Louise A. \|last8=Oxenham \|first8=Marc \|last9=Chi \|first9=Zhang \|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas \|journal=Antiquity \|date=2015 \|volume=85 \|issue=329 \|pages=909–926 \|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{cite journal \|last1=Zotomayor \|first1=Alexie Villegas \|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history \|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views \|date=March 12, 2013 \|page=2 \|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 \|access-date=October 25, 2020 \|archive-date=October 21, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021085833/https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Guam and the other [[Mariana Islands]] were the first islands settled by humans in [[Remote Oceania]]. It was the first and the longest of the ocean-crossing voyages of the [[Austronesian peoples]], and is separate from the later [[Polynesian people\|Polynesian]] settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled around 1500 to 1400 BC, by migrants departing from the [[Philippines]]. This was followed by a second migration from the [[Caroline Islands]] in the first millennium AD. A third migration wave took place from [[Island Southeast Asia]], likely the Philippines or eastern [[Indonesia]], by 900 AD.<ref name="Hung">{{cite journal \|last1=Hung \|first1=Hsiao-chun \|last2=Carson \|first2=Mike T. \|last3=Bellwood \|first3=Peter \|last4=Campos \|first4=Fredeliza Z. \|last5=Piper \|first5=Philip J. \|last6=Dizon \|first6=Eusebio \|last7=Bolunia \|first7=Mary Jane Louise A. \|last8=Oxenham \|first8=Marc \|last9=Chi \|first9=Zhang \|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas \|journal=Antiquity \|date=2015 \|volume=85 \|issue=329 \|pages=909–926 \|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393\|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{cite journal \|last1=Zotomayor \|first1=Alexie Villegas \|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history \|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views \|date=March 12, 2013 \|page=2 \|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 \|access-date=October 25, 2020 \|archive-date=October 21, 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021085833/https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	These original settlers of Guam and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] evolved into the [[Chamorro people]], historically known as Chamorros after first contact with the Spaniards.<ref name="Carano">{{cite book\|last1=Carano\|first1=Paul\|last2=Sanchez\|first2=Pedro C.\|year=1964\|title=A Complete History of Guam\|location=Tokyo\|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company\|oclc=414965}}</ref>{{rp\|16}} The ancient Chamorro society had four classes: {{transliteration\|ch\|chamorri}} (chiefs), {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} (upper class), {{transliteration\|ch\|achaot}} (middle class), and {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} (lower class).<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|20–21}} The {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds. The {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} were located in the island's interior. {{transliteration\|ch\|Matua}} and {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} rarely communicated with each other. The {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} often used {{transliteration\|ch\|achaot}} as intermediaries.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|21}}		These original settlers of Guam and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] evolved into the [[Chamorro people]], historically known as Chamorros after first contact with the Spaniards.<ref name="Carano">{{cite book\|last1=Carano\|first1=Paul\|last2=Sanchez\|first2=Pedro C.\|year=1964\|title=A Complete History of Guam\|location=Tokyo\|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company\|oclc=414965}}</ref>{{rp\|16}} The ancient Chamorro society had four classes: {{transliteration\|ch\|chamorri}} (chiefs), {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} (upper class), {{transliteration\|ch\|achaot}} (middle class), and {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} (lower class).<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|20–21}} The {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds. The {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} were located in the island's interior. {{transliteration\|ch\|Matua}} and {{transliteration\|ch\|mana'chang}} rarely communicated with each other. The {{transliteration\|ch\|matua}} often used {{transliteration\|ch\|achaot}} as intermediaries.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|21}}
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	There were also "{{transliteration\|ch\|makåhna}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|kakahna}}", shamans with magical powers and "'{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Suruhanu\|suruhånu]]}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhåna}}", healers who used different kinds of plants and natural materials to make medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called "{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Taotao mo'na]]}}" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. It is believed that "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhånu}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhåna}}" are the only ones who can safely harvest plants and other natural materials from their homes or "{{transliteration\|ch\|hålomtåno}}" without incurring the wrath of the "{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Taotao mo'na]]}}." Their society was organized along [[matrilineality\|matrilineal]] clans.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|21}}		There were also "{{transliteration\|ch\|makåhna}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|kakahna}}", shamans with magical powers and "'{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Suruhanu\|suruhånu]]}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhåna}}", healers who used different kinds of plants and natural materials to make medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called "{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Taotao mo'na]]}}" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. It is believed that "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhånu}}" or "{{transliteration\|ch\|suruhåna}}" are the only ones who can safely harvest plants and other natural materials from their homes or "{{transliteration\|ch\|hålomtåno}}" without incurring the wrath of the "{{transliteration\|ch\|[[Taotao mo'na]]}}." Their society was organized along [[matrilineality\|matrilineal]] clans.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|21}}

	The Chamorro people raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called {{transliteration\|ch\|[[latte stone]]s}} upon which they built their homes. Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands. They are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamorro society. The latte-stone was used as a foundation on which thatched huts were built.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|26}} Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the {{transliteration\|ch\|haligi}} and with a capstone, or {{transliteration\|ch\|tåsa}}, made either from a large brain coral or limestone, placed on top.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|27–28}} A possible source for these stones, the [[Rota Latte Stone Quarry]], was discovered in 1925 on [[Rota (island)\|Rota]].<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|28}}		The Chamorro people raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called {{transliteration\|ch\|[[latte stone]]s}} upon which they built their homes. Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands. They are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamorro society. The latte stone was used as a foundation on which thatched huts were built.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|26}} Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the {{transliteration\|ch\|haligi}} and with a capstone, or {{transliteration\|ch\|tåsa}}, made either from a large brain coral or limestone, placed on top.<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|27–28}} A possible source for these stones, the [[Rota Latte Stone Quarry]], was discovered in 1925 on [[Rota (island)\|Rota]].<ref name="Carano" />{{rp\|28}}

	=== Spanish era ===		=== Spanish era ===

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:59, 2 August 2025
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	{{further\|List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|Invasive species in Guam\|Climate change in Guam\|Guam National Wildlife Refuge}}		{{further\|List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|Invasive species in Guam\|Climate change in Guam\|Guam National Wildlife Refuge}}
	[[File:Ficus prolixa interwoven canopy. 1000 Steps hiking trail, Pagat, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Hiking in Guam's limestone forest.]]		[[File:Ficus prolixa interwoven canopy. 1000 Steps hiking trail, Pagat, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Hiking in Guam's limestone forest.]]
	Guam is home to a diverse array of ecosystems,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Natural Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/category/natural-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2011-02-13 \|title=Ancient Guam's Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-guams-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> including coral reefs,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-10 \|title=Coral Reefs: Essential Ecosystems on Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/coral-reefs-essential-ecosystems-on-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> deep seas, sea grasses,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-10-01 \|title=Seagrasses Overview - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/seagrasses-overview/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> beach strand, mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Mangroves: The Forest Between Land and Sea - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/mangroves-the-forest-between-land-and-sea/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> a variety of different [[Marianas tropical dry forests\|limestone forest]] types,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Limestone Forests of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/limestone-forests-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Fosberg \|first=F. Raymond \|date=1960 \|title=The Vegetation of Micronesia. 1, General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam \|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b7a6abd7-e958-47d7-98aa-89efd6c2da30 \|journal=Bulletin of the AMNH \|volume=119 \|issue=1 \|via=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> volcanic forests and grasslands,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Badlands in Southern Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/badlands-in-southern-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[List of rivers of Guam\|riparian systems]], and caves.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Guam's Amazing Caves - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/guams-amazing-caves/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> There are approximately 17 species of plant that are endemic only to the island of Guam, and many more that are [[List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|endemic to the Mariana Islands]]. Numerous endemic insects have been described.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-I, Bulletin 172 \|date=1942 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=October 9, 2024 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164301/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-II, Bulletin 189 \|date=1946 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=January 9, 2025 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031812/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Insects of Micronesia \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=hbs.bishopmuseum.org \|archive-date=July 11, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711093745/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> There are approximately 29 [[List of land snails of the Mariana Islands\|land snails]] listed as endemic to the island of Guam, although many are now endangered or presumed extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2013-04-23 \|title=Land Snails (Akaleha') of the Mariana Islands - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/land-snails-akaleha-of-the-mariana-islands/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Kerr \|first1=Alexander M. \|url=https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/148Kerr_and_Bauman_2013_UOGMLTechReport148.pdf \|title=Annotated Checklist of the Land snails of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia \|last2=Bauman \|first2=Scott \|date=2013 \|publisher=University of Guam (UOG)}}</ref> Guam once hosted 14 kinds of terrestrial [[List of birds of Guam\|birds]], 7 of which were endemic to Guam on the species or subspecies level, although all but one of the 14 are now [[List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|extinct, extirpated, or endangered]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-09-30 \|title=Native Forest Birds of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/a-native-forest-birds-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Three locations on Guam ([[Guam National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Cocos Island (Guam)\|Cocos Island]], and Mahlac Caves) have been identified as [[Important Bird Area\|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because they support populations of [[Micronesian starling\|Micronesian starlings]], [[Mariana swiftlet\|Mariana swiftlets]], [[Mariana crow\|Mariana crows]], and Guam rails. The [[Guam rail]] became the second bird species to ever be downlisted from [[Extinct in the wild]] after a population was established on Cocos Island.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-12-10 \|title=Species recoveries bring hope amidst the biodiversity crisis - IUCN Red List {{!}} IUCN \|url=https://iucn.org/news/species/201912/species-recoveries-bring-hope-amidst-biodiversity-crisis-iucn-red-list \|access-date=2025-01-07 \|website=iucn.org \|language=en}}</ref> Guam was home to three native bat species: the [[Guam flying fox\|little Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus tokudae''), now extinct; the endangered [[Pacific sheath-tailed bat]] (''Emballonura semicaudata rotensis''); and the endangered [[Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus mariannus mariannus'').		Guam is home to a diverse array of ecosystems,<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Natural Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/category/natural-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2011-02-13 \|title=Ancient Guam's Environment - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-guams-environment/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> including coral reefs,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-10 \|title=Coral Reefs: Essential Ecosystems on Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/coral-reefs-essential-ecosystems-on-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> deep seas, sea grasses,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-10-01 \|title=Seagrasses Overview - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/seagrasses-overview/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> beach strand, mangroves,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Mangroves: The Forest Between Land and Sea - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/mangroves-the-forest-between-land-and-sea/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> a variety of different [[Marianas tropical dry forests\|limestone forest]] types,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Limestone Forests of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/limestone-forests-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Fosberg \|first=F. Raymond \|date=1960 \|title=The Vegetation of Micronesia. 1, General descriptions, the vegetation of the Marianas Islands, and a detailed consideration of the vegetation of Guam \|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/b7a6abd7-e958-47d7-98aa-89efd6c2da30 \|journal=Bulletin of the AMNH \|volume=119 \|issue=1 \|via=American Museum of Natural History}}</ref> volcanic forests and grasslands,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2017-08-04 \|title=Badlands in Southern Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/badlands-in-southern-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> [[List of rivers of Guam\|riparian systems]], and caves.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Pereda \|first=Nathalie \|date=2019-10-02 \|title=Guam's Amazing Caves - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/guams-amazing-caves/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> There are approximately 17 species of plant that are endemic only to the island of Guam, and many more that are [[List of endemic plants in the Mariana Islands\|endemic to the Mariana Islands]]. Numerous endemic insects have been described.<ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-I, Bulletin 172 \|date=1942 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=October 9, 2024 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009164301/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull172.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|title=Insects of Guam-II, Bulletin 189 \|date=1946 \|publisher=Bernice P. Bishop Museum \|archive-date=January 9, 2025 \|access-date=January 2, 2025 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109031812/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/bull189.pdf \|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Insects of Micronesia \|url=http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=hbs.bishopmuseum.org \|archive-date=July 11, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711093745/http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/iom.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> There are approximately 29 [[List of land snails of the Mariana Islands\|land snails]] listed as endemic to the island of Guam, although many are now endangered or presumed extinct.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2013-04-23 \|title=Land Snails (Akaleha') of the Mariana Islands - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/land-snails-akaleha-of-the-mariana-islands/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last1=Kerr \|first1=Alexander M. \|url=https://www.uog.edu/_resources/files/ml/technical_reports/148Kerr_and_Bauman_2013_UOGMLTechReport148.pdf \|title=Annotated Checklist of the Land snails of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia \|last2=Bauman \|first2=Scott \|date=2013 \|publisher=University of Guam (UOG)}}</ref>

			Guam once hosted 14 kinds of terrestrial [[List of birds of Guam\|birds]], 7 of which were endemic to Guam on the species or subspecies level, although all but one of the 14 are now [[List of threatened, endangered and extinct species in the Mariana Islands\|extinct, extirpated, or endangered]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Murphy \|first=Shannon \|date=2009-09-30 \|title=Native Forest Birds of Guam - Guampedia \|url=https://www.guampedia.com/a-native-forest-birds-of-guam/ \|access-date=2025-01-02 \|website=www.guampedia.com \|language=en-US}}</ref> Three locations on Guam ([[Guam National Wildlife Refuge]], [[Cocos Island (Guam)\|Cocos Island]], and Mahlac Caves) have been identified as [[Important Bird Area\|Important Bird Areas]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because they support populations of [[Micronesian starling\|Micronesian starlings]], [[Mariana swiftlet\|Mariana swiftlets]], [[Mariana crow\|Mariana crows]], and Guam rails. The [[Guam rail]] became the second bird species to ever be downlisted from [[Extinct in the wild]] after a population was established on Cocos Island.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2019-12-10 \|title=Species recoveries bring hope amidst the biodiversity crisis - IUCN Red List {{!}} IUCN \|url=https://iucn.org/news/species/201912/species-recoveries-bring-hope-amidst-biodiversity-crisis-iucn-red-list \|access-date=2025-01-07 \|website=iucn.org \|language=en}}</ref> Guam was home to three native bat species: the [[Guam flying fox\|little Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus tokudae''), now extinct; the endangered [[Pacific sheath-tailed bat]] (''Emballonura semicaudata rotensis''); and the endangered [[Mariana fruit bat]] (''Pteropus mariannus mariannus'').

	[[File:20140402-APHIS-UNK-0004 (13592983734).jpg\|thumb\|The introduction of the [[brown tree snake]] nearly eradicated the native bird population.]]		[[File:20140402-APHIS-UNK-0004 (13592983734).jpg\|thumb\|The introduction of the [[brown tree snake]] nearly eradicated the native bird population.]]
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	[[Wildfire]]s plague the forested areas of Guam every [[dry season]] despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are caused by humans with 80% resulting from [[arson]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/final_guam_2004.pdf\|title=Territory of Guam Fire Assessment January 2004\|access-date=March 24, 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324224423/http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/final_guam_2004.pdf\|archive-date=March 24, 2009}}, pp. 6–7, guamforestry.org</ref> Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion.<ref name="National Park Service">{{cite web\|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Park/Natural/fire/fireguam.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213232039/http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Park/Natural/fire/fireguam.htm\|archive-date=December 13, 2007\|work=[[United States Department of the Interior]]\|author=National Park Service\|title=Fire and Guam\|access-date=June 16, 2007\|author-link=National Park Service}}</ref>		[[Wildfire]]s plague the forested areas of Guam every [[dry season]] despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are caused by humans with 80% resulting from [[arson]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/final_guam_2004.pdf\|title=Territory of Guam Fire Assessment January 2004\|access-date=March 24, 2009\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324224423/http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/final_guam_2004.pdf\|archive-date=March 24, 2009}}, pp. 6–7, guamforestry.org</ref> Poachers often start fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as part of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion.<ref name="National Park Service">{{cite web\|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Park/Natural/fire/fireguam.htm\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213232039/http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Park/Natural/fire/fireguam.htm\|archive-date=December 13, 2007\|work=[[United States Department of the Interior]]\|author=National Park Service\|title=Fire and Guam\|access-date=June 16, 2007\|author-link=National Park Service}}</ref>

	During the rainy season, sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the [[Fena Lake]] Reservoir and [[Ugum River]], leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) have had little success in preserving natural habitats.<ref name="National Park Service" />[[File:Fish and coral in Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Previously extensively [[dredging\|dredged]], [[Tumon Bay]] is now a marine preserve.]]		During the rainy season, sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the [[Fena Lake]] Reservoir and [[Ugum River]], leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt also destroys the marine life in reefs around the island. Soil stabilization efforts by volunteers and forestry workers planting trees have had little success in preserving natural habitats.<ref name="National Park Service" />[[File:Fish and coral in Tumon Bay Marine Preserve, Guam.jpg\|thumb\|Previously extensively [[dredging\|dredged]], [[Tumon Bay]] is now a marine preserve.]]
	Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. This has both ecological and economic value, as Guam is a significant [[Underwater diving on Guam\|vacation spot for scuba divers]], and one study found that Guam's reefs are worth [[US$]]127 million per year.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Brown \|first1=Val \|title=Guam's Reefs are Important to Guam's Culture and Economy \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/646794275 \|access-date=October 1, 2021 \|work=Pacific Daily News \|date=May 30, 2008 \|location=Agana Heights, Guam \|page=5 \|quote=The results indicated that Guam's reefs are worth $127 million per year \|archive-date=October 1, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001213252/http://www.newspapers.com/image/646794275/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.guampdn.com/guampublishing/special-sections/mlsea/8-future.htm \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103031256/http://www.guampdn.com/guampublishing/special-sections/mlsea/8-future.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 3, 2013 \|work=Pacific Daily News \|title=Guam's Marine Preserves \|last=Brown \|first=Valerie \|date=2006}}</ref> These are located at [[Pati Point]], [[Piti Bomb Holes]], [[Sasa Bay]], Achang Reef Flat, and [[Tumon Bay]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Sea Life \|url=https://www.visitguam.com/chamorro-culture/nature/sea-life/ \|website=Guam Visitors Bureau \|access-date=May 20, 2020 \|archive-date=May 31, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531225300/https://www.visitguam.com/chamorro-culture/nature/sea-life/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, problems that have led to decreased fish populations. This has both ecological and economic value, as Guam is a significant [[Underwater diving on Guam\|vacation spot for scuba divers]], and one study found that Guam's reefs are worth [[US$]]127 million per year.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Brown \|first1=Val \|title=Guam's Reefs are Important to Guam's Culture and Economy \|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/646794275 \|access-date=October 1, 2021 \|work=Pacific Daily News \|date=May 30, 2008 \|location=Agana Heights, Guam \|page=5 \|quote=The results indicated that Guam's reefs are worth $127 million per year \|archive-date=October 1, 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001213252/http://www.newspapers.com/image/646794275/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.guampdn.com/guampublishing/special-sections/mlsea/8-future.htm \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103031256/http://www.guampdn.com/guampublishing/special-sections/mlsea/8-future.htm \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=January 3, 2013 \|work=Pacific Daily News \|title=Guam's Marine Preserves \|last=Brown \|first=Valerie \|date=2006}}</ref> These are located at [[Pati Point]], [[Piti Bomb Holes]], [[Sasa Bay]], Achang Reef Flat, and [[Tumon Bay]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=Sea Life \|url=https://www.visitguam.com/chamorro-culture/nature/sea-life/ \|website=Guam Visitors Bureau \|access-date=May 20, 2020 \|archive-date=May 31, 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531225300/https://www.visitguam.com/chamorro-culture/nature/sea-life/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>