Hierarchical and recursive queries in SQL - Revision history

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v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:03, 28 December 2024
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	CTEs can be thought of as alternatives to derived tables ([[subquery]]), [[view (database)\|views]], and inline user-defined functions.		CTEs can be thought of as alternatives to derived tables ([[subquery]]), [[view (database)\|views]], and inline user-defined functions.

	Common table expressions are supported by [[Teradata]] (starting with version 14), [[IBM Db2]], [[Informix]] (starting with version 14.1), [[Firebird (database server)\|Firebird]] (starting with version 2.1),<ref>https://firebirdsql.org/file/documentation/reference_manuals/reference_material/Firebird-2.5-LangRef-Update.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref> [[Microsoft SQL Server]] (starting with version 2005), [[Oracle Database\|Oracle]] (with recursion since 11g release 2), [[PostgreSQL]] (since 8.4), [[MariaDB]] (since 10.2<ref>{{Cite web \|title=MariaDB 10.2.0 Changelog \|url=https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-1020-changelog/ \|access-date=2024-12-22 \|website=MariaDB KnowledgeBase}}</ref>), [[MySQL]] (since 8.0), [[SQLite]] (since 3.8.3), [[HSQLDB\|HyperSQL]], [[IBM Informix\|Informix]] (since 14.10)<ref>possible before 14.10 with temp tables https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42579298/why-does-a-with-clause-give-a-syntax-error-on-informix</ref>, Google [[BigQuery]], [[Sybase (database)\|Sybase]] (starting with version 9), [[Vertica]], [[H2 (DBMS)\|H2]] (experimental),<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.h2database.com/html/advanced.html#recursive_queries\|title = Advanced}}</ref> and [[Comparison of relational database management systems\|many others]]. Oracle calls CTEs "subquery factoring".<ref name="MortonSands2010">{{cite book\|author1=Karen Morton\|author2=Robyn Sands\|author3=Jared Still\|author4=Riyaj Shamsudeen \|author5=Kerry Osborne\|title=Pro Oracle SQL\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrwu-f4JwjcC&pg=PA283\|year=2010\|publisher=Apress\|isbn=978-1-4302-3228-5\|page=283}}</ref>		Common table expressions are supported by [[Teradata]] (starting with version 14), [[IBM Db2]], [[Informix]] (starting with version 14.1), [[Firebird (database server)\|Firebird]] (starting with version 2.1),<ref>https://firebirdsql.org/file/documentation/reference_manuals/reference_material/Firebird-2.5-LangRef-Update.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref> [[Microsoft SQL Server]] (starting with version 2005), [[Oracle Database\|Oracle]] (with recursion since 11g release 2), [[PostgreSQL]] (since 8.4), [[MariaDB]] (since 10.2<ref>{{Cite web \|title=MariaDB 10.2.0 Changelog \|url=https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-1020-changelog/ \|access-date=2024-12-22 \|website=MariaDB KnowledgeBase}}</ref>), [[MySQL]] (since 8.0), [[SQLite]] (since 3.8.3), [[HSQLDB\|HyperSQL]], [[IBM Informix\|Informix]] (since 14.10),<ref>possible before 14.10 with temp tables https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42579298/why-does-a-with-clause-give-a-syntax-error-on-informix</ref> Google [[BigQuery]], [[Sybase (database)\|Sybase]] (starting with version 9), [[Vertica]], [[H2 (DBMS)\|H2]] (experimental),<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.h2database.com/html/advanced.html#recursive_queries\|title = Advanced}}</ref> and [[Comparison of relational database management systems\|many others]]. Oracle calls CTEs "subquery factoring".<ref name="MortonSands2010">{{cite book\|author1=Karen Morton\|author2=Robyn Sands\|author3=Jared Still\|author4=Riyaj Shamsudeen \|author5=Kerry Osborne\|title=Pro Oracle SQL\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrwu-f4JwjcC&pg=PA283\|year=2010\|publisher=Apress\|isbn=978-1-4302-3228-5\|page=283}}</ref>

	The syntax for a CTE (which may or may not be recursive) is as follows:		The syntax for a CTE (which may or may not be recursive) is as follows:

Theking2: Add ref to MariaDB changelog

2024-12-22T11:49:41Z

Add ref to MariaDB changelog

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:49, 22 December 2024
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	CTEs can be thought of as alternatives to derived tables ([[subquery]]), [[view (database)\|views]], and inline user-defined functions.		CTEs can be thought of as alternatives to derived tables ([[subquery]]), [[view (database)\|views]], and inline user-defined functions.

	Common table expressions are supported by [[Teradata]] (starting with version 14), [[IBM Db2]], [[Informix]] (starting with version 14.1), [[Firebird (database server)\|Firebird]] (starting with version 2.1),<ref>https://firebirdsql.org/file/documentation/reference_manuals/reference_material/Firebird-2.5-LangRef-Update.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref> [[Microsoft SQL Server]] (starting with version 2005), [[Oracle Database\|Oracle]] (with recursion since 11g release 2), [[PostgreSQL]] (since 8.4), [[MariaDB]] (since 10.2), [[MySQL]] (since 8.0), [[SQLite]] (since 3.8.3), [[HSQLDB\|HyperSQL]], [[IBM Informix\|Informix]] (since 14.10),<ref>possible before 14.10 with temp tables https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42579298/why-does-a-with-clause-give-a-syntax-error-on-informix</ref> Google [[BigQuery]], [[Sybase (database)\|Sybase]] (starting with version 9), [[Vertica]], [[H2 (DBMS)\|H2]] (experimental),<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.h2database.com/html/advanced.html#recursive_queries\|title = Advanced}}</ref> and [[Comparison of relational database management systems\|many others]]. Oracle calls CTEs "subquery factoring".<ref name="MortonSands2010">{{cite book\|author1=Karen Morton\|author2=Robyn Sands\|author3=Jared Still\|author4=Riyaj Shamsudeen \|author5=Kerry Osborne\|title=Pro Oracle SQL\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrwu-f4JwjcC&pg=PA283\|year=2010\|publisher=Apress\|isbn=978-1-4302-3228-5\|page=283}}</ref>		Common table expressions are supported by [[Teradata]] (starting with version 14), [[IBM Db2]], [[Informix]] (starting with version 14.1), [[Firebird (database server)\|Firebird]] (starting with version 2.1),<ref>https://firebirdsql.org/file/documentation/reference_manuals/reference_material/Firebird-2.5-LangRef-Update.pdf {{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}</ref> [[Microsoft SQL Server]] (starting with version 2005), [[Oracle Database\|Oracle]] (with recursion since 11g release 2), [[PostgreSQL]] (since 8.4), [[MariaDB]] (since 10.2<ref>{{Cite web \|title=MariaDB 10.2.0 Changelog \|url=https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-1020-changelog/ \|access-date=2024-12-22 \|website=MariaDB KnowledgeBase}}</ref>), [[MySQL]] (since 8.0), [[SQLite]] (since 3.8.3), [[HSQLDB\|HyperSQL]], [[IBM Informix\|Informix]] (since 14.10)<ref>possible before 14.10 with temp tables https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42579298/why-does-a-with-clause-give-a-syntax-error-on-informix</ref>, Google [[BigQuery]], [[Sybase (database)\|Sybase]] (starting with version 9), [[Vertica]], [[H2 (DBMS)\|H2]] (experimental),<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.h2database.com/html/advanced.html#recursive_queries\|title = Advanced}}</ref> and [[Comparison of relational database management systems\|many others]]. Oracle calls CTEs "subquery factoring".<ref name="MortonSands2010">{{cite book\|author1=Karen Morton\|author2=Robyn Sands\|author3=Jared Still\|author4=Riyaj Shamsudeen \|author5=Kerry Osborne\|title=Pro Oracle SQL\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrwu-f4JwjcC&pg=PA283\|year=2010\|publisher=Apress\|isbn=978-1-4302-3228-5\|page=283}}</ref>

	The syntax for a CTE (which may or may not be recursive) is as follows:		The syntax for a CTE (which may or may not be recursive) is as follows:

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

2024-08-07T10:45:40Z

Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:45, 7 August 2024
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	A '''hierarchical query''' is a type of [[Select (SQL)\|SQL query]] that handles [[hierarchical model]] data. They are special cases of more general recursive [[fixpoint]] queries, which compute [[transitive closure]]s.		A '''hierarchical query''' is a type of [[Select (SQL)\|SQL query]] that handles [[hierarchical model]] data. They are special cases of more general recursive [[fixpoint]] queries, which compute [[transitive closure]]s.

	In standard [[SQL:1999]] hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive ''[[#Common table expression\|common table expressions]]'' (CTEs). Unlike Oracle's earlier [[#CONNECT BY\|connect-by clause]], recursive CTEs were designed with fixpoint semantics from the beginning.<ref name="JimMelton1">{{cite book\|author1=Jim Melton\|author2=Alan R. Simon\|title=SQL:1999: Understanding Relational Language Components\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyhXvU0Eyg0C&pg=PA352\|year=2002\|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann\|isbn=978-1-55860-456-8}}</ref> Recursive CTEs from the standard were relatively close to the existing implementation in IBM DB2 version 2.<ref name="JimMelton1"/> Recursive CTEs are also supported by [[Microsoft SQL Server]] (since SQL Server 2008 R2),<ref name="msdnRCTEs">{{cite web \|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186243.aspx \|title=Recursive Queries Using Common Table Expressions \|author=Microsoft \|access-date=2009-12-23}}</ref> [[Firebird (database server)\|Firebird 2.1]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://firebirdsql.org/rlsnotesh/rlsnotes210.html#rnfb210-cte \|title=Firebird 2.1 Release Notes \|author=Helen Borrie \|date=2008-07-15 \|access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref> [[PostgreSQL\|PostgreSQL 8.4+]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/queries-with.html \|title=WITH Queries\|date=10 February 2022}} PostgreSQL</ref> [[SQLite\|SQLite 3.8.3+]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.sqlite.org/lang_with.html \|title=WITH Clause}} SQLite</ref> [[IBM Informix]] version 11.50+, [[CUBRID]], [[MariaDB\|MariaDB 10.2+]] and [[MySQL\|MySQL 8.0.1+]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://mysqlserverteam.com/mysql-8-0-labs-recursive-common-table-expressions-in-mysql-ctes/ \|title=MySQL 8.0 Labs: [Recursive] Common Table Expressions in MySQL (CTEs)}} mysqlserverteam.com</ref> [https://kb.tableau.com/articles/howto/using-common-table-expressions Tableau has documentation] describing how CTEs can be used. TIBCO Spotfire does not support CTEs, while Oracle 11g Release 2's implementation lacks fixpoint semantics.		In standard [[SQL:1999]] hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive ''[[#Common table expression\|common table expressions]]'' (CTEs). Unlike Oracle's earlier [[#CONNECT BY\|connect-by clause]], recursive CTEs were designed with fixpoint semantics from the beginning.<ref name="JimMelton1">{{cite book\|author1=Jim Melton\|author2=Alan R. Simon\|title=SQL:1999: Understanding Relational Language Components\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyhXvU0Eyg0C&pg=PA352\|year=2002\|publisher=Morgan Kaufmann\|isbn=978-1-55860-456-8}}</ref> Recursive CTEs from the standard were relatively close to the existing implementation in IBM DB2 version 2.<ref name="JimMelton1"/> Recursive CTEs are also supported by [[Microsoft SQL Server]] (since SQL Server 2008 R2),<ref name="msdnRCTEs">{{cite web \|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186243.aspx \|title=Recursive Queries Using Common Table Expressions \|author=Microsoft \|access-date=2009-12-23}}</ref> [[Firebird (database server)\|Firebird 2.1]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://firebirdsql.org/rlsnotesh/rlsnotes210.html#rnfb210-cte \|title=Firebird 2.1 Release Notes \|author=Helen Borrie \|date=2008-07-15 \|access-date=2015-11-24}}</ref> [[PostgreSQL\|PostgreSQL 8.4+]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/queries-with.html \|title=WITH Queries\|date=10 February 2022}} PostgreSQL</ref> [[SQLite\|SQLite 3.8.3+]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.sqlite.org/lang_with.html \|title=WITH Clause}} SQLite</ref> [[IBM Informix]] version 11.50+, [[CUBRID]], [[MariaDB\|MariaDB 10.2+]] and [[MySQL\|MySQL 8.0.1+]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://mysqlserverteam.com/mysql-8-0-labs-recursive-common-table-expressions-in-mysql-ctes/ \|title=MySQL 8.0 Labs: [Recursive] Common Table Expressions in MySQL (CTEs) \|access-date=2017-12-20 \|archive-date=2019-08-16 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816150345/https://mysqlserverteam.com/mysql-8-0-labs-recursive-common-table-expressions-in-mysql-ctes/ \|url-status=dead }} mysqlserverteam.com</ref> [https://kb.tableau.com/articles/howto/using-common-table-expressions Tableau has documentation] describing how CTEs can be used. TIBCO Spotfire does not support CTEs, while Oracle 11g Release 2's implementation lacks fixpoint semantics.

	Without common table expressions or connected-by clauses it is possible to achieve hierarchical queries with user-defined recursive functions.<ref>[http://www.paragoncorporation.com/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=24 Paragon corporation: Using PostgreSQL User-Defined Functions to solve the Tree Problem], February 15, 2004, accessed September 19, 2015</ref>		Without common table expressions or connected-by clauses it is possible to achieve hierarchical queries with user-defined recursive functions.<ref>[http://www.paragoncorporation.com/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=24 Paragon corporation: Using PostgreSQL User-Defined Functions to solve the Tree Problem], February 15, 2004, accessed September 19, 2015</ref>
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	}}</ref> Prior to Oracle 10g, the construct was only useful for traversing acyclic graphs because it returned an error on detecting any cycles; in version 10g Oracle introduced the NOCYCLE feature (and keyword), making the traversal work in the presence of cycles as well.<ref name="MishraBeaulieu2004">{{cite book\|author1=Sanjay Mishra\|author2=Alan Beaulieu\|title=Mastering Oracle SQL\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5vbGgz7TFsC&pg=PT227\|year=2004\|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.\|isbn=978-0-596-00632-7\|page=227}}</ref>		}}</ref> Prior to Oracle 10g, the construct was only useful for traversing acyclic graphs because it returned an error on detecting any cycles; in version 10g Oracle introduced the NOCYCLE feature (and keyword), making the traversal work in the presence of cycles as well.<ref name="MishraBeaulieu2004">{{cite book\|author1=Sanjay Mishra\|author2=Alan Beaulieu\|title=Mastering Oracle SQL\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5vbGgz7TFsC&pg=PT227\|year=2004\|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.\|isbn=978-0-596-00632-7\|page=227}}</ref>

	<code>CONNECT BY</code> is supported by [[Snowflake Inc.\|Snowflake]], [[EnterpriseDB]],<ref>[http://www.enterprisedb.com/documentation/hierarchical-queries.html Hierarchical Queries] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621031850/http://www.enterprisedb.com/documentation/hierarchical-queries.html \|date=2008-06-21 }}, EnterpriseDB</ref> [[Oracle database]],<ref>[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/queries003.htm Hierarchical Queries], Oracle</ref> [[CUBRID]],<ref>{{cite web\|title=CUBRID Hierarchical Query\|url=http://www.cubrid.org/manual/841/en/Hierarchical%20Query\|access-date=11 February 2013}}</ref> [[IBM Informix]]<ref>[https://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_12.1.0/com.ibm.sqls.doc/ids_sqs_2033.htm Hierarchical Clause], IBM Informix</ref> and [[IBM Db2]] although only if it is enabled as a compatibility mode.<ref name="Gennick2010">{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Gennick\|title=SQL Pocket Guide\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEAFRzMe_SMC&pg=PA8\|year=2010\|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.\|isbn=978-1-4493-9409-7\|page=8\|edition=3rd}}</ref> The syntax is as follows:		<code>CONNECT BY</code> is supported by [[Snowflake Inc.\|Snowflake]], [[EnterpriseDB]],<ref>[http://www.enterprisedb.com/documentation/hierarchical-queries.html Hierarchical Queries] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621031850/http://www.enterprisedb.com/documentation/hierarchical-queries.html \|date=2008-06-21 }}, EnterpriseDB</ref> [[Oracle database]],<ref>[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14200/queries003.htm Hierarchical Queries], Oracle</ref> [[CUBRID]],<ref>{{cite web\|title=CUBRID Hierarchical Query\|url=http://www.cubrid.org/manual/841/en/Hierarchical%20Query\|access-date=11 February 2013\|archive-date=14 February 2013\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214060900/http://www.cubrid.org/manual/841/en/Hierarchical%20Query\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[IBM Informix]]<ref>[https://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSGU8G_12.1.0/com.ibm.sqls.doc/ids_sqs_2033.htm Hierarchical Clause], IBM Informix</ref> and [[IBM Db2]] although only if it is enabled as a compatibility mode.<ref name="Gennick2010">{{cite book\|author=Jonathan Gennick\|title=SQL Pocket Guide\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rEAFRzMe_SMC&pg=PA8\|year=2010\|publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc.\|isbn=978-1-4493-9409-7\|page=8\|edition=3rd}}</ref> The syntax is as follows:

	<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">		<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">

A3nm: /* See also */ +RPQs

2024-01-18T16:21:36Z

HeyElliott: MOS:CQ

2023-10-19T02:50:13Z

MOS:CQ

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:50, 19 October 2023
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	</syntaxhighlight>		</syntaxhighlight>

	where <code>with_query</code>‘s syntax is:		where <code>with_query</code>'s syntax is:

	<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">		<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">

Fusentast: /* Unary operators */

2023-10-02T21:43:43Z

Unary operators

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:43, 2 October 2023
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	<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">		<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">
			SELECT
⚫	~~SELECT~~ ~~ename "Employee",~~ CONNECT_BY_ROOT ename "Manager",
			ename "Employee",
⚫	~~LEVEL-1~~ ~~"Pathlen",~~ SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(ename, '/') "Path"
		⚫	CONNECT_BY_ROOT ename "Manager",
			LEVEL-1 "Pathlen",
		⚫	SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(ename, '/') "Path"
	FROM emp		FROM emp
	WHERE LEVEL > 1 ~~and~~ deptno = 10		WHERE LEVEL > 1 AND deptno = 10
	CONNECT BY PRIOR empno = mgr		CONNECT BY PRIOR empno = mgr
	ORDER BY "Employee", "Manager", "Pathlen", "Path";		ORDER BY "Employee", "Manager", "Pathlen", "Path";

Fusentast: /* Common table expression */

2023-10-02T21:41:19Z

Common table expression

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:41, 2 October 2023
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	An example of a recursive query computing the [[factorial]] of numbers from 0 to 9 is the following:		An example of a recursive query computing the [[factorial]] of numbers from 0 to 9 is the following:
	<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">		<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">
	WITH recursive temp (n, fact) AS		WITH recursive temp (n, fact) AS (
			SELECT 0, 1 -- Initial Subquery
	(
		⚫	UNION ALL
	SELECT 0,
	1 -- ~~Initial~~ Subquery		SELECT n+1, (n+1)*fact FROM temp WHERE n < 9 -- Recursive Subquery
			)
⚫	UNION ALL
		⚫	SELECT * FROM temp;
	SELECT n+1,
	(n+1)*fact
	FROM temp -- Recursive Subquery
	WHERE n < 9)
⚫	SELECT *
	FROM temp;
	</syntaxhighlight>		</syntaxhighlight>

Pngdeity at 02:42, 5 December 2022

2022-12-05T02:42:58Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:42, 5 December 2022
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			{{Short description\|none}}
	{{Technical\|date=April 2018}}		{{Technical\|date=April 2018}}

151.28.147.223: Formatting the query for readability

2022-06-20T08:10:14Z

Formatting the query for readability

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:10, 20 June 2022
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	An example of a recursive query computing the [[factorial]] of numbers from 0 to 9 is the following:		An example of a recursive query computing the [[factorial]] of numbers from 0 to 9 is the following:
	<syntaxhighlight lang=sql>		<syntaxhighlight lang="sql">
	WITH ~~RECURSIVE~~ temp (n, fact) AS		WITH recursive temp (n, fact) AS
			(
	(SELECT 0, 1 -- Initial Subquery
			SELECT 0,
	UNION ALL
	~~SELECT~~ ~~n+1,~~ ~~(n+1)*fact~~ ~~FROM~~ ~~temp~~ -- ~~Recursive~~ Subquery		1 -- Initial Subquery
	~~WHERE n < 9)~~		UNION ALL
			SELECT n+1,
⚫	SELECT * ~~FROM temp;~~
			(n+1)*fact
			FROM temp -- Recursive Subquery
			WHERE n < 9)
		⚫	SELECT *
			FROM temp;
	</syntaxhighlight>		</syntaxhighlight>

Liz: Removing link(s) to "Database System Concepts": Removing links to deleted page Database System Concepts.

2022-04-20T21:15:50Z

Removing link(s) to "Database System Concepts": Removing links to deleted page Database System Concepts.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:15, 20 April 2022
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	* {{cite book\|author=C. J. Date\|author-link=C. J. Date\|title=SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code\|year=2011\|publisher=O'Reilly Media\|isbn=978-1-4493-1640-2\|edition=2nd\|pages=159–163}}		* {{cite book\|author=C. J. Date\|author-link=C. J. Date\|title=SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code\|year=2011\|publisher=O'Reilly Media\|isbn=978-1-4493-1640-2\|edition=2nd\|pages=159–163}}
	'''Academic textbooks'''. Note that these cover only the SQL:1999 standard (and Datalog), but not the Oracle extension.		'''Academic textbooks'''. Note that these cover only the SQL:1999 standard (and Datalog), but not the Oracle extension.
	* {{cite book\|author1=Abraham Silberschatz\|author2=Henry Korth\|author3=S. Sudarshan\|title=[[Database System Concepts]]\|year=2010\|edition=6th\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-07-352332-3\|pages=187–192}}		* {{cite book\|author1=Abraham Silberschatz\|author2=Henry Korth\|author3=S. Sudarshan\|title=Database System Concepts\|year=2010\|edition=6th\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-07-352332-3\|pages=187–192}}
	* {{cite book\|author1=Raghu Ramakrishnan\|author2=Johannes Gehrke\|title=Database management systems\|year=2003\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-07-246563-1\|edition=3rd}} Chapter 24.		* {{cite book\|author1=Raghu Ramakrishnan\|author2=Johannes Gehrke\|title=Database management systems\|year=2003\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-07-246563-1\|edition=3rd}} Chapter 24.
	* {{cite book\|author1=Hector Garcia-Molina\|author2=Jeffrey D. Ullman\|author3=Jennifer Widom\|title=Database systems: the complete book\|year=2009\|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall\|isbn=978-0-13-187325-4\|edition=2nd\|pages=437–445}}		* {{cite book\|author1=Hector Garcia-Molina\|author2=Jeffrey D. Ullman\|author3=Jennifer Widom\|title=Database systems: the complete book\|year=2009\|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall\|isbn=978-0-13-187325-4\|edition=2nd\|pages=437–445}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:21, 18 January 2024
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Datalog]] also implements fixpoint queries		* [[Datalog]] also implements fixpoint queries
			* [[Regular path query\|Regular path queries]] are a specific kind of recursive query in [[graph database]]s
	* [[Deductive database]]s		* [[Deductive database]]s
	* [[Hierarchical model]]		* [[Hierarchical model]]

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:15, 20 April 2022
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	* {{cite book\|author=C. J. Date\|author-link=C. J. Date\|title=SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code\|year=2011\|publisher=O'Reilly Media\|isbn=978-1-4493-1640-2\|edition=2nd\|pages=159–163}}		* {{cite book\|author=C. J. Date\|author-link=C. J. Date\|title=SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code\|year=2011\|publisher=O'Reilly Media\|isbn=978-1-4493-1640-2\|edition=2nd\|pages=159–163}}
	'''Academic textbooks'''. Note that these cover only the SQL:1999 standard (and Datalog), but not the Oracle extension.		'''Academic textbooks'''. Note that these cover only the SQL:1999 standard (and Datalog), but not the Oracle extension.
	* {{cite book\|author1=Abraham Silberschatz\|author2=Henry Korth\|author3=S. Sudarshan\|title=[[Database System Concepts]]\|year=2010\|edition=6th\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-07-352332-3\|pages=187–192}}		* {{cite book\|author1=Abraham Silberschatz\|author2=Henry Korth\|author3=S. Sudarshan\|title=Database System Concepts\|year=2010\|edition=6th\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-07-352332-3\|pages=187–192}}
	* {{cite book\|author1=Raghu Ramakrishnan\|author2=Johannes Gehrke\|title=Database management systems\|year=2003\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-07-246563-1\|edition=3rd}} Chapter 24.		* {{cite book\|author1=Raghu Ramakrishnan\|author2=Johannes Gehrke\|title=Database management systems\|year=2003\|publisher=McGraw-Hill\|isbn=978-0-07-246563-1\|edition=3rd}} Chapter 24.
	* {{cite book\|author1=Hector Garcia-Molina\|author2=Jeffrey D. Ullman\|author3=Jennifer Widom\|title=Database systems: the complete book\|year=2009\|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall\|isbn=978-0-13-187325-4\|edition=2nd\|pages=437–445}}		* {{cite book\|author1=Hector Garcia-Molina\|author2=Jeffrey D. Ullman\|author3=Jennifer Widom\|title=Database systems: the complete book\|year=2009\|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall\|isbn=978-0-13-187325-4\|edition=2nd\|pages=437–445}}