Language documentation tools and methods - Revision history

OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-05-28T06:24:24Z

Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:24, 28 May 2025
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	Directional microphones should be used in most cases, in order to isolate a speaker's voice from other potential noise sources. However, omnidirectional microphones may be preferred in situations involving larger numbers of speakers arrayed in a relatively large space. Among directional microphones, [[Cardioid microphone\|cardioid]] microphones are suitable for most applications, however in some cases a [[hypercardioid]] ("shotgun") microphone may be preferred.		Directional microphones should be used in most cases, in order to isolate a speaker's voice from other potential noise sources. However, omnidirectional microphones may be preferred in situations involving larger numbers of speakers arrayed in a relatively large space. Among directional microphones, [[Cardioid microphone\|cardioid]] microphones are suitable for most applications, however in some cases a [[hypercardioid]] ("shotgun") microphone may be preferred.

	Good quality headset microphones are comparatively expensive, but can produce recordings of extremely high quality in controlled situations.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Švec\|first1=Jan G.\|last2=Granqvist\|first2=Svante\|date=2010-11-01\|title=Guidelines for Selecting Microphones for Human Voice Production Research\|url=https://ajslp.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=1767774\|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology\|language=en\|volume=19\|issue=4\|pages=356–368\|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0091)\|pmid=20601621\|issn=1058-0360}}</ref> [[Lavalier microphone\|Lavalier]] or "lapel" microphones may be used in some situations, however, depending on the microphone they can produce recordings which are inferior to a headset microphone for phonetic analysis, and are subject to some of the same concerns that headset microphones are in terms of restriction of a recording to a single speaker - while other speakers may be audible on the recording, they will be backgrounded in relation to the speaker wearing the lavalier microphone.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Brixen\|first=Eddy\|date=1996-05-01\|title=Spectral Degradation of Speech Captured by Miniature Microphones Mounted on Persons' Heads and Chests\|url=http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7495\|journal=Audio Engineering Society Convention 100\|language=en}}</ref>		Good quality headset microphones are comparatively expensive, but can produce recordings of extremely high quality in controlled situations.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Švec\|first1=Jan G.\|last2=Granqvist\|first2=Svante\|date=2010-11-01\|title=Guidelines for Selecting Microphones for Human Voice Production Research\|url=https://ajslp.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=1767774\|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology\|language=en\|volume=19\|issue=4\|pages=356–368\|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0091)\|pmid=20601621\|issn=1058-0360\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Lavalier microphone\|Lavalier]] or "lapel" microphones may be used in some situations, however, depending on the microphone they can produce recordings which are inferior to a headset microphone for phonetic analysis, and are subject to some of the same concerns that headset microphones are in terms of restriction of a recording to a single speaker - while other speakers may be audible on the recording, they will be backgrounded in relation to the speaker wearing the lavalier microphone.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Brixen\|first=Eddy\|date=1996-05-01\|title=Spectral Degradation of Speech Captured by Miniature Microphones Mounted on Persons' Heads and Chests\|url=http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7495\|journal=Audio Engineering Society Convention 100\|language=en}}</ref>

	Some good quality microphones used for film-making and interviews include the [http://www.rode.com/microphones/video Røde VideoMic shotgun and the Røde lavalier series], [http://www.shure.com/americas/products/microphones/beta/beta-53-headworn-microphone Shure headworn mics] and [http://www.shure.com/americas/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keyword=lavalier#keyword=lavalier&category_1=Microphones Shure lavaliers]. Depending on the recorder and microphone, additional [[Audio and video interfaces and connectors\|cables]] (XLR, stereo/mono converter or a [https://www.amazon.com/Rode-SC3-3-5mm-TRRS-Adaptor/dp/B00L6C8PNU TRRS to TRS adapter]) will be necessary.		Some good quality microphones used for film-making and interviews include the [http://www.rode.com/microphones/video Røde VideoMic shotgun and the Røde lavalier series], [http://www.shure.com/americas/products/microphones/beta/beta-53-headworn-microphone Shure headworn mics] and [http://www.shure.com/americas/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keyword=lavalier#keyword=lavalier&category_1=Microphones Shure lavaliers]. Depending on the recorder and microphone, additional [[Audio and video interfaces and connectors\|cables]] (XLR, stereo/mono converter or a [https://www.amazon.com/Rode-SC3-3-5mm-TRRS-Adaptor/dp/B00L6C8PNU TRRS to TRS adapter]) will be necessary.

CoolieCoolster: Added non-breaking space to non-template file size, frequency, bitrate, and bandwidth values (via WP:JWB)

2024-04-26T02:18:52Z

Added non-breaking space to non-template file size, frequency, bitrate, and bandwidth values (via WP:JWB)

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	*[https://web.library.yale.edu/digital-initiatives/digitization-standards-and-guidelines/audiovisual Yale University Library] audiovisual guidelines		*[https://web.library.yale.edu/digital-initiatives/digitization-standards-and-guidelines/audiovisual Yale University Library] audiovisual guidelines

	Most current archive standards for [[video]] use MPEG-4 (H264) as an encoding or storage format, which includes an AAC audio stream (generally of up to 320 kbit/s). [[Sound quality\|Audio]] archive quality is at least WAV 44.1 kHz, 16-bit.		Most current archive standards for [[video]] use MPEG-4 (H264) as an encoding or storage format, which includes an AAC audio stream (generally of up to 320 kbit/s). [[Sound quality\|Audio]] archive quality is at least WAV 44.1 kHz, 16-bit.

	=== Principles for recording ===		=== Principles for recording ===

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	== Film ==		== Film ==
	The 2021 Indian documentary film [[Dreaming of Words]] traces the life and work of [[Njattyela Sreedharan]], a fourth standard drop-out, who compiles a multilingual dictionary connecting four major [[Dravidian languages]] [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language\|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/82-yo-compiles-dictionary-of-4-dravidian-languages-useful-ofcourse\|title = 82-year-old Kerala man's Dictionary is in the four Dravidian languages. 25 long years to compile}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/246205/83-yo-kerala-school-dropout-creates-unique-dictionary-in-4-south-indian-languages-vid01/\|title=83-YO Kerala School Dropout Creates Unique Dictionary in 4 South Indian Languages\|date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/for-keralites-door-opens-to-three-other-dravidian-languages/article32986464.ece\|title = For Keralites, door opens to three other Dravidian languages\|newspaper = The Hindu\|date = 30 October 2020\|last1 = Sajit\|first1 = C. p.}}</ref> Travelling across four states and doing extensive research, he spent twenty five years<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://silvertalkies.com/the-man-who-wrote-a-dictionary-in-four-languages/\|title=The Man Who Wrote A Dictionary In Four Languages - Silver Talkies\|website=silvertalkies.com}}</ref> making this multilingual dictionary.		The 2021 Indian documentary film [[Dreaming of Words]] traces the life and work of [[Njattyela Sreedharan]], a fourth standard drop-out, who compiles a multilingual dictionary connecting four major [[Dravidian languages]] [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language\|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://bookofachievers.com/articles/82-yo-compiles-dictionary-of-4-dravidian-languages-useful-ofcourse\|title = 82-year-old Kerala man's Dictionary is in the four Dravidian languages. 25 long years to compile}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/246205/83-yo-kerala-school-dropout-creates-unique-dictionary-in-4-south-indian-languages-vid01/\|title=83-YO Kerala School Dropout Creates Unique Dictionary in 4 South Indian Languages\|date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/for-keralites-door-opens-to-three-other-dravidian-languages/article32986464.ece\|title = For Keralites, door opens to three other Dravidian languages\|newspaper = The Hindu\|date = 30 October 2020\|last1 = Sajit\|first1 = C. p.}}</ref> Travelling across four states and doing extensive research, he spent twenty five years<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://silvertalkies.com/the-man-who-wrote-a-dictionary-in-four-languages/\|title=The Man Who Wrote A Dictionary In Four Languages – Silver Talkies\|website=silvertalkies.com}}</ref> making this multilingual dictionary.

	== See also ==		== See also ==

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	The field of [[language documentation]] in the modern context involves a complex and ever-evolving set of tools and methods, and the study and development of their use - and, especially, identification and promotion of best practices - can be considered a sub-field of [[language documentation]] proper.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://sites.google.com/site/ldtoolssummit/home\|title=LD Tools Summit\|website=sites.google.com\|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> Among these are ethical and recording principles, workflows and methods, hardware tools, and software tools.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Linguistic Fieldwork - Springer\|last=Bowern\|first=Claire\|doi=10.1057/9780230590168\|year = 2008\|isbn = 978-0-230-54538-0}}</ref>		The field of [[language documentation]] in the modern context involves a complex and ever-evolving set of tools and methods, and the study and development of their use – and, especially, identification and promotion of best practices – can be considered a sub-field of [[language documentation]] proper.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://sites.google.com/site/ldtoolssummit/home\|title=LD Tools Summit\|website=sites.google.com\|access-date=2016-06-02}}</ref> Among these are ethical and recording principles, workflows and methods, hardware tools, and software tools.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Linguistic Fieldwork – Springer\|last=Bowern\|first=Claire\|doi=10.1057/9780230590168\|year = 2008\|isbn = 978-0-230-54538-0}}</ref>

	== Principles and workflows ==		== Principles and workflows ==

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14.139.69.22: /* LiFE Siddharth Singh, Shyam Ratan, Neerav Mathur, and Ritesh Kumar. 2023. An Open-source Web-based Application for Development of Resources and Technologies in Underresourced Languages. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop for Natural Language Processing Open Source Software (NLP-OSS 2023), pages 120–129, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics. Shyam Ratan, Siddharth Singh, Neerav Mathur, and Ritesh Kumar. 2024. Demo of LiFE: A web app for collection, management and annotation...

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/* LiFE Siddharth Singh, Shyam Ratan, Neerav Mathur, and Ritesh Kumar. 2023. An Open-source Web-based Application for Development of Resources and Technologies in Underresourced Languages. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop for Natural Language Processing Open Source Software (NLP-OSS 2023), pages 120–129, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics. Shyam Ratan, Siddharth Singh, Neerav Mathur, and Ritesh Kumar. 2024. Demo of LiFE: A web app for collection, management and annotation...

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:24, 28 May 2025
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	Directional microphones should be used in most cases, in order to isolate a speaker's voice from other potential noise sources. However, omnidirectional microphones may be preferred in situations involving larger numbers of speakers arrayed in a relatively large space. Among directional microphones, [[Cardioid microphone\|cardioid]] microphones are suitable for most applications, however in some cases a [[hypercardioid]] ("shotgun") microphone may be preferred.		Directional microphones should be used in most cases, in order to isolate a speaker's voice from other potential noise sources. However, omnidirectional microphones may be preferred in situations involving larger numbers of speakers arrayed in a relatively large space. Among directional microphones, [[Cardioid microphone\|cardioid]] microphones are suitable for most applications, however in some cases a [[hypercardioid]] ("shotgun") microphone may be preferred.

	Good quality headset microphones are comparatively expensive, but can produce recordings of extremely high quality in controlled situations.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Švec\|first1=Jan G.\|last2=Granqvist\|first2=Svante\|date=2010-11-01\|title=Guidelines for Selecting Microphones for Human Voice Production Research\|url=https://ajslp.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=1767774\|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology\|language=en\|volume=19\|issue=4\|pages=356–368\|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0091)\|pmid=20601621\|issn=1058-0360}}</ref> [[Lavalier microphone\|Lavalier]] or "lapel" microphones may be used in some situations, however, depending on the microphone they can produce recordings which are inferior to a headset microphone for phonetic analysis, and are subject to some of the same concerns that headset microphones are in terms of restriction of a recording to a single speaker - while other speakers may be audible on the recording, they will be backgrounded in relation to the speaker wearing the lavalier microphone.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Brixen\|first=Eddy\|date=1996-05-01\|title=Spectral Degradation of Speech Captured by Miniature Microphones Mounted on Persons' Heads and Chests\|url=http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7495\|journal=Audio Engineering Society Convention 100\|language=en}}</ref>		Good quality headset microphones are comparatively expensive, but can produce recordings of extremely high quality in controlled situations.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Švec\|first1=Jan G.\|last2=Granqvist\|first2=Svante\|date=2010-11-01\|title=Guidelines for Selecting Microphones for Human Voice Production Research\|url=https://ajslp.pubs.asha.org/article.aspx?articleid=1767774\|journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology\|language=en\|volume=19\|issue=4\|pages=356–368\|doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0091)\|pmid=20601621\|issn=1058-0360\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Lavalier microphone\|Lavalier]] or "lapel" microphones may be used in some situations, however, depending on the microphone they can produce recordings which are inferior to a headset microphone for phonetic analysis, and are subject to some of the same concerns that headset microphones are in terms of restriction of a recording to a single speaker - while other speakers may be audible on the recording, they will be backgrounded in relation to the speaker wearing the lavalier microphone.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Brixen\|first=Eddy\|date=1996-05-01\|title=Spectral Degradation of Speech Captured by Miniature Microphones Mounted on Persons' Heads and Chests\|url=http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7495\|journal=Audio Engineering Society Convention 100\|language=en}}</ref>

	Some good quality microphones used for film-making and interviews include the [http://www.rode.com/microphones/video Røde VideoMic shotgun and the Røde lavalier series], [http://www.shure.com/americas/products/microphones/beta/beta-53-headworn-microphone Shure headworn mics] and [http://www.shure.com/americas/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keyword=lavalier#keyword=lavalier&category_1=Microphones Shure lavaliers]. Depending on the recorder and microphone, additional [[Audio and video interfaces and connectors\|cables]] (XLR, stereo/mono converter or a [https://www.amazon.com/Rode-SC3-3-5mm-TRRS-Adaptor/dp/B00L6C8PNU TRRS to TRS adapter]) will be necessary.		Some good quality microphones used for film-making and interviews include the [http://www.rode.com/microphones/video Røde VideoMic shotgun and the Røde lavalier series], [http://www.shure.com/americas/products/microphones/beta/beta-53-headworn-microphone Shure headworn mics] and [http://www.shure.com/americas/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keyword=lavalier#keyword=lavalier&category_1=Microphones Shure lavaliers]. Depending on the recorder and microphone, additional [[Audio and video interfaces and connectors\|cables]] (XLR, stereo/mono converter or a [https://www.amazon.com/Rode-SC3-3-5mm-TRRS-Adaptor/dp/B00L6C8PNU TRRS to TRS adapter]) will be necessary.