Linear predictive coding - Revision history

Headbomb: ce

2025-02-19T09:56:49Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:56, 19 February 2025
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	Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| journal = The Bell System Technical Journal \|year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs\| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01403.x }}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>		Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| journal = The Bell System Technical Journal \|year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs\| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01403.x }}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>

	Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.~~Japan~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>		Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>

	In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on [[partial correlation]] (PARCOR), [[Glen Culler]] proposed real-time speech encoding, and [[Bishnu S. Atal]] presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the [[Acoustical Society of America]]. In 1971, realtime LPC using [[16-bit computing\|16-bit]] LPC hardware was demonstrated by [[Philco-Ford]]; four units were sold.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal \|last1=Gray \|first1=Robert M. \|author1-link=Robert M. Gray \|title=A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol \|journal=Found. Trends Signal Process. \|date=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=4 \|pages=203–303 \|doi=10.1561/2000000036 \|url=https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|issn=1932-8346\|doi-access=free }}</ref> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and [[Manfred Schroeder]] during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath ''et al.'' of BBN developed the first [[variable bitrate\|variable-rate]] LPC algorithm.<ref name="Gray"/> The same year, Atal and [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech [[codec]] called [[adaptive predictive coding]], which used a [[psychoacoustic]] coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<ref name="Schroeder2014">{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|title=Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder\|date=2014\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=9783319056609\|chapter=Bell Laboratories\|page=388\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Atal\|first1=B.\|last2=Schroeder\|first2=M.\|title=ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria \|date=1978\|volume=3\|pages=573–576\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564}}</ref> This later became the basis for the [[perceptual coding]] technique used by the [[MP3]] [[audio compression (data)\|audio compression]] format, introduced in 1993.<ref name="Schroeder2014"/> [[Code-excited linear prediction]] (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|author1-link=Manfred R. Schroeder\|last2=Atal\|first2=Bishnu S.\|title=ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates \|author2-link=Bishnu S. Atal\|date=1985\|volume=10\|pages=937–940\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147\|s2cid=14803427}}</ref>		In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on [[partial correlation]] (PARCOR), [[Glen Culler]] proposed real-time speech encoding, and [[Bishnu S. Atal]] presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the [[Acoustical Society of America]]. In 1971, realtime LPC using [[16-bit computing\|16-bit]] LPC hardware was demonstrated by [[Philco-Ford]]; four units were sold.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal \|last1=Gray \|first1=Robert M. \|author1-link=Robert M. Gray \|title=A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol \|journal=Found. Trends Signal Process. \|date=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=4 \|pages=203–303 \|doi=10.1561/2000000036 \|url=https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|issn=1932-8346\|doi-access=free }}</ref> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and [[Manfred Schroeder]] during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath ''et al.'' of BBN developed the first [[variable bitrate\|variable-rate]] LPC algorithm.<ref name="Gray"/> The same year, Atal and [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech [[codec]] called [[adaptive predictive coding]], which used a [[psychoacoustic]] coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<ref name="Schroeder2014">{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|title=Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder\|date=2014\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=9783319056609\|chapter=Bell Laboratories\|page=388\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Atal\|first1=B.\|last2=Schroeder\|first2=M.\|title=ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria \|date=1978\|volume=3\|pages=573–576\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564}}</ref> This later became the basis for the [[perceptual coding]] technique used by the [[MP3]] [[audio compression (data)\|audio compression]] format, introduced in 1993.<ref name="Schroeder2014"/> [[Code-excited linear prediction]] (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|author1-link=Manfred R. Schroeder\|last2=Atal\|first2=Bishnu S.\|title=ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates \|author2-link=Bishnu S. Atal\|date=1985\|volume=10\|pages=937–940\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147\|s2cid=14803427}}</ref>

Doug Weller: tried but could not source this

2024-12-20T13:13:48Z

tried but could not source this

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:13, 20 December 2024
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	In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on [[partial correlation]] (PARCOR), [[Glen Culler]] proposed real-time speech encoding, and [[Bishnu S. Atal]] presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the [[Acoustical Society of America]]. In 1971, realtime LPC using [[16-bit computing\|16-bit]] LPC hardware was demonstrated by [[Philco-Ford]]; four units were sold.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal \|last1=Gray \|first1=Robert M. \|author1-link=Robert M. Gray \|title=A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol \|journal=Found. Trends Signal Process. \|date=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=4 \|pages=203–303 \|doi=10.1561/2000000036 \|url=https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|issn=1932-8346\|doi-access=free }}</ref> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and [[Manfred Schroeder]] during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath ''et al.'' of BBN developed the first [[variable bitrate\|variable-rate]] LPC algorithm.<ref name="Gray"/> The same year, Atal and [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech [[codec]] called [[adaptive predictive coding]], which used a [[psychoacoustic]] coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<ref name="Schroeder2014">{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|title=Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder\|date=2014\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=9783319056609\|chapter=Bell Laboratories\|page=388\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Atal\|first1=B.\|last2=Schroeder\|first2=M.\|title=ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria \|date=1978\|volume=3\|pages=573–576\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564}}</ref> This later became the basis for the [[perceptual coding]] technique used by the [[MP3]] [[audio compression (data)\|audio compression]] format, introduced in 1993.<ref name="Schroeder2014"/> [[Code-excited linear prediction]] (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|author1-link=Manfred R. Schroeder\|last2=Atal\|first2=Bishnu S.\|title=ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates \|author2-link=Bishnu S. Atal\|date=1985\|volume=10\|pages=937–940\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147\|s2cid=14803427}}</ref>		In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on [[partial correlation]] (PARCOR), [[Glen Culler]] proposed real-time speech encoding, and [[Bishnu S. Atal]] presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the [[Acoustical Society of America]]. In 1971, realtime LPC using [[16-bit computing\|16-bit]] LPC hardware was demonstrated by [[Philco-Ford]]; four units were sold.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal \|last1=Gray \|first1=Robert M. \|author1-link=Robert M. Gray \|title=A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol \|journal=Found. Trends Signal Process. \|date=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=4 \|pages=203–303 \|doi=10.1561/2000000036 \|url=https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|issn=1932-8346\|doi-access=free }}</ref> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and [[Manfred Schroeder]] during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath ''et al.'' of BBN developed the first [[variable bitrate\|variable-rate]] LPC algorithm.<ref name="Gray"/> The same year, Atal and [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech [[codec]] called [[adaptive predictive coding]], which used a [[psychoacoustic]] coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<ref name="Schroeder2014">{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|title=Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder\|date=2014\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=9783319056609\|chapter=Bell Laboratories\|page=388\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Atal\|first1=B.\|last2=Schroeder\|first2=M.\|title=ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria \|date=1978\|volume=3\|pages=573–576\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564}}</ref> This later became the basis for the [[perceptual coding]] technique used by the [[MP3]] [[audio compression (data)\|audio compression]] format, introduced in 1993.<ref name="Schroeder2014"/> [[Code-excited linear prediction]] (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|author1-link=Manfred R. Schroeder\|last2=Atal\|first2=Bishnu S.\|title=ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates \|author2-link=Bishnu S. Atal\|date=1985\|volume=10\|pages=937–940\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147\|s2cid=14803427}}</ref>

	LPC is the basis for [[voice-over-IP]] (VoIP) technology.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1972, [[Bob Kahn]] of [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\|ARPA]] with Jim Forgie of [[Lincoln Laboratory]] (LL) and Dave Walden of [[BBN Technologies]] started the first developments in packetized speech, which would eventually lead to voice-over-IP technology. In 1973, according to Lincoln Laboratory informal history, the first real-time 2400 [[bit]]/[[Second\|s]] LPC was implemented by Ed Hofstetter. In 1974, the first real-time two-way LPC packet speech communication was accomplished over the [[ARPANET]] at 3500 bit/s between Culler-Harrison and Lincoln Laboratory. In 1976, the first LPC conference took place over the ARPANET using the [[Network Voice Protocol]], between Culler-Harrison, Information Sciences Institute (ISI), Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and LL at 3500 bit/s.{{Citation needed\|date=December 2019}}{{Clarify\|reason=What do the abbreviations ISI and SRI represent? They need to be defined, like Lincoln Laboratory (LL) is defined earlier.\|date=March 2024}}		LPC is the basis for [[voice-over-IP]] (VoIP) technology.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1972, [[Bob Kahn]] of [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\|ARPA]] with Jim Forgie of [[Lincoln Laboratory]] (LL) and Dave Walden of [[BBN Technologies]] started the first developments in packetized speech, which would eventually lead to voice-over-IP technology. In 1973, according to Lincoln Laboratory informal history, the first real-time 2400 [[bit]]/[[Second\|s]] LPC was implemented by Ed Hofstetter. In 1974, the first real-time two-way LPC packet speech communication was accomplished over the [[ARPANET]] at 3500 bit/s between Culler-Harrison and Lincoln Laboratory.

	==LPC coefficient representations==		==LPC coefficient representations==

Proudbharati: The abbreviations ISI and SRI are not defined in the text, which may confuse readers unfamiliar with these terms. Defining them enhances clarity.

2024-12-19T20:35:48Z

The abbreviations ISI and SRI are not defined in the text, which may confuse readers unfamiliar with these terms. Defining them enhances clarity.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 20:35, 19 December 2024
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	In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on [[partial correlation]] (PARCOR), [[Glen Culler]] proposed real-time speech encoding, and [[Bishnu S. Atal]] presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the [[Acoustical Society of America]]. In 1971, realtime LPC using [[16-bit computing\|16-bit]] LPC hardware was demonstrated by [[Philco-Ford]]; four units were sold.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal \|last1=Gray \|first1=Robert M. \|author1-link=Robert M. Gray \|title=A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol \|journal=Found. Trends Signal Process. \|date=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=4 \|pages=203–303 \|doi=10.1561/2000000036 \|url=https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|issn=1932-8346\|doi-access=free }}</ref> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and [[Manfred Schroeder]] during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath ''et al.'' of BBN developed the first [[variable bitrate\|variable-rate]] LPC algorithm.<ref name="Gray"/> The same year, Atal and [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech [[codec]] called [[adaptive predictive coding]], which used a [[psychoacoustic]] coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<ref name="Schroeder2014">{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|title=Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder\|date=2014\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=9783319056609\|chapter=Bell Laboratories\|page=388\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Atal\|first1=B.\|last2=Schroeder\|first2=M.\|title=ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria \|date=1978\|volume=3\|pages=573–576\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564}}</ref> This later became the basis for the [[perceptual coding]] technique used by the [[MP3]] [[audio compression (data)\|audio compression]] format, introduced in 1993.<ref name="Schroeder2014"/> [[Code-excited linear prediction]] (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|author1-link=Manfred R. Schroeder\|last2=Atal\|first2=Bishnu S.\|title=ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates \|author2-link=Bishnu S. Atal\|date=1985\|volume=10\|pages=937–940\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147\|s2cid=14803427}}</ref>		In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on [[partial correlation]] (PARCOR), [[Glen Culler]] proposed real-time speech encoding, and [[Bishnu S. Atal]] presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the [[Acoustical Society of America]]. In 1971, realtime LPC using [[16-bit computing\|16-bit]] LPC hardware was demonstrated by [[Philco-Ford]]; four units were sold.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal \|last1=Gray \|first1=Robert M. \|author1-link=Robert M. Gray \|title=A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol \|journal=Found. Trends Signal Process. \|date=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=4 \|pages=203–303 \|doi=10.1561/2000000036 \|url=https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|issn=1932-8346\|doi-access=free }}</ref> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and [[Manfred Schroeder]] during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath ''et al.'' of BBN developed the first [[variable bitrate\|variable-rate]] LPC algorithm.<ref name="Gray"/> The same year, Atal and [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech [[codec]] called [[adaptive predictive coding]], which used a [[psychoacoustic]] coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<ref name="Schroeder2014">{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|title=Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder\|date=2014\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=9783319056609\|chapter=Bell Laboratories\|page=388\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Atal\|first1=B.\|last2=Schroeder\|first2=M.\|title=ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria \|date=1978\|volume=3\|pages=573–576\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564}}</ref> This later became the basis for the [[perceptual coding]] technique used by the [[MP3]] [[audio compression (data)\|audio compression]] format, introduced in 1993.<ref name="Schroeder2014"/> [[Code-excited linear prediction]] (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|author1-link=Manfred R. Schroeder\|last2=Atal\|first2=Bishnu S.\|title=ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates \|author2-link=Bishnu S. Atal\|date=1985\|volume=10\|pages=937–940\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147\|s2cid=14803427}}</ref>

	LPC is the basis for [[voice-over-IP]] (VoIP) technology.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1972, [[Bob Kahn]] of [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\|ARPA]] with Jim Forgie of [[Lincoln Laboratory]] (LL) and Dave Walden of [[BBN Technologies]] started the first developments in packetized speech, which would eventually lead to voice-over-IP technology. In 1973, according to Lincoln Laboratory informal history, the first real-time 2400 [[bit]]/[[Second\|s]] LPC was implemented by Ed Hofstetter. In 1974, the first real-time two-way LPC packet speech communication was accomplished over the [[ARPANET]] at 3500 bit/s between Culler-Harrison and Lincoln Laboratory. In 1976, the first LPC conference took place over the ARPANET using the [[Network Voice Protocol]], between Culler-Harrison, ISI, SRI, and LL at 3500 bit/s.{{Citation needed\|date=December 2019}}{{Clarify\|reason=What do the abbreviations ISI and SRI represent? They need to be defined, like Lincoln Laboratory (LL) is defined earlier.\|date=March 2024}}		LPC is the basis for [[voice-over-IP]] (VoIP) technology.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1972, [[Bob Kahn]] of [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency\|ARPA]] with Jim Forgie of [[Lincoln Laboratory]] (LL) and Dave Walden of [[BBN Technologies]] started the first developments in packetized speech, which would eventually lead to voice-over-IP technology. In 1973, according to Lincoln Laboratory informal history, the first real-time 2400 [[bit]]/[[Second\|s]] LPC was implemented by Ed Hofstetter. In 1974, the first real-time two-way LPC packet speech communication was accomplished over the [[ARPANET]] at 3500 bit/s between Culler-Harrison and Lincoln Laboratory. In 1976, the first LPC conference took place over the ARPANET using the [[Network Voice Protocol]], between Culler-Harrison, Information Sciences Institute (ISI), Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and LL at 3500 bit/s.{{Citation needed\|date=December 2019}}{{Clarify\|reason=What do the abbreviations ISI and SRI represent? They need to be defined, like Lincoln Laboratory (LL) is defined earlier.\|date=March 2024}}

	==LPC coefficient representations==		==LPC coefficient representations==

IznoRepeat: /* External links */ add WP:TEMPLATECAT to remove from template; genfixes

2024-12-06T00:52:44Z

External links: add WP:TEMPLATECAT to remove from template; genfixes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 00:52, 6 December 2024
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	[[Category:Digital signal processing]]		[[Category:Digital signal processing]]
	[[Category:Japanese inventions]]		[[Category:Japanese inventions]]
			[[Category:Data compression]]

Citation bot: Added doi. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Use American English from June 2021 | #UCB_Category 627/816

2024-09-17T16:52:37Z

Added doi. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Use American English from June 2021 | #UCB_Category 627/816

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:52, 17 September 2024
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	==Early history==		==Early history==

	Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| journal = The Bell System Technical Journal \|year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs}}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>		Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| journal = The Bell System Technical Journal \|year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs\| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01403.x }}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>

	Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>		Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>

Pkna22: /* Further reading */Deleted wrong parameter (‘journal’ in a Book templare!), with a duplicated content.

2024-09-07T16:18:40Z

Further reading: Deleted wrong parameter (‘journal’ in a Book templare!), with a duplicated content.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:18, 7 September 2024
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	*{{Cite journal\|last=O'Shaughnessy\|first=D.\|year=1988\|title=Linear predictive coding\|journal=IEEE Potentials\|volume=7\|issue=1\|pages=29–32\|doi=10.1109/45.1890\|s2cid=12786562}}		*{{Cite journal\|last=O'Shaughnessy\|first=D.\|year=1988\|title=Linear predictive coding\|journal=IEEE Potentials\|volume=7\|issue=1\|pages=29–32\|doi=10.1109/45.1890\|s2cid=12786562}}
	*{{Cite book\|first1=Alan \| last1=Bundy \| author-link1=Alan Bundy \| first2=Lincoln \| last2=Wallen\| title=Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Tools \| chapter=Linear Predictive Coding \| author-link2=Lincoln Wallen \| year=1984 \| series=Symbolic Computation \| doi=10.1007/978-3-642-96868-6_123 \| pages=61\| isbn=978-3-540-13938-6 }}		*{{Cite book\|first1=Alan \| last1=Bundy \| author-link1=Alan Bundy \| first2=Lincoln \| last2=Wallen\| title=Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Tools \| chapter=Linear Predictive Coding \| author-link2=Lincoln Wallen \| year=1984 \| series=Symbolic Computation \| doi=10.1007/978-3-642-96868-6_123 \| pages=61\| isbn=978-3-540-13938-6 }}
	*{{cite book\|last=El-Jaroudi\|first=Amro\|title=Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications\|year=2003\|chapter=Linear Predictive Coding~~\|journal=Encyclopedia of Telecommunications~~\|doi=10.1002/0471219282.eot155\|isbn=978-0471219286}}		*{{cite book\|last=El-Jaroudi\|first=Amro\|title=Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications\|year=2003\|chapter=Linear Predictive Coding\|doi=10.1002/0471219282.eot155\|isbn=978-0471219286}}

	==External links==		==External links==

Pkna22: /* Further reading */Fixed wrong parameter (‘journal’ in a Book template!)

2024-09-07T16:14:51Z

Further reading: Fixed wrong parameter (‘journal’ in a Book template!)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:14, 7 September 2024
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	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	*{{Cite journal\|last=O'Shaughnessy\|first=D.\|year=1988\|title=Linear predictive coding\|journal=IEEE Potentials\|volume=7\|issue=1\|pages=29–32\|doi=10.1109/45.1890\|s2cid=12786562}}		*{{Cite journal\|last=O'Shaughnessy\|first=D.\|year=1988\|title=Linear predictive coding\|journal=IEEE Potentials\|volume=7\|issue=1\|pages=29–32\|doi=10.1109/45.1890\|s2cid=12786562}}
	*{{Cite book\|first1=Alan \| last1=Bundy \| author-link1=Alan Bundy \| first2=Lincoln \| last2=Wallen\| title=Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Tools \| chapter=Linear Predictive Coding \| author-link2=Lincoln Wallen \| year=1984 \| ~~journal~~=Symbolic Computation \| doi=10.1007/978-3-642-96868-6_123 \| pages=61\| isbn=978-3-540-13938-6 }}		*{{Cite book\|first1=Alan \| last1=Bundy \| author-link1=Alan Bundy \| first2=Lincoln \| last2=Wallen\| title=Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Tools \| chapter=Linear Predictive Coding \| author-link2=Lincoln Wallen \| year=1984 \| series=Symbolic Computation \| doi=10.1007/978-3-642-96868-6_123 \| pages=61\| isbn=978-3-540-13938-6 }}
	*{{cite book\|last=El-Jaroudi\|first=Amro\|title=Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications\|year=2003\|chapter=Linear Predictive Coding\|journal=Encyclopedia of Telecommunications\|doi=10.1002/0471219282.eot155\|isbn=978-0471219286}}		*{{cite book\|last=El-Jaroudi\|first=Amro\|title=Wiley Encyclopedia of Telecommunications\|year=2003\|chapter=Linear Predictive Coding\|journal=Encyclopedia of Telecommunications\|doi=10.1002/0471219282.eot155\|isbn=978-0471219286}}

Pkna22: /* Early history */Added journal

2024-09-07T16:10:54Z

Early history: Added journal

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:10, 7 September 2024
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	==Early history==		==Early history==

	Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs}}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>		Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| journal = The Bell System Technical Journal \|year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs}}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>

	Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>		Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>

Pkna22: /* Early history */Added publisher

2024-09-07T16:08:09Z

Early history: Added publisher

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:08, 7 September 2024
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	==Early history==		==Early history==

	Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs}}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>		Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs}}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>

	Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>		Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:44, 15 July 2024
Line 17:		Line 17:
	==Early history==		==Early history==

	Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs}}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal}}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory}}</ref>		Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs}}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>

	Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>		Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.Japan}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 09:56, 19 February 2025
Line 19:		Line 19:
	Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| journal = The Bell System Technical Journal \|year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs\| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01403.x }}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>		Linear prediction (signal estimation) goes back to at least the 1940s when [[Norbert Wiener]] developed a mathematical theory for calculating the best [[Wiener filter\|filters]] and predictors for detecting signals hidden in noise.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B.S. Atal \| title=The history of linear prediction \| year=2006 \| pages=154–161 \| volume=23 \| issue=2 \| journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine\| doi=10.1109/MSP.2006.1598091 \| bibcode=2006ISPM...23..154A \| s2cid=15601493 \| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3321695}}</ref><ref name="Sasahira">{{cite journal \|author1=Y. Sasahira \|author2=S. Hashimoto \| title=Voice pitch changing by Linear Predictive Coding Method to keep the Singer's Personal Timbre \| year=1995 \| format=pdf\| publisher = Michigan Publishing\|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/voice-pitch-changing.pdf?c=icmc;idno=bbp2372.1995.118;format=pdf}}</ref> Soon after [[Claude Shannon]] established a [[A Mathematical Theory of Communication\|general theory of coding]], work on predictive coding was done by [[C. Chapin Cutler]],<ref>{{cite patent \| inventor=C. C. Cutler \| title=Differential quantization of communication signals \| pubdate=1952-07-29 \| country=US\|number=2605361}}</ref> [[Bernard M. Oliver]]<ref>{{cite journal \| author=B. M. Oliver \| title=Efficient coding \| journal = The Bell System Technical Journal \|year=1952 \| volume=31 \| issue=4 \| pages=724–750 \| publisher=Nokia Bell Labs\| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01403.x }}</ref> and Henry C. Harrison.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=H. C. Harrison \| title=Experiments with linear prediction in television \| year=1952 \| volume=31 \| pages=764–783 \| journal=Bell System Technical Journal\| issue=4 \| doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1952.tb01405.x }}</ref> [[Peter Elias]] in 1955 published two papers on predictive coding of signals.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding I \| year=1955 \| pages=16–24 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform.Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055126 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=P. Elias \| title=Predictive coding II \| year=1955 \| pages=24–33 \| volume=IT-1 no. 1 \| journal=IRE Trans. Inform. Theory\| doi=10.1109/TIT.1955.1055116 }}</ref>

	Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc.~~Japan~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>		Linear predictors were applied to speech analysis independently by [[Fumitada Itakura]] of [[Nagoya University]] and Shuzo Saito of [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] in 1966 and in 1967 by [[Bishnu S. Atal]], [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] and John Burg. Itakura and Saito described a statistical approach based on [[maximum likelihood estimation]]; Atal and Schroeder described an [[adaptive filter\|adaptive linear predictor]] approach; Burg outlined an approach based on [[maximum entropy spectral estimation\|principle of maximum entropy]].<ref name="Sasahira" /><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=S. Saito \|author2=F. Itakura \| title=Theoretical consideration of the statistical optimum recognition of the spectral density of speech \| date=Jan 1967 \| journal=J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \|author1=B.S. Atal \|author2=M.R. Schroeder \| title=Predictive coding of speech \| year=1967 \| journal=Conf. Communications and Proc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| author=J.P. Burg \| title=Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis \| year=1967 \| journal=Proceedings of 37th Meeting, Society of Exploration Geophysics, Oklahoma City}}</ref>

	In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on [[partial correlation]] (PARCOR), [[Glen Culler]] proposed real-time speech encoding, and [[Bishnu S. Atal]] presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the [[Acoustical Society of America]]. In 1971, realtime LPC using [[16-bit computing\|16-bit]] LPC hardware was demonstrated by [[Philco-Ford]]; four units were sold.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal \|last1=Gray \|first1=Robert M. \|author1-link=Robert M. Gray \|title=A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol \|journal=Found. Trends Signal Process. \|date=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=4 \|pages=203–303 \|doi=10.1561/2000000036 \|url=https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|issn=1932-8346\|doi-access=free }}</ref> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and [[Manfred Schroeder]] during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath ''et al.'' of BBN developed the first [[variable bitrate\|variable-rate]] LPC algorithm.<ref name="Gray"/> The same year, Atal and [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech [[codec]] called [[adaptive predictive coding]], which used a [[psychoacoustic]] coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<ref name="Schroeder2014">{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|title=Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder\|date=2014\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=9783319056609\|chapter=Bell Laboratories\|page=388\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Atal\|first1=B.\|last2=Schroeder\|first2=M.\|title=ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria \|date=1978\|volume=3\|pages=573–576\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564}}</ref> This later became the basis for the [[perceptual coding]] technique used by the [[MP3]] [[audio compression (data)\|audio compression]] format, introduced in 1993.<ref name="Schroeder2014"/> [[Code-excited linear prediction]] (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|author1-link=Manfred R. Schroeder\|last2=Atal\|first2=Bishnu S.\|title=ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates \|author2-link=Bishnu S. Atal\|date=1985\|volume=10\|pages=937–940\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147\|s2cid=14803427}}</ref>		In 1969, Itakura and Saito introduced method based on [[partial correlation]] (PARCOR), [[Glen Culler]] proposed real-time speech encoding, and [[Bishnu S. Atal]] presented an LPC speech coder at the Annual Meeting of the [[Acoustical Society of America]]. In 1971, realtime LPC using [[16-bit computing\|16-bit]] LPC hardware was demonstrated by [[Philco-Ford]]; four units were sold.<ref name="Gray">{{cite journal \|last1=Gray \|first1=Robert M. \|author1-link=Robert M. Gray \|title=A History of Realtime Digital Speech on Packet Networks: Part II of Linear Predictive Coding and the Internet Protocol \|journal=Found. Trends Signal Process. \|date=2010 \|volume=3 \|issue=4 \|pages=203–303 \|doi=10.1561/2000000036 \|url=https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ee.stanford.edu/~gray/lpcip.pdf \|archive-date=2022-10-09 \|url-status=live \|issn=1932-8346\|doi-access=free }}</ref> LPC technology was advanced by Bishnu Atal and [[Manfred Schroeder]] during the 1970s{{ndash}}1980s.<ref name="Gray"/> In 1978, Atal and Vishwanath ''et al.'' of BBN developed the first [[variable bitrate\|variable-rate]] LPC algorithm.<ref name="Gray"/> The same year, Atal and [[Manfred R. Schroeder]] at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech [[codec]] called [[adaptive predictive coding]], which used a [[psychoacoustic]] coding algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<ref name="Schroeder2014">{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|title=Acoustics, Information, and Communication: Memorial Volume in Honor of Manfred R. Schroeder\|date=2014\|publisher=Springer\|isbn=9783319056609\|chapter=Bell Laboratories\|page=388\|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9IkBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA388}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Atal\|first1=B.\|last2=Schroeder\|first2=M.\|title=ICASSP '78. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Predictive coding of speech signals and subjective error criteria \|date=1978\|volume=3\|pages=573–576\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1978.1170564}}</ref> This later became the basis for the [[perceptual coding]] technique used by the [[MP3]] [[audio compression (data)\|audio compression]] format, introduced in 1993.<ref name="Schroeder2014"/> [[Code-excited linear prediction]] (CELP) was developed by Schroeder and Atal in 1985.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Schroeder\|first1=Manfred R.\|author1-link=Manfred R. Schroeder\|last2=Atal\|first2=Bishnu S.\|title=ICASSP '85. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing \|chapter=Code-excited linear prediction(CELP): High-quality speech at very low bit rates \|author2-link=Bishnu S. Atal\|date=1985\|volume=10\|pages=937–940\|doi=10.1109/ICASSP.1985.1168147\|s2cid=14803427}}</ref>