Open source - Revision history

JCW-CleanerBot: /* Literature on legal and economic aspects */ task, removed: (CAIS)

2025-05-23T14:03:23Z

Literature on legal and economic aspects: task, removed: (CAIS)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:03, 23 May 2025
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	* {{cite journal \|last=Schiff \|first=A. \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature \|journal=Review of Network Economics \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=66–74 \|year=2002 \|url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=7 May 2003 \| issn = 2194-5993 \|doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004\|s2cid=201280221 }}		* {{cite journal \|last=Schiff \|first=A. \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature \|journal=Review of Network Economics \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=66–74 \|year=2002 \|url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=7 May 2003 \| issn = 2194-5993 \|doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004\|s2cid=201280221 }}
	* {{cite journal \|author1=Schwarz, M. \|author2=Takhteyev, Y. \|title=Half a Century of Public Software Institutions: Open Source as a Solution to the Hold-Up Problem \|journal=Journal of Public Economic Theory \|volume=12 \|issue=4 \|pages=609–639 \|year=2010 \| issn = 1097-3923 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01467.x \|citeseerx=10.1.1.625.2368 \|s2cid=154317482 }} [http://www.nber.org/papers/w14946 earlier revision]		* {{cite journal \|author1=Schwarz, M. \|author2=Takhteyev, Y. \|title=Half a Century of Public Software Institutions: Open Source as a Solution to the Hold-Up Problem \|journal=Journal of Public Economic Theory \|volume=12 \|issue=4 \|pages=609–639 \|year=2010 \| issn = 1097-3923 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01467.x \|citeseerx=10.1.1.625.2368 \|s2cid=154317482 }} [http://www.nber.org/papers/w14946 earlier revision]
	* {{cite journal \|last1=Spagnoletti \|first1=P. \|last2=Federici \|first2=T. \|title=Exploring the Interplay Between FLOSS Adoption and Organizational Innovation \|journal=Communications of the Association for Information Systems ~~(CAIS)~~ \|volume=29 \|issue=15 \|pages=279–298 \|year=2011 \|url=http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol29/iss1/15/}}		* {{cite journal \|last1=Spagnoletti \|first1=P. \|last2=Federici \|first2=T. \|title=Exploring the Interplay Between FLOSS Adoption and Organizational Innovation \|journal=Communications of the Association for Information Systems \|volume=29 \|issue=15 \|pages=279–298 \|year=2011 \|url=http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol29/iss1/15/}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Abramson \|first=Bruce \|title=Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again \|url=https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra \|url-access=registration \|year=2005 \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=978-0-262-51196-4}}		* {{cite book \|last=Abramson \|first=Bruce \|title=Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again \|url=https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra \|url-access=registration \|year=2005 \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=978-0-262-51196-4}}
	* {{cite book \|first=K.S. \|last=Sampathkumar \|title=Understanding FOSS Version 4.0 revised \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JwU71HSkikC \|isbn=978-8-184-65469-1}}		* {{cite book \|first=K.S. \|last=Sampathkumar \|title=Understanding FOSS Version 4.0 revised \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JwU71HSkikC \|isbn=978-8-184-65469-1}}

OAbot: Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

2025-05-23T06:02:44Z

Open access bot: url-access updated in citation with #oabot.

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	Social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source. Advocates in one field often support the expansion of open source in other fields. But [[Eric Raymond]] and other founders of the [[open-source movement]] have sometimes publicly argued against speculation about applications outside software, saying that strong arguments for software openness should not be weakened by overreaching into areas where the story may be less compelling. The broader impact of the open-source movement, and the extent of its role in the development of new information sharing procedures, remain to be seen.		Social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source. Advocates in one field often support the expansion of open source in other fields. But [[Eric Raymond]] and other founders of the [[open-source movement]] have sometimes publicly argued against speculation about applications outside software, saying that strong arguments for software openness should not be weakened by overreaching into areas where the story may be less compelling. The broader impact of the open-source movement, and the extent of its role in the development of new information sharing procedures, remain to be seen.

	The [[open-source movement]] has inspired increased [[transparency (humanities)\|transparency]] and liberty in [[biotechnology]] research, for example [[CAMBIA]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html \|title='Open-Source Practices for Biotechnology' — Cambia — Enabling Innovation \|publisher=Cambia \|access-date=2012-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101235609/http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html \|archive-date=1 November 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Even the research methodologies themselves can benefit from the application of open-source principles.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Pearce\|first=Joshua M.\|title=Open Source Research in Sustainability\|journal=Sustainability: The Journal of Record\|date=1 August 2012\|volume=5\|issue=4\|pages=238–243\| issn = 1937-0695 \|doi=10.1089/sus.2012.9944\|url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=materials_fp}}</ref> It has also given rise to the rapidly-expanding [[open-source hardware]] movement.		The [[open-source movement]] has inspired increased [[transparency (humanities)\|transparency]] and liberty in [[biotechnology]] research, for example [[CAMBIA]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html \|title='Open-Source Practices for Biotechnology' — Cambia — Enabling Innovation \|publisher=Cambia \|access-date=2012-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101235609/http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html \|archive-date=1 November 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Even the research methodologies themselves can benefit from the application of open-source principles.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Pearce\|first=Joshua M.\|title=Open Source Research in Sustainability\|journal=Sustainability: The Journal of Record\|date=1 August 2012\|volume=5\|issue=4\|pages=238–243\| issn = 1937-0695 \|doi=10.1089/sus.2012.9944\|url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=materials_fp\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has also given rise to the rapidly-expanding [[open-source hardware]] movement.

	===Computer software===		===Computer software===
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	* {{cite journal \|author1=Lerner, J. \|author2=Tirole, J. \|title=The Scope of Open Source Licensing \|journal=The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization \|volume=21 \|pages=20–56 \|year=2005 \|doi=10.1093/jleo/ewi002\| issn = 8756-6222 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.72.465 }}		* {{cite journal \|author1=Lerner, J. \|author2=Tirole, J. \|title=The Scope of Open Source Licensing \|journal=The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization \|volume=21 \|pages=20–56 \|year=2005 \|doi=10.1093/jleo/ewi002\| issn = 8756-6222 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.72.465 }}
	* {{cite journal \|author1=Lerner, J. \|author2=Tirole, J. \|title=The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond \|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|pages=99–120 \|year=2005 \|doi=10.1257/0895330054048678 \| issn = 0895-3309 \|s2cid=17968894 \|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10956.pdf }}		* {{cite journal \|author1=Lerner, J. \|author2=Tirole, J. \|title=The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond \|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|pages=99–120 \|year=2005 \|doi=10.1257/0895330054048678 \| issn = 0895-3309 \|s2cid=17968894 \|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10956.pdf }}
	* {{cite journal \|author=Maurer, S.M. \|title=Open source biology: Finding a niche (or maybe several) \|journal=UMKC Law Review \|volume=76 \|issue=2 \|year=2008 \|ssrn=1114371 \|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1114371 \|s2cid=54046895 \|url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1516 \| issn = 1556-5068 }}		* {{cite journal \|author=Maurer, S.M. \|title=Open source biology: Finding a niche (or maybe several) \|journal=UMKC Law Review \|volume=76 \|issue=2 \|year=2008 \|ssrn=1114371 \|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1114371 \|s2cid=54046895 \|url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1516 \| issn = 1556-5068 \|url-access=subscription }}
	* {{cite journal \|last1=Osterloh \|first1=M. \|last2=Rota \|first2=S. \|title=Open source software development — Just another case of collective invention? \|journal=Research Policy \|volume=36 \|issue=2 \|pages=157–171 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1016/j.respol.2006.10.004 \| issn = 0048-7333 \|hdl=10419/214322 \|url=http://www.crema-research.ch/papers/2005-08.pdf \|hdl-access=free }}		* {{cite journal \|last1=Osterloh \|first1=M. \|last2=Rota \|first2=S. \|title=Open source software development — Just another case of collective invention? \|journal=Research Policy \|volume=36 \|issue=2 \|pages=157–171 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1016/j.respol.2006.10.004 \| issn = 0048-7333 \|hdl=10419/214322 \|url=http://www.crema-research.ch/papers/2005-08.pdf \|hdl-access=free }}
	* {{cite journal \|last=Riehle \|first=D. \|title=The Economic Motivation of Open Source: Stakeholder Perspectives \|journal=IEEE Computer \|volume=40 \|issue=4 \|pages=25–32 \|date=April 2007 \|url=http://www.riehle.org/computer-science/research/2007/computer-2007-article.html \| issn = 0018-9162 \|doi=10.1109/MC.2007.147\|s2cid=168544 }}		* {{cite journal \|last=Riehle \|first=D. \|title=The Economic Motivation of Open Source: Stakeholder Perspectives \|journal=IEEE Computer \|volume=40 \|issue=4 \|pages=25–32 \|date=April 2007 \|url=http://www.riehle.org/computer-science/research/2007/computer-2007-article.html \| issn = 0018-9162 \|doi=10.1109/MC.2007.147\|s2cid=168544 \|url-access=subscription }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Rossi \|first=M.A. \|chapter=Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions \|chapter-url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/usi/wpaper/424.html \|chapter-format=PDF \|editor-first=J. \|editor-last=Bitzer \|editor2-first=P. \|editor2-last=Schröder \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software Development \|publisher=Elsevier \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-444-52769-1 \|pages=15–55 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Rossi \|first=M.A. \|chapter=Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions \|chapter-url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/usi/wpaper/424.html \|chapter-format=PDF \|editor-first=J. \|editor-last=Bitzer \|editor2-first=P. \|editor2-last=Schröder \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software Development \|publisher=Elsevier \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-444-52769-1 \|pages=15–55 }}
	* {{cite journal \|last=Schiff \|first=A. \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature \|journal=Review of Network Economics \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=66–74 \|year=2002 \|url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=7 May 2003 \| issn = 2194-5993 \|doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004\|s2cid=201280221 }}		* {{cite journal \|last=Schiff \|first=A. \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature \|journal=Review of Network Economics \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=66–74 \|year=2002 \|url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=7 May 2003 \| issn = 2194-5993 \|doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004\|s2cid=201280221 }}

Not-cheesewhisk3rs: Vandalism - Undid revision 1291379988 by 102.88.111.143 (talk)

2025-05-20T21:13:15Z

Vandalism - Undid revision 1291379988 by 102.88.111.143 (talk)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:13, 20 May 2025
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	The [[Google Summer of Code]], often abbreviated to GSoC, is an international annual program in which Google awards stipends to contributors who successfully complete a free and open-source software coding project during the summer. GSoC is a large scale project with 202 participating organizations in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://opensource.googleblog.com/2021/03/google-summer-of-code-2021-mentoring-orgs-announced.html \|title=Google Summer of Code 2021 Mentoring Orgs announced \|website=Google Open Source Blog \|language=en \|access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref> There are similar smaller scale projects such as the Talawa Project<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.palisadoes.org/calico/\|title=Calico Challenge\|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref> run by the [[Palisadoes Foundation]] (a non profit based in California, originally to promote the use of information technology in Jamaica, but now also supporting underprivileged communities in the US)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.palisadoes.org/about/\|title=About the Palisadoes Foundation\|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>		The [[Google Summer of Code]], often abbreviated to GSoC, is an international annual program in which Google awards stipends to contributors who successfully complete a free and open-source software coding project during the summer. GSoC is a large scale project with 202 participating organizations in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://opensource.googleblog.com/2021/03/google-summer-of-code-2021-mentoring-orgs-announced.html \|title=Google Summer of Code 2021 Mentoring Orgs announced \|website=Google Open Source Blog \|language=en \|access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref> There are similar smaller scale projects such as the Talawa Project<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.palisadoes.org/calico/\|title=Calico Challenge\|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref> run by the [[Palisadoes Foundation]] (a non profit based in California, originally to promote the use of information technology in Jamaica, but now also supporting underprivileged communities in the US)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.palisadoes.org/about/\|title=About the Palisadoes Foundation\|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>
	I am mustapha isah gwaram local government jigawa state of Nigeria discover and warn that general public are advise to stop using mosquito coil from the matter as an atomic bomb failure result to unknown element but we give and observation to convert its her on tear gas airstrike and rocket missiles in state of environmental responsibility for family health care as now is harmful and dangerous to life "burning of fire wood chemical change" research from federal poly technic bida Niger state PMB 55 department of school of preliminary study one year prescience class of mechanical engineering crafts and practice combine study lecture 1997-1999 motto technology for development

	===Electronics===		===Electronics===

102.88.111.143: /* Computer software */

2025-05-20T21:10:56Z

Computer software

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:10, 20 May 2025
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	The [[Google Summer of Code]], often abbreviated to GSoC, is an international annual program in which Google awards stipends to contributors who successfully complete a free and open-source software coding project during the summer. GSoC is a large scale project with 202 participating organizations in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://opensource.googleblog.com/2021/03/google-summer-of-code-2021-mentoring-orgs-announced.html \|title=Google Summer of Code 2021 Mentoring Orgs announced \|website=Google Open Source Blog \|language=en \|access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref> There are similar smaller scale projects such as the Talawa Project<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.palisadoes.org/calico/\|title=Calico Challenge\|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref> run by the [[Palisadoes Foundation]] (a non profit based in California, originally to promote the use of information technology in Jamaica, but now also supporting underprivileged communities in the US)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.palisadoes.org/about/\|title=About the Palisadoes Foundation\|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>		The [[Google Summer of Code]], often abbreviated to GSoC, is an international annual program in which Google awards stipends to contributors who successfully complete a free and open-source software coding project during the summer. GSoC is a large scale project with 202 participating organizations in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://opensource.googleblog.com/2021/03/google-summer-of-code-2021-mentoring-orgs-announced.html \|title=Google Summer of Code 2021 Mentoring Orgs announced \|website=Google Open Source Blog \|language=en \|access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref> There are similar smaller scale projects such as the Talawa Project<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.palisadoes.org/calico/\|title=Calico Challenge\|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref> run by the [[Palisadoes Foundation]] (a non profit based in California, originally to promote the use of information technology in Jamaica, but now also supporting underprivileged communities in the US)<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.palisadoes.org/about/\|title=About the Palisadoes Foundation\|access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>
			I am mustapha isah gwaram local government jigawa state of Nigeria discover and warn that general public are advise to stop using mosquito coil from the matter as an atomic bomb failure result to unknown element but we give and observation to convert its her on tear gas airstrike and rocket missiles in state of environmental responsibility for family health care as now is harmful and dangerous to life "burning of fire wood chemical change" research from federal poly technic bida Niger state PMB 55 department of school of preliminary study one year prescience class of mechanical engineering crafts and practice combine study lecture 1997-1999 motto technology for development

	===Electronics===		===Electronics===

Celjski Grad: Reverted 1 edit by 125.164.97.38 (talk) to last revision by Alokhnathps

2025-05-04T16:00:15Z

Reverted 1 edit by 125.164.97.38 (talk) to last revision by Alokhnathps

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	'''Open ~~asawd~~''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>		'''Open source''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>
	A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />		A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />

125.164.97.38: awd

2025-05-04T15:57:03Z

awd

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	'''Open ~~source~~''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>		'''Open asawd''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>
	A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />		A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />

Alokhnathps: Links added

2025-05-03T10:15:10Z

Links added

← Previous revision		Revision as of 10:15, 3 May 2025
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	'''Open source''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>		'''Open source''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>
	A main principle of open source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />		A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />

	Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint.<ref name="LakhaniVonHippel2003">{{cite journal\|last1=Lakhani\|first1=K.R.\|last2=von Hippel\|first2=E.\|date=June 2003\|title=How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance\|journal=Research Policy\|volume=32\|issue=6\|pages=923–943 \| issn = 0048-7333 \|doi=10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1\|hdl=1721.1/70028\|ssrn=290305\|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="GerberMolefo2010">{{cite book\|title=Proceedings of the SAICSIT 2010 Conference — Fountains of Computing Research\|last1=Gerbe\| first1 = Aurona \|last2=Molefo \| first2 = Onkgopotse \|last3=Van der Merwe \| first3 = Alta \|publisher=ACM Press\|year=2010\|isbn=978-1-60558-950-3 \|editor-last=Kotze\|editor-first=P.\|pages=75–85\|chapter=Documenting open-source migration processes for re-use\|doi=10.1145/1899503.1899512\|display-editors=3\|editor2-first=A.\|editor2-last=Gerber\|editor3-first = A. \|editor3-last=van der Merwe\|editor4-first=N.\|editor4-last=Bidwell\|citeseerx=10.1.1.1033.7791\|s2cid=11970697}}</ref> Before the phrase ''open source'' became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms, such as ''free software'', ''shareware'', and ''public domain software''. ''Open source'' gained hold with the rise of the [[Internet]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Weber\|2004}}{{page needed\|date=February 2014}}</ref> The open-source software movement arose to clarify copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues.		Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint.<ref name="LakhaniVonHippel2003">{{cite journal\|last1=Lakhani\|first1=K.R.\|last2=von Hippel\|first2=E.\|date=June 2003\|title=How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance\|journal=Research Policy\|volume=32\|issue=6\|pages=923–943 \| issn = 0048-7333 \|doi=10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1\|hdl=1721.1/70028\|ssrn=290305\|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="GerberMolefo2010">{{cite book\|title=Proceedings of the SAICSIT 2010 Conference — Fountains of Computing Research\|last1=Gerbe\| first1 = Aurona \|last2=Molefo \| first2 = Onkgopotse \|last3=Van der Merwe \| first3 = Alta \|publisher=ACM Press\|year=2010\|isbn=978-1-60558-950-3 \|editor-last=Kotze\|editor-first=P.\|pages=75–85\|chapter=Documenting open-source migration processes for re-use\|doi=10.1145/1899503.1899512\|display-editors=3\|editor2-first=A.\|editor2-last=Gerber\|editor3-first = A. \|editor3-last=van der Merwe\|editor4-first=N.\|editor4-last=Bidwell\|citeseerx=10.1.1.1033.7791\|s2cid=11970697}}</ref> Before the phrase ''open source'' became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms, such as ''free software'', ''shareware'', and ''public domain software''. ''Open source'' gained hold with the rise of the [[Internet]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Weber\|2004}}{{page needed\|date=February 2014}}</ref> The open-source software movement arose to clarify copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues.

	Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for usage, modification from its original design, and publication of their version (fork) back to the community. Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the Apache Software Foundation, which supports community projects such as the open-source framework and the open-source HTTP server Apache HTTP.		Generally, open source refers to a [[computer program]] in which the source code is available to the general public for usage, modification from its original design, and publication of their version (fork) back to the community. Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the Apache Software Foundation, which supports community projects such as the open-source framework and the open-source [[HTTP]] server Apache HTTP.

	==History==		==History==

2601:19E:427C:4620:A14E:7C12:702E:FF23: cleaned up misleading image

2025-04-24T05:13:49Z

cleaned up misleading image

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:13, 24 April 2025
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2023}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2023}}

	[[File:Open Source Initiative.svg\|thumb\|Open Source Initiative logo]]
	'''Open source''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>		'''Open source''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>
	A main principle of open source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />		A main principle of open source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />

89.160.11.13 at 13:53, 18 April 2025

2025-04-18T13:53:16Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 13:53, 18 April 2025
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	A main principle of open source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />		A main principle of open source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />

	Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint.<ref name="LakhaniVonHippel2003">{{cite journal\|last1=Lakhani\|first1=K.R.\|last2=von Hippel\|first2=E.\|date=June 2003\|title=How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance\|journal=Research Policy\|volume=32\|issue=6\|pages=923–943 \| issn = 0048-7333 \|doi=10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1\|hdl=1721.1/70028\|ssrn=290305\|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="GerberMolefo2010">{{cite book\|title=Proceedings of the SAICSIT 2010 Conference — Fountains of Computing Research\|last1=Gerbe\| first1 = Aurona \|last2=Molefo \| first2 = Onkgopotse \|last3=Van der Merwe \| first3 = Alta \|publisher=ACM Press\|year=2010\|isbn=978-1-60558-950-3 \|editor-last=Kotze\|editor-first=P.\|pages=75–85\|chapter=Documenting open-source migration processes for re-use\|doi=10.1145/1899503.1899512\|display-editors=3\|editor2-first=A.\|editor2-last=Gerber\|editor3-first = A. \|editor3-last=van der Merwe\|editor4-first=N.\|editor4-last=Bidwell\|citeseerx=10.1.1.1033.7791\|s2cid=11970697}}</ref> Before the phrase ''open source'' became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms, such as ''free software'', ''[[shareware]]'', and ''public domain software''. ''Open source'' gained hold with the rise of the [[Internet]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Weber\|2004}}{{page needed\|date=February 2014}}</ref> The open-source software movement arose to clarify copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues.		Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint.<ref name="LakhaniVonHippel2003">{{cite journal\|last1=Lakhani\|first1=K.R.\|last2=von Hippel\|first2=E.\|date=June 2003\|title=How Open Source Software Works: Free User to User Assistance\|journal=Research Policy\|volume=32\|issue=6\|pages=923–943 \| issn = 0048-7333 \|doi=10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00095-1\|hdl=1721.1/70028\|ssrn=290305\|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="GerberMolefo2010">{{cite book\|title=Proceedings of the SAICSIT 2010 Conference — Fountains of Computing Research\|last1=Gerbe\| first1 = Aurona \|last2=Molefo \| first2 = Onkgopotse \|last3=Van der Merwe \| first3 = Alta \|publisher=ACM Press\|year=2010\|isbn=978-1-60558-950-3 \|editor-last=Kotze\|editor-first=P.\|pages=75–85\|chapter=Documenting open-source migration processes for re-use\|doi=10.1145/1899503.1899512\|display-editors=3\|editor2-first=A.\|editor2-last=Gerber\|editor3-first = A. \|editor3-last=van der Merwe\|editor4-first=N.\|editor4-last=Bidwell\|citeseerx=10.1.1.1033.7791\|s2cid=11970697}}</ref> Before the phrase ''open source'' became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms, such as ''free software'', ''shareware'', and ''public domain software''. ''Open source'' gained hold with the rise of the [[Internet]].<ref>{{harvnb\|Weber\|2004}}{{page needed\|date=February 2014}}</ref> The open-source software movement arose to clarify copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues.

	Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for usage, modification from its original design, and publication of their version (fork) back to the community. Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the Apache Software Foundation, which supports community projects such as the open-source framework and the open-source HTTP server Apache HTTP.		Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for usage, modification from its original design, and publication of their version (fork) back to the community. Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the Apache Software Foundation, which supports community projects such as the open-source framework and the open-source HTTP server Apache HTTP.

Cyrobyte: Undid revision 1285580349 by 113.211.110.69 (talk)

2025-04-14T14:37:50Z

Undid revision 1285580349 by 113.211.110.69 (talk)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:37, 14 April 2025
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	[[File:Anwendungsgebiete Open Source.svg\|thumb\|Area of application of open-source software<ref name=":0">{{cite web\|url=http://www.swissict.ch/medien/medienmitteilungen/medienmitteilungen/open-source-studie-schweiz-2015-publiziert-mehr-unabhaengigkeit-und-sicherheit-dank-open-source/\|title=Open Source Studie Schweiz 2015 publiziert: Mehr Unabhängigkeit und Sicherheit dank Open Source\|website=Der Verband für den Informatiker & für die Informatik\|language=de-CH\|access-date=2018-12-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313043750/http://www.swissict.ch/medien/medienmitteilungen/medienmitteilungen/open-source-studie-schweiz-2015-publiziert-mehr-unabhaengigkeit-und-sicherheit-dank-open-source/\|archive-date=13 March 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]		[[File:Anwendungsgebiete Open Source.svg\|thumb\|Area of application of open-source software<ref name=":0">{{cite web\|url=http://www.swissict.ch/medien/medienmitteilungen/medienmitteilungen/open-source-studie-schweiz-2015-publiziert-mehr-unabhaengigkeit-und-sicherheit-dank-open-source/\|title=Open Source Studie Schweiz 2015 publiziert: Mehr Unabhängigkeit und Sicherheit dank Open Source\|website=Der Verband für den Informatiker & für die Informatik\|language=de-CH\|access-date=2018-12-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313043750/http://www.swissict.ch/medien/medienmitteilungen/medienmitteilungen/open-source-studie-schweiz-2015-publiziert-mehr-unabhaengigkeit-und-sicherheit-dank-open-source/\|archive-date=13 March 2017\|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]
	[[File:Einsatzgründe Open Source.svg\|thumb\|Survey on the reasons for using Open Source in 200 Swiss organizations<ref name=":0" />]]		[[File:Einsatzgründe Open Source.svg\|thumb\|Survey on the reasons for using Open Source in 200 Swiss organizations<ref name=":0" />]]
	Some economists agree that open-source is an [[information good]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=The economics and management of intellectual property : towards intellectual capitalism\|last=Granstrand\|first=Ove\|publisher=E. Elgar\|year=1999\|isbn=978-1-85898-967-9\|location=Cheltenham, UK}}</ref> or "knowledge good" with original work involving a significant amount of time, money, and effort. The cost of reproducing the work is low enough that additional users may be added at zero or near zero cost{{spaced ndash}}this is referred to as the [[marginal cost]] of a product. [[~~Copyrignht~~]] creates a monopoly so that the price charged to consumers can be significantly higher than the marginal cost of production. This allows the author to recoup the cost of making the original work. Copyright thus creates access costs for consumers who value the work more than the marginal cost but less than the initial production cost. Access costs also pose problems for authors who wish to create a [[derivative work]]—such as a copy of a software program modified to fix a bug or add a feature, or a [[remix]] of a song—but are unable or unwilling to pay the copyright holder for the right to do so.		Some economists agree that open-source is an [[information good]]<ref>{{cite book\|title=The economics and management of intellectual property : towards intellectual capitalism\|last=Granstrand\|first=Ove\|publisher=E. Elgar\|year=1999\|isbn=978-1-85898-967-9\|location=Cheltenham, UK}}</ref> or "knowledge good" with original work involving a significant amount of time, money, and effort. The cost of reproducing the work is low enough that additional users may be added at zero or near zero cost{{spaced ndash}}this is referred to as the [[marginal cost]] of a product. [[Copyright]] creates a monopoly so that the price charged to consumers can be significantly higher than the marginal cost of production. This allows the author to recoup the cost of making the original work. Copyright thus creates access costs for consumers who value the work more than the marginal cost but less than the initial production cost. Access costs also pose problems for authors who wish to create a [[derivative work]]—such as a copy of a software program modified to fix a bug or add a feature, or a [[remix]] of a song—but are unable or unwilling to pay the copyright holder for the right to do so.

	Being organized as effectively a "[[consumers' cooperative]]", open source eliminates some of the access costs of consumers and creators of derivative works by reducing the restrictions of copyright. Basic economic theory predicts that lower costs would lead to higher consumption and also more frequent creation of derivative works. Organizations such as [[Creative Commons]] host websites where individuals can file for alternative "licenses", or levels of restriction, for their works.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/ \|title=About The Licenses \|publisher=Creative Commons \|access-date=2012-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106135603/http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses \|archive-date=6 January 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		Being organized as effectively a "[[consumers' cooperative]]", open source eliminates some of the access costs of consumers and creators of derivative works by reducing the restrictions of copyright. Basic economic theory predicts that lower costs would lead to higher consumption and also more frequent creation of derivative works. Organizations such as [[Creative Commons]] host websites where individuals can file for alternative "licenses", or levels of restriction, for their works.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://creativecommons.org/about/licenses/ \|title=About The Licenses \|publisher=Creative Commons \|access-date=2012-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106135603/http://creativecommons.org/about/licenses \|archive-date=6 January 2011 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

← Previous revision		Revision as of 14:03, 23 May 2025
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	* {{cite journal \|last=Schiff \|first=A. \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature \|journal=Review of Network Economics \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=66–74 \|year=2002 \|url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=7 May 2003 \| issn = 2194-5993 \|doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004\|s2cid=201280221 }}		* {{cite journal \|last=Schiff \|first=A. \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature \|journal=Review of Network Economics \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=66–74 \|year=2002 \|url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=7 May 2003 \| issn = 2194-5993 \|doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004\|s2cid=201280221 }}
	* {{cite journal \|author1=Schwarz, M. \|author2=Takhteyev, Y. \|title=Half a Century of Public Software Institutions: Open Source as a Solution to the Hold-Up Problem \|journal=Journal of Public Economic Theory \|volume=12 \|issue=4 \|pages=609–639 \|year=2010 \| issn = 1097-3923 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01467.x \|citeseerx=10.1.1.625.2368 \|s2cid=154317482 }} [http://www.nber.org/papers/w14946 earlier revision]		* {{cite journal \|author1=Schwarz, M. \|author2=Takhteyev, Y. \|title=Half a Century of Public Software Institutions: Open Source as a Solution to the Hold-Up Problem \|journal=Journal of Public Economic Theory \|volume=12 \|issue=4 \|pages=609–639 \|year=2010 \| issn = 1097-3923 \|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9779.2010.01467.x \|citeseerx=10.1.1.625.2368 \|s2cid=154317482 }} [http://www.nber.org/papers/w14946 earlier revision]
	* {{cite journal \|last1=Spagnoletti \|first1=P. \|last2=Federici \|first2=T. \|title=Exploring the Interplay Between FLOSS Adoption and Organizational Innovation \|journal=Communications of the Association for Information Systems ~~(CAIS)~~ \|volume=29 \|issue=15 \|pages=279–298 \|year=2011 \|url=http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol29/iss1/15/}}		* {{cite journal \|last1=Spagnoletti \|first1=P. \|last2=Federici \|first2=T. \|title=Exploring the Interplay Between FLOSS Adoption and Organizational Innovation \|journal=Communications of the Association for Information Systems \|volume=29 \|issue=15 \|pages=279–298 \|year=2011 \|url=http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol29/iss1/15/}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Abramson \|first=Bruce \|title=Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again \|url=https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra \|url-access=registration \|year=2005 \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=978-0-262-51196-4}}		* {{cite book \|last=Abramson \|first=Bruce \|title=Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again \|url=https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra \|url-access=registration \|year=2005 \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=978-0-262-51196-4}}
	* {{cite book \|first=K.S. \|last=Sampathkumar \|title=Understanding FOSS Version 4.0 revised \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JwU71HSkikC \|isbn=978-8-184-65469-1}}		* {{cite book \|first=K.S. \|last=Sampathkumar \|title=Understanding FOSS Version 4.0 revised \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JwU71HSkikC \|isbn=978-8-184-65469-1}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:02, 23 May 2025
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	Social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source. Advocates in one field often support the expansion of open source in other fields. But [[Eric Raymond]] and other founders of the [[open-source movement]] have sometimes publicly argued against speculation about applications outside software, saying that strong arguments for software openness should not be weakened by overreaching into areas where the story may be less compelling. The broader impact of the open-source movement, and the extent of its role in the development of new information sharing procedures, remain to be seen.		Social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source. Advocates in one field often support the expansion of open source in other fields. But [[Eric Raymond]] and other founders of the [[open-source movement]] have sometimes publicly argued against speculation about applications outside software, saying that strong arguments for software openness should not be weakened by overreaching into areas where the story may be less compelling. The broader impact of the open-source movement, and the extent of its role in the development of new information sharing procedures, remain to be seen.

	The [[open-source movement]] has inspired increased [[transparency (humanities)\|transparency]] and liberty in [[biotechnology]] research, for example [[CAMBIA]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html \|title='Open-Source Practices for Biotechnology' — Cambia — Enabling Innovation \|publisher=Cambia \|access-date=2012-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101235609/http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html \|archive-date=1 November 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Even the research methodologies themselves can benefit from the application of open-source principles.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Pearce\|first=Joshua M.\|title=Open Source Research in Sustainability\|journal=Sustainability: The Journal of Record\|date=1 August 2012\|volume=5\|issue=4\|pages=238–243\| issn = 1937-0695 \|doi=10.1089/sus.2012.9944\|url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=materials_fp}}</ref> It has also given rise to the rapidly-expanding [[open-source hardware]] movement.		The [[open-source movement]] has inspired increased [[transparency (humanities)\|transparency]] and liberty in [[biotechnology]] research, for example [[CAMBIA]]<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html \|title='Open-Source Practices for Biotechnology' — Cambia — Enabling Innovation \|publisher=Cambia \|access-date=2012-10-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101235609/http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html \|archive-date=1 November 2012 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> Even the research methodologies themselves can benefit from the application of open-source principles.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Pearce\|first=Joshua M.\|title=Open Source Research in Sustainability\|journal=Sustainability: The Journal of Record\|date=1 August 2012\|volume=5\|issue=4\|pages=238–243\| issn = 1937-0695 \|doi=10.1089/sus.2012.9944\|url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=materials_fp\|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has also given rise to the rapidly-expanding [[open-source hardware]] movement.

	===Computer software===		===Computer software===
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	* {{cite journal \|author1=Lerner, J. \|author2=Tirole, J. \|title=The Scope of Open Source Licensing \|journal=The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization \|volume=21 \|pages=20–56 \|year=2005 \|doi=10.1093/jleo/ewi002\| issn = 8756-6222 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.72.465 }}		* {{cite journal \|author1=Lerner, J. \|author2=Tirole, J. \|title=The Scope of Open Source Licensing \|journal=The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization \|volume=21 \|pages=20–56 \|year=2005 \|doi=10.1093/jleo/ewi002\| issn = 8756-6222 \|citeseerx=10.1.1.72.465 }}
	* {{cite journal \|author1=Lerner, J. \|author2=Tirole, J. \|title=The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond \|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|pages=99–120 \|year=2005 \|doi=10.1257/0895330054048678 \| issn = 0895-3309 \|s2cid=17968894 \|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10956.pdf }}		* {{cite journal \|author1=Lerner, J. \|author2=Tirole, J. \|title=The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond \|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives \|volume=19 \|issue=2 \|pages=99–120 \|year=2005 \|doi=10.1257/0895330054048678 \| issn = 0895-3309 \|s2cid=17968894 \|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10956.pdf }}
	* {{cite journal \|author=Maurer, S.M. \|title=Open source biology: Finding a niche (or maybe several) \|journal=UMKC Law Review \|volume=76 \|issue=2 \|year=2008 \|ssrn=1114371 \|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1114371 \|s2cid=54046895 \|url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1516 \| issn = 1556-5068 }}		* {{cite journal \|author=Maurer, S.M. \|title=Open source biology: Finding a niche (or maybe several) \|journal=UMKC Law Review \|volume=76 \|issue=2 \|year=2008 \|ssrn=1114371 \|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1114371 \|s2cid=54046895 \|url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1516 \| issn = 1556-5068 \|url-access=subscription }}
	* {{cite journal \|last1=Osterloh \|first1=M. \|last2=Rota \|first2=S. \|title=Open source software development — Just another case of collective invention? \|journal=Research Policy \|volume=36 \|issue=2 \|pages=157–171 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1016/j.respol.2006.10.004 \| issn = 0048-7333 \|hdl=10419/214322 \|url=http://www.crema-research.ch/papers/2005-08.pdf \|hdl-access=free }}		* {{cite journal \|last1=Osterloh \|first1=M. \|last2=Rota \|first2=S. \|title=Open source software development — Just another case of collective invention? \|journal=Research Policy \|volume=36 \|issue=2 \|pages=157–171 \|year=2007 \|doi=10.1016/j.respol.2006.10.004 \| issn = 0048-7333 \|hdl=10419/214322 \|url=http://www.crema-research.ch/papers/2005-08.pdf \|hdl-access=free }}
	* {{cite journal \|last=Riehle \|first=D. \|title=The Economic Motivation of Open Source: Stakeholder Perspectives \|journal=IEEE Computer \|volume=40 \|issue=4 \|pages=25–32 \|date=April 2007 \|url=http://www.riehle.org/computer-science/research/2007/computer-2007-article.html \| issn = 0018-9162 \|doi=10.1109/MC.2007.147\|s2cid=168544 }}		* {{cite journal \|last=Riehle \|first=D. \|title=The Economic Motivation of Open Source: Stakeholder Perspectives \|journal=IEEE Computer \|volume=40 \|issue=4 \|pages=25–32 \|date=April 2007 \|url=http://www.riehle.org/computer-science/research/2007/computer-2007-article.html \| issn = 0018-9162 \|doi=10.1109/MC.2007.147\|s2cid=168544 \|url-access=subscription }}
	* {{cite book \|last=Rossi \|first=M.A. \|chapter=Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions \|chapter-url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/usi/wpaper/424.html \|chapter-format=PDF \|editor-first=J. \|editor-last=Bitzer \|editor2-first=P. \|editor2-last=Schröder \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software Development \|publisher=Elsevier \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-444-52769-1 \|pages=15–55 }}		* {{cite book \|last=Rossi \|first=M.A. \|chapter=Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions \|chapter-url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/usi/wpaper/424.html \|chapter-format=PDF \|editor-first=J. \|editor-last=Bitzer \|editor2-first=P. \|editor2-last=Schröder \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software Development \|publisher=Elsevier \|year=2006 \|isbn=978-0-444-52769-1 \|pages=15–55 }}
	* {{cite journal \|last=Schiff \|first=A. \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature \|journal=Review of Network Economics \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=66–74 \|year=2002 \|url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=7 May 2003 \| issn = 2194-5993 \|doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004\|s2cid=201280221 }}		* {{cite journal \|last=Schiff \|first=A. \|title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature \|journal=Review of Network Economics \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|pages=66–74 \|year=2002 \|url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=7 May 2003 \| issn = 2194-5993 \|doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004\|s2cid=201280221 }}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:00, 4 May 2025
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2023}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2023}}

	'''Open ~~asawd~~''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>		'''Open source''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>
	A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />		A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />

← Previous revision		Revision as of 15:57, 4 May 2025
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	'''Open ~~source~~''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>		'''Open asawd''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>
	A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />		A main principle of [[Open-source software\|open source software]] development is peer production, with products such as [[source code]], blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:13, 24 April 2025
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2023}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2023}}

	[[File:Open Source Initiative.svg\|thumb\|Open Source Initiative logo]]
	'''Open source''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>		'''Open source''' is [[source code]] that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code,<ref name="Open Source Org., 2007">{{cite web \|url=https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|title=The Open Source Definition \|access-date=2020-01-22 \|date=7 July 2006 \|website=Open Source Org. \|quote=Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611152544/https://opensource.org/docs/osd \|archive-date=2007-06-11 }}</ref> design documents,<ref name="Diffingo Solutions Inc., 2008">{{Cite web \|title=What is Open Source Software \|url=https://diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|access-date=2023-03-09 \|website=Diffingo Solutions Inc. \|quote=Open source software <!-- differers --> differs from other software because it has a less restrictive license agreement: Instead of using a restrictive license that prevents you from modifying the program or sharing it with friends for example, sharing and modifying open source software is encouraged. Anyone who wishes to do so may distribute, modify or even create derivative works based on that source code! \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028104313/http://www.diffingo.com/oss/whyoss \|archive-date=2008-10-28 }}</ref> or content of the product. The '''open source model''' is a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration.<ref name="LevinePrietula2013">{{cite journal \| last1 = Levine \| first1 = Sheen S. \| last2 = Prietula \| first2 = M. J. \| year = 2013 \| title = Open Collaboration for Innovation: Principles and Performance \| journal = Organization Science \| volume = 25\| issue = 5\| pages = 1414–1433 \| issn = 1047-7039 \| doi = 10.1287/orsc.2013.0872 \| arxiv = 1406.7541 \| ssrn = 1096442 \| s2cid = 6583883 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralbaz00raym\|url-access=registration\|title=The cathedral and the bazaar: musings on Linux and Open Source by an accidental revolutionary\|last=Raymond\|first=Eric S.\|publisher=OReilly\|year=2001\|isbn=978-0-596-00108-7\|author-link=Eric S. Raymond}}{{page needed\|date=November 2012}}</ref>
	A main principle of open source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />		A main principle of open source software development is peer production, with products such as source code, blueprints, and documentation freely available to the public. The open source movement in software began as a response to the limitations of proprietary code. The model is used for projects such as in open source appropriate technology,<ref name="Pearce2012">{{cite journal \|title=The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology \|journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability \|volume=14 \|issue= 3\|pages=425–431 \|year=2012 \| issn = 1387-585X \|doi=10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 \|last1=Pearce \|first1=Joshua M \|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2012EDSus..14..425P \|url=https://www.academia.edu/1517361 }}</ref> and open source drug discovery.<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news\|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/sreelatha-menon-researchers-sans-borders/00/19/350429/ \|title="Science 2.0 is here as CSIR resorts to open source drug research for TB"\|first=Sreelatha\|last=Menon\|newspaper=Business Standard India\|date=1 March 2009\|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="OpenWetWare" />