Speedcoding - Revision history

Frap: MOS:HEAD

2025-05-15T12:55:13Z

MOS:HEAD

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	The speedcoding system was an [[Interpreter (computing)\|interpreter]] and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991"/> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="Allen_1981"/>		The speedcoding system was an [[Interpreter (computing)\|interpreter]] and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991"/> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="Allen_1981"/>

	== History and ~~Development~~ ==		== History and development ==
	In August 1952, several dozen IBM engineers and [[IBM 701]] customers met in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]] to exchange ideas and best practices on programming the new machines in assembly. Several attendees expressed frustration with the slow nature of assembly programming and debugging, and questioned the utility of the 701 in applications where solutions to problems were needed quickly, or when the value of a solution justified the expense of computation time but not the cost of programming and debugging. Attendees likewise complained with issues with "scaling", or the need to religiously track the decimal point in arithmetic operations.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>		In August 1952, several dozen IBM engineers and [[IBM 701]] customers met in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]] to exchange ideas and best practices on programming the new machines in assembly. Several attendees expressed frustration with the slow nature of assembly programming and debugging, and questioned the utility of the 701 in applications where solutions to problems were needed quickly, or when the value of a solution justified the expense of computation time but not the cost of programming and debugging. Attendees likewise complained with issues with "scaling", or the need to religiously track the decimal point in arithmetic operations.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>

	John W. Sheldon, a supervisor of IBM's Technical Computing Bureau attending the meeting, and others felt that an "interpretive" programming system that utilized floating point operations was the best solution to this problem. Sheldon asked John Backus, who had previously worked on a [[IBM CPC\|CPC]] to [[IBM SSEC\|SSEC]] code translator, to supervise the creation of a new floating-point interpretive programming language for use internal to IBM. Backus himself had previously expressed interest in improving programming methods, and observed that computing costs were roughly equally split between the cost of computation and cost of programming personnel, and that the additional expense of testing made labor the considerably larger expense. Starting in 1953, Backus and five colleagues designed this new language and named it "Speedcoding", where its use soon spread outside of IBM to customer installations of the 701 system.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>		John W. Sheldon, a supervisor of IBM's Technical Computing Bureau attending the meeting, and others felt that an "interpretive" programming system that utilized floating point operations was the best solution to this problem. Sheldon asked John Backus, who had previously worked on a [[IBM CPC\|CPC]] to [[IBM SSEC\|SSEC]] code translator, to supervise the creation of a new floating-point interpretive programming language for use internal to IBM. Backus himself had previously expressed interest in improving programming methods, and observed that computing costs were roughly equally split between the cost of computation and cost of programming personnel, and that the additional expense of testing made labor the considerably larger expense. Starting in 1953, Backus and five colleagues designed this new language and named it "Speedcoding", where its use soon spread outside of IBM to customer installations of the 701 system.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>

	==Syntax and ~~Semantics~~==		==Syntax and semantics==
	Speedcoding programs are organized as a series of instructions, each of which are stored in memory as a single 72-bit data word. An instruction generally consists of two operations (OP<sub>1</sub> and OP<sub>2</sub>) and 4 memory addresses. The first operation (OP<sub>1</sub>) is a mathematical or input/output operation that has 3 associated memory addresses, one or more of which can be modified depending on the nature of the operation. Mathematical operations include basic arithmetic, square root, and trigonometry functions. The logical operations include functionality for reading, writing, skipping, and rewinding [[magnetic-tape data storage\|magnetic tape]], as well as operations for interacting with data stored in [[drum memory]]. The second operation (OP<sub>2</sub>) is a logical operation that has the remaining 1 associated memory address. Logical operations allow instructions to be carried out in a different order from which they are written allowing for implementations of gotos, conditionals, loops, and other advanced behavior.<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954"/>		Speedcoding programs are organized as a series of instructions, each of which are stored in memory as a single 72-bit data word. An instruction generally consists of two operations (OP<sub>1</sub> and OP<sub>2</sub>) and 4 memory addresses. The first operation (OP<sub>1</sub>) is a mathematical or input/output operation that has 3 associated memory addresses, one or more of which can be modified depending on the nature of the operation. Mathematical operations include basic arithmetic, square root, and trigonometry functions. The logical operations include functionality for reading, writing, skipping, and rewinding [[magnetic-tape data storage\|magnetic tape]], as well as operations for interacting with data stored in [[drum memory]]. The second operation (OP<sub>2</sub>) is a logical operation that has the remaining 1 associated memory address. Logical operations allow instructions to be carried out in a different order from which they are written allowing for implementations of gotos, conditionals, loops, and other advanced behavior.<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954"/>

Xzfed23: missing space

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	==Syntax and Semantics==		==Syntax and Semantics==
	Speedcoding programs are organized as a series of instructions, each of which are stored in memory as a single 72-bit data word. An instruction generally consists of two operations (OP<sub>1</sub> and OP<sub>2</sub>) and 4 memory addresses. The first operation (OP<sub>1</sub>) is a mathematical or input/output operation that has 3 associated memory addresses, one or more of which can be modified depending on the nature of the operation. Mathematical operations include basic arithmetic, square root, and trigonometry functions. The logical operations include functionality for reading, writing, skipping, and rewinding [[magnetic-tape data storage\|magnetic tape]], as well as operations for interacting with data stored in [[drum memory]].The second operation (OP<sub>2</sub>) is a logical operation that has the remaining 1 associated memory address. Logical operations allow instructions to be carried out in a different order from which they are written allowing for implementations of gotos, conditionals, loops, and other advanced behavior.<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954"/>		Speedcoding programs are organized as a series of instructions, each of which are stored in memory as a single 72-bit data word. An instruction generally consists of two operations (OP<sub>1</sub> and OP<sub>2</sub>) and 4 memory addresses. The first operation (OP<sub>1</sub>) is a mathematical or input/output operation that has 3 associated memory addresses, one or more of which can be modified depending on the nature of the operation. Mathematical operations include basic arithmetic, square root, and trigonometry functions. The logical operations include functionality for reading, writing, skipping, and rewinding [[magnetic-tape data storage\|magnetic tape]], as well as operations for interacting with data stored in [[drum memory]]. The second operation (OP<sub>2</sub>) is a logical operation that has the remaining 1 associated memory address. Logical operations allow instructions to be carried out in a different order from which they are written allowing for implementations of gotos, conditionals, loops, and other advanced behavior.<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954"/>

	Reserved Arithmetic and Input/Output Operation Keywords<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954"/>		Reserved Arithmetic and Input/Output Operation Keywords<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954"/>

Spongeboy03: /* History and Development */ Inserted missing "solution" in text.

2024-07-19T19:38:42Z

History and Development: Inserted missing "solution" in text.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:38, 19 July 2024
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	== History and Development ==		== History and Development ==
	In August 1952, several dozen IBM engineers and [[IBM 701]] customers met in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]] to exchange ideas and best practices on programming the new machines in assembly. Several attendees expressed frustration with the slow nature of assembly programming and debugging, and questioned the utility of the 701 in applications where solutions to problems were needed quickly, or when the value of a justified the expense of computation time but not the cost of programming and debugging. Attendees likewise complained with issues with "scaling", or the need to religiously track the decimal point in arithmetic operations.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>		In August 1952, several dozen IBM engineers and [[IBM 701]] customers met in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]] to exchange ideas and best practices on programming the new machines in assembly. Several attendees expressed frustration with the slow nature of assembly programming and debugging, and questioned the utility of the 701 in applications where solutions to problems were needed quickly, or when the value of a solution justified the expense of computation time but not the cost of programming and debugging. Attendees likewise complained with issues with "scaling", or the need to religiously track the decimal point in arithmetic operations.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>

	John W. Sheldon, a supervisor of IBM's Technical Computing Bureau attending the meeting, and others felt that an "interpretive" programming system that utilized floating point operations was the best solution to this problem. Sheldon asked John Backus, who had previously worked on a [[IBM CPC\|CPC]] to [[IBM SSEC\|SSEC]] code translator, to supervise the creation of a new floating-point interpretive programming language for use internal to IBM. Backus himself had previously expressed interest in improving programming methods, and observed that computing costs were roughly equally split between the cost of computation and cost of programming personnel, and that the additional expense of testing made labor the considerably larger expense. Starting in 1953, Backus and five colleagues designed this new language and named it "Speedcoding", where its use soon spread outside of IBM to customer installations of the 701 system.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>		John W. Sheldon, a supervisor of IBM's Technical Computing Bureau attending the meeting, and others felt that an "interpretive" programming system that utilized floating point operations was the best solution to this problem. Sheldon asked John Backus, who had previously worked on a [[IBM CPC\|CPC]] to [[IBM SSEC\|SSEC]] code translator, to supervise the creation of a new floating-point interpretive programming language for use internal to IBM. Backus himself had previously expressed interest in improving programming methods, and observed that computing costs were roughly equally split between the cost of computation and cost of programming personnel, and that the additional expense of testing made labor the considerably larger expense. Starting in 1953, Backus and five colleagues designed this new language and named it "Speedcoding", where its use soon spread outside of IBM to customer installations of the 701 system.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>

Mazewaxie: WP:GENFIXES

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	<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991">{{cite book \|title=IBM's 360 and early 370 systems \|author-first1=Emerson W. \|author-last1=Pugh \|author-first2=Lyle R. \|author-last2=Johnson \|author-first3=John H. \|author-last3=Palmer \|publisher=[[MIT Press]] \|date=1991 \|isbn=0-262-16123-0 \|page=38}}</ref>		<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991">{{cite book \|title=IBM's 360 and early 370 systems \|author-first1=Emerson W. \|author-last1=Pugh \|author-first2=Lyle R. \|author-last2=Johnson \|author-first3=John H. \|author-last3=Palmer \|publisher=[[MIT Press]] \|date=1991 \|isbn=0-262-16123-0 \|page=38}}</ref>
	<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954">{{cite book \|title=IBM speedcoding system for the type 701 electronic data processing machines \|date=1954 \|orig-date=1953-09-10 \|publisher=[[International Business Machines Corporation]] \|location=New York, USA \|id=Form 24-6059-0 (5-54:2M-W) \|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|access-date=2022-07-04 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164350/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|archive-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>		<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954">{{cite book \|title=IBM speedcoding system for the type 701 electronic data processing machines \|date=1954 \|orig-date=1953-09-10 \|publisher=[[International Business Machines Corporation]] \|location=New York, USA \|id=Form 24-6059-0 (5-54:2M-W) \|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|access-date=2022-07-04 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164350/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|archive-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>
	<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm">{{cite book \|last1=Bashe \|first1=Charles \|last2=Johnson \|first2=Lyle \|last3=Palmer \|first3=John \|last4=Pugh \|first4=Emerson \|title=IBM's Early Computers \|date=March 17, 1986 \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=9780262523936 \|pages=~~332-338~~ \|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262523936/ibms-early-computers/ \|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>		<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm">{{cite book \|last1=Bashe \|first1=Charles \|last2=Johnson \|first2=Lyle \|last3=Palmer \|first3=John \|last4=Pugh \|first4=Emerson \|title=IBM's Early Computers \|date=March 17, 1986 \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=9780262523936 \|pages=332–338 \|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262523936/ibms-early-computers/ \|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
	}}		}}


	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==

Johnmand at 23:18, 25 August 2023

2023-08-25T23:18:19Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:18, 25 August 2023
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	The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006"/>		The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006"/>
	The speedcoding system was an [[Interpreter (computing)\|interpreter]] and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991"/> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="Allen_1981"/>		The speedcoding system was an [[Interpreter (computing)\|interpreter]] and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991"/> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="Allen_1981"/>

			== History and Development ==
			In August 1952, several dozen IBM engineers and [[IBM 701]] customers met in [[Poughkeepsie, New York]] to exchange ideas and best practices on programming the new machines in assembly. Several attendees expressed frustration with the slow nature of assembly programming and debugging, and questioned the utility of the 701 in applications where solutions to problems were needed quickly, or when the value of a justified the expense of computation time but not the cost of programming and debugging. Attendees likewise complained with issues with "scaling", or the need to religiously track the decimal point in arithmetic operations.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>

			John W. Sheldon, a supervisor of IBM's Technical Computing Bureau attending the meeting, and others felt that an "interpretive" programming system that utilized floating point operations was the best solution to this problem. Sheldon asked John Backus, who had previously worked on a [[IBM CPC\|CPC]] to [[IBM SSEC\|SSEC]] code translator, to supervise the creation of a new floating-point interpretive programming language for use internal to IBM. Backus himself had previously expressed interest in improving programming methods, and observed that computing costs were roughly equally split between the cost of computation and cost of programming personnel, and that the additional expense of testing made labor the considerably larger expense. Starting in 1953, Backus and five colleagues designed this new language and named it "Speedcoding", where its use soon spread outside of IBM to customer installations of the 701 system.<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm"/>

	==Syntax and Semantics==		==Syntax and Semantics==
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	<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991">{{cite book \|title=IBM's 360 and early 370 systems \|author-first1=Emerson W. \|author-last1=Pugh \|author-first2=Lyle R. \|author-last2=Johnson \|author-first3=John H. \|author-last3=Palmer \|publisher=[[MIT Press]] \|date=1991 \|isbn=0-262-16123-0 \|page=38}}</ref>		<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991">{{cite book \|title=IBM's 360 and early 370 systems \|author-first1=Emerson W. \|author-last1=Pugh \|author-first2=Lyle R. \|author-last2=Johnson \|author-first3=John H. \|author-last3=Palmer \|publisher=[[MIT Press]] \|date=1991 \|isbn=0-262-16123-0 \|page=38}}</ref>
	<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954">{{cite book \|title=IBM speedcoding system for the type 701 electronic data processing machines \|date=1954 \|orig-date=1953-09-10 \|publisher=[[International Business Machines Corporation]] \|location=New York, USA \|id=Form 24-6059-0 (5-54:2M-W) \|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|access-date=2022-07-04 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164350/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|archive-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>		<ref name="ibm-speedcoding-system-1954">{{cite book \|title=IBM speedcoding system for the type 701 electronic data processing machines \|date=1954 \|orig-date=1953-09-10 \|publisher=[[International Business Machines Corporation]] \|location=New York, USA \|id=Form 24-6059-0 (5-54:2M-W) \|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|access-date=2022-07-04 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164350/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|archive-date=2022-07-04}}</ref>
			<ref name="bashe-johnson-ibm">{{cite book \|last1=Bashe \|first1=Charles \|last2=Johnson \|first2=Lyle \|last3=Palmer \|first3=John \|last4=Pugh \|first4=Emerson \|title=IBM's Early Computers \|date=March 17, 1986 \|publisher=MIT Press \|isbn=9780262523936 \|pages=332-338 \|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262523936/ibms-early-computers/ \|access-date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
	}}		}}

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	[[Category:IBM software]]		[[Category:IBM software]]
	[[Category:Programming languages created in 1953]]		[[Category:Programming languages created in 1953]]

	{{Soft-eng-stub}}

Johnmand at 21:42, 25 August 2023

2023-08-25T21:42:31Z

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006"/>
 The speedcoding system was an [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]] and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991"/> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="Allen_1981"/>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 42: / Line 153: @@
 <ref name="Booch-Backus_2006">{{cite web |title=Oral History of John Backus |author-first=John W. |author-last=Backus |author-link=John W. Backus |editor-first=Grady |editor-last=Booch |editor-link=Grady Booch |type=Interview |date=2006-09-05 |work=Reference number: X3715.2007 |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |location=Ashland, Oregon, USA |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf |access-date=2011-04-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408163653/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-08}} (42 pages)</ref>
 <ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991">{{cite book |title=IBM's 360 and early 370 systems |author-first1=Emerson W. |author-last1=Pugh |author-first2=Lyle R. |author-last2=Johnson |author-first3=John H. |author-last3=Palmer |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |date=1991 |isbn=0-262-16123-0 |page=38}}</ref>
 }}
 == Further reading ==

BjKa: /* top */

2023-02-06T14:36:13Z

top

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	{{notelist}}		{{notelist}}

	'''Speedcoding''', '''Speedcode''' or '''SpeedCo''' was the first [[high-level programming language]]{{efn\|Meaning symbolic and aimed at [[natural language]] expressiveness as opposed to [[machine language\|machine]] or hardware instruction oriented coding.}} created for an [[IBM]] computer.<ref name="Allen_1981"/> The language was developed by [[John W. Backus]] in 1953 for the [[IBM 701]] to support computation with [[floating point\| floating point numbers]].<ref name="Shasha-Lazere_1998"/>		'''Speedcoding''', '''Speedcode''' or '''SpeedCo''' was the first [[high-level programming language]]{{efn\|Meaning symbolic and aimed at [[natural language]] expressiveness as opposed to [[machine language\|machine]] or hardware instruction oriented coding.}} created for an [[IBM]] computer.<ref name="Allen_1981"/> The language was developed by [[John W. Backus]] in 1953 for the [[IBM 701]] to support computation with [[floating point\| floating point numbers]].<ref name="Shasha-Lazere_1998"/>

	The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006"/>		The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006"/>
	The speedcoding system was an interpreter and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991"/> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="Allen_1981"/>		The speedcoding system was an [[Interpreter (computing)\|interpreter]] and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991"/> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="Allen_1981"/>

	==See also==		==See also==

Matthiaspaul: CE

2022-07-04T17:11:01Z

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:11, 4 July 2022
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	}}		}}
	{{notelist}}		{{notelist}}
	'''Speedcoding''' or '''~~Speedcode~~''' was the first [[high-level programming language]]{{efn\|Meaning symbolic and aimed at [[natural language]] expressiveness as opposed to [[machine language\|machine]] or hardware instruction oriented coding.}} created for an [[IBM]] computer.<ref name="Allen_1981"/> The language was developed by [[John Backus]] in 1953 for the [[IBM 701]] to support computation with [[floating point\| floating point numbers]].<ref name="Shasha-Lazere_1998"/>		'''Speedcoding''', '''Speedcode''' or '''SpeedCo''' was the first [[high-level programming language]]{{efn\|Meaning symbolic and aimed at [[natural language]] expressiveness as opposed to [[machine language\|machine]] or hardware instruction oriented coding.}} created for an [[IBM]] computer.<ref name="Allen_1981"/> The language was developed by [[John W. Backus]] in 1953 for the [[IBM 701]] to support computation with [[floating point\| floating point numbers]].<ref name="Shasha-Lazere_1998"/>

	The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006"/>		The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006"/>

Matthiaspaul: CE, added and improved refs

2022-07-04T17:04:00Z

CE, added and improved refs

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:04, 4 July 2022
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	{{Short description\|High-level programming language}}		{{Short description\|High-level programming language}}
			{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2022\|cs1-dates=y}}
			{{Use list-defined references\|date=July 2022}}
	{{Infobox programming language		{{Infobox programming language
	\| name = Speedcoding		\| name = Speedcoding
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	\| caption =		\| caption =
	\| paradigm = [[structured programming\|structured]], [[Generic programming\|generic]]		\| paradigm = [[structured programming\|structured]], [[Generic programming\|generic]]
	\| year = {{Start date and age\|1953}}		\| year = {{Start date and age\|1953\|df=yes}}
	\| designer = [[John Backus]]		\| designer = [[John Backus]]
	\| developer = [[John Backus]] and [[IBM]]		\| developer = [[John Backus]] and [[IBM]]
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	}}		}}
	{{notelist}}		{{notelist}}
	'''Speedcoding''' or '''Speedcode''' was the first [[high-level programming language]]{{efn\|Meaning symbolic and aimed at [[natural language]] expressiveness as opposed to [[machine language\|machine]] or hardware instruction oriented coding.}} created for an [[IBM]] computer.<ref name="~~ibmj~~">{{cite journal \|author= F. E. Allen \|title=The History of Language Processor Technology in IBM \|journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development \|volume=25 \|issue=5 \|date= September 1981 \|pages= 535–548 \|doi= 10.1147/~~rd.255.0535 }}</ref~~> The language was developed by [[John Backus]] in 1953 for the [[IBM 701]] to support computation with [[floating point\| floating point numbers]].<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~book \|title=Out of their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists \|last~~=Shasha ~~\|first=Dennis \|author2=Cathy Lazere \|year=1998 \|publisher=Springer~~-~~Verlag New York, Inc. \|location=New York \|isbn=0-387-98269-8 }}<~~/~~ref~~>		'''Speedcoding''' or '''Speedcode''' was the first [[high-level programming language]]{{efn\|Meaning symbolic and aimed at [[natural language]] expressiveness as opposed to [[machine language\|machine]] or hardware instruction oriented coding.}} created for an [[IBM]] computer.<ref name="Allen_1981"/> The language was developed by [[John Backus]] in 1953 for the [[IBM 701]] to support computation with [[floating point\| floating point numbers]].<ref name="Shasha-Lazere_1998"/>

	The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web \|title~~= ~~Oral History of John Backus \|author= Interviewed by Grady~~ Booch \|date= September 5, 2006 \|work= Reference number: X3715.2007 \|publisher= [[Computer History Museum]] \|url= http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf \|access-~~date= April 23, 2011 }}<~~/~~ref~~>		The idea arose from the difficulty of programming the [[IBM SSEC]] machine when Backus was hired to calculate astronomical positions in early 1950.<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006"/>
	The speedcoding system was an interpreter and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref~~>Emerson W.~~ Pugh~~, Lyle R.~~ Johnson~~, John H. Palmer, ''IBM's 360 and early 370 systems'', MIT Press, 1991, {{ISBN\|0~~-~~262-16123-0}}, p. 38<~~/~~ref~~> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="~~ibmj~~"/>		The speedcoding system was an interpreter and focused on ease of use at the expense of system resources. It provided pseudo-instructions for common mathematical functions: logarithms, exponentiation, and trigonometric operations. The resident software analyzed pseudo-instructions one by one and called the appropriate subroutine. Speedcoding was also the first implementation of decimal input/output operations. Although it substantially reduced the effort of writing many jobs, the running time of a program that was written with the help of Speedcoding was usually ten to twenty times that of machine code.<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991"/> The interpreter took 310 memory words, about 30% of the memory available on a 701.<ref name="Allen_1981"/>

	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[PACT (compiler)]]		* [[PACT (compiler)]]
	*[[Short Code (computer language)]]		* [[Short Code (computer language)]]

	==Notes==		==Notes==
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	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist\|refs=
			<ref name="Allen_1981">{{cite journal \|title=The History of Language Processor Technology in IBM \|author-first=Frances "Fran" Elizabeth \|author-last=Allen \|author-link=Frances Elizabeth Allen \|journal=[[IBM Journal of Research and Development]] \|volume=25 \|issue=5 \|date=September 1981 \|doi=10.1147/rd.255.0535 \|pages=535–548}}</ref>
			<ref name="Shasha-Lazere_1998">{{cite book \|title=Out of their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists \|author-last1=Shasha \|author-first1=Dennis Elliot \|author-link1=Dennis Elliot Shasha \|author-first2=Cathy \|author-last2=Lazere \|date=1998 \|publisher=[[Copernicus (imprint)\|Copernicus]], [[Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.]] \|location=New York, USA \|lccn=98-16911 \|isbn=0-387-98269-8 \|id=SPIN 10693423}}</ref>
			<ref name="Booch-Backus_2006">{{cite web \|title=Oral History of John Backus \|author-first=John W. \|author-last=Backus \|author-link=John W. Backus \|editor-first=Grady \|editor-last=Booch \|editor-link=Grady Booch \|type=Interview \|date=2006-09-05 \|work=Reference number: X3715.2007 \|publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] \|location=Ashland, Oregon, USA \|url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf \|access-date=2011-04-23 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408163653/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Backus_John/Backus_John_1.oral_history.2006.102657970.pdf \|archive-date=2022-04-08}} (42 pages)</ref>
			<ref name="Pugh-Johnson-Palmer_1991">{{cite book \|title=IBM's 360 and early 370 systems \|author-first1=Emerson W. \|author-last1=Pugh \|author-first2=Lyle R. \|author-last2=Johnson \|author-first3=John H. \|author-last3=Palmer \|publisher=[[MIT Press]] \|date=1991 \|isbn=0-262-16123-0 \|page=38}}</ref>
			}}

	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==
			* {{cite book \|title=IBM speedcoding system for the type 701 electronic data processing machines \|date=1954 \|orig-date=1953-09-10 \|publisher=[[International Business Machines Corporation]] \|location=New York, USA \|id=Form 24-6059-0 (5-54:2M-W) \|url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|access-date=2022-07-04 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704164350/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/02/102678975-05-01-acc.pdf \|archive-date=2022-07-04}} (48 pages)
	*[[John Backus\|Backus, John]], [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/p4-backus.pdf "The IBM 701 Speedcoding System"], Journal of the ACM, Volume 1, Issue 1 (January 1954), pp. 4–6,
			* {{cite journal \|title=The IBM 701 Speedcoding System \|author-first=John W. \|author-last=Backus \|author-link=John W. Backus \|journal=[[Journal of the ACM]] \|volume=1 \|issue=1 \|date=January 1954 \|pages=4–6 \|url=http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/p4-backus.pdf \|access-date=2022-07-04 \|url-status=live \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516175128/http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/p4-backus.pdf \|archive-date=2022-05-16}}
	*{{cite conference ~~\|last=Backus\|first=John W.\|author2=Harlan, Herrick~~ \|title=IBM 701 Speedcoding and Other Automatic-programming Systems\|book-title= ~~Proc.~~ ~~Symp.~~ on Automatic Programming for Digital Computer\|location=Washington DC, The Office of Naval Research\|date=May 1954\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AkgAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106\|~~pages~~=~~106–113~~}}		* {{cite conference \|title=IBM 701 Speedcoding and Other Automatic-programming Systems \|book-title=Proceedings of the Symposium on Automatic Programming for Digital Computer \|author-last1=Backus \|author-first1=John W. \|author-link1=John W. Backus \|author-last2=Harlan \|author-first2=Herrick \|location=Washington DC, USA \|publisher=[[The Office of Naval Research]] \|date=13–14 May 1954 \|pages=106–113 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AkgAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106 \|access-date=2022-07-04}}
	*{{cite book \|last=Sammet\|first=Jean E.\|title=Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals\|publisher=Prentice-Hall\|date=1969}}
			* {{cite book \|title=Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals \|author-last=Sammet \|author-first=Jean E. \|author-link=Jean E. Sammet \|publisher=[[Prentice-Hall]] \|date=1969}}

	[[Category:Procedural programming languages]]		[[Category:Procedural programming languages]]
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	[[Category:IBM software]]		[[Category:IBM software]]
	[[Category:Programming languages created in 1953]]		[[Category:Programming languages created in 1953]]


	{{Soft-eng-stub}}		{{Soft-eng-stub}}

Janhrach: Added a short description

2022-05-08T16:16:55Z

Added a short description

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:16, 8 May 2022
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			{{Short description\|High-level programming language}}
	{{Infobox programming language		{{Infobox programming language
	\| name = Speedcoding		\| name = Speedcoding