Thalmann algorithm - Revision history

Pbsouthwood: /* Description */ new subsection heade

2025-04-18T08:34:44Z

Description: new subsection heade

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:34, 18 April 2025
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	During the development of these algorithms and tables, it was recognized that a successful algorithm could be used to replace the existing collection of incompatible tables for various air and Nitrox diving modes currently in the US Navy Diving Manual with a set of mutually compatible decompression tables based on a single model, which was proposed by Gerth and Doolette in 2007.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-1">{{harvnb \|Gerth\|Doolette\|2007\| p=1}}</ref> This has been done in Revision 6 of the US Navy Diving Manual published in 2008, though some changes were made.		During the development of these algorithms and tables, it was recognized that a successful algorithm could be used to replace the existing collection of incompatible tables for various air and Nitrox diving modes currently in the US Navy Diving Manual with a set of mutually compatible decompression tables based on a single model, which was proposed by Gerth and Doolette in 2007.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-1">{{harvnb \|Gerth\|Doolette\|2007\| p=1}}</ref> This has been done in Revision 6 of the US Navy Diving Manual published in 2008, though some changes were made.

			===Implementation in dive computers===
	An independent implementation of the EL-Real Time Algorithm was developed by Cochran Consulting, Inc. for the diver-carried Navy Dive Computer under the guidance of E. D. Thalmann.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-2">{{harvnb \|Gerth\|Doolette\|2007\| p=2}}</ref>		An independent implementation of the EL-Real Time Algorithm was developed by Cochran Consulting, Inc. for the diver-carried Navy Dive Computer under the guidance of E. D. Thalmann.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-2">{{harvnb \|Gerth\|Doolette\|2007\| p=2}}</ref>

	Since the discontinuation of [[Cochran Undersea Technology]] after the death of the owner, the algorithm has been implemented on some models of [[Shearwater Research]]'s dive computers for use by the US Navy.<ref name="Doolette 2023" >{{cite conference \|url=https://gue.tv/programs/decompression-theory-ccr-diving-rebreather-safe-practices \|title=Advances In Decompression Theory And Practice \|first=David \|last=Doolette \|conference=Rebreather Forum 4 \|date=20–22 April 2023 \|access-date=16 April 2024 \|location=Valletta, Malta \|via=gue.tv \|archive-date=16 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416201709/https://gue.tv/programs/decompression-theory-ccr-diving-rebreather-safe-practices \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Blömeke 2024" >{{cite magazine \|url=https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/ \|title=Dial In Your DCS Risk with the Thalmann Algorithm \|first=Tim \|last=Blömeke \|date=3 April 2024 \|access-date=16 April 2024 \|magazine=InDepth \|archive-date=16 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190438/https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Since the discontinuation of [[Cochran Undersea Technology]] after the death of the owner, the algorithm has been implemented on some models of [[Shearwater Research]]'s dive computers for use by the US Navy.<ref name="Doolette 2023" >{{cite conference \|url=https://gue.tv/programs/decompression-theory-ccr-diving-rebreather-safe-practices \|title=Advances In Decompression Theory And Practice \|first=David \|last=Doolette \|conference=Rebreather Forum 4 \|date=20–22 April 2023 \|access-date=16 April 2024 \|location=Valletta, Malta \|via=gue.tv \|archive-date=16 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416201709/https://gue.tv/programs/decompression-theory-ccr-diving-rebreather-safe-practices \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Blömeke 2024" >{{cite magazine \|url=https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/ \|title=Dial In Your DCS Risk with the Thalmann Algorithm \|first=Tim \|last=Blömeke \|date=3 April 2024 \|access-date=16 April 2024 \|magazine=InDepth \|archive-date=16 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190438/https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>



	=== Physiological interpretation ===		=== Physiological interpretation ===

Pbsouthwood: /* Description */ update with refs

2025-04-18T08:29:12Z

Description: update with refs

← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:29, 18 April 2025
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	An independent implementation of the EL-Real Time Algorithm was developed by Cochran Consulting, Inc. for the diver-carried Navy Dive Computer under the guidance of E. D. Thalmann.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-2">{{harvnb \|Gerth\|Doolette\|2007\| p=2}}</ref>		An independent implementation of the EL-Real Time Algorithm was developed by Cochran Consulting, Inc. for the diver-carried Navy Dive Computer under the guidance of E. D. Thalmann.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-2">{{harvnb \|Gerth\|Doolette\|2007\| p=2}}</ref>

			Since the discontinuation of [[Cochran Undersea Technology]] after the death of the owner, the algorithm has been implemented on some models of [[Shearwater Research]]'s dive computers for use by the US Navy.<ref name="Doolette 2023" >{{cite conference \|url=https://gue.tv/programs/decompression-theory-ccr-diving-rebreather-safe-practices \|title=Advances In Decompression Theory And Practice \|first=David \|last=Doolette \|conference=Rebreather Forum 4 \|date=20–22 April 2023 \|access-date=16 April 2024 \|location=Valletta, Malta \|via=gue.tv \|archive-date=16 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416201709/https://gue.tv/programs/decompression-theory-ccr-diving-rebreather-safe-practices \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Blömeke 2024" >{{cite magazine \|url=https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/ \|title=Dial In Your DCS Risk with the Thalmann Algorithm \|first=Tim \|last=Blömeke \|date=3 April 2024 \|access-date=16 April 2024 \|magazine=InDepth \|archive-date=16 April 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190438/https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/ \|url-status=live }}</ref>



	=== Physiological interpretation ===		=== Physiological interpretation ===

Andy02124: sfn fixes, add three books, replace two usurped Thalmann docs

2023-07-13T16:31:02Z

sfn fixes, add three books, replace two usurped Thalmann docs

Pbsouthwood: Changing short description from "Decompression calculation for divers" to "Mathematical model for diver decompression"

2023-01-06T19:12:48Z

Changing short description from "Decompression calculation for divers" to "Mathematical model for diver decompression"

← Previous revision		Revision as of 19:12, 6 January 2023
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	{{Short description\|~~Decompression~~ ~~calculation~~ for ~~divers~~}}		{{Short description\|Mathematical model for diver decompression}}
	The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415185807/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref> The decompression model is also referred to as the Linear–Exponential model or the Exponential–Linear model.<ref name="Thalmann 1985-6" />		The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415185807/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref> The decompression model is also referred to as the Linear–Exponential model or the Exponential–Linear model.<ref name="Thalmann 1985-6" />

GreenC bot: Rescued 13 archive links; remove 13 citations per WP:USURPURL and WP:JUDI. Wayback Medic 2.5

2022-11-01T21:19:44Z

Rescued 13 archive links; remove 13 citations per WP:USURPURL and WP:JUDI. Wayback Medic 2.5

Pbsouthwood: /* Sources */

2022-10-06T17:09:34Z

Sources

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	*{{cite journal \|last=Weathersby \|first=P. K. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=R.Y. Nishi \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data. \|journal=Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute \|volume=NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Weathersby \|first=P. K. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=R.Y. Nishi \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data. \|journal=Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute \|volume=NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E. C. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=P.K. Weathersby \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=92-73 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E. C. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=P.K. Weathersby \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=92-73 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Ball \|first=R. \|~~author2~~=J. Himm \|~~author3~~=L. D. Homer \|~~author4~~=E. D. Thalmann \|title=A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=94-36 \|year=1994 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Ball \|first=R. \|first2=J. \|last2=Himm \|first3=L.D. \|last3=Homer \|first4=E.D. \|last4=Thalmann \|title=A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=94-36 \|year=1994 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E. C. \|~~author2~~=S.S. Survanshi \|~~author3~~=E.D. Thalmann \|~~author4~~=P.K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-05 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E.C. \|first2=S.S. \|last2=Survanshi \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|first4=P.K. \|last4=Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-05 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|~~author2~~=P. K. Weathersby \|~~author3~~=E. D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-06 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S.S. \|first2=P.K. \|last2=Weathersby \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-06 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|author2=P. C. Kelleher \|author3=S. S. Survanshi \|author4=E. C. Parker \|author5=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables XI: Manned Validation of the LE Probabilistic Model for Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=99-01 \|year=1999 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3412 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|author2=P. C. Kelleher \|author3=S. S. Survanshi \|author4=E. C. Parker \|author5=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables XI: Manned Validation of the LE Probabilistic Model for Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=99-01 \|year=1999 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3412 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume I. Repetitive decompression tables for air and constant 0.7 ata PO2 in N2 using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume I. Repetitive decompression tables for air and constant 0.7 ata PO2 in N2 using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}

Pbsouthwood: /* top */

2022-09-17T08:50:43Z

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:50, 17 September 2022
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	{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}		{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}
	The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref> The decompression model is also referred to as the Linear–Exponential model or the Exponential–Linear model.		The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref> The decompression model is also referred to as the Linear–Exponential model or the Exponential–Linear model.<ref name="Thalmann 1985-6" />

	==History==		==History==

Pbsouthwood: /* top */

2022-09-17T08:48:46Z

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:48, 17 September 2022
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	{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}		{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}
	The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref>		The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref> The decompression model is also referred to as the Linear–Exponential model or the Exponential–Linear model.

	==History==		==History==

Pbsouthwood: /* top */

2022-09-17T08:47:03Z

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 08:47, 17 September 2022
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	{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}		{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}
	The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables.<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref>		The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref>

	==History==		==History==

MichaelMaggs: Per WP:SDSHORT and WP:SDNOTDEF

2022-06-10T11:17:12Z

Per WP:SDSHORT and WP:SDNOTDEF

← Previous revision		Revision as of 11:17, 10 June 2022
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			{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}
	{{short description\| Recent US Navy algorithm for modelling of inert gases entering and leaving body tissues as pressure changes }}
	The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables.<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref>		The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables.<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref>

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	*{{cite journal \|last=Weathersby \|first=P. K. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=R.Y. Nishi \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data. \|journal=Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute \|volume=NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Weathersby \|first=P. K. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=R.Y. Nishi \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data. \|journal=Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute \|volume=NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E. C. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=P.K. Weathersby \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=92-73 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E. C. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=P.K. Weathersby \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=92-73 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Ball \|first=R. \|~~author2~~=J. Himm \|~~author3~~=L. D. Homer \|~~author4~~=E. D. Thalmann \|title=A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=94-36 \|year=1994 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Ball \|first=R. \|first2=J. \|last2=Himm \|first3=L.D. \|last3=Homer \|first4=E.D. \|last4=Thalmann \|title=A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=94-36 \|year=1994 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E. C. \|~~author2~~=S.S. Survanshi \|~~author3~~=E.D. Thalmann \|~~author4~~=P.K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-05 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E.C. \|first2=S.S. \|last2=Survanshi \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|first4=P.K. \|last4=Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-05 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|~~author2~~=P. K. Weathersby \|~~author3~~=E. D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-06 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S.S. \|first2=P.K. \|last2=Weathersby \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-06 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|author2=P. C. Kelleher \|author3=S. S. Survanshi \|author4=E. C. Parker \|author5=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables XI: Manned Validation of the LE Probabilistic Model for Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=99-01 \|year=1999 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3412 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|author2=P. C. Kelleher \|author3=S. S. Survanshi \|author4=E. C. Parker \|author5=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables XI: Manned Validation of the LE Probabilistic Model for Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=99-01 \|year=1999 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3412 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume I. Repetitive decompression tables for air and constant 0.7 ata PO2 in N2 using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume I. Repetitive decompression tables for air and constant 0.7 ata PO2 in N2 using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:31, 13 July 2023
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	[[File:Linear-Exponential tussue tensions.png\|thumb\|300px\|Response of a tissue compartment to a step increase and decrease in pressure showing Exponential-Exponential and two possibilities for Linear-Exponential uptake and washout]]		[[File:Linear-Exponential tussue tensions.png\|thumb\|300px\|Response of a tissue compartment to a step increase and decrease in pressure showing Exponential-Exponential and two possibilities for Linear-Exponential uptake and washout]]
	The use of simple symmetrical exponential gas kinetics models has shown up the need for a model that would give slower tissue washout. In the early 1980s the US Navy Experimental Diving Unit developed an algorithm using a decompression model with exponential gas absorption as in the usual Haldanian model, but a slower linear release during ascent. The effect of adding linear kinetics to the exponential model is to lengthen the duration of risk accumulation for a given compartment time constant.<ref name="Parker 1992-1">{{harvnb \|Parker\|1992\| p=1}}</ref>		The use of simple symmetrical exponential gas kinetics models has shown up the need for a model that would give slower tissue washout. In the early 1980s the US Navy Experimental Diving Unit developed an algorithm using a decompression model with exponential gas absorption as in the usual Haldanian model, but a slower linear release during ascent. The effect of adding linear kinetics to the exponential model is to lengthen the duration of risk accumulation for a given compartment time constant.<ref name="Parker 1992-1">{{harvnb \|Parker\|Survanshi\|Weathersby\|Thalmann\|1992\|p=1}}</ref>

	The model was originally developed for programming decompression computers for constant oxygen partial pressure closed circuit rebreathers.<ref name="Thalmann 1984 abstract">{{harvnb \|Thalmann\|1984\| loc=abstract }}</ref><ref name="Huggings 4-13">{{harvnb \|Huggins\|1992\| loc-chpt. 4 page 13}}</ref> Initial experimental diving using an exponential-exponential algorithm resulted in an unacceptable incidence of DCS, so a change was made to a model using the linear release model, with a reduction in DCS incidence. The same principles were applied to developing an algorithm and tables for a constant oxygen partial pressure model for Heliox diving<ref name="Thalmann 1985-6">{{harvnb \|Thalmann\|~~1985~~\| p-6}}</ref>		The model was originally developed for programming decompression computers for constant oxygen partial pressure closed circuit rebreathers.<ref name="Thalmann 1984 abstract">{{harvnb \|Thalmann\|1984\| loc=abstract }}</ref><ref name="Huggings 4-13">{{harvnb \|Huggins\|1992\|loc=chpt. 4 page 13}}</ref> Initial experimental diving using an exponential-exponential algorithm resulted in an unacceptable incidence of DCS, so a change was made to a model using the linear release model, with a reduction in DCS incidence. The same principles were applied to developing an algorithm and tables for a constant oxygen partial pressure model for Heliox diving<ref name="Thalmann 1985-6">{{harvnb \|Thalmann\|1985a\|p=6}}</ref>

	The linear component is active when the tissue pressure exceeds ambient pressure by a given amount specific to the tissue compartment. When the tissue pressure drops below this cross-over criterion the tissue is modelled by exponential kinetics. During gas uptake tissue pressure never exceeds ambient, so it is always modelled by exponential kinetics. This results in a model with the desired asymmetrical characteristics of slower washout than uptake.<ref name="Parker 1992-3">{{harvnb \|Parker\|1992\| p=3}}</ref> The linear/exponential transition is smooth. Choice of cross-over pressure determines the slope of the linear region as equal to the slope of the exponential region at the cross-over point.		The linear component is active when the tissue pressure exceeds ambient pressure by a given amount specific to the tissue compartment. When the tissue pressure drops below this cross-over criterion the tissue is modelled by exponential kinetics. During gas uptake tissue pressure never exceeds ambient, so it is always modelled by exponential kinetics. This results in a model with the desired asymmetrical characteristics of slower washout than uptake.<ref name="Parker 1992-3">{{harvnb \|Parker\|Survanshi\|Weathersby\|Thalmann\|1992\| p=3}}</ref> The linear/exponential transition is smooth. Choice of cross-over pressure determines the slope of the linear region as equal to the slope of the exponential region at the cross-over point.

	During the development of these algorithms and tables, it was recognized that a successful algorithm could be used to replace the existing collection of incompatible tables for various air and Nitrox diving modes currently in the US Navy Diving Manual with a set of mutually compatible decompression tables based on a single model, which was proposed by Gerth and Doolette in 2007.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-1">{{harvnb \|Gerth&Doolette\|2007\| p=1}}</ref> This has been done in Revision 6 of the US Navy Diving Manual published in 2008, though some changes were made.		During the development of these algorithms and tables, it was recognized that a successful algorithm could be used to replace the existing collection of incompatible tables for various air and Nitrox diving modes currently in the US Navy Diving Manual with a set of mutually compatible decompression tables based on a single model, which was proposed by Gerth and Doolette in 2007.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-1">{{harvnb \|Gerth\|Doolette\|2007\| p=1}}</ref> This has been done in Revision 6 of the US Navy Diving Manual published in 2008, though some changes were made.

	An independent implementation of the EL-Real Time Algorithm was developed by Cochran Consulting, Inc. for the diver-carried Navy Dive Computer under the guidance of E. D. Thalmann.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-2">{{harvnb \|Gerth&Doolette\|2007\| p=2}}</ref>		An independent implementation of the EL-Real Time Algorithm was developed by Cochran Consulting, Inc. for the diver-carried Navy Dive Computer under the guidance of E. D. Thalmann.<ref name="Gerth & Doolette 2007-2">{{harvnb \|Gerth\|Doolette\|2007\| p=2}}</ref>

	=== Physiological interpretation ===		=== Physiological interpretation ===
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	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Computer algorithms used in computing the MK15/16 constant 0.7 ATA oxygen partial pressure decompression tables. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-83 \|year=1983 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3294 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415221410/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3294 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Computer algorithms used in computing the MK15/16 constant 0.7 ATA oxygen partial pressure decompression tables. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-83 \|year=1983 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3294 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415221410/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3294 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Phase II testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-84 \|year=1984 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4811 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113104809/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4811 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=January 13, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Phase II testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-84 \|year=1984 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4811 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113104809/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4811 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=January 13, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Development of a Decompression Algorithm for Constant Oxygen Partial Pressure in Helium Diving. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-85 \|year=~~1985~~ \|url=~~http~~://~~archive~~.~~rubicon-foundation~~.~~org~~/~~4816 \|archive-url=https:~~//~~archive~~.~~today/20120707073314/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4816~~ \|~~url~~-~~status~~=~~usurped~~ ~~\|archive-date=~~July ~~7, 2012 \|access-date=2008-03-16~~ }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Development of a Decompression Algorithm for Constant Oxygen Partial Pressure in Helium Diving. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-85 \|year=1985a \|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA158142.pdf \|access-date=13 July 2023 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Air-N202 Decompression Computer Algorithm Development. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=8-85 \|year=~~1985~~ \|url=~~http~~://~~archive~~.~~rubicon-foundation~~.~~org~~/~~4820 \|archive-url=https:~~//~~archive~~.~~today/20130415222004/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4820~~ \|~~url-status=usurped \|archive~~-date=~~April~~ ~~15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16~~ }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Air-N202 Decompression Computer Algorithm Development. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=8-85 \|year=1985b \|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA173999.pdf \|access-date=13 July 2023}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Weathersby \|first=P. K. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=R.Y. Nishi \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data. \|journal=Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute \|volume=NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415181716/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Weathersby \|first=P. K. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=R.Y. Nishi \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data. \|journal=Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute \|volume=NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415181716/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|~~last~~=Parker \|~~first~~=E. C. \|~~author2~~=S.S. Survanshi \|~~author3~~=P.K. Weathersby \|~~author4~~=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=92-73 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113042625/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=January 13, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last1=Parker \|first1=E. C. \|first2=S.S. \|last2=Survanshi \|first3=P.K. \|last3=Weathersby \|first4=E.D. \|last4=Thalmann \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=92-73 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113042625/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=January 13, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
			* {{cite journal \|last=Huggins\|first=Karl E. \|title=Dynamics of decompression workshop \|journal=Course Taught at the University of Michigan \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/8078 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415185000/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/8078 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=15 April 2013 \|access-date=10 January 2012 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Ball \|first=R. \|first2=J. \|last2=Himm \|first3=L.D. \|last3=Homer \|first4=E.D. \|last4=Thalmann \|title=A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=94-36 \|year=1994 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Ball \|first=R. \|first2=J. \|last2=Himm \|first3=L.D. \|last3=Homer \|first4=E.D. \|last4=Thalmann \|title=A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=94-36 \|year=1994 }}
			* {{cite journal \|last1=Ball \|first1=R. \|last2=Himm \|first2=J. \| last3=Homer\| first3=L.D. \|last4=Thalmann \|first4=E.D \|title=Does the time course of bubble evolution explain decompression sickness risk? \|journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine \|year=1995 \|volume=22 \|issue=3 \|pages=263–280 \|issn=1066-2936 \|pmid=7580767 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2187 \|ref={{sfnRef\|Ball\|1995}} \|access-date=14 March 2013 \|archive-date=11 August 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811174757/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2187 \|url-status=usurped }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E.C. \|first2=S.S. \|last2=Survanshi \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|first4=P.K. \|last4=Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-05 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415224133/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E.C. \|first2=S.S. \|last2=Survanshi \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|first4=P.K. \|last4=Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-05 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415224133/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S.S. \|first2=P.K. \|last2=Weathersby \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-06 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415194830/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S.S. \|first2=P.K. \|last2=Weathersby \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-06 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415194830/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
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	*{{cite journal \|last=Butler \|first=F. K. \|author2=D. G. Southerland \|title=The U.S. Navy decompression computer. \|journal=Undersea Hyperb. Med. \|volume=28 \|issue=4 \|pages=213–28 \|year=2001 \|issn=1066-2936 \|oclc=26915585 \|pmid=12153150 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2364 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811181223/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2364 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=August 11, 2011 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Butler \|first=F. K. \|author2=D. G. Southerland \|title=The U.S. Navy decompression computer. \|journal=Undersea Hyperb. Med. \|volume=28 \|issue=4 \|pages=213–28 \|year=2001 \|issn=1066-2936 \|oclc=26915585 \|pmid=12153150 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2364 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811181223/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2364 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=August 11, 2011 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Gault \|first=K. A. \|title=Potential Benefits of Navy Dive Computer Use in Ships Husbandry Diving: Analysis of Dives Conducted on the USS RONALD REAGAN (CVN-76). \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=06-04 \|year=2003 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3468 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416051836/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3468 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 16, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Gault \|first=K. A. \|title=Potential Benefits of Navy Dive Computer Use in Ships Husbandry Diving: Analysis of Dives Conducted on the USS RONALD REAGAN (CVN-76). \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=06-04 \|year=2003 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3468 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416051836/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3468 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 16, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
			* {{cite journal \|last1=Gerth \|first1=Wayne A. \|last2=Doolette \|first2=David J. \|year=2007 \|title=VVal-18 and VVal-18M Thalmann Algorithm – Air Decompression Tables and Procedures \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit, TA 01-07, NEDU TR 07-09 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/8349 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512014331/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/xmlui/handle/123456789/8349 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=12 May 2013 \|access-date=27 January 2012 }}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:19, 1 November 2022
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	{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}		{{Short description\|Decompression calculation for divers}}
	The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref> The decompression model is also referred to as the Linear–Exponential model or the Exponential–Linear model.<ref name="Thalmann 1985-6" />		The '''Thalmann Algorithm''' ('''VVAL 18''') is a [[deterministic]] [[Decompression tables\|decompression model]] originally designed in 1980 to produce a [[decompression schedule]] for [[Scuba diving\|divers]] using the [[US Navy]] Mk15 [[rebreather]].<ref name="thalmann1980">{{cite journal \|last1=Thalmann \|first1=Edward D \|last2=Buckingham \|first2=IPB \|first3=WH \|last3=Spaur \|title=Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I) \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=11-80 \|year=1980 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415185807/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4841 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16}}</ref> It was developed by Capt. [[Edward D. Thalmann]], MD, USN, who did research into [[decompression (diving)\|decompression]] theory at the [[Naval Medical Research Institute]], [[United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit\|Navy Experimental Diving Unit]], [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York\|State University of New York at Buffalo]], and [[Duke University]]. The algorithm forms the basis for the current US Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables (from US Navy Diving Manual Revision 6).<ref name=Diver2008>{{cite journal\|author=Staff \|title=VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers \|journal=Diver Magazine \|date=September 2008 \|volume=33 \|issue=7 \|url=http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|url-status=unfit \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710134553/http://www.divermag.com/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36 \|archive-date=July 10, 2011 }}</ref> The decompression model is also referred to as the Linear–Exponential model or the Exponential–Linear model.<ref name="Thalmann 1985-6" />

	==History==		==History==
	The Mk15 rebreather supplies a constant partial pressure of oxygen of {{convert\|0.7\|bar\|abbr=on}} with nitrogen as the inert gas. Prior to 1980 it was operated using schedules from printed tables. It was determined that an algorithm suitable for programming into an underwater decompression monitor (an early [[dive computer]]) would offer advantages. This algorithm was initially designated "MK15 (VVAL 18) RTA", a real-time algorithm for use with the Mk15 rebreather.<ref name="thalmann2003">{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=Edward D \|title=Suitability of the USN MK15(VVAL18) Decompression Algorithm for Air Diving \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=03-12 \|year=2003 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4586 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}</ref>		The Mk15 rebreather supplies a constant partial pressure of oxygen of {{convert\|0.7\|bar\|abbr=on}} with nitrogen as the inert gas. Prior to 1980 it was operated using schedules from printed tables. It was determined that an algorithm suitable for programming into an underwater decompression monitor (an early [[dive computer]]) would offer advantages. This algorithm was initially designated "MK15 (VVAL 18) RTA", a real-time algorithm for use with the Mk15 rebreather.<ref name="thalmann2003">{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=Edward D \|title=Suitability of the USN MK15(VVAL18) Decompression Algorithm for Air Diving \|journal=Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report \|volume=03-12 \|year=2003 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4586 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415175624/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4586 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}</ref>

	== Description ==		== Description ==
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	===Sources===		===Sources===
	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Computer algorithms used in computing the MK15/16 constant 0.7 ATA oxygen partial pressure decompression tables. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-83 \|year=1983 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3294 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Computer algorithms used in computing the MK15/16 constant 0.7 ATA oxygen partial pressure decompression tables. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-83 \|year=1983 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3294 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415221410/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3294 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Phase II testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-84 \|year=1984 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4811 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Phase II testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-84 \|year=1984 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4811 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113104809/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4811 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=January 13, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Development of a Decompression Algorithm for Constant Oxygen Partial Pressure in Helium Diving. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-85 \|year=1985 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4816 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Development of a Decompression Algorithm for Constant Oxygen Partial Pressure in Helium Diving. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=1-85 \|year=1985 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4816 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707073314/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4816 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=July 7, 2012 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Air-N202 Decompression Computer Algorithm Development. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=8-85 \|year=1985 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4820 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|title=Air-N202 Decompression Computer Algorithm Development. \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=8-85 \|year=1985 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4820 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415222004/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4820 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Weathersby \|first=P. K. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=R.Y. Nishi \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data. \|journal=Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute \|volume=NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Weathersby \|first=P. K. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=R.Y. Nishi \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data. \|journal=Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute \|volume=NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415181716/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3408 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E. C. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=P.K. Weathersby \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=92-73 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E. C. \|author2=S.S. Survanshi \|author3=P.K. Weathersby \|author4=E.D. Thalmann \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=92-73 \|year=1992 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113042625/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3409 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=January 13, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Ball \|first=R. \|first2=J. \|last2=Himm \|first3=L.D. \|last3=Homer \|first4=E.D. \|last4=Thalmann \|title=A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=94-36 \|year=1994 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Ball \|first=R. \|first2=J. \|last2=Himm \|first3=L.D. \|last3=Homer \|first4=E.D. \|last4=Thalmann \|title=A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=94-36 \|year=1994 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E.C. \|first2=S.S. \|last2=Survanshi \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|first4=P.K. \|last4=Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-05 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Parker \|first=E.C. \|first2=S.S. \|last2=Survanshi \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|first4=P.K. \|last4=Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-05 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415224133/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3410 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S.S. \|first2=P.K. \|last2=Weathersby \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-06 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S.S. \|first2=P.K. \|last2=Weathersby \|first3=E.D. \|last3=Thalmann \|title=Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=96-06 \|year=1996 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415194830/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3411 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|author2=P. C. Kelleher \|author3=S. S. Survanshi \|author4=E. C. Parker \|author5=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables XI: Manned Validation of the LE Probabilistic Model for Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=99-01 \|year=1999 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3412 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Thalmann \|first=E. D. \|author2=P. C. Kelleher \|author3=S. S. Survanshi \|author4=E. C. Parker \|author5=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically Based Decompression Tables XI: Manned Validation of the LE Probabilistic Model for Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=99-01 \|year=1999 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3412 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415180928/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3412 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 15, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume I. Repetitive decompression tables for air and constant 0.7 ata PO2 in N2 using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume I. Repetitive decompression tables for air and constant 0.7 ata PO2 in N2 using a probabilistic model. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume II. Repetitive dive tables: Air. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume II. Repetitive dive tables: Air. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}
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	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume IV. Repetitive dive tables: 0.7 ATA PO2 in N2. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume IV. Repetitive dive tables: 0.7 ATA PO2 in N2. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume V. Exceptional exposure tables: 0.7 ATA PO2 in N2. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Survanshi \|first=S. S. \|author2=E. C. Parker \|author3=E. D. Thalmann \|author4=P. K. Weathersby \|title=Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume V. Exceptional exposure tables: 0.7 ATA PO2 in N2. \|journal=Naval Medical Research Institute Report \|volume=97-36 \|year=1997 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Butler \|first=F. K. \|author2=D. G. Southerland \|title=The U.S. Navy decompression computer. \|journal=Undersea Hyperb. Med. \|volume=28 \|issue=4 \|pages=213–28 \|year=2001 \|issn=1066-2936 \|oclc=26915585 \|pmid=12153150 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2364 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Butler \|first=F. K. \|author2=D. G. Southerland \|title=The U.S. Navy decompression computer. \|journal=Undersea Hyperb. Med. \|volume=28 \|issue=4 \|pages=213–28 \|year=2001 \|issn=1066-2936 \|oclc=26915585 \|pmid=12153150 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2364 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811181223/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2364 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=August 11, 2011 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Gault \|first=K. A. \|title=Potential Benefits of Navy Dive Computer Use in Ships Husbandry Diving: Analysis of Dives Conducted on the USS RONALD REAGAN (CVN-76). \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=06-04 \|year=2003 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3468 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}		*{{cite journal \|last=Gault \|first=K. A. \|title=Potential Benefits of Navy Dive Computer Use in Ships Husbandry Diving: Analysis of Dives Conducted on the USS RONALD REAGAN (CVN-76). \|journal=Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report \|volume=06-04 \|year=2003 \|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3468 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416051836/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3468 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-date=April 16, 2013 \|access-date=2008-03-16 }}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}