Visual variable - Revision history

JJMC89 bot III: Moving :Category:Information visualization to :Category:Data and information visualization per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025 January 9#Category:Data visualization and Category:Information visualization

2025-01-22T05:34:37Z

Moving Category:Information visualization to Category:Data and information visualization per Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2025 January 9#Category:Data visualization and Category:Information visualization

← Previous revision		Revision as of 05:34, 22 January 2025
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	[[Category:Cartography]]		[[Category:Cartography]]
	[[Category:Graphic design]]		[[Category:Graphic design]]
	[[Category:~~Information~~ visualization]]		[[Category:Data and information visualization]]

BattyBot: /* Size */Fixed reference date error(s) (see CS1 errors: dates for details) and AWB general fixes

2023-08-20T22:25:21Z

Size: Fixed reference date error(s) (see CS1 errors: dates for details) and AWB general fixes

← Previous revision		Revision as of 22:25, 20 August 2023
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	===Size===		===Size===
	[[File:Global population cartogram.png\|thumb\|right\|A [[cartogram]] representing population (a ratio or count-level property) by size.]]		[[File:Global population cartogram.png\|thumb\|right\|A [[cartogram]] representing population (a ratio or count-level property) by size.]]
	The size of a symbol is how much space it occupies.<ref name="Roth2016"/> This commonly refers to the area of point symbols, and the thickness of line symbols. Size differences are relatively easy to recognize, making it a useful variable to convey information, such as a quantitative amount of something, or relative importance. Studies have shown that humans are better at judging relative differences in linear distance (e.g. one road being twice as thick as another) than relative differences in area (e.g., one circle having twice the area of another). Such estimations are the most accurate from squares. Area differences of circles are generally underestimated, but there is a large variation between people in ability to estimate two-dimensional size.<ref>{{cite web \|authorlink1=Adrienne Gruver, John A. Dutto \|title=Graduated and Proportional Symbol Maps \|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1869 \|website=GEOG 486: Cartography and Visualization \|publisher=[[The Pennsylvania State University]] \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713023016/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1869 \|archivedate=~~July~~ 2017}}</ref> Correctly estimating relative volume has proven even more difficult.		The size of a symbol is how much space it occupies.<ref name="Roth2016"/> This commonly refers to the area of point symbols, and the thickness of line symbols. Size differences are relatively easy to recognize, making it a useful variable to convey information, such as a quantitative amount of something, or relative importance. Studies have shown that humans are better at judging relative differences in linear distance (e.g. one road being twice as thick as another) than relative differences in area (e.g., one circle having twice the area of another). Such estimations are the most accurate from squares. Area differences of circles are generally underestimated, but there is a large variation between people in ability to estimate two-dimensional size.<ref>{{cite web \|authorlink1=Adrienne Gruver, John A. Dutto \|title=Graduated and Proportional Symbol Maps \|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1869 \|website=GEOG 486: Cartography and Visualization \|publisher=[[The Pennsylvania State University]] \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713023016/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1869 \|archivedate=2017-07-13}}</ref> Correctly estimating relative volume has proven even more difficult.

	Because geographical features have an actual size on the Earth, this cannot always be controlled, and sometimes works against the wishes of a cartographer; for example, it can be difficult to make a world map in which Russia does not stand out. In a [[cartogram]] the size of features is purposefully distorted to represent a variable other than area.		Because geographical features have an actual size on the Earth, this cannot always be controlled, and sometimes works against the wishes of a cartographer; for example, it can be difficult to make a world map in which Russia does not stand out. In a [[cartogram]] the size of features is purposefully distorted to represent a variable other than area.

Fgnievinski: /* Core visual variables */

2023-03-02T23:39:03Z

Core visual variables

← Previous revision		Revision as of 23:39, 2 March 2023
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	A shape is a simple design that is used to symbolize an attribute on a map.<ref>[http://support.esri.com/en/knowledgebase/GISDictionary/search "Shape"], ''GIS Dictionary''</ref> Shape is most commonly attached to point features in maps. Some shapes are simple in nature and thus are more abstract, while other shapes are more pictorial and are easy for the reader to comprehend what is trying to be conveyed.<ref>Symbol Basics, [http://www.geography.ccsu.edu/kyem/GEOG256/Cartographic_symbols/Cartographic%20Symbol%20Basics.htm "Cartographic Symbols"]</ref> Some aspects of shape are inherent to the phenomenon and may not be easily manipulable, especially in line and region symbols, such as the shape of a road or a country.<ref>[http://cartography.uni-muenster.de/en/symbols "Visual Variables"], ''Westfaelische Wilhelms Universitaet''</ref> However, shape can still play a role in line and region symbols, such as a region filled with tree symbols or an arrowhead on a line. Also, the shape of a feature may be purposefully distorted by [[Cartographic generalization]], especially when creating schematic representations such as many [[transit map]]s, although this distortion is rarely used to convey information, only to reduce emphasis on shape and location.		A shape is a simple design that is used to symbolize an attribute on a map.<ref>[http://support.esri.com/en/knowledgebase/GISDictionary/search "Shape"], ''GIS Dictionary''</ref> Shape is most commonly attached to point features in maps. Some shapes are simple in nature and thus are more abstract, while other shapes are more pictorial and are easy for the reader to comprehend what is trying to be conveyed.<ref>Symbol Basics, [http://www.geography.ccsu.edu/kyem/GEOG256/Cartographic_symbols/Cartographic%20Symbol%20Basics.htm "Cartographic Symbols"]</ref> Some aspects of shape are inherent to the phenomenon and may not be easily manipulable, especially in line and region symbols, such as the shape of a road or a country.<ref>[http://cartography.uni-muenster.de/en/symbols "Visual Variables"], ''Westfaelische Wilhelms Universitaet''</ref> However, shape can still play a role in line and region symbols, such as a region filled with tree symbols or an arrowhead on a line. Also, the shape of a feature may be purposefully distorted by [[Cartographic generalization]], especially when creating schematic representations such as many [[transit map]]s, although this distortion is rarely used to convey information, only to reduce emphasis on shape and location.

	===Color~~: hue~~===		===Color===
			{{main\|Color coding in data visualization}}

			====Color: hue====
	{{main\|Hue}}		{{main\|Hue}}

	'''Hue''' is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called ''red'', ''green'', ''blue'', and others. Maps often use hue to differentiate categories of nominal variables, such as land cover types or geologic layers.<ref>https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1864 {{Dead link\|date=February 2022}}</ref> Hue is also often used for its psychological connotations, such as red implying heat or danger and blue implying cold or water.		'''Hue''' is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called ''red'', ''green'', ''blue'', and others. Maps often use hue to differentiate categories of nominal variables, such as land cover types or geologic layers.<ref>https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1864 {{Dead link\|date=February 2022}}</ref> Hue is also often used for its psychological connotations, such as red implying heat or danger and blue implying cold or water.

	===Color: value/lightness===		====Color: value/lightness====
	[[File:World human population density map.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Population density (a ratio-level variable) represented as color value, with an intuitive correspondence (i.e., dark looks like more people). Value also establishes figure-ground (color vs. white). Hue does not carry information here, but serves an aesthetic purpose.]]		[[File:World human population density map.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Population density (a ratio-level variable) represented as color value, with an intuitive correspondence (i.e., dark looks like more people). Value also establishes figure-ground (color vs. white). Hue does not carry information here, but serves an aesthetic purpose.]]
	{{main\|Lightness}}		{{main\|Lightness}}

	As an aspect of color, '''value''' refers to how light or dark an object appears. Value effectively connotes "more" and "less," an ordinal measure; this makes it a very useful form of symbology in [[thematic map]]s, especially [[choropleth map]]s. Value contributes strongly to [[Visual hierarchy]]; elements that contrast most with the value of the background tend to stand out most (e.g., black on a white sheet of paper, white on a black computer screen).		As an aspect of color, '''value''' refers to how light or dark an object appears. Value effectively connotes "more" and "less," an ordinal measure; this makes it a very useful form of symbology in [[thematic map]]s, especially [[choropleth map]]s. Value contributes strongly to [[Visual hierarchy]]; elements that contrast most with the value of the background tend to stand out most (e.g., black on a white sheet of paper, white on a black computer screen).

	===Color: saturation/chroma/intensity===		====Color: saturation/chroma/intensity====
	[[File:COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg\|thumb\|right\|The synergy of Saturation (color vs. gray), value (dark vs. light), and position (centrality) to strongly establish figure-ground and visual hierarchy]]		[[File:COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg\|thumb\|right\|The synergy of Saturation (color vs. gray), value (dark vs. light), and position (centrality) to strongly establish figure-ground and visual hierarchy]]
	{{main \| Colorfulness }}		{{main \| Colorfulness }}

	The '''saturation''' of a color is its purity or intensity, created by the variety of light composing it; a single wavelength of light is of the highest saturation, while white, black, or gray has no saturation (being an even mixture of all visible wavelengths). Of the three psychological aspects of color, this is the least effective at conveying specific information, but it is very effective at establishing [[Figure-ground contrast (cartography)\|figure-ground]] and [[visual hierarchy]], with bright colors generally standing out more than muted tones or shades of gray.		The '''saturation''' of a color is its purity or intensity, created by the variety of light composing it; a single wavelength of light is of the highest saturation, while white, black, or gray has no saturation (being an even mixture of all visible wavelengths). Of the three psychological aspects of color, this is the least effective at conveying specific information, but it is very effective at establishing [[Figure-ground contrast (cartography)\|figure-ground]] and [[visual hierarchy]], with bright colors generally standing out more than muted tones or shades of gray.

Qwerfjkl (bot): Capitalising short description "graphic techniques used in visual design" per WP:SDFORMAT (via Bandersnatch)

2022-02-22T21:01:00Z

Capitalising short description "graphic techniques used in visual design" per WP:SDFORMAT (via Bandersnatch)

← Previous revision		Revision as of 21:01, 22 February 2022
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	{{Short description\|~~graphic~~ techniques used in visual design}}		{{Short description\|Graphic techniques used in visual design}}
	A '''visual variable''', in [[cartographic design]], [[graphic design]], and [[data visualization]], is an aspect of a graphical object that can visually differentiate it from other objects, and can be controlled during the design process. The concept was first systematized by [[Jacques Bertin]], a French cartographer and graphic designer, and published in his 1967 book, ''Sémiologie Graphique.''<ref name="bertin">Jacque Bertin, ''Sémiologie Graphique. Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes''. With Marc Barbut [et al.]. Paris : Gauthier-Villars. ''Semiology of Graphics'', English Edition, Translation by William J. Berg, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.)</ref> Bertin identified a basic set of these variables and provided guidance for their usage; the concept and the set of variables has since been expanded, especially in cartography, where it has become a core principle of education and practice.<ref name="Roth2016">Roth, Robert E. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317266613_Visual_Variables Visual Variables], in D. Richardson, N. Castree, M.F. Goodchild, A. Kobayashki, W. Liu, and R.A. Marston, eds. ''The International Encyclopedia of Geography'', Wiley, 2016. [[doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0761]]</ref><ref name="tyner">Tyner, J. A. (2010). ''Principles of map design''. New York: The Guilford Press.</ref>		A '''visual variable''', in [[cartographic design]], [[graphic design]], and [[data visualization]], is an aspect of a graphical object that can visually differentiate it from other objects, and can be controlled during the design process. The concept was first systematized by [[Jacques Bertin]], a French cartographer and graphic designer, and published in his 1967 book, ''Sémiologie Graphique.''<ref name="bertin">Jacque Bertin, ''Sémiologie Graphique. Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes''. With Marc Barbut [et al.]. Paris : Gauthier-Villars. ''Semiology of Graphics'', English Edition, Translation by William J. Berg, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.)</ref> Bertin identified a basic set of these variables and provided guidance for their usage; the concept and the set of variables has since been expanded, especially in cartography, where it has become a core principle of education and practice.<ref name="Roth2016">Roth, Robert E. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317266613_Visual_Variables Visual Variables], in D. Richardson, N. Castree, M.F. Goodchild, A. Kobayashki, W. Liu, and R.A. Marston, eds. ''The International Encyclopedia of Geography'', Wiley, 2016. [[doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0761]]</ref><ref name="tyner">Tyner, J. A. (2010). ''Principles of map design''. New York: The Guilford Press.</ref>

BrownHairedGirl: {{Dead link}} tag on bare URL refs which return HTTP 404 or 410

2022-02-18T02:09:16Z

{{Dead link}} tag on bare URL refs which return HTTP 404 or 410

← Previous revision		Revision as of 02:09, 18 February 2022
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	{{main\|Hue}}		{{main\|Hue}}

	'''Hue''' is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called ''red'', ''green'', ''blue'', and others. Maps often use hue to differentiate categories of nominal variables, such as land cover types or geologic layers.<ref>https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1864</ref> Hue is also often used for its psychological connotations, such as red implying heat or danger and blue implying cold or water.		'''Hue''' is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called ''red'', ''green'', ''blue'', and others. Maps often use hue to differentiate categories of nominal variables, such as land cover types or geologic layers.<ref>https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1864 {{Dead link\|date=February 2022}}</ref> Hue is also often used for its psychological connotations, such as red implying heat or danger and blue implying cold or water.

	===Color: value/lightness===		===Color: value/lightness===

Bplewe: short description

2021-10-27T16:11:25Z

short description

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:11, 27 October 2021
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			{{Short description\|graphic techniques used in visual design}}
	A '''visual variable''', in [[cartographic design]], [[graphic design]], and [[data visualization]], is an aspect of a graphical object that can visually differentiate it from other objects, and can be controlled during the design process. The concept was first systematized by [[Jacques Bertin]], a French cartographer and graphic designer, and published in his 1967 book, ''Sémiologie Graphique.''<ref name="bertin">Jacque Bertin, ''Sémiologie Graphique. Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes''. With Marc Barbut [et al.]. Paris : Gauthier-Villars. ''Semiology of Graphics'', English Edition, Translation by William J. Berg, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.)</ref> Bertin identified a basic set of these variables and provided guidance for their usage; the concept and the set of variables has since been expanded, especially in cartography, where it has become a core principle of education and practice.<ref name="Roth2016">Roth, Robert E. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317266613_Visual_Variables Visual Variables], in D. Richardson, N. Castree, M.F. Goodchild, A. Kobayashki, W. Liu, and R.A. Marston, eds. ''The International Encyclopedia of Geography'', Wiley, 2016. [[doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0761]]</ref><ref name="tyner">Tyner, J. A. (2010). ''Principles of map design''. New York: The Guilford Press.</ref>		A '''visual variable''', in [[cartographic design]], [[graphic design]], and [[data visualization]], is an aspect of a graphical object that can visually differentiate it from other objects, and can be controlled during the design process. The concept was first systematized by [[Jacques Bertin]], a French cartographer and graphic designer, and published in his 1967 book, ''Sémiologie Graphique.''<ref name="bertin">Jacque Bertin, ''Sémiologie Graphique. Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes''. With Marc Barbut [et al.]. Paris : Gauthier-Villars. ''Semiology of Graphics'', English Edition, Translation by William J. Berg, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.)</ref> Bertin identified a basic set of these variables and provided guidance for their usage; the concept and the set of variables has since been expanded, especially in cartography, where it has become a core principle of education and practice.<ref name="Roth2016">Roth, Robert E. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317266613_Visual_Variables Visual Variables], in D. Richardson, N. Castree, M.F. Goodchild, A. Kobayashki, W. Liu, and R.A. Marston, eds. ''The International Encyclopedia of Geography'', Wiley, 2016. [[doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0761]]</ref><ref name="tyner">Tyner, J. A. (2010). ''Principles of map design''. New York: The Guilford Press.</ref>

Yobot: References after punctuation per WP:REFPUNCT, WP:CITEFOOT, WP:PAIC + other fixes

2021-01-14T20:03:53Z

References after punctuation per WP:REFPUNCT, WP:CITEFOOT, WP:PAIC + other fixes

Show changes

PawełS: /* Size */ Such estimations are the most accurate from squares.

2020-12-20T16:09:51Z

Size: Such estimations are the most accurate from squares.

← Previous revision		Revision as of 16:09, 20 December 2020
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	===Size===		===Size===
	[[File:Global population cartogram.png\|thumb\|right\|A [[cartogram]] representing population (a ratio or count-level property) by size.]]		[[File:Global population cartogram.png\|thumb\|right\|A [[cartogram]] representing population (a ratio or count-level property) by size.]]
	The size of a symbol is how much space it occupies.<ref name="Roth2016"/> This commonly refers to the area of point symbols, and the thickness of line symbols. Size differences are relatively easy to recognize, making it a useful variable to convey information, such as a quantitative amount of something, or relative importance. Studies have shown that humans are better at judging relative differences in linear distance (e.g. one road being twice as thick as another) than relative differences in area (e.g., one circle having twice the area of another). Area differences are generally underestimated, but there is a large variation between people in ability to estimate two-dimensional size.<ref>{{cite web \|authorlink1=Adrienne Gruver, John A. Dutto \|title=Graduated and Proportional Symbol Maps \|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1869 \|website=GEOG 486: Cartography and Visualization \|publisher=[[The Pennsylvania State University]] \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713023016/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1869 \|archivedate=July 2017}}</ref> Correctly estimating relative volume has proven even more difficult.		The size of a symbol is how much space it occupies.<ref name="Roth2016"/> This commonly refers to the area of point symbols, and the thickness of line symbols. Size differences are relatively easy to recognize, making it a useful variable to convey information, such as a quantitative amount of something, or relative importance. Studies have shown that humans are better at judging relative differences in linear distance (e.g. one road being twice as thick as another) than relative differences in area (e.g., one circle having twice the area of another). Such estimations are the most accurate from squares. Area differences of circles are generally underestimated, but there is a large variation between people in ability to estimate two-dimensional size.<ref>{{cite web \|authorlink1=Adrienne Gruver, John A. Dutto \|title=Graduated and Proportional Symbol Maps \|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1869 \|website=GEOG 486: Cartography and Visualization \|publisher=[[The Pennsylvania State University]] \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713023016/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog486/node/1869 \|archivedate=July 2017}}</ref> Correctly estimating relative volume has proven even more difficult.

	Because geographical features have an actual size on the Earth, this cannot always be controlled, and sometimes works against the wishes of a cartographer; for example, it can be difficult to make a world map in which Russia does not stand out. In a [[cartogram]] the size of features is purposefully distorted to represent a variable other than area.		Because geographical features have an actual size on the Earth, this cannot always be controlled, and sometimes works against the wishes of a cartographer; for example, it can be difficult to make a world map in which Russia does not stand out. In a [[cartogram]] the size of features is purposefully distorted to represent a variable other than area.

Bplewe: history

2020-11-14T17:10:35Z

history

← Previous revision		Revision as of 17:10, 14 November 2020
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	==History==		==History==
	~~The~~ ~~concept~~ of ~~variation~~ in ~~certain~~ ~~aspects~~ of ~~graphical~~ ~~objects~~, ~~especially~~ [[~~Map~~ ~~symbol~~ \| ~~map~~ ~~symbols~~]], ~~dates~~ ~~back~~ to ~~the~~ ~~early~~ ~~days~~ of cartography as an academic research discipline. In ''The Look of Maps'' (1952), often considered the genesis of American cartographic theory, [[Arthur H. Robinson]] discussed the role of size, shape, and color in establishing contrast in maps.<ref name="robinson1952">Robinson, Arthur, ''The Look of Maps,'' University of Wisconsin Press, 1952</ref> At the same time in France, [[Jacques Bertin]] published an early version of his list of visual variables: shape, value, and "sparkling" (grain).<ref name="Palsky">Palsky, Gilles (2019) Jacques Bertin, from classical training to systematic thinking of graphic signs, ''Cartography and Geographic Information Science'', 46:2, 189-193, DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2018.1523026</ref> Robinson, in his 1960 ''Elements of Cartography'', which quickly became the dominant textbook on the subject, discussed size, shape, color, and pattern as the qualities of map symbols that establish contrast and represent geographic information.<ref name="robinson1960">Robinson, Arthur, ''Elements of Cartography'', Wiley, 1960, p.137</ref>		Graphic techniques have been used in [[Map\|maps]] and [[Chart\|statistical charts]] to represent non-visual information since the 17th Century, and information visualization blossomed in the 19th Century, highlighted by the work of [[William Playfair]] and [[Charles Joseph Minard]]. However, the direct study of this abstract use of graphical appearance began with the emergence of [[cartography]] as an academic research discipline in the mid-20th Century. In ''The Look of Maps'' (1952), often considered the genesis of American cartographic theory, [[Arthur H. Robinson]] discussed the role of size, shape, and color in establishing contrast in maps.<ref name="robinson1952">Robinson, Arthur, ''The Look of Maps,'' University of Wisconsin Press, 1952</ref> At the same time in France, [[Jacques Bertin]] published an early version of his list of visual variables: shape, value, and "sparkling" (grain).<ref name="Palsky">Palsky, Gilles (2019) Jacques Bertin, from classical training to systematic thinking of graphic signs, ''Cartography and Geographic Information Science'', 46:2, 189-193, DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2018.1523026</ref> Robinson, in his 1960 ''Elements of Cartography'', which quickly became the dominant textbook on the subject, discussed size, shape, color, and pattern as the qualities of map symbols that establish contrast and represent geographic information.<ref name="robinson1960">Robinson, Arthur, ''Elements of Cartography'', Wiley, 1960, p.137</ref>

	Bertin was a cartographer at the [[École pratique des hautes études]] (EPHE) in Paris, where he created maps and graphics for faculty from various disciplines using a wide variety of data. Seeing recurring patterns, he created a system for symbolizing qualitative and quantitative information, apparently inspired by the sciences of [[semiotics]], [[Human vision]], and [[Gestalt psychology]] (it is sometimes hard to tell because his early works rarely cite any sources), culminating in ''Sémiologie Graphique''.<ref name="Palsky"/> Despite having a background in cartography, and deriving many of his ideas by evaluating maps, he intended for ''Sémiologie Graphique'' to be applied to all forms of [[graphic design]] and [[information visualization]]. Soon the idea was gaining international acceptance; in 1974 [[Joel Morrison]] presented a very similar system in the context of [[cartographic generalization]], citing neither Bertin nor Robinson but saying that it was a "traditional categorization," suggesting its widespread nature by that point.<ref name="Morrison1974">Morrison, Joel, A Theoretical Framework for Cartographic Generalization With Emphasis on the Process of Symbolization, ''International Yearbook of Cartography'', V.14 (1974), p.115</ref> Several terms were proposed for this set of categories, including Bertin's "retinal variables" (used to distinguish them from his two spatial location variables), as well as "Graphic Variables,"<ref name="Keates1973"/> "Symbol Dimensions,"<ref name="Morrison1974"/> and "Primary Graphic Elements," before eventually settling on "Visual Variables," as used almost universally (in English) today.		Bertin was a cartographer at the [[École pratique des hautes études]] (EPHE) in Paris, where he created maps and graphics for faculty from various disciplines using a wide variety of data. Seeing recurring patterns, he created a system for symbolizing qualitative and quantitative information, apparently inspired by the sciences of [[semiotics]], [[Human vision]], and [[Gestalt psychology]] (it is sometimes hard to tell because his early works rarely cite any sources), culminating in ''Sémiologie Graphique''.<ref name="Palsky"/> Despite having a background in cartography, and deriving many of his ideas by evaluating maps, he intended for ''Sémiologie Graphique'' to be applied to all forms of [[graphic design]] and [[information visualization]]. Soon the idea was gaining international acceptance; in 1974 [[Joel Morrison]] presented a very similar system in the context of [[cartographic generalization]], citing neither Bertin nor Robinson but saying that it was a "traditional categorization," suggesting its widespread nature by that point.<ref name="Morrison1974">Morrison, Joel, A Theoretical Framework for Cartographic Generalization With Emphasis on the Process of Symbolization, ''International Yearbook of Cartography'', V.14 (1974), p.115</ref> Several terms were proposed for this set of categories, including Bertin's "retinal variables" (used to distinguish them from his two spatial location variables), as well as "Graphic Variables,"<ref name="Keates1973"/> "Symbol Dimensions,"<ref name="Morrison1974"/> and "Primary Graphic Elements," before eventually settling on "Visual Variables," as used almost universally (in English) today.

Bplewe: fixed wikilink

2020-08-22T06:58:04Z

fixed wikilink

← Previous revision		Revision as of 06:58, 22 August 2020
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	A '''visual variable''', in [[~~cartography~~]], [[graphic design]], and [[data visualization]], is an aspect of a graphical object that can visually differentiate it from other objects, and can be controlled during the design process. The concept was first systematized by [[Jacques Bertin]], a French cartographer and graphic designer, and published in his 1967 book, ''Sémiologie Graphique.''<ref name="bertin">Jacque Bertin, ''Sémiologie Graphique. Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes''. With Marc Barbut [et al.]. Paris : Gauthier-Villars. ''Semiology of Graphics'', English Edition, Translation by William J. Berg, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.)</ref> Bertin identified a basic set of these variables and provided guidance for their usage; the concept and the set of variables has since been expanded, especially in cartography, where it has become a core principle of education and practice.<ref name="Roth2016">Roth, Robert E. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317266613_Visual_Variables Visual Variables], in D. Richardson, N. Castree, M.F. Goodchild, A. Kobayashki, W. Liu, and R.A. Marston, eds. ''The International Encyclopedia of Geography'', Wiley, 2016. [[doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0761]]</ref><ref name="tyner">Tyner, J. A. (2010). ''Principles of map design''. New York: The Guilford Press.</ref>		A '''visual variable''', in [[cartographic design]], [[graphic design]], and [[data visualization]], is an aspect of a graphical object that can visually differentiate it from other objects, and can be controlled during the design process. The concept was first systematized by [[Jacques Bertin]], a French cartographer and graphic designer, and published in his 1967 book, ''Sémiologie Graphique.''<ref name="bertin">Jacque Bertin, ''Sémiologie Graphique. Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes''. With Marc Barbut [et al.]. Paris : Gauthier-Villars. ''Semiology of Graphics'', English Edition, Translation by William J. Berg, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.)</ref> Bertin identified a basic set of these variables and provided guidance for their usage; the concept and the set of variables has since been expanded, especially in cartography, where it has become a core principle of education and practice.<ref name="Roth2016">Roth, Robert E. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317266613_Visual_Variables Visual Variables], in D. Richardson, N. Castree, M.F. Goodchild, A. Kobayashki, W. Liu, and R.A. Marston, eds. ''The International Encyclopedia of Geography'', Wiley, 2016. [[doi:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0761]]</ref><ref name="tyner">Tyner, J. A. (2010). ''Principles of map design''. New York: The Guilford Press.</ref>

	==History==		==History==