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{{Short description|Moon of asteroid 243 Ida}}
[[Image:243 ida.jpg|180px|thumb|[[243 Ida]] (left) and Dacytl (right), as photographed by Galileo.]]


{{Infobox planet
'''243 (1) Dactyl''', is a tiny [[asteroid]] (diameter 1.4 km) that [[orbit]]s asteroid [[243 Ida]] with a period of 1.54 days at an average distance of 108 km, with an inclination of 9° to Ida's equator. The orbit is not very accurately known because the Galileo probe coincidentally passed very nearly in its plane whilst taking the images. It was imaged by the Galileo probe on [[August 28]], [[1993]]; Galileo mission member Ann Harch, while examining the delayed image downloads, discovered it on [[February 17]], [[1994]]. Its provisional designation was '''S/1993 (243) 1'''.
| background =
| minorplanet = yes
| mpc_name = (243) Ida I
| alt_names = 1993 (243) 1
| name = Dactyl
| pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|æ|k|t|ᵻ|l}} {{respell|DAK|til}}<ref>{{OED|dactyl}}</ref>
| adjectives = Dactylian {{IPAc-en|d|æ|k|ˈ|t|ɪ|l|i|ə|n}}<ref>Edward Coleridge (1990) ''"The Argonautica" of Apollonius Rhodius'', p. 42</ref>
| named_after = [[Dactyls (mythology)|Dactyls]]
| image = File:Dactyl1.jpg
| image_scale = yes
| caption = Highest-resolution image of Dactyl, recorded while ''Galileo'' was about 3,900&nbsp;km away from the moon
| discovery_ref =
| discoverer = Ann Harch
| discovery_site = ''Galileo'' spacecraft
| discovered = 17 February 1994
| mp_category =
| orbit_ref =
| epoch =
| semimajor = 90 km at time of discovery
| perihelion =
| aphelion =
| eccentricity =
| period = prograde, ca. 20 h
| inclination = ca. 8°<ref name="PetitDurdaGreenbergHurford1997p177" />
| satellite_of = Ida
| dimensions = 1.6×1.4×1.2 km
| mean_radius =
| mass =
| density =
| surface_grav =
| rotation = synchronous
| spectral_type =
| abs_magnitude =
| albedo =
| single_temperature = {{convert|200|K|C F|abbr=on}}
| escape_velocity = 0.895m/s
}}


'''Dactyl''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|æ|k|t|ɪ|l}} {{respell|DAK|til}}), formal designation '''(243) Ida I''', is a small [[asteroid moon]] {{cvt|1200|by|1400|by|1600|m}}, in size) that orbits [[243 Ida]], a [[main-belt asteroid]]. It was imaged by the ''[[Galileo spacecraft|Galileo]]'' spacecraft on August 28, 1993; Dactyl was discovered while examining the delayed image downloads from Galileo on February 17, 1994. It was provisionally designated '''S/1993&nbsp;(243)&nbsp;1'''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clarke |first=Aubrey |date=August 28, 2021 |title=NASA Galileo Spacecraft Continues to Fulfill Many Tasks After Passing by Asteroid Ida 28 Years Ago |work=The Space Times |url=https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/33119/20210828/nasa-galileo-spacecraft-continues-to-fulfill-many-tasks-after-passing-by-asteroid-ida-28-years-ago.htm}}</ref> The satellite was named after the [[mythology|mythical]] creatures called [[dactyl (mythology)|dactyls]], who, according to [[Greek mythology]], lived on [[Mount Ida]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Depth {{!}} 243 Ida |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/243-ida/in-depth |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=NASA Solar System Exploration}}</ref>
The origins of Dactyl are unclear. The two main hypotheses are that it and Ida formed at the same time, and that it was knocked loose by a later impact. Both hypotheses have problems and cannot explain the situation satisfactorily.


== Orbit ==
Dactyl, found by the [[Galileo probe]], was the first [[asteroid moon]] discovered.
[[File:Dactyl potential orbits.svg|thumb|Diagram of potential orbits of Dactyl around Ida]]
Dactyl's orbit around Ida is not precisely known. ''Galileo'' was in the [[orbital plane|plane]] of Dactyl's orbit when most of the images were taken, which made determining its exact orbit difficult.<ref name="ByrnesD'Amario1994">{{harvnb|Byrnes|D'Amario|1994}}</ref> Dactyl orbits in the [[retrograde and prograde motion|prograde]] direction<ref name="PetitDurdaGreenbergHurford1997p179">{{harvnb|Petit|Durda|Greenberg|Hurford|1997|p=179}}</ref> and is inclined about 8° to Ida's equator.<ref name="PetitDurdaGreenbergHurford1997p177">{{harvnb|Petit|Durda|Greenberg|Hurford|1997|p=177}}</ref> Based on computer simulations, Dactyl's [[apsis|pericenter]] must be more than about {{convert|65|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Ida for it to remain in a stable orbit.<ref name="PetitDurdaGreenbergHurford1997p195">{{harvnb|Petit|Durda|Greenberg|Hurford|1997|p=195}}</ref> The range of orbits generated by the simulations was narrowed down by the necessity of having the orbits pass through points at which ''Galileo'' observed Dactyl to be at 16:52:05 UT on 28 August 1993, about {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Ida at longitude 85°.<ref name="PetitDurdaGreenbergHurford1997p188">{{harvnb|Petit|Durda|Greenberg|Hurford|1997|p=188}}</ref><ref name="PetitDurdaGreenbergHurford1997p193">{{harvnb|Petit|Durda|Greenberg|Hurford|1997|p=193}}</ref> On 26 April 1994, the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] observed Ida for eight hours and was unable to spot Dactyl. It would have been able to observe it if it were more than about {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Ida.<ref name="ByrnesD'Amario1994" />


If in a circular orbit at the distance at which it was seen, Dactyl's orbital period would be about 20 hours.<ref name="ChapmanKlaasenBeltonVeverka1994p455">{{harvnb|Chapman|Klaasen|Belton|Veverka|1994|p=455}}</ref> Its orbital speed is roughly {{convert|10|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}, "about the speed of a fast run or a slowly thrown baseball".<ref name="ByrnesD'Amario1994" />
⚫
'''See also:''' [[List of geological features on 243 Ida and Dactyl]].

== Origin ==
The origins of Dactyl are unclear, but two main hypotheses exist. The first is that Dactyl and Ida formed at the same time, and the second is that Dactyl was knocked loose by a later impact.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Granahan |first=James |date=2002 |title=A compositional study of asteroid 243 Ida and Dactyl from Galileo NIMS and SSI observations |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/2001JE001759 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |language=en |volume=107 |issue=E10 |pages=5090 |doi=10.1029/2001JE001759 |bibcode=2002JGRE..107.5090G |issn=0148-0227|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Donald R. |last2=Chapman |first2=Clark R. |last3=Durda |first3=Daniel D. |last4=Farinella |first4=Paolo |last5=Marzari |first5=Francesco |date=1996 |title=The Formation and Collisional/Dynamical Evolution of the Ida/Dactyl System as Part of the Koronis Family |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019103596900470 |journal=Icarus |language=en |volume=120 |issue=1 |pages=220–230 |doi=10.1006/icar.1996.0047|bibcode=1996Icar..120..220D |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Dactyl was the first [[asteroid moon]] discovered. Its discovery settled the long debate over the existence of asteroid moons.

==See also==
⚫
*[[List of geological features on 243 Ida and Dactyl]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Byrnes |first1=Dennis V. |author2=D'Amario, Louis A. |author3=Galileo Navigation Team |title=Solving for Dactyl's Orbit and Ida's Density |journal=The Galileo Messenger |issue=35 |date=December 1994 |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mess35/DACTYL.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970105233902/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/mess35/DACTYL.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1997-01-05 |access-date=2008-10-23 |ref=CITEREFByrnesD'Amario1994}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chapman |first=Clark R. |author2=Klaasen, K. |author3=Belton, Michael J. S. |author4= Veverka, Joseph |title=Asteroid 243 IDA and its satellite |journal=Meteoritics |volume=29 |page=455 |date=July 1994 |bibcode=1994Metic..29..455C |ref=CITEREFChapmanKlaasenBeltonVeverka1994}}
* {{cite journal |last=Petit |first=Jean-Marc |author2=Durda, Daniel D. |author3=Greenberg, Richard |author4=Hurford, Terry A. |author5=Geissler, Paul E. |title=The Long-Term Dynamics of Dactyl's Orbit |journal=Icarus |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=177–197 |date=November 1997 |doi=10.1006/icar.1997.5788 |bibcode=1997Icar..130..177P |ref=CITEREFPetitDurdaGreenbergHurford1997 |citeseerx=10.1.1.693.8814}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nineplanets.org/ida.html 243 Ida and Dactyl] from ''The Nine Planets''
*[http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ida.htm Asteroid Ida and Dactyl] from ''Views of the Solar System''
*[http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iauc/05900/05948.html IAUC 5948] announcing Dactyl's discovery
*[http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/iauc/06000/06082.html#Item2 IAUC 6082] announcing Dactyl's naming
*[http://near.jhuapl.edu/Voyage/img/Ida_dactyl.gif Ida and Dactyl] in false coloring, to reveal surface differences

{{Solar System moons (compact)}}


[[Category:Asteroid satellites]]
[[Category:Asteroid satellites]]
[[Category:Asteroids visited by spacecraft]]
[[Category:Minor planets visited by spacecraft]]
[[nl:Dactyl]]
[[de:Dactyl (Asteroid)]]

Latest revision as of 21:59, 24 May 2025

Dactyl
Highest-resolution image of Dactyl, recorded while Galileo was about 3,900 km away from the moon
Discovery
Discovered byAnn Harch
Discovery siteGalileo spacecraft
Discovery date17 February 1994
Designations
(243) Ida I
Pronunciation/ˈdæktɪl/ DAK-til[1]
Named after
Dactyls
1993 (243) 1
AdjectivesDactylian /dækˈtɪliən/[2]
Orbital characteristics
90 km at time of discovery
prograde, ca. 20 h
Inclinationca. 8°[3]
Satellite ofIda
Physical characteristics
Dimensions1.6×1.4×1.2 km
Equatorial escape velocity
0.895m/s
synchronous
Temperature200 K (−73 °C; −100 °F)

Dactyl (/ˈdæktɪl/ DAK-til), formal designation (243) Ida I, is a small asteroid moon 1,200 by 1,400 by 1,600 m (3,900 by 4,600 by 5,200 ft), in size) that orbits 243 Ida, a main-belt asteroid. It was imaged by the Galileo spacecraft on August 28, 1993; Dactyl was discovered while examining the delayed image downloads from Galileo on February 17, 1994. It was provisionally designated S/1993 (243) 1.[4] The satellite was named after the mythical creatures called dactyls, who, according to Greek mythology, lived on Mount Ida.[5]

Orbit

[edit]
Diagram of potential orbits of Dactyl around Ida

Dactyl's orbit around Ida is not precisely known. Galileo was in the plane of Dactyl's orbit when most of the images were taken, which made determining its exact orbit difficult.[6] Dactyl orbits in the prograde direction[7] and is inclined about 8° to Ida's equator.[3] Based on computer simulations, Dactyl's pericenter must be more than about 65 km (40 mi) from Ida for it to remain in a stable orbit.[8] The range of orbits generated by the simulations was narrowed down by the necessity of having the orbits pass through points at which Galileo observed Dactyl to be at 16:52:05 UT on 28 August 1993, about 90 km (56 mi) from Ida at longitude 85°.[9][10] On 26 April 1994, the Hubble Space Telescope observed Ida for eight hours and was unable to spot Dactyl. It would have been able to observe it if it were more than about 700 km (430 mi) from Ida.[6]

If in a circular orbit at the distance at which it was seen, Dactyl's orbital period would be about 20 hours.[11] Its orbital speed is roughly 10 m/s (33 ft/s), "about the speed of a fast run or a slowly thrown baseball".[6]

Origin

[edit]

The origins of Dactyl are unclear, but two main hypotheses exist. The first is that Dactyl and Ida formed at the same time, and the second is that Dactyl was knocked loose by a later impact.[12][13]

Dactyl was the first asteroid moon discovered. Its discovery settled the long debate over the existence of asteroid moons.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "dactyl". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  2. ^ Edward Coleridge (1990) "The Argonautica" of Apollonius Rhodius, p. 42
  3. ^ a b Petit et al. 1997, p. 177
  4. ^ Clarke, Aubrey (August 28, 2021). "NASA Galileo Spacecraft Continues to Fulfill Many Tasks After Passing by Asteroid Ida 28 Years Ago". The Space Times.
  5. ^ "In Depth | 243 Ida". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
  6. ^ a b c Byrnes & D'Amario 1994
  7. ^ Petit et al. 1997, p. 179
  8. ^ Petit et al. 1997, p. 195
  9. ^ Petit et al. 1997, p. 188
  10. ^ Petit et al. 1997, p. 193
  11. ^ Chapman et al. 1994, p. 455
  12. ^ Granahan, James (2002). "A compositional study of asteroid 243 Ida and Dactyl from Galileo NIMS and SSI observations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (E10): 5090. Bibcode:2002JGRE..107.5090G. doi:10.1029/2001JE001759. ISSN 0148-0227.
  13. ^ Davis, Donald R.; Chapman, Clark R.; Durda, Daniel D.; Farinella, Paolo; Marzari, Francesco (1996). "The Formation and Collisional/Dynamical Evolution of the Ida/Dactyl System as Part of the Koronis Family". Icarus. 120 (1): 220–230. Bibcode:1996Icar..120..220D. doi:10.1006/icar.1996.0047.

Works cited

[edit]
[edit]
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