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Diaeresis (dieresis, diæresis, diëresis) may refer to:

Diaeresis (prosody), pronunciation of vowels in a diphthong separately, or the division made in a line of poetry when the end of a foot coincides with the end of a word
Diaeresis (linguistics), or hiatus, the separation of adjacent vowels into syllables, not separated by a consonant or pause and not merged into a diphthong
Diaeresis (diacritic), a diacritic consisting of two side-by-side dots that marks disyllabicity
Diaeresis (computing), the name used by the Unicode Consortium for the "two-dots above" diacritic

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+{{distinguish|Diuresis}}
-<div style="float: right; margin: -2em 0 0 1em; font-size: 4em; line-height: 5em; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS';">ä ë ï ö ü y&#x0308;</div>
+{{wiktionary|diaeresis}}
+'''Diaeresis''' (dieresis, diæresis, diëresis) may refer to:
+* [[Diaeresis (prosody)]], pronunciation of vowels in a diphthong separately, or the division made in a line of poetry when the end of a foot coincides with the end of a word
-In [[linguistics]], a '''diaeresis''' or  '''dieresis''' ([[American English|AE]]) (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''diairein'', "to divide") is the modification of a syllable by distinctly pronouncing one of its [[vowel]]s. The [[diacritic]] mark composed of two small dots ('''&nbsp;¨'''&nbsp;) placed over a vowel to indicate this modification is also called a '''diaeresis'''.
+* [[Diaeresis (linguistics)]], or hiatus, the separation of adjacent vowels into syllables, not separated by a consonant or pause and not merged into a diphthong
+* [[Diaeresis (diacritic)]], a diacritic consisting of two side-by-side dots that marks disyllabicity
+* [[Diaeresis (computing)]], the name used by the Unicode Consortium for the "two-dots above" diacritic
-== Usage ==
+==See also==
+* [[Two dots (diacritic)]], the "two side-by-side dots" diacritic, often called a "Diaeresis", despite its having further linguistic uses, such as umlaut and schwa.
-In [[French language|French]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and in [[English language|English]] borrowings from them, this is often done to indicate that the second of a pair of vowels is to be pronounced as a separate vowel rather than being treated as silent or as part of a [[diphthong]], as in the word ''naïve'' or the names ''Chloë'' and ''Zoë''. [[Welsh language|Welsh]] also uses the accent for this purpose, with the diaeresis usually indicating the stressed vowel. French also uses diaeresis over "i" to indicate syllabification in, for example, ''Gaëlle'' and ''païen''. It is called ''trema'' or ''deelteken'' in Dutch, ''tréma'' in French.
+* [[Diairesis]], a term in Platonic and Stoic philosophy, the division of a genus into its parts
+{{disambiguation}}
-The diaeresis is also occasionally used on native English words for the above purposes (as in "coöperate", "reënact", and the surname "Brontë"), but this usage has become very rare since the [[1940s]]. ''[[The New Yorker]]'' magazine is noted as one of the few sources that still spells "coöperate" with a diaeresis.
+[[sv:Trema#Avskiljande funktion: dieresis]]
-In [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], it is used over the vowel ''u'' to indicate that it is pronounced in places where that vowel would normally be silent. In particular, the ''u'' is silent in the letter combinations ''gue'' and ''gui'', but in words such as ''vergüenza'' ("shame") or ''pingüino'' ("penguin"), the ''u'' is pronounced, forming a diphthong with the following vowel ([we] and [wi] respectively).
-In [[Catalan language|Catalan]], diaereses serve two different purposes. Similarly to Spanish, they are used in the groups ''güe'', ''güi'', ''qüe'', and ''qüi'' to indicate that the ''u'' is in fact pronounced forming a diphthong with the following vowel ([we] and [wi] respectivelly). For example, ''aigües'' ("waters"), ''qüestió'' ("matter"). Also, similarly to French, diaereses are used over ''i'' or ''u'' to indicate that they do not form a diphthong with a preceding vowel. For example, ''veïna'' [b@'in@] ("neighbour", feminine), ''diürn'' [di'urn] ("diurnal").
-Y-diaeresis can also be used in transcribed [[Greek language|Greek]]: there it represents the non-[[diphthong]] &alpha;&upsilon; (alpha upsilon), e.g. in the Persian name ''Artaÿctes'' at the very end of [[Herodotus]].
-== Similar looks, different functions ==
-=== [[Umlaut]] ===
-The similar diacritic mark is used for a different purpose in [[German language|German]]: in this language it marks a variation in the pronunciation of vowels known as [[umlaut]]. Although sometimes rendered as two vertical or oblique bars above the letter, in most typescripts it is almost indistinguishable from diaeresis &mdash; the only difference being that in well-designed typographical fonts umlaut dots will be very close to the letter's body, while diaresis dots will be a bit further up with a bit more of white space between the letter and the dots. In computer screen fonts the difference is usually not noticeable.
-The mark evolved from the ligatures ''[[æ]]'' and ''[[OE|&oelig;]]'' to a small 'e' written above the letter, simplified to bars or dots; the umlauts, when needed, can be substituted by 'ae', 'oe' and 'ue'; they should not be substituted by the bare vowels 'a', 'o', and 'u'.
-The need to distinguish between Umlaut and Trema in [[Unicode]] has led to the following recommendation by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2:
-* To represent '''Trema''' use Combining Grapheme Joiner (CGJ, 034F) + Combining Diaeresis (0308)
-* To represent '''Umlaut''' use Combining Diaeresis (0308)
-This should only be applied to cases where the distinction is essential.
-=== Other evolved ligatures ===
-In [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[North Germanic language]]s (''i.e.'', [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Swedish (language)|Swedish]]) there are characters that appear similar to German [[umlaut]]s (''[[ü]]'', ''[[ä]]'', and ''[[ö]]''), and represent sounds similar to the corresponding sounds in German. Despite this, they are in fact considered as letters in their own right, as is ''[[å]]''. This is the reason why, unlike in German, it is not correct to replace them with 'ae' or 'oe'.  The umlaut, particularly on the letter ''u'', is also used in the transcription of languages that do not use the Roman alphabet, such as [[Chinese language|Chinese]].  For example, &#22899; (meaning "woman") is transcribed as ''nü''.
-As such uses do not mark grammatical variation, i.e. of [[tempus]] or [[modus]], nor syllable modification, they are not properly cases of umlaut nor of diacritical marking. Hence it ought to be improper to call these characters ''umlauts''; however, there is no better name to use in English.
-The [[Dutch Y]], usually written &#306;/&#307; is sometimes written &#376;/ÿ, but this is not a standard use. If the real &#306;/&#307; characters are not available IJ/ij should be used. &#376; is used because the "Dutch Y" represents a single letter in all cases, for example ''IJsselmeer''. Note that in Afrikaans (a dialect of/language derived from Dutch) the 'y' does correspond to and is pronounced the same as the Dutch 'ij'.
-Other evolved ligatures include the letters W ("double U"), G (originally a modified form of C), and the German [[ß]].
-==Diaeresis in [[Cyrillic]]==
-Cyrillic letters &#1040;, &#1054;, &#1059; with diaeresis are used in [[Mari]] and Kerä&#351;en [[Tatar]] alphabets for sounds ''ä'', ''ö'', ''ü'' since the 19th century.  The [[early Cyrillic alphabet]], used to write [[Old Church Slavonic]], also employed diaeresis.
-==How to produce the characters on computers==
-Using the [[ISO-8859-1]] character encoding, one can type the letters ''ä'', ''ë'', ''ï'', ''ö'', ''ü'', and ''ÿ''. Dozens more letters with the diaeresis are available in [[Unicode]]. Unicode also provides the diaeresis as a [[Combining diacritical mark|combining character]] '''U+0308'''. Characters with umlauts are not encoded, as they are seen as variations of the characters with diaeresis. In those cases where umlauts must be distinguished from diaeresis, the special character ''U+034F COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER (CGJ)'' can be used:
-:For diaeresis: X + CGJ + COMBINING DIAERESIS (e.g. a&#x034F;&#x0308;)
-:For umlauts: X + COMBINING DIAERESIS (e.g. a&#x0308;)
-It is then up to the [[user agent]] and [[typeface]] being used to provide meaningful distinction between the two characters.
-Despite the difference between diaeresis and umlauts, the [[HTML entity|HTML entities]] for these characters all end in ''uml''; e.g. <tt>&amp;auml;</tt> = ä. These entities however use the Unicode diaeresis codepoints when rendered.
-[[TeX]] also allows double dots to be placed over letters in math mode, using "<tt>\ddot{}</tt>", or outside of math mode, with the \" control sequence:
-:<math> \mathrm{\ddot{a}\ddot{b}\ddot{c}\ddot{d}\ddot{e}\ddot{A}\ddot{B}\ddot{C}\ddot{D}\ddot{E}}</math>
-However this will give the diaresis-style dots that are too far above the letter's body for good typographical umlauts. TeX's "german" package should be used if possible: it adds the " control sequence (without backslash) which gives nice umlauts.
-==Time derivatives in mathematics==
-The [[derivative]] with respect to time is often represented as a dot above a variable. Two dots represents the second derivative.
-:<math>{\dot{a}} = {d \over dt} a</math>
-:<math>{\ddot{a}} = {d ^2 \over d t ^2} a</math>
-== See also ==
-* [[Acute accent]]
-* [[Grave accent]]
-* [[Circumflex]]
-* [[Umlaut]]
-* [[Diacritic marks]]
-* [[Heavy metal umlaut]]
-[[de:Trema]]
-[[fi:Treema]]
-[[ja:&#20998;&#38899;&#35352;&#21495;]]
-[[nl:Trema]]
-[[Category:Diacritics]]