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{{short description|Turkic bey and early Seljukid}}
{{short description|Turkic bey and early Seljuqid}}
{{Infobox royalty
{{Infobox royalty
|name= Tuqaq Temur Yalig
|name= Tuqaq Temur Yalig
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'''Tuqaq''' ({{lang-ar|دوقاق دمور یالیق}} or Duqaq {{lang-tr|Dukak bey}} {{lang-tk|Dukak beg}} or {{lang|tk|Dukak Demir ýaýly}}; [[full name]]: ''Duqaq Temur Yalig'') was a {{lang|tk|subaşy}} (commander-in-chief) in the [[Oghuz Yabgu State]] and the father of [[Seljuk (warlord)|Seljuq]], eponymous founder of the [[Seljuk dynasty]].<ref>Refik Turan, Selçuklu Tarihi El Kitabı (Seljuk History Handbook), published by Grafiker Yayınları, 2018, p-27</ref> His great-grandson [[Tughril Beg|Tughril beg]] established the [[Great Seljuk Empire]] in the 11th&nbsp;century.<ref>S.G.Goodrich, "Modern History, from the Fall of Rome, A.D. 476, to the Present Time", published by Morton and Griswold, page-112: "In year 1042, Togrul beg, a Turkoman chief, of the tribe of Seljuk, having made himself a master of Khorasan..."</ref> "Tuqaq Temur Yalig" literally means "iron [[Bowery|bow]]" or "with an iron bow" in [[old Turkic language|old Turkic]].
'''Tuqaq''' or Duqaq ({{lang-ar|دوقاق دمور یالیق}}, {{lang-tr|Dukak bey}}, {{lang-tk|Dukak beg}} or {{lang|tk|Dukak Demir ýaýly}}; [[full name]]: ''Duqaq Temur Yalig'') was a {{lang|tk|subaşy}} (commander-in-chief) of the [[Oghuz Yabgu State]] and the father of [[Seljuk (warlord)|Seljuq]], eponymous founder of the [[Seljuq dynasty]]. His great-grandson [[Tughril Beg|Tughril beg]] would later establish the [[Great Seljuq Empire]] in the 11th century, a [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]] polity that ruled over a vast area, stretching from western [[Anatolia]] in the west to the [[Hindu Kush]] in the east. "Tuqaq Temur Yalig" literally means "iron bow" or "with an iron bow" in [[old Turkic language]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Turan |first=Refik |title=Seljuk History Handbook |language=Turkish |publisher=Grafiker Yayinlari |date=2018 |page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goodrich |first=Samuel Griswold |title=Modern History, from the Fall of Rome, A.D. 476, to the Present Time |publisher=Morton and Griswold |page=112 |quote=In year 1042, Togrul beg, a Turkoman chief, of the tribe of Seljuk, having made himself a master of Khorasan...}}</ref>


==Origin==
==Origin==
[[File:AD 750OguzYabgu.png|thumb|right|200px|Oguz Yabgu State in AD 750]]
Little is known about Tuqaq or his early activities. Most of the details are uncertain and come from later written or [[oral tradition|oral]] sources, particularly after the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]]. However, it is generally assumed that he and his prominent descendants belonged to [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]] tribe of the [[Oghuz Turks]].<ref> Jackson, P. (2002) "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens." ''[[Journal of Islamic Studies]]''. Center for Islamic Studies, Oxford. 13 (1): </ref><sup>75–76</sup> His father's name was Kerequchi. He was either a popular local blacksmith or a master of tent-making ([[yurts]]). Somewhat reliable sources state that Tuqaq was in the [[Oghuz Yabgu State]]'s military service in the latter stages of his life and held an important role among the Oghuz Turks. His nickname "Iron Bow" suggests that he was no ordinary soldier. Arrow and bow are considered a "sign of sovereignty" in Oghuz culture, and given his nickname—Duqaq—he was perhaps the commander-in-chief of the Oghuz army, or a powerful statesman. He most likely had tremendous power and influence in the Oghuz Yabgu State.{{Sfn|Turan|Özgüdenli|2018|p=27}}
Little is known about Tuqaq or his early activities as most of the details of his life are uncertain and come from later written or [[oral tradition|oral]] sources, composed particularly after the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]]. However, it is known that he and his famous descendants belonged to the [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]] tribe of [[Oghuz Turks]]. Tuqaq's father's name was Kerequchi, who was either a popular local blacksmith or a master of tent-making ([[yurts]]). Early medieval sources state that Tuqaq was involved in the military of the [[Oghuz Yabgu State]] in the latter stages of his life and held an important position among the Oghuz Turks. His nickname "Iron Bow" suggests that he was not an ordinary soldier, since arrow and bow were considered a sign of sovereignty in Oghuz culture. Given his nickname, Tuqaq most probably was a supreme commander of the Oghuz army or a powerful statesman. Consequently, he should have had tremendous power and influence in the Oghuz Yabgu State.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |title=Review: The History of the Seljuq Turks: The History of the Seljuq Turks. |journal=Journal of Islamic Studies |date=2002 |pages=75-76 |publisher=Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies}}</ref>{{Sfn|Turan|2018|p=27}}


==Affiliations==
==Affiliations==
[[File:Kinik.png|alt=|thumb|[[Tamgha]] of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz-Turkoman]] tribe of [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]], to which Tuqaq belonged]]
[[File:Kinik.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Tamgha]] of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz-Turkoman]] tribe of [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]], to which Tuqaq belonged]]
The Persian epic ''Maliqnamah'' (Book of Kings) mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a [[Khazars|Khazar]] [[Khagan]] (emperor). It is possible that Tuqaq served the Khazars before the catastrophic collapse of the Khazar state, the result of pressure by the [[Cumans]] and then allied with the Oghuz Yabgu state where he remained for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Epic of the past years |url=http://old-russian.chat.ru/01povest.htm |website=Epic of the past years |language= Russian}}</ref>
The Persian epic ''Maliqnameh'' (Book of Kings) mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a [[Khazars|Khazar]] [[Khagan]] (ruler). It is possible that Tuqaq served the Khazars before the collapse of their state, caused by the pressure from the [[Cumans]]. He subsequently made an alliance with the Oghuz Yabgu State, with which he remained for the rest of his life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Epic of the past years |url=http://old-russian.chat.ru/01povest.htm |website=Epic of the past years |language= Russian}}</ref>


Though Tuqaq was an important figure in Oghuz Yabgu, though he had a sour relationship with other influential state leaders as he objected to their policy of raiding other Oghuz tribes or fellow [[Turkic people]].<ref name="herth">{{cite book |last1=Herth |first1=William |title=The Secret Alchemy of Mary Magdalene |date=2005–2007 |publisher=Ormus Publications and Booksellers LLC |isbn=0-9793737-0-0 |page=224}}</ref> Tuqaq's son, Seljuk, likely held similar views. This may have triggered non-Qiniq Turks within the Oghuz Yabgu state to join the Seljuk's tribe when they split from Oghuz Yabgu and moved to a new homeland in [[Transoxiana]] in the vicinity of [[Merv]]. This would take on considerable importance as the Seljuk Turkomans became a formidable force in the region, enabling them to challenge the [[Ghaznavids]] and thus begin their rapid progress in becoming a [[Seljuk Empire|powerful empire]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation |publisher=Routledge |first=Andrew C. S. |last=Peacock |year=2010 |pages=92-93}}</ref>
Though Tuqaq was an important figure in Oghuz Yabgu, his relationship with other influential state leaders was complicated as he objected to their policy of raiding other [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes. Tuqaq's son, Seljuq, held similar views and this may have been a primary cause for other Turks within the Oghuz Yabgu State to join the Seljuq's tribe after it left Oghuz Yabgu for a new homeland in [[Transoxiana]], particularly for a [[Merv]] oasis. This would later have a significant importance as Seljuqs, known as [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkomans]] by that time, became a formidable force in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and enabled them to challenge powerful [[Ghaznavids]].<ref name="herth">{{cite book |last=Herth |first=William |title=The Secret Alchemy of Mary Magdalene |date=2007 |publisher=Ormus Publications and Booksellers LLC |page=224}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation |publisher=Routledge |first=Andrew |last=Peacock |year=2010 |pages=92-93}}</ref>


Tuqaq is believed to have died in 924. After his death, his son, Seljuk, was named a commander-in-chief of the Oghuz army.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |title=The Mystic Alchemy of Mary Magdalene |date=2007 |publisher=Ormus Publishers and Book Sellers LLC-9793737-0-0}}</ref>
Tuqaq is believed to have died in 924. After his death, his son, Seljuq, was named a supreme commander of the Oghuz-Turkoman army. In 961, he left the Oghuz Yabgu State with his "goats, sheep, and horses" and moved with several Turkoman tribes to Transoxiana. After he and his followers adopted [[Islam]], they refused to pay taxes to the Oghuz Yabgu State since the Turks of Oghuz Yabgu were not Muslims. Seljuq and his Qiniq tribe later founded their own, independent [[Beyliks|beylik]].<ref name="herth" />

In 961, Seljuk left the Oghuz state with his "goats, sheep, and horses" and travelled to [[Mawarannahr]] with his Qiniq and some other Oghuz tribes. After he and his tribe loosely adopted [[Islam]], and later refused to pay taxes to the Oghuz Yabgu State because they were not Muslims, they founded their own independent beylik (small country).<ref name="auto"/>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 28: Line 27:
* [[Oghuz Yabgu State]]
* [[Oghuz Yabgu State]]
* [[Oghuz Turks]]
* [[Oghuz Turks]]
* [[Turkoman (ethnonym)]]
* [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]]
* [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]]
* [[Seljuk (warlord)]]
* [[Seljuk dynasty]]
* [[Seljuk dynasty]]
* [[Seljuk Empire]]
* [[Seljuk Empire]]

Revision as of 06:27, 1 August 2021

Tuqaq Temur Yalig
Bey
Diedc. 924 AD
IssueSeljuk Beg
HouseOghuz Yabgu
FatherKerequchi

Tuqaq or Duqaq (Template:Lang-ar, Template:Lang-tr, Template:Lang-tk or Dukak Demir ýaýly; full name: Duqaq Temur Yalig) was a subaşy (commander-in-chief) of the Oghuz Yabgu State and the father of Seljuq, eponymous founder of the Seljuq dynasty. His great-grandson Tughril beg would later establish the Great Seljuq Empire in the 11th century, a Turco-Persian polity that ruled over a vast area, stretching from western Anatolia in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east. "Tuqaq Temur Yalig" literally means "iron bow" or "with an iron bow" in old Turkic language.[1][2]

Origin

Oguz Yabgu State in AD 750

Little is known about Tuqaq or his early activities as most of the details of his life are uncertain and come from later written or oral sources, composed particularly after the Battle of Dandanaqan. However, it is known that he and his famous descendants belonged to the Qiniq tribe of Oghuz Turks. Tuqaq's father's name was Kerequchi, who was either a popular local blacksmith or a master of tent-making (yurts). Early medieval sources state that Tuqaq was involved in the military of the Oghuz Yabgu State in the latter stages of his life and held an important position among the Oghuz Turks. His nickname "Iron Bow" suggests that he was not an ordinary soldier, since arrow and bow were considered a sign of sovereignty in Oghuz culture. Given his nickname, Tuqaq most probably was a supreme commander of the Oghuz army or a powerful statesman. Consequently, he should have had tremendous power and influence in the Oghuz Yabgu State.[3][4]

Affiliations

Tamgha of the Oghuz-Turkoman tribe of Qiniq, to which Tuqaq belonged

The Persian epic Maliqnameh (Book of Kings) mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a Khazar Khagan (ruler). It is possible that Tuqaq served the Khazars before the collapse of their state, caused by the pressure from the Cumans. He subsequently made an alliance with the Oghuz Yabgu State, with which he remained for the rest of his life.[5]

Though Tuqaq was an important figure in Oghuz Yabgu, his relationship with other influential state leaders was complicated as he objected to their policy of raiding other Turkic tribes. Tuqaq's son, Seljuq, held similar views and this may have been a primary cause for other Turks within the Oghuz Yabgu State to join the Seljuq's tribe after it left Oghuz Yabgu for a new homeland in Transoxiana, particularly for a Merv oasis. This would later have a significant importance as Seljuqs, known as Turkomans by that time, became a formidable force in Khorasan and enabled them to challenge powerful Ghaznavids.[6][7]

Tuqaq is believed to have died in 924. After his death, his son, Seljuq, was named a supreme commander of the Oghuz-Turkoman army. In 961, he left the Oghuz Yabgu State with his "goats, sheep, and horses" and moved with several Turkoman tribes to Transoxiana. After he and his followers adopted Islam, they refused to pay taxes to the Oghuz Yabgu State since the Turks of Oghuz Yabgu were not Muslims. Seljuq and his Qiniq tribe later founded their own, independent beylik.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ Turan, Refik (2018). Seljuk History Handbook (in Turkish). Grafiker Yayinlari. p. 27.
  2. ^ Goodrich, Samuel Griswold. Modern History, from the Fall of Rome, A.D. 476, to the Present Time. Morton and Griswold. p. 112. In year 1042, Togrul beg, a Turkoman chief, of the tribe of Seljuk, having made himself a master of Khorasan...
  3. ^ Jackson, Peter (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turks: The History of the Seljuq Turks". Journal of Islamic Studies. Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies: 75–76.
  4. ^ Turan 2018, p. 27.
  5. ^ "Epic of the past years". Epic of the past years (in Russian).
  6. ^ a b Herth, William (2007). The Secret Alchemy of Mary Magdalene. Ormus Publications and Booksellers LLC. p. 224.
  7. ^ Peacock, Andrew (2010). Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation. Routledge. pp. 92–93.
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