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'''Tuqaq'''{{NoteTag|Also known as '''Duqaq''' or '''Dukak''' ({{lang-fa|دقاق}}, {{lang-tr|Dukak bey}}, {{lang-tk|Dukak beg}} or {{lang|tk|Dukak Demir ýaýly}}; [[full name]]: ''Tuqaq Temur Yalig''}} was a chieftain of the [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq tribe]] of [[Oghuz Turks]] and a {{lang|tk|[[Soubashi|subaşy]]}} (chief of the army) of the [[Oghuz Yabgu State]]. Oghuz Yabgu was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] polity founded by the nomadic Oghuz tribes in AD 766, located geographically in an area between the coasts of the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea|Aral]] Seas.
'''Tuqaq'''{{NoteTag|Also known as '''Duqaq''' or '''Dukak''' ({{lang-fa|دقاق}}, {{lang-tr|Dukak bey}}, {{lang-tk|Dukak beg}} or ''Dukak Temür Yalïgh''}} was a chieftain of the [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq tribe]] of [[Oghuz Turks]] and a {{lang|tk|[[Soubashi|subaşy]]}} (chief of the army) of the [[Oghuz Yabgu State]]. Oghuz Yabgu was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] polity founded by the nomadic Oghuz tribes in AD 766, located geographically in an area between the coasts of the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea|Aral]] Seas.


Tuqaq is mostly known for founding the [[Seljuq dynasty]]. Approximately a century after his death, this dynasty would establish the [[Great Seljuq Empire]].
Tuqaq is mostly known for founding the [[Seljuq dynasty]]. Approximately a century after his death, this dynasty would establish the [[Great Seljuq Empire]].


"Tuqaq Temur Yalig" literally means "iron bow" or "with an iron bow" in [[old Turkic language]].
"Temür Yalïgh" literally means "iron bow" or "with an iron bow" in [[old Turkic language]].


==Origin==
==Origin==
Line 22: Line 22:
Little is known about Tuqaq's early activities as most of the details of his life are uncertain and come from later written sources, composed particularly after the start of the reign of his great-grandson, Seljuq sultan [[Tughril]].<ref name="Kafesoghlu">{{cite book |last1=Kafesoghlu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Studies on Seljuqs and Seljuq History |date=2014 |publisher=Otuken Nesriyat |pages=2-16 |language=Turkish}}</ref> However, it is known that he was a chieftain of the Qiniq tribe of Oghuz Turks and a {{lang|tk|subaşy}} of the Oghuz Yabgu State.<ref name="Kosoghlu"/> Oghuz Yabgu was a Turkic nomadic confederation founded by the Oghuz tribes in AD 766, located in an area between the coasts of the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea|Aral]] Seas.<ref>Zuev Yu. A., Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8th–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, p. 133 (In Russian)</ref>
Little is known about Tuqaq's early activities as most of the details of his life are uncertain and come from later written sources, composed particularly after the start of the reign of his great-grandson, Seljuq sultan [[Tughril]].<ref name="Kafesoghlu">{{cite book |last1=Kafesoghlu |first1=Ibrahim |title=Studies on Seljuqs and Seljuq History |date=2014 |publisher=Otuken Nesriyat |pages=2-16 |language=Turkish}}</ref> However, it is known that he was a chieftain of the Qiniq tribe of Oghuz Turks and a {{lang|tk|subaşy}} of the Oghuz Yabgu State.<ref name="Kosoghlu"/> Oghuz Yabgu was a Turkic nomadic confederation founded by the Oghuz tribes in AD 766, located in an area between the coasts of the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea|Aral]] Seas.<ref>Zuev Yu. A., Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8th–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, p. 133 (In Russian)</ref>


Tuqaq's father's name was Kerequchi, who was either a popular local blacksmith or a master of tent-making ([[yurts]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moldabaev |first1=Imel |title=Ethnocultural Relations of the Kyrgyz in the Middle Ages |date=2003 |publisher=Kyrghyz State University |page=94}}</ref>
Tuqaq's father's name was Kerequchi, who was either a popular local blacksmith or a master of tent-making ([[yurts]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moldabaev |first1=Imel |title=Ethnocultural Relations of the Kyrgyz in the Middle Ages |date=2003 |publisher=Kyrghyz State University |page=94}}</ref> However, historian A.Peacock argues that the genealogy linking Seljuq's ancestry with Kerequchi, a maker of tents for the Turkic rulers, is an [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhanid]] invention, devised to belittle the prestige of the Seljuq dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A.C.S |title=Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |page=17}}</ref>


The Persian epic ''Maliknameh'' (Book of Kings) mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a [[Khazars|Khazar]] [[Khagan]] (ruler). He probably could have served the Khazars before the collapse of their polity, caused by the pressure either from [[Cumans]] or [[Pechenegs]]. Tuqaq later made an alliance with the ruler of Oghuz Yabgu state, with whom he remained for the rest of his life.{{sfn|Peacock|2010|pp=27-28}} However, [[Turkish people|Turkish]] historian Kafesoghlu casts doubt on this claim, stating that he was allied with the Oghuz Yabgu his whole life and was second in rank after the Yabgu himself.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/>
The Persian epic ''Maliknameh'' (Book of Kings) mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a [[Khazars|Khazar]] [[Khagan]] (ruler). However, [[Turkish people|Turkish]] historian Kafesoghlu casts doubt on this claim, stating that he served the Oghuz Yabgu his whole life and was second in rank after the Yabgu himself.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/> However, Peacock argues that in the later eleventh or twelfth century, a revised version of Seljuq origins appeared in Maliknameh where the Khazar connection was felt undesirable, and subsequently the Khazar king turned into the ruler of Turks.{{sfn|Peacock|2013|p=30}}


Tuqaq's nickname "Iron Bow"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C.E |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |page=146 |isbn=9-231-03467-7}}</ref> suggests that he had tremendous power and influence in the Oghuz Yabgu, since arrow and bow were considered a sign of power in Oghuz culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=Clifford |title=The Turks in the Early Islamic World |date=2007 |page=Xiii}}</ref><ref name="Kafesoghlu"/><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Turan |editor-first=Refik |title=History of Seljuqs |language=Turkish |location= Ankara |publisher=Grafiker Yayinlari |date=2012 |page= 27|chapter= Origins of Slejuqs |last=Özgüdenli |first= Osman Gazi}}</ref>
Tuqaq's nickname "Iron Bow"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Asimow |first1=M |last2=Bosworth |first2=C.E |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4 |date=1998 |publisher=UNESCO |page=146 |isbn=9-231-03467-7}}</ref> suggests that he had tremendous power and influence in the Oghuz Yabgu, since arrow and bow were considered a sign of power in Oghuz culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=Clifford |title=The Turks in the Early Islamic World |date=2007 |page=Xiii}}</ref><ref name="Kafesoghlu"/><ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Turan |editor-first=Refik |title=History of Seljuqs |language=Turkish |location= Ankara |publisher=Grafiker Yayinlari |date=2012 |page= 27|chapter= Origins of Slejuqs |last=Özgüdenli |first= Osman Gazi}}</ref>


==Affiliations==
==Affiliations==
[[File:Kinik.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Tamgha]] of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz-Turkoman]] tribe of [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]], to which Tuqaq belonged]]
[[File:Kinik.png|thumb|right|200px|[[Tamgha]] of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz-Turkoman]] tribe of [[Qiniq (tribe)|Qiniq]], to which Tuqaq belonged]]
Tuqaq may have had some connection to Khazars before joining the Oghuz confederation, however this claim is disputed.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/> His relationship with the Oghuz Yabgu was complicated as he objected to the policy of raiding other [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (non-Oghuz) tribes. During one of such quarrels, Tuqaq got injured in the face by the Yabgu, but he managed to hit back and kick the Oghuz ruler off his horse.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Artamonova |first1=M |title=The History of Khazars |date=1962 |publisher=Hermitage |page=419 |language=Russian}}</ref>
Tuqaq may have had some connection to Khazars before joining the Oghuz confederation, however this claim is disputed.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/> His relationship with the Oghuz Yabgu was complicated as he objected to the policy of raiding other [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] (non-Oghuz) tribes. During one of such quarrels, Tuqaq got injured in the face by the Yabgu, but he managed to hit back and kick the Oghuz ruler off his horse.<ref name="Kafesoghlu"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Artamonova |first1=M |title=The History of Khazars |date=1962 |publisher=Hermitage |page=419 |language=Russian}}</ref> Historians Bosworth and Peacock, however, believe that the story about Duqaq's quarrel with the Yabghu is a back projection of a later role and was invented with the Seljuqid involvement in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries.{{sfn|Peacock|2013|p=30}}<ref>Bosworth, C., 'The origins of the Seljuqs', The Seljuqs: politics, society and culture, ed. C. Lange and S. Mecit; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011., p.18</ref>


Tuqaq's son, Seljuq, held similar views regarding raiding non-Oghuz tribes and this may have been a primary cause for other Turks to join Seljuq's tribe and leave the Oghuz Yabgu for a new homeland in [[Transoxiana]]. This would later have a significant importance as Seljuqs, known as [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkomans]] by that time, became a formidable force in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], soon challenging powerful [[Ghaznavids]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation |publisher=Routledge |first=Andrew |last=Peacock |year=2010 |pages=92–93}}</ref>{{Sfn|Özgüdenli|2012|p=31}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=Andrew |title=The Great Seljuk Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3827-7 |pages=33–40}}</ref>
Tuqaq's son, Seljuq, held similar views regarding raiding non-Oghuz tribes and this may have been a primary cause for other Turks to join Seljuq's tribe and leave the Oghuz Yabgu for a new homeland in [[Transoxiana]]. This would later have a significant importance as Seljuqs, known as [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkomans]] by that time, became a formidable force in [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], soon challenging powerful [[Ghaznavids]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation |publisher=Routledge |first=Andrew |last=Peacock |year=2010 |pages=92–93}}</ref>{{Sfn|Özgüdenli|2012|p=31}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=Andrew |title=The Great Seljuk Empire |date=2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3827-7 |pages=33–40}}</ref>

Revision as of 08:34, 18 December 2022

Tuqaq Temur Yalig
Bey, Soubashi
Diedc. 903 AD
Burial
Unknown
IssueSeljuq
HouseOghuz Yabgu
FatherKerequchi
Religionprobably Tengrism

Tuqaq[note 1] was a chieftain of the Qiniq tribe of Oghuz Turks and a subaşy (chief of the army) of the Oghuz Yabgu State. Oghuz Yabgu was a Turkic polity founded by the nomadic Oghuz tribes in AD 766, located geographically in an area between the coasts of the Caspian and Aral Seas.

Tuqaq is mostly known for founding the Seljuq dynasty. Approximately a century after his death, this dynasty would establish the Great Seljuq Empire.

"Temür Yalïgh" literally means "iron bow" or "with an iron bow" in old Turkic language.

Origin

Oguz Yabgu State in AD 750

Little is known about Tuqaq's early activities as most of the details of his life are uncertain and come from later written sources, composed particularly after the start of the reign of his great-grandson, Seljuq sultan Tughril.[1] However, it is known that he was a chieftain of the Qiniq tribe of Oghuz Turks and a subaşy of the Oghuz Yabgu State.[2] Oghuz Yabgu was a Turkic nomadic confederation founded by the Oghuz tribes in AD 766, located in an area between the coasts of the Caspian and Aral Seas.[3]

Tuqaq's father's name was Kerequchi, who was either a popular local blacksmith or a master of tent-making (yurts).[4] However, historian A.Peacock argues that the genealogy linking Seljuq's ancestry with Kerequchi, a maker of tents for the Turkic rulers, is an Ilkhanid invention, devised to belittle the prestige of the Seljuq dynasty.[5]

The Persian epic Maliknameh (Book of Kings) mentions a warrior called Tuqaq who served a Khazar Khagan (ruler). However, Turkish historian Kafesoghlu casts doubt on this claim, stating that he served the Oghuz Yabgu his whole life and was second in rank after the Yabgu himself.[1] However, Peacock argues that in the later eleventh or twelfth century, a revised version of Seljuq origins appeared in Maliknameh where the Khazar connection was felt undesirable, and subsequently the Khazar king turned into the ruler of Turks.[6]

Tuqaq's nickname "Iron Bow"[7] suggests that he had tremendous power and influence in the Oghuz Yabgu, since arrow and bow were considered a sign of power in Oghuz culture.[8][1][9]

Affiliations

Tamgha of the Oghuz-Turkoman tribe of Qiniq, to which Tuqaq belonged

Tuqaq may have had some connection to Khazars before joining the Oghuz confederation, however this claim is disputed.[1] His relationship with the Oghuz Yabgu was complicated as he objected to the policy of raiding other Turkic (non-Oghuz) tribes. During one of such quarrels, Tuqaq got injured in the face by the Yabgu, but he managed to hit back and kick the Oghuz ruler off his horse.[1][10] Historians Bosworth and Peacock, however, believe that the story about Duqaq's quarrel with the Yabghu is a back projection of a later role and was invented with the Seljuqid involvement in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries.[6][11]

Tuqaq's son, Seljuq, held similar views regarding raiding non-Oghuz tribes and this may have been a primary cause for other Turks to join Seljuq's tribe and leave the Oghuz Yabgu for a new homeland in Transoxiana. This would later have a significant importance as Seljuqs, known as Turkomans by that time, became a formidable force in Khorasan, soon challenging powerful Ghaznavids.[12][13][14]

Religious leaning

Two of Tuqaq's grandchildren bore the names of Isrâ'îl and Mikâ'îl (Michael), which lead to the conviction that Tuqaq and his son Seljuq adhered to Judaism. However, Kafesoghlu believes that this is not true as there is no further evidence other than that to support this dubious claim.[1]

Death and legacy

Tuqaq is considered as the founder of the Seljuq dynasty.[15] He died approximately in AD 903.[2] After his death, his son Seljuq took his position among the Oghuz and become their subaşy.[1] After some time, however, Seljuq and his Qiniq tribe adopted Islam and abandoned the Oghuz Yabgu.[15] They later founded their own independent beylik in Transoxiana.[16][17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Also known as Duqaq or Dukak (Template:Lang-fa, Template:Lang-tr, Template:Lang-tk or Dukak Temür Yalïgh

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Kafesoghlu, Ibrahim (2014). Studies on Seljuqs and Seljuq History (in Turkish). Otuken Nesriyat. pp. 2–16.
  2. ^ a b Kosoghlu, Nevzat (1990). Reflections on the history of the Turkish world and Turkish civilization (in Turkish). Otuken Nesriyat. p. 52.
  3. ^ Zuev Yu. A., Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8th–10th centuries), Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, I960, p. 133 (In Russian)
  4. ^ Moldabaev, Imel (2003). Ethnocultural Relations of the Kyrgyz in the Middle Ages. Kyrghyz State University. p. 94.
  5. ^ Peacock, A.C.S (2013). Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation. Routledge. p. 17.
  6. ^ a b Peacock 2013, p. 30.
  7. ^ Asimow, M; Bosworth, C.E (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 4. UNESCO. p. 146. ISBN 9-231-03467-7.
  8. ^ Bosworth, Clifford (2007). The Turks in the Early Islamic World. p. Xiii.
  9. ^ Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi (2012). "Origins of Slejuqs". In Turan, Refik (ed.). History of Seljuqs (in Turkish). Ankara: Grafiker Yayinlari. p. 27.
  10. ^ Artamonova, M (1962). The History of Khazars (in Russian). Hermitage. p. 419.
  11. ^ Bosworth, C., 'The origins of the Seljuqs', The Seljuqs: politics, society and culture, ed. C. Lange and S. Mecit; Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011., p.18
  12. ^ Peacock, Andrew (2010). Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation. Routledge. pp. 92–93.
  13. ^ Özgüdenli 2012, p. 31.
  14. ^ Peacock, Andrew (2015). The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 33–40. ISBN 978-0-7486-3827-7.
  15. ^ a b Connolly, Peter; Gillingham, John; Lazenby, John, eds. (2016). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare. Routledge. p. 288.
  16. ^ Sicker, Martin (2000). The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 51–54.
  17. ^ Peacock 2015, pp. 24–25.
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