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This is a '''list of [[medical]] [[acronym]]s and [[abbreviation]]s'''.
[[Image:Yoga girl.jpg|250px|thumb|A woman practising hatha yoga <!---anybody familiar with this might want to detail the exact step?--->]]
'''Yoga''', has the esoteric meaning '''Union with God''', and the literal meaning 'yoke' in [[Sanskrit]], and is a family of ancient spiritual practices originating in [[India]]. It is one of the six schools of Hindu Philosophy, in which it is often paired with [[Samkhya]], and they are referred together as the Samkhya-Yoga school.


The [[United States|US]] based [[Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations]] (JCAHO) requires its members to follow a "do not use list":[http://www.jointcommission.org/PatientSafety/DoNotUseList/]
Today in India and across the World, Yoga remains a vibrant living tradition and is seen as a means to [[enlightenment]]. [[Karma Yoga]] (yoga of Action), [[Jnana Yoga]] (yoga of Knowledge), [[Bhakti Yoga]] (yoga of Devotion), and [[Raja Yoga]] (yoga of Meditation) are considered the four main paths of Yoga, though each inevitably incorporate elements from the others.


{|border=1 align="center" cellpadding=2
Outside India, Yoga has become primarily associated with the [[asanas]] (postures) of [[Hatha Yoga]], a system of physical culture that was developed to prepare students for the practise of [[Raja Yoga]].
! Do Not Use || Potential Problem || Use Instead
|-
! colspan="3" | Official "Do Not Use" List:
|-
| U (unit) || Mistaken for “0” (zero), the number “4” (four) or “cc” || "unit"
|-
| IU (International Unit) || Mistaken for IV (intravenous) or the number 10 (ten) || "International Unit"
|-
| Q.D., QD, q.d., qd (daily)<br>Q.O.D., QOD, q.o.d, qod (every other day) || Mistaken for each other. Period after the Q mistaken for "I" and<br>the "O" mistaken for "I" (q.i.d. is four times a day dosing) || "daily"<br>"every other day"
|-
| Trailing zero (X.0 mg)<br>Lack of leading zero (.X mg) || Decimal point is missed || X mg<br>0.X mg
|-
| MS || Can mean morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate || "morphine sulfate"
|-
| MSO4 and MgSO4 || Confused for one another || "magnesium sulfate"
|-
! colspan="3" | For possible future inclusion in the Official List:
|-
| > (greater than)<br>< (less than) || Misinterpreted as the number "7" (seven) or the letter "L".<br>Confused for one another || "greater than"<br>"less than"
|-
| Abbreviations for drug names || Misinterpreted due to similar abbreviations for multiple drugs || Write drug names in full
|-
| [[Apothecaries' system|Apothecary units]] || Unfamiliar to many practitioners. Confused with metric units || metric units
|-
| @ || Mistaken for the number "2" (two) || "at"
|-
| cc || Mistaken for U (units) when poorly written || "mL" or "milliliters"
|-
| µg || Mistaken for mg (milligrams) resulting in one thousandfold overdose || "mcg" or "micrograms"
|-
|}


{{CompactTOC}}
Yoga as a means to enlightenment is central to [[Vedanta]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]], and has influenced other religious and spiritual practices throughout the world. Nevertheless, Yoga was created by the Hindus and it is defined as a Hindu practice which branches of Hinduism such as Buddhism and Jainism adopted. Ancient [[Hindu]] texts establishing the basis for yoga include the [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]], the [[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]] and many others, which specify the criteria of having successfully mastered a particular yoga technique. [[Image:Yoga instructor.jpg|thumb|250px|''Eka-Pada-Rajakapotasana'' (Single-Legged Pigeon) demonstrated at a Hindu temple.]]


==Roots of Yoga==
==0–9==
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
===Origins===
| style="width: 6em;"| '''Abbrv.''' || '''Meaning'''
[[Image:Indus 03.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The earliest written accounts of yoga appear in the [[Rig Veda]], which began to be codified between 1500 and 1200 BC. Some historians believe that this 5000-year-old sculpture is of a yogi.]]
|-
{{Main|History of Yoga}}
| Δ || [[Diagnosis]]
|-
| ΔΔ || [[Differential diagnosis]], i.e. the list of possible diagnoses
|-
| # || [[Fracture (bone)|Fracture]]
|-
| #NOF || Fracture to the neck of the [[femur]]
|-
| Ψ || [[Psychiatry]]
|-
| Σ || [[Sigmoidoscopy]]
|-
| x/12 || x number of months
|-
| x/40 || x number of weeks of pregnancy
|-
| x/52 || x number of weeks
|-
| x/7 || x number of days
|-
| 5-HT || [[Serotonin]], [[5-Hydroxytryptamine]]
|}


==A==
The word "yoga" derives from the [[Sanskrit]] root ''yuj'' ("to yoke"); which is cognate to modern [[English Language|English]] "yoke", "jugal" and "jugum" in [[Latin]]. All derive from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root *yeug- meaning "to join" or "unite".<ref>http://www.bartleby.com/61/roots/IE600.html</ref> It is generally translated as "union of the individual ''[[Atman|atma]]'' (loosely translated to mean [[soul]]) with ''[[Paramatman|Paramatma]]'', the universal soul." This may be understood as union with the Divine by integration of body, mind, and spirit. A committed practitioner of yoga is referred to as a ''[[yogi]]'' or ''[[yogin]]'' (masculine), or ''yogini'' (feminine). These designations are for serious practitioners, who have already made considerable progress along the path towards yoga.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | A&Ox3|| [[Mental status examination#Orientation|Alert and Oriented to person, place, and time]]
|-
| A&Ox4 || [[Mental status examination#Orientation|Alert and Oriented to person, place, time, and circumstances]] ''(often used interchangeably with A&Ox3)''
|-
| AAA || [[Aortic aneurysm#Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm|Abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
|-
| AAT || [[activity as tolerated]]
|-
| Ab || [[Antibody]]
|-
| ABC || [[aspiration biopsy cytology]]
|-
| ABCD || "Asymmetry, borders, color, diameter" features on considering "is it a [[Melanoma]]"?
|-
| ABD or abd|| [[abdomen]]
|-
| ABG || [[Arterial blood gas|Arterial blood gases]]
|-
| ABMT || [[Autologous bone marrow transplantation]]
|-
| ABPI || [[Ankle brachial pressure index]]
|-
| ABVD || [[doxorubicin]] [[bleomycin]] [[vinblastine]] [[dacarbazine]] First-line treatment for [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]].
|-
| ABX || [[antibiotics]]
|-
| a.c. || before food, ''from [[Latin]], ante cibum''
|-
| ACE || [[Angiotensin converting enzyme]]
|-
| ACEI || [[Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor]]s
|-
| Ach || [[Acetylcholine]]
|-
| ACL || [[Anterior cruciate ligament]]
|-
| ACLS || [[Advanced cardiac life support]]
|-
| ACTH || [[Adrenocorticotropic hormone]]
|-
| AD || [[Alzheimer's Disease]]
|-
| ADA || [[Adenosine deaminase]]
|-
| ADC || [[AIDS dementia complex]]
|-
| ADD || [[Attention Deficit Disorder]]
|-
| ADH || [[Antidiuretic hormone]]
|-
| ADHD || [[Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder]]
|-
| ADL || [[activities of daily living]]
|-
| ad lib|| [[ad lib|as desired]] ''from [[Latin]], ad libitum''
|-
| adm ||admission
|-
| ADR || [[Adverse drug reaction]]
|-
| AEM || [[Holter monitor|Ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring]]
|-
| AF || [[atrial fibrillation]]
|-
| AF || [[Amniotic fluid]]
|-
| AFB || [[Acid-fast|acid fast bacilli]]
|-
| AFO || [[ankle-foot orthosis]]
|-
| AFP || [[Alpha-fetoprotein]]
|-
| Ag || [[Antigen]]
|-
| AHF || [[Antihemophilic factor]]
|-
| AHG || [[Antihemophilic globulin]]
|-
| AHH || [[aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase]]
|-
| AI || [[Artificial insemination]]
|-
| AI || [[Aortic insufficiency]]
|-
| AICD || [[Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator|Automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]]
|-
| AID || [[Artificial Insemination#Human Artificial Insemination|Artificial insemination by donor]]
|-
| AIDS || [[AIDS|Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome]]
|-
| AIH || [[Artificial Insemination#Human Artificial Insemination|artificial insemination by husband]]
|-
| AIIRB|| [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]
|-
| aka || [[aka|also known as]]
|-
| AKA || [[Amputation|Above knee amputation]]
|-
| ALG || [[Antilymphocytic globulin]]
|-
| ALL || [[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]]
|-
| ALP || [[Alkaline phosphatase]]
|-
| ALPS || [[Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome]]
|-
| ALS || [[Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis]]
|-
| ALS || [[Advanced Life Support]]
|-
| ALT || [[Alanine transferase]]
|-
| AMA || [[Anti-mitochondrial Antibodies]]
|-
| AMA || Against Medical Advice
|-
| AMA || Advanced Maternal Age (35 years or greater)
|-
| AMC || [[Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita]]
|-
| AMI || [[Myocardial infarction|Acute myocardial infarction]]
|-
| AML || [[Acute myelocytic leukemia]]
|-
| AMP || [[Adenosine monophosphate]]
|-
| AMS || [[Acute mountain sickness]]
|-
| AMS || [[atypical measles syndrome]]
|-
| ANA || [[Anti-nuclear antibody]]
|-
| ANCA || [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies]]
|-
| ANF || [[Atrial natriuretic factor]]
|-
| ANP || [[Atrial natriuretic peptide]]
|-
| ANS || [[Autonomic nervous system]]
|-
| ANUG || [[Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis]]
|-
| AP || [[Alkaline phosphatase]]
|-
| APAP || [[acetaminophen]], [[paracetamol]]; from the chemical name N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
|-
| APD || [[adult polycystic disease]]
|-
| APECED|| [[autoimmune polyendocrinopathy]]
|-
| APH || [[Antepartum haemorrhage]]
|-
| APLS || [[antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]]
|-
| APSAC|| [[Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex]]
|-
| APS || [[autoimmune polyglandular syndrome]]
|-
| aPTT || [[Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time]]
|-
| AR || [[Aortic insufficiency|Aortic Regurgitation]]
|-
| ARB || [[Angiotensin II receptor antagonist]]
|-
| ARC || [[AIDS related complex]]
|-
| ARDS || [[Acute respiratory distress syndrome]]
|-
| ARF || [[Acute renal failure]]
|-
| Arg || [[Arginine]]
|-
| ART || [[antiretroviral therapy]]
|-
| ARM || [[Artificial rupture of membranes]]
|-
| ASA || [[Acetylsalicylic acid]] - commonly known as [[aspirin]]
|-
| AS || [[Aortic valve stenosis|Aortic stenosis]]
|-
| ASCAD|| [[arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease]]
|-
| ASD || [[Atrial septal defect]]
|-
| ASGUS|| [[Atypical squamous glandular cells of undetermined significance]]
|-
| ASCUS|| [[Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance]]
|-
| ASL || [[American sign language]]
|-
| ASO || [[Antistreptolysin O titre|Antistreptolysin O]]
|-
| ASOT || [[Antistreptolysin O titre]]
|-
| AST || [[Aspartate transaminase]]
|-
| ASX || [[Asymptomatic]]
|-
| ATCC || [[American Type Culture Collection]]
|-
| ATG || [[Antithymic globulin]]
|-
| AT-III|| [[Antithrombin|Antithrombin III]]
|-
| ATP || [[acute thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
| ATP || [[adenosine triphosphate]]
|-
| ATP || [[Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator|Anti-tachycardia pacing]]
|-
| AVM || [[Arteriovenous malformation]]
|-
| AVR || [[Aortic valve replacement]]
|-
| AZT || [[azidothymidine]]
|}


==B==
Images of a meditating yogi from the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] are thought to be 6 to 7 thousand years old. The earliest written accounts of yoga appear in the [[Rig Veda]], which began to be codified between 1500 and 1200 BC but had been orally transmitted for at least a millennium prior to this. The first quasi-rational, full description of the principles and goals of yoga is to be found in the ''[[Upanishads|Upanisads]]'', thought to have been composed between 800 and 300 BC. The Upanisads are also called [[Vedanta]] since they constitute the end or conclusion of the [[Vedas]] (the traditional body of spiritual wisdom). In the Upanisads, the older practice of offering [[sacrifices]] and ceremonies to appease external [[deity|gods]] gives way instead to a new understanding that man can, by means of an inner sacrifice, become one with the [[Supreme Being]] (referred to as [[brahman|Brāhman]] or [[Atman (Hinduism)|Māhātman]]) -- through moral culture, restraint and training of the [[mind]].
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | Ba|| [[Barium]]
|-
| BAL || [[Bronchoalveolar lavage]]
|-
| BAL || [[British anti-Lewisite]]
|-
| BAL || Blood Alcohol Level
|-
| BAO || [[Basic acid output]]
|-
| BAT || [[Brown adipose tissue]]
|-
| BCG || [[Bacille Calmette-Guerin]] (a [[tuberculosis]] vaccination)
|-
| BCX || [[Blood culture]]
|-
| BBMF || "Bone break, me fix" Orthopedic consent form
|-
| b.d. || Twice daily, ''from [[Latin]], bis die''
|-
| b.i.d.|| Twice daily, ''from [[Latin]], bis in die''
|-
| BE || [[Base excess]]
|-
| BIBA || brought in by ambulance
|-
| BK || [[Bacterium Koch]]
|-
| bl.cult|| [[Blood culture]]
|-
| bld || [[Blood]]
|-
| BLS || [[Basic Life Support]]
|-
| BMC || [[Bone mass content]]
|-
| BMD || [[Bone mineral density]] (also termed ''bone mass measurement'')
|-
| BMI || [[Body mass index]]
|-
| BMP || Blood Metabolic Profile
|-
| BMR || [[Basal metabolic rate]]
|-
| BMT || [[Bone marrow transplantation]]
|-
| BNF || [[British National Formulary]]
|-
| BNP || [[Brain natriuretic peptide]]
|-
| BOI ||Born on island, ie. a local patient.
|-
| BOOP || [[Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]]
|-
| BP || [[Blood pressure]]
|-
| BP || [[Bipolar disorder]]
|-
| BPD || [[Ultrasonography#Scotland|Bi-Parietal Diameter]]
|-
| BPD || [[Borderline personality disorder]]
|-
| BPH || [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]]
|-
| BPM || [[Beats per minute]]
|-
| BPPV || [[Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo]]
|-
| BRAT || [[Banana]]s, [[Rice]], [[Applesauce]], (dry) [[Toast]]: [[wikt:acronym|acronym]] for bland diet
|-
| BRATY || Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, (dry) Toast, [[Yogurt]]: acronym for bland diet for children
|-
| BRP || [[Bathroom Privileges]]
|-
| BRBPR || [[Bright red blood per rectum]]
|-
| BS || Breath or Bowel sounds on [[auscultation]] with stethoscope
|-
| BSE || [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy]]
|-
| BSE || [[Breast self-examination]]
|-
| BSP || [[Bromsulphthalein]]
|-
| BUN || [[Blood urea nitrogen]]
|-
| BV || [[Bacterial vaginosis]]
|-
| Bx || [[Biopsy]]
|}


===Bhagavad Gita===
==C==
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
{{Main|Bhagavad Gita}}
| style="width: 6em;" | <span style="text-decoration: overline">c</span> || (c with a bar over it) with, ''from [[Latin]], cum''
The Bhagavad Gita ('Song of the Lord') is thought to have been written some time between 400 and 100 BC. Technically it is not an individual work - it is a section of the epic [[Mahabharata]] - but it is frequently published and discussed as if it were. To this day, it remains the single most influential and popular work of Hindu philosophy ever written, and it is also the first work devoted explicitly and wholly to yoga. Its narrative concerns a moral dilemma faced by Prince Arjuna, who is advised by Lord Krishna as to the best course of action regarding how he should regain his lost kingdom.
|-
| CABG || [[Coronary artery bypass surgery|Coronary Artery Bypass Graft]] surgery. Pronounced "Cabbage".
|-
| CAD || [[Coronary heart disease|Coronary artery disease]]
|-
| cAMP || [[cyclic adenosine monophosphate]]
|-
| CA || [[Carcinoma]]
|-
| Ca || [[Calcium]]
|-
| CADASIL|| [[CADASIL|Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy]]
|-
| CAH || [[Chronic Active Hepatitis]]
|-
| CAH || [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
|-
| CAT || [[Computed axial tomography]]
|-
| CAPD || [[Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis]]
|-
| CBC || [[Complete Blood Count]]
|-
| CC || Cubic centimenter, or Chief Complaint
|-
| CCF || [[Congestive heart failure|Congestive cardiac failure]]
|-
| CCK || [[Cholecystokinin]]
|-
| CEA || [[Carcinoembryonic antigen]]
|-
| CF || [[Cystic fibrosis]]
|-
| cGMP || [[Cyclic guanosine monophosphate]]
|-
| ChE || [[Cholinesterase]]
|-
| CHD || [[Coronary heart disease]]
|-
| CHE || [[Cholinesterase]]
|-
| CHF || [[Congestive heart failure]]
|-
| CI || [[Confidence interval]]
|-
| CJD || [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]
|-
| CK || [[Creatine kinase]]
|-
| CKD || [[Chronic kidney disease]]
|-
| CLL || [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]]
|-
| CML || [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] also called Chronic myeloid leukaemia
|-
| CMML || [[Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia]]
|-
| CMS || [[Chronic mountain sickness]]
|-
| CMV || [[Cytomegalovirus]]
|-
| CNS || [[Central nervous system]]
|-
| COAD || [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|Chronic obstructive airways disease]]
|-
| COLD || [[Chronic obstructive lung disease]]
|-
| COPD || [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
|-
| CO || [[Cardiac output]]
|-
| CO || [[Carbon monoxide]]
|-
| CO<sub>2</sub> || [[Carbon dioxide]]
|-
| COX-1|| [[Cyclooxygenase 1]]
|-
| COX-2|| [[Cyclooxygenase 2]]
|-
| CP || [[cerebral palsy]]
|-
| CPAP || [[Continuous positive airway pressure]]
|-
| CPK || [[Creatine phosphokinase]]
|-
| CPR || [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
|-
| CREST|| Calcinosis Raynaud Esophagus Sclerosis Teleangiectasiae
|-
| CRF || [[Chronic renal failure]]
|-
| CRF || [[Corticotropin-releasing factor]]
|-
| CRH || [[Corticotropin-releasing hormone]]
|-
| CRI || [[Chronic renal insufficiency]]
|-
| CRP || [[C-reactive protein]]
|-
| CR || [[Complete remission]]
|-
| CS || [[Caesarean section]]
|-
| CsA || [[Ciclosporin]] A
|-
| CSF || [[Cerebrospinal fluid]]
|-
| CT || [[computed axial tomography]]
|-
| CTX || [[ceftriaxone]], a third-generation [[cephalosporin]] antibiotic
|-
| CVA || [[Cerebrovascular accident]]
|-
| CVC || [[Central venous catheter]]
|-
| CVD || [[Cardiovascular disease]]
|-
| CVP || [[Central venous pressure]]
|-
| CVS || [[Chorionic villus sampling]]
|-
| CVID || [[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
|-
| Cx || [[Microbiological culture]]
|-
| CXR || Chest X-ray
|}


==D==
The first and foremost lesson of the Bhagavad Gita is regarding the importance of action - that we have a moral imperative to act, and that by implication non-action is an immoral choice when faced with a dilemma. But this action should always be conducted without selfish motivation. Thus the principle of Karma Yoga, of selfless action. It distinguishes several types of yoga according to what is most appropriate for the different nature of people, such that a devoted person will be most suited to the duty of Bhakti yoga, an intellectual person to Jnana yoga and so on.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | DA || [[Dopamine]]
|-
| DBP|| [[Diastolic blood pressure]]
|-
| D&C || [[Dilatation and curettage]]
|-
| DCM || [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
|-
| DDD || [[Daily Defined Doses]]
|-
| DDx || [[Differential diagnosis]]
|-
| DEXA || [[Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry]]
|-
| DHE || [[Dihydoergotamine]]
|-
| DHEA-S|| [[Dehydroepiandrosterone|Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate]]
|-
| DIB || [[Dead in Bed]]
|-
| DIC || [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
|-
| DIP || [[Interphalangeal joints|Distal interphalangeal joint]]
|-
| DiPerTe|| [[Diphtheria]] [[Pertussis]] [[Tetanus]]
|-
| DiTe || [[Diphtheria]] [[Tetanus]]
|-
| DJD || [[Osteoarthritis|Degenerative Joint Disease]]
|-
| DKA || [[DKA|Diabetic Keto Acidosis]]
|-
|-
| DPT || [[Diphtheria]] [[Pertussis]] [[Tetanus]]
|-
| DM || [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
|-
| DNA || [[DNA|Deoxyribonucleic acid]]
|-
| DNI || [[Do not resuscitate|Do Not Intubate]]
|-
| DNR || [[Do not resuscitate|Do Not Resuscitate]]
|-
| DNAR || [[Do not resuscitate|Do Not Attempt Resusciatation]]
|-
| DOA || [[Dead on arrival]]
|-
| DOE || [[Dyspnea on exertion]]
|-
| DOSS || [[Docusate sodium]]; from the chemical name dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
|-
| DT || [[Diphtheria]] [[Tetanus]]
|-
| DTP || [[Diphtheria]] [[Tetanus]] [[Pertussis]]
|-
| DUB || [[Dysfunctional uterine bleeding]]
|-
| DVT || [[Deep vein thrombosis]]
|-
| Dx || [[Diagnosis]]
|}


==E==
The Bhagavad Gita talks of four branches of yoga:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | E || [[Erythrocyte]]s
|-
| EACA || [[Epsilon-aminocaproic acid]]
|-
| EBM || [[Evidence-based medicine]]
|-
| EBM || Expressed [[Breast milk|Breast Milk]]
|-
| EC || [[enteric coating|Enterically Coated]]
|-
| ECG || [[Electrocardiogram]]
|-
| ED || [[Emergency department]]
|-
| ED || [[Erectile Dysfunction]]
|-
| ED || [[Ectodermal dysplasia]]
|-
| EDC || Estimated Date of Confinement (at 40/40 weeks of pregnancy)
|-
| EDD || Estimated Date of Delivery (at 40/40 weeks of pregnancy)
|-
| EDD || Estimated date of discharge
|-
| EDRF || [[Endothelium-derived relaxing factor]] aka [[Nitric oxide]]
|-
| EEG || [[Electroencephalogram]]
|-
| EF || [[Ejection fraction|Ejection Fraction]]
|-
| EGF || [[Epidermal Growth Factor]]
|-
| EKG || [[Electrocardiogram]]
|-
| ELLSCS|| Elective Lower Segment Caesarian Section
|-
| ELISA|| [[Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay]]
|-
| EMC || [[Encephalomyocarditis]]
|-
| EMD || Early Morning Discovery
|-
| EMD || [[Pulseless electrical activity|ElectroMechanical Dissociation]]
|-
| EMF || [[Endomyocardial fibrosis]]
|-
| EMG || [[Electromyography]]
|-
| EMLSCS|| Emergency Lower Segment Caesarian Section
|-
| EMU || Early Morning Urine sample (being the most concentrated generally used for pregnancy testing)
|-
| ENT || Ear Nose and Throat. ([[Otolaryngology]])
|-
| EENT || eyes, ears, nose, throat
|-
| EPH || Edema Proteinuria Hypertension
|-
| EPO || [[Erythropoietin]]
|-
| ERCP || [[Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography]]
|-
| ESL || Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (also ESWL) - see [[lithotriptor]]
|-
| ESBL || Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase [[gram negative bacteria]]
|-
| ESR || [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]]
|-
| ESRD || [[End-stage renal disease]]
|-
| ESWL || Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (also ESL) - see [[lithotriptor]]
|-
| ET || [[Endothelin]]
|-
| ETT || [[Endotracheal tube]]
|-
| ETOH || [[ethanol]] or [[ethyl alcohol]]
|-
| EUS || [[Endoscopic Ultrasonography]]
|}


==F==
:(1) ''[[Karma yoga]]'' (sometimes called Kriya yoga), the yoga of action in the world
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
''" With the body, with the mind, with the intellect, even merely with the senses, the yogins perform action toward self-purification, having abandoned attachment. He who is disciplined in yoga, having abandoned the fruit of action, attains steady peace..."'' (Ch5:V11-12)
| style="width: 6em;" | FBC || [[Full blood count]]
:(2) ''[[Jnana yoga]]'', the yoga of knowledge and intellectual endeavor
|-
''" When he perceives the various states of being as resting in the One, and from That alone spreading out, then he attains Brahman. They who know, through the eye of knowledge, the distinction between the field and the knower of the field, as well as the liberation of beings from material nature, go to the Supreme."'' (Ch15:V31/35)
| FBE || [[Full blood count|Full blood exam]]
:(3) ''[[Bhakti yoga]]'', the yoga of devotion to a deity
|-
''".... those who, renouncing all actions in Me, and regarding Me as the Supreme, worship me... of those whose thoughts have entered into Me, I am soon the deliverer from the ocean of death and transmigration, Arjuna. Keep your mind on Me alone, your intellect on Me. Thus you shall dwell in me hereafter."'' (Ch12:V6-8) ''" And he who serves me with the yoga of unswerving devotion, transcending these qualities [binary opposites, like good and evil, pain and pleasure] is ready for absorption in Brahman."'' (Ch14:V26)
| FBG || [[Glucose test|Fasting blood glucose]]
:(4) ''[[Raja yoga]]'', the yoga of meditation
|-
''" Establishing a firm seat for himself in a clean place... having directed his mind to a single object, with his thought and the activity of the senses controlled, he should practice yoga for the purpose of self-realization. Holding the body, head and neck erect, motionless and steady, gazing at the tip of his own nose and not looking in any direction, with quieted mind, banishing fear, established in the brahmacharin vow of celibacy, controlling the mind, with thoughts fixed on Me, he should sit, concentrated, devoted to Me. Thus, continually disciplining himself, the yogin whose mind is subdued goes to nirvana, to supreme peace, to union with Me."'' (Ch6:V11-15)
| F/C || Fevers or Chills
|-
| FDP || [[Fibrinogen Degradation Products]]
|-
| FEV<sub>1</sub> || [[Spirometry#Explanation of Common Test Values in FVC Tests|Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second]]
|-
| Fe || [[Iron]]
|-
| FF || Free Fluids ([[Thickened fluids|non-thickened fluids]])
|-
| FFA || [[Free fatty acid]]s
|-
| FFP || [[Fresh frozen plasma]]
|-
| FHR || [[Fetal heart rate]]
|-
| FHT || [[Fetal heart tones]]
|-
| FHx || [[Family History]]
|-
| FIBD || Found in Bed Dead
|-
| FLK || Funny Looking Kid (suggesting an unspecified [[syndrome]], should now be termed "[[deformity|dysmorphic]] features")
|-
| FNA || [[Fine Needle Aspirate]]
|-
| FNC || [[nursing care|Full nursing care]]
|-
| FOF || Found on Floor (Patient fell out of bed)
|-
| FPG || [[Glucose test|Fasting plasma glucose]]
|-
| FSE || Fetal Scalp Electrode
|-
| FSH || [[Follicle stimulating hormone]]
|-
| FTA-ABS|| [[Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption]]
|-
| FTA || [[Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody]]
|-
| FUBAR || F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition, originally used to refer to corpses after horrendous (typically battlefield) trauma, but "FUBAR" is now sometimes used to describe very ill patients with little hope of recovery, including those that have not necessarily suffered trauma. Not very [[politically correct]]!
|-
| FVC || [[Forced Vital Capacity]] ([[Spirometry]] test value used in assessment of [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]])
|-
| FWB || Full weight bearing
|-
| FWD || Full ward diet
|-
| Fx || [[Bone fracture|Fracture]] of a bone
|}


==G==
===Yoga Sutras of Patanjali===
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
{{main|Patanjali|Yoga Sutras of Patanjali}}
| style="width: 6em;" | G || Gravida (total number of pregnancies, successful or not)
The [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]] are a book of 196 aphorisms compiled by the sage Patanjali sometime between 100 BC and 200 AD. [[Patanjali]] in the Yoga Sutras presents the goal of yoga as 'the cessation of mental fluctuations' (cittavrtti nirodha).
|-
| G6PD || [[Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase]]
|-
| GA || [[General anaesthesia]]
|-
| GABA || [[gamma-aminobutyric acid]]
|-
| GCA || [[Temporal arteritis|Giant cell arteritis]]
|-
| GCS || [[Glasgow Coma Scale]]
|-
| GDLH || [[Glutamate dehydrogenase]]
|-
| GERD || [[GERD|Gastro-esophageal reflux disease]]
|-
| GFR || [[Glomerular filtration rate]]
|-
| GGTP || [[Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase]]
|-
| GH || [[Growth hormone]]
|-
| GHRF || [[Growth hormone releasing factor]]
|-
| GITS || [[Gastrointestinal therapeutic system]]
|-
| GIFT || [[Gamete intrafallopian transfer]]
|-
| GOA || Gone on Arrival (i.e., DOA)
|-
| GOMER|| Get Outta My E.R. i.e. patient who frequently presents at the ER near death but manages to pull through each and every time.
|-
| GOK || God only knows
|-
| GORD || [[GERD|Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease]]
|-
| GOT || [[glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase]]
|-
| GPT || [[glutamic-pyruvic transaminase]]
|-
| GSW || [[gunshot wound]] see HVLT
|-
| GTN || [[Glyceryl trinitrate]]
|-
| GU || Genitourinary
|-
| GUM || [[Genitourinary medicine]] (often used more restrictively as alternative to Sexually-transmitted disease clinic)
|-
| GvH || [[Graft-versus-host]]
|-
| GvHD || [[Graft-versus-host disease]]
|}


==H==
In reference to the Bhagavad Gita classifications, Patanjali's yoga is a form of [[Raja yoga]], as it seeks meditiation as the path towards the ultimate goal. Patanjali himself referred to it as "Ashtanga Yoga" ("Eight-Limbed Yoga"), from the eight steps he set out as the practical path towards attainment of enlightenment. This eight-limbed concept became an authoritative feature of Raja yoga from that point forward, and is a core characteristic of practically every Raja yoga variation (including [[Hatha yoga]]) taught today.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | HA || [[Hypertonia arterialis]]
|-
| HAD || [[HIV-associated dementia]]
|-
| H/A || [[headache]]
|-
| H&E || [[Hematoxlyn and Eosin]] Standard tissue stain. Sometimes used as noun referring to stained slides--"H&E's showed..."
|-
| HAV || [[Hepatitis A virus]]
|-
| Hb || [[Hemoglobin]]
|-
| HBV || [[Hepatitis B virus]]
|-
| HCG || [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]]
|-
| HCM || [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
|-
| HCT || [[Hematocrit]]
|-
| HCTZ || [[Hydrochlorothiazide]]
|-
| HCV || [[Hepatitis C virus]]
|-
| HDL || [[High density lipoprotein]]
|-
| HDL-C|| [[High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol]]
|-
| HDU || [[High dependency unit]]
|-
| HDV || [[Hepatitis D virus]]
|-
| HEENT|| Head Eyes Ears Nose Throat
|-
| HEV || [[Hepatitis E virus]]
|-
| HGB || [[Hemoglobin]]
|-
| HH || [[Hiatus hernia]]
|-
| H&H || [[Hemoglobin]] and [[Hematocrit]]
|-
| Hib || [[Haemophilus influenzae]] B
|-
| HIV || [[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus]]
|-
| HL || [[Hepatic lipase]]
|-
| HLA || [[Human leukocyte antigens]]
|-
| H&M || [[Hematemesis]] and [[Malena]]
|-
| HOCM || [[Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]]
|-
| H&P || History & Physical
|-
| HPI || History of Present Illness
|-
| HR || [[Heart rate]]
|-
| HRT || [[Hormone replacement therapy]]
|-
| H.S. || At bedtime, ''from [[Latin]], hora somni''
|-
| HSG || [[Hysterosalpingogram]]
|-
| HSV || [[Herpes simplex virus]]
|-
| HT || [[Hypertension]]
|-
| HTLV || [[Human T-lymphotropic virus]]
|-
| HTN || [[Hypertension]]
|-
| HUS || [[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]]
|-
| HVLT || High-velocity Lead Therapy, also see GSW ([[gunshot wound]])
|-
| Hx || history (of)
|}


==I==
Patanjali's Eight Limbs of yoga practice are:
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
:(1) ''[[Yamas|Yama]]'' (The five "abstentions"): violence, lying, theft, (illicit) sex, and possessions
| style="width: 6em;" | I131 || [[radioactive iodine]]
:(2) ''[[Niyama]]'' (The five "observances"): purity, contentment, austerities, study, and surrender to [[god]]
|-
:(3) ''[[Asana]]'': Literally means "seat", and in Patanjali's Sutras refers to seated positions used for meditation. Later, with the rise of Hatha yoga, asana came to refer to all the "postures"
| IA || [[Route of administration#Parenteral by injection or infusion|Intra-arterial]]
:(4) ''[[Pranayama]]'' ("Breath Control"): Control of ''prāna'' or vital breath
|-
:(5) ''[[Pratyahara]]'' ("Abstraction"): Reversal of the sense organs
| IABP || [[Intra-aortic balloon pump]]
:(6) ''[[Dharana]]'' ("Concentration"): Fixing the attention on a single object
|-
:(7) ''[[Dhyana]]'' ("Meditation"): Intense contemplation of the true nature of reality
| IAI || [[Intra-amniotic infection]]
:(8) ''[[Samadhi]]'' ("Liberation"): Super-conscious state of enlightenment
|-
| IBD || [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
|-
| IBS || [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
|-
| IC || [[Intracardiac]]
|-
| ICD || [[Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator]]
|-
| ICD-10|| [[ICD|International Classification of Diseases]]-10th Revision
|-
| ICH || [[Intracerebral hemorrhage]]
|-
| ICP || [[Intracranial pressure]]
|-
| ICU || [[Intensive care unit]]
|-
| I&D || [[Incision and drainage]] (How to treat an abcess}
|-
| IDC || [[Dilated cardiomyopathy|Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]]
|-
| IDC || [[catheter|Indwelling catheter]]
|-
| IDDM || [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus]]
|-
| IDL || [[Intermediate density lipoprotein]]
|-
| IFG || [[Impaired fasting glycaemia]]
|-
| Ig || [[Immunoglobulin]]
|-
| IGT || [[Impaired glucose tolerance]]
|-
| IHD || [[Ischaemic heart disease]]
|-
| i.m. || [[intramuscular]]
|-
| IMB || InterMenstrual Bleed (bleeding between periods)
|-
| IMI || [[Intramuscular injection]]
|-
| INF || [[Interferon]]
|-
| INR || [[International normalized ratio]]
|-
| I&O || [[inputs and outputs]]
|-
| IOL || [[Induction of labor]]
|-
| IOL || [[Intraocular lens]]
|-
| IOP || [[Intraocular pressure]]
|-
| IP || [[Interphalangeal joints|Interphalangeal joint]]
|-
| IPPV || [[Intermittent positive pressure ventilation]]
|-
| IQ || [[Intelligence Quotient]]
|-
| ISA || [[Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity]]
|-
| ISDN || [[Isosorbide dinitrate]]
|-
| ISH || [[Isolated systolic hypertension]]
|-
| ISMN || [[Isosorbide mononitrate]]
|-
| i.s.q.|| no change (''from [[Latin]], in status quo'')
|-
| IT || [[Intrathecal]]
|-
| ITP || [[Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
| ITU || [[Intensive care medicine|Intensive Treatment Unit]] (or Intensive Therapy Unit)
|-
| IUCD || [[intrauterine device|intrauterine contraceptive device]]
|-
| IU || [[International units]]
|-
| IUD || [[Stillbirth|Intrauterine Death]]
|-
| IUD || [[intrauterine device]]
|-
| IUI || [[Intrauterine insemination]]
|-
| IUS || [[intrauterine system]]
|-
| i.v. || [[Intravenous]]
|-
| IV-DSA|| [[Angiography|Intravenous digital subtraction angiography]]
|-
| IVDU || [[drug abuse|Intravenous drug user]]
|-
| IVF || [[In vitro fertilization]]
|-
| IVP || [[Intravenous pyelogram]]
|-
| IVU || [[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous urogram]]
|}


==J==
===Hatha Yoga Pradipika===
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
{{Main|Hatha yoga}}
| style="width: 6em;" | JMS || "Junior Medical Student" AKA "MS-3" Also see "TOBASH"
Hatha Yoga is a particular system of Yoga introduced by [[Yogi Swatmarama]], a yogic sage of the 15th century in India, and compiler of the [[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]]. Hatha Yoga is a development of - but also differs substantially from - the [[Raja Yoga]] of Patanjali, in that it focuses on ''[[shatkarma]]'', the purification of the physical as leading to the purification of the mind (''ha'') and ''[[prana]]'', or vital energy (''tha''). In contrast, the Raja Yoga posited by Patanjali begins with a purification of the mind (''yamas'') and spirit (''niyamas''), then comes to the body via ''[[asana]]'' (body postures) and ''[[pranayama]]'' (breath). Hatha yoga contains substantial [[tantric]] influence, and marks the first point at which [[chakras]] and [[kundalini]] were introduced into the yogic canon. Compared to the seated asanas of Patanjali's Raja yoga which were seen largely as a means of preparing for meditation, it also marks the development of asanas as full body 'postures' in the modern sense.
|-
| JVD || [[Jugular vein]] distension
|}


==K==
Hatha Yoga in its many modern variations is the style that most people actually associate with the word "Yoga" today. <ref>Feuerstein, Georg. (1996). ''The Shambhala Guide to Yoga''. Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, Inc.</ref> Because its emphasis is on the body through [[asana]] and [[pranayama]] practice, many western students are satisfied with the physical health and vitality it develops and are not interested in the other six limbs of the complete Hatha yoga teaching, or with the even older Raja Yoga tradition it is based on.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | K || [[Potassium]] (in German, ''Kalium'')
|-
| Kcal || [[Kilocalorie]], [[Calorie]]
|-
| kg || [[Kilogram]]
|-
| KIV || [[Keep in view]]
|-
| KUB || [[kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray)]]
|}


===Other Works===
==L==
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
The sage Sri Nathamuni supposedly composed the ''Yoga-Rahasya'' in the 9th or 10th century CE, although no copies of this work are known to exist. [[Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya]] claimed to have received knowledge of this text in a vision. Krishnamacharya is also responsible for the only known translation of the ''Yogayajnavalikya Samhita'', a dialogue between the great sage Yajnavalkya and his learned wife Gargi. Like the ''Gheranda Samhita'' and the ''Hatha Yoga Pradipika'', the Yogayajnavalikya Samhita is generally considered a tantric yoga work.
| style="width: 6em;" | L || [[Leukocyte]]s
|-
| LAD || [[Left coronary artery|Left Anterior Descending]] [[Coronary circulation|coronary artery]]
|-
| LAP || [[Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase]]
|-
| LAR || [[Low Anterior Resection]]
|-
| LAS || [[Lymphadenopathy syndrome]]
|-
| LBBB || [[Left bundle branch block]]
|-
| LCM || [[Lymphocytic meningitis]]
|-
| LDH || [[Lactate dehydrogenase]]
|-
| LDL || [[Low density lipoprotein]]
|-
| LDL-C|| [[Low density lipoprotein|Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol]]
|-
| L-DOPA|| [[L-DOPA|DihydrOxyPhenylAlanine]]
|-
| LES || [[Lower esophageal sphincter]]
|-
| LES || [[Lupus Erythematosus|Lupus erythematosus systemicus]]
|-
| LE || [[Lupus erythematosus]] (in German ''Lupus erythematodes'')
|-
| leu || [[Leukocyte]]s
|-
| LFT || [[Liver function test]]
|-
| LGL || [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
|-
| LGM || [[Lymphogranulomatosis maligna]]
|-
| LGV || [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]
|-
| LH || [[Luteinizing hormone]]
|-
| LIH || left [[inguinal hernia]]
|-
| LLL || left lower lobe
|-
| LLQ || [[Abdominal pain#Introduction|left lower quadrant]]
|-
| LM || Left Main
|-
| LMP || Last Menstrual period (prior to pregnancy and in woman with regular 28 day cycle taken as 0/40 weeks of pregnancy)
|-
| LORTA|| Loss Of Resistance To Air (in anesthesiology; when placing epidural, LORTA indicates entrance of needle to epidural space)
|-
| LOS || [[Length of stay]]
|-
| Lp || [[Lipoprotein]]
|-
| LP || [[Lumbar puncture]]
|-
| LPL || [[Lipoprotein lipase]]
|-
| LUL || Left upper lobe
|-
| LUQ || [[Abdominal pain#Introduction|Left upper quadrant]]
|-
| LVEDP|| [[Left ventricular end diastolic pressure]]
|-
| LVEF || [[Left ventricular ejection fraction]]
|-
| LVF || [[Left ventricular failure]]
|-
| LVH || [[Left ventricular hypertrophy]]
|-
| LV || [[Left ventricle]]
|-
| LVOT || [[Left Ventricular Outflow Track]]
|-
| Ly || [[Lymphocytes]]
|-
| lytes|| [[electrolytes]]
|}


==Yoga Philosophy==
==M==
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
[[Image:Sivakempfort.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A large statue in [[Bangalore]] depicting [[Lord Shiva]] meditating.]]
| style="width: 6em;" | MAO-I|| [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]
Yoga has been called a [[science]] or [[technology]] of liberation. This is because, unlike purely theoretical philosophies, yoga seeks to provide the student with a '''practical path''' (or indeed many possible paths) towards the common goal of liberation. As explained above, Yoga is a diverse tradition, which makes it quite difficult to provide a concise summary of the philosophy. One approach is to consider common elements that are found in all (or nearly all) branches of the tradition.
|-
| MARSA|| [[Methicillin and aminoglycoside resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]
|-
| MAS || [[Morgani-Adams-Stokes]]
|-
| MC || [[Metacarpus|Metacarpal]] bone
|-
| MCP || [[Metacarpophalangeal joint]]
|-
| MCHC || [[Mean cell hemoglobin concentration]]
|-
| MCH || [[Mean cell hemoglobin]]
|-
| MC&S || Microscopy, Culture & Sensitivity, the investigation steps in processing microbiology samples
|-
| MCV || [[Mean cell volume]]
|-
| MDS || [[Myelodysplastic syndrome]]
|-
| Mg || [[Magnesium]]
|-
| MgSO4|| [[Magnesium]] or Magnesium Sulfate
|-
| MGUS || [[Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance]] (unknown or uncertain may be substituted for undetermined)
|-
| MI || [[Myocardial infarction]]
|-
| MIC || [[Morbus Ischaemicus Cordis]]
|-
| MIC || [[Minimal inhibitory concentration]]
|-
| MLA || [[Myelosis Leucemica Acuta]]
|-
| MM || [[Myeloma multiplex]]
|-
| mod || [[Moderate]]
|-
| MODY || [[Maturity onset diabetes of the young]]
|-
| Mo || [[Monocytes]]
|-
| MOM || [[Milk of magnesia]]
|-
|[[MOPP]]|| [[Mechlorethamine]], [[Vincristine]], [[Procarbazine]], and [[Prednisone]] in combination, older treatment for [[Hodgkins lymphoma]].
|-
| MPV || [[Mean platelet volume]]
|-
| MRA || [[Magnetic resonance]] angiogram or angiogrphy
|-
| MRI || [[Magnetic resonance imaging]]
|-
| MR || [[Mitral regurgitation]]
|-
| MR || [[Modified release]]
|-
| MRSA || [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]]
|-
| MS || [[Mitral stenosis]]
|-
| MS || [[Multiple sclerosis]]
|-
| MS || [[Medical student]] MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, MS-4 respectively
|-
| MSH || [[Melanocyte stimulating hormone]]
|-
| MSO4 || [[Morphine]] or Morphine Sulfate
|-
| MSU || Mid Stream Urine sample (used in testing for preence of urine infections)
|-
| MT || [[Metacarpus|Metatarsal]] bone
|-
| MTP || [[Metatarsophalangeal articulations|Metatarsalphalangeal joint]]
|-
| MTX || [[Methotrexate]]
|-
| MVP || [[Mitral valve prolapse]]
|-
| MVPS || [[Mitral valve prolapse syndrome]]
|}


==N==
Within othodox Hindu philosophy there are six schools (astika) that recognise [[Vedic]] authority, of which Yoga is one. These schools are traditionally placed into three complimentary pairs - Yoga being paired with '''[[Samkhya]]''', which is the oldest of the orthodox philosophical systems in Hinduism. The Samkhya school has deeply influenced the Hindu Yoga school of philosophy. Samkhya philosophy regards the universe as consisting of two eternal realities: [[Purusha]] and [[Prakrti]]; it is therefore a strongly dualist and enumerationist philosophy. The Purusha is the centre of consciousness, whereas the Prakriti is the source of all material existence. Sage Kapila is traditionally considered to be the founder of the Samkhya school, although no historical verification is possible. The definitive text of classical Samkhya is the extant Samkhya Karika, written by Ishvara Krishna, circa 200 CE.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | Na || [[Sodium]] (in German ''Natrium'')
|-
| NAD || No Abnormality Detected, i.e. the absence of abnormal [[Medical sign|signs]] on [[Physical examination|examination]]
|-
| NAD || [[Wellness|No apparent distress]].<!-- is not this final meaning one of the jokes from|| [[The House of God]] ? -- Drp sez: Yes The Classic Physicial exam begins "LOL in NAD".-->
|-
| NE || [[Norepinephrine]]
|-
| Ne || [[Neutrophil granulocyte]]s
|-
| Neo || [[Neoplasm]]
|-
| NGU || [[Non-gonococcal urethritis]]
|-
| NHL || [[Non Hodgkin Lymphoma]]
|-
| NIDDM|| [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus]]
|-
| NK || [[Natural killer cell]]s
|-
| NKA || no known [[allergy|allergies]]
|-
| NKDA || no known drug [[allergy|allergies]]. This abbreviation is also used in the [[military of the United States]] and may be printed on [[dog tags]] or a uniform.
|-
| NMR || [[Nuclear magnetic resonance]]
|-
| NNH || [[Number needed to harm]]
|-
| NNT || [[Number needed to treat]]
|-
| NO || [[Nitric oxide]]
|-
| NOF || Neck of Femur Fracture (refers to [[Hip fracture]])
|-
| NOS || [[Nitric oxide synthase]]
|-
| Npl || [[Neoplasm]]
|-
| NPO || [[nil per os]] (nothing by mouth)
|-
| NREM || [[Rapid eye movement|non-Rapid Eye Movement]]
|-
| n.s. || not significant
|-
| NSAID|| [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug|Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug]]
|-
| NSE || [[Neurospecific enolase]]
|-
| NSR || [[Electrical conduction system of the heart|normal sinus rhythm]]
|-
| NSU || [[Non-specific urethritis]]
|-
| NTG || [[Nitroglycerin]]
|-
| N&V || [[nausea]] & [[vomiting]]
|-
| NVD || [[nausea]], [[vomiting]] & [[diarrhea]]
|-
| NVD || Normal Vaginal Delivery
|}


==O==
Returning to the practical side, the first step for any potential student (''shishya'' or ''chela'') of yoga is to find a suitable teacher. Traditionally, this relationship would be with a '''[[guru]]''' - who is seen as an embodiment of the Divine - and would involve a relatively full-time committment to study, often involving manual service to the guru as a form of payment for instruction. A guru may also found an [[ashram]] or order of [[monks]]. Many gurus write modern translations and elucidations of classical texts, explaining how their particular teachings should be followed. In practice, the modern western student is much more likely to attend a local yoga course and receive instruction from a teacher who are themselves practicing the style of a particular school founded by a guru. It is often a mark of accomplishment and authenticity if a yoga teacher can demonstrate their close link to a guru with a strong lineage.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | O<sub>2</sub> || [[Oxygen]]
|-
| OA || [[osteoarthritis]]
|-
| OB-GYN|| [[Obstetrics]] and [[gynecology]]
|-
| OCD || [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]
|-
| OD || right [[eye]] ''from [[Latin]], oculus dexter''
|-
| OD || [[overdose]]
|-
| od || every day, usually regarded as once daily, from the [[Latin]], ''omni die''. Generally written in lower case.
|-
| O/E || [[Physical examination|on examination]]
|-
| OGTT || [[Oral glucose tolerance test]]
|-
| om || every morning, from the [[Latin]], ''omni mane''. Generally written in lower case.
|-
| on || every night, from the [[Latin]], ''omni nocte''. Generally written in lower case.
|-
| OP || [[Hospital#Terminology|outpatient department]]
|-
| OS || left eye ''from [[Latin]], oculus sinister''
|-
| OS || [[Orthopedic surgery]]
|-
| OSA || Obstructive Sleep Apnea
|-
| OSH || outside hospital
|-
| OTC || Over the counter
|-
| OTD || Out the Door (discharged)
|-
| OU || Both eyes, from [[Latin]], ''oculi uterque''
|}


==P==
In all braches of yoga, the ultimate goal is the attainment of '''liberation''' from worldly suffering and the cycle of birth and death (''[[Samsara]]''). Yoga entails mastery over the body, mind, and emotional self, and transcendence of desire. It is said to lead gradually to knowledge of the true nature of reality. The [[Yogi]] reaches the enlightened state (''[[Moksha]]'') where there is a cessation of thought and an experience of blissful union. This union may be of the individual soul (''[[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]'') with the supreme Reality (''[[Brahman]]''), as in [[Vedanta]] philosophy; or with a specific god or goddess, as in theistic forms of [[Hinduism]] and some forms of [[Buddhism]]. Enlightenment may also be described as cessation of mental fluctuations (''citta-nirodha'') accompanied by extinction of the limited [[ego]], and direct and lasting perception of the non-dual nature of the [[universe]].
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | P || [[Parturition]] (total number of live births)
|-
| P || [[Phosphorus]]
|-
| P || [[Pulse]]
|-
| PA || [[terms for anatomical location|posterior-anterior]]
|-
| PA || [[Pulmonary artery]]
|-
| PAF || [[Platelet activating factor]]
|-
| PAF || [[Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation]] (meaning intermittent AF)
|-
| PAH || [[Pulmonary hypertension|Pulmonary arterial hypertension]]
|-
| PAI-1|| [[Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1]]
|-
| PAO || [[Peak Acid Output]]
|-
| PAP || [[Papanicolaou]] stain
|-
| Pap || [[Papanicolaou Test]] (pap smear)
|-
| PAT || [[Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia]]
|-
| p.c. || After food, ''from [[Latin]], post cibum''
|-
| PCOS || [[Polycystic ovarian syndrome]]
|-
| PCP || [[Pneumocystis pneumonia]] (formerly Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
|-
| PCP || [[Primary care physician|Primary Care Physician]]/[[Primary care provider|Primary Care Provider]]
|-
| PCR || [[Polymerase chain reaction]]
|-
| PDA || [[Patent ductus arteriosus]]
|-
| PDE || [[Phosphodiesterase]]
|-
| PDT || [[Photodynamic Therapy]]
|-
| PEEP || [[Positive end expiratory pressure]]
|-
| PEF || [[Peak expiratory flow]]
|-
| PEFR || [[Peak expiratory flow rate]]
|-
| PERLA|| Pupils Equal and Reactive to Light and Accommodation
|-
| PET || [[Positron-emission tomography]]
|-
| PFO || [[Patent foramen ovale]]
|-
| PID || [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]]
|-
| PIH || [[Pregnancy induced hypertension]]
|-
| PIP || [[Interphalangeal joints|Proximal interphalangeal joint]]
|-
| PKA || [[Protein kinase A]]
|-
| PKD || [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
|-
| PKU || [[Phenylketonuria]]
|-
| PLT || [[platelet]]s
|-
| PMB || [[Post-menopausal bleeding]] (bleeding after menopause)
|-
| PMH || [past medical history] or [[Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
|-
| PMR || [[Percutaneous Myocardial Revascularisation]]
|-
| PMR || [[Polymyalgia Rheumatica]]
|-
| p.o. || By mouth (orally), ''from [[Latin]], per os''
|-
| POX || [[Peroxidase]]
|-
| PPH || [[Obstetrical hemorrhage|Post partum haemorrhage]]
|-
| PPTL || Post-Partum Tubal Ligation
|-
| p.r. || per rectum (as noun: [[rectal examination]])
|-
| PRA || [[Plasma renin activity]]
|-
| PRIND|| [[Prolonged Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit]]
|-
| prn || as necessary, ''from [[Latin]], pro re nata'' (if used in chronic pain control disparagingly termed "pain relief nil")
|-
| PROM || Premature Rupture of Membranes
|-
| PRP || PanRetinal Photocoagulation
|-
| PSA || [[Prostatic specific antigen]]
|-
| PSP || [[Phenylsulphtalein]]
|-
| PTM || Pulmonary [[Tuberculosis]]
|-
| Pt. || [[Patient]], ''from [[Latin]] patiens, meaning "one who endures" or "one who suffers"''
|-
| PTA || [[Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty]]
|-
| PTCA || [[Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty]]
|-
| PT || [[Prothrombin time]]
|-
| PTH || [[Parathyroid hormone]]
|-
| PTx || [[Pneumothorax]]
|-
| PTT || [[Partial thromboplastin time]]
|-
| PUD || [[peptic ulcer disease]]
|-
| PUVA || Psoralen UV A
|-
| p.v. || per vagina (as noun: vaginal examination with manual examination and [[Speculum (medical)|speculum]] inspection)
|-
| PVD || [[peripheral vascular disease]]
|-
| PVR || [[Pulmonary vascular resistance]]
|-
| PWP || [[Pulmonary Wedge Pressure]]
|-
| Px, px|| [[physical examination]]
|-
| Px || [[Prognosis]]
|}


==Q==
[[Image:Yogidoingyoga.jpg|right|thumb|250px|In Hinduism, Yoga is described as the ultimate way to attain God.]]
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
Common to most forms of yoga is the practice of concentration (''dharana'') and [[meditation]] (''dhyana''). ''Dharana'', according to [[Patanjali|Patanjali's]] definition, is the "binding of consciousness to a single point." The awareness is concentrated on a fine point of sensation (such as that of the breath entering and leaving the nostrils). Sustained single-pointed concentration gradually leads to meditation (''dhyana''), in which the inner faculties are able to expand and merge with something vast. Meditators sometimes report feelings of peace, joy, and oneness.
| style="width: 6em;" | q || each, every, {''from [[Latin]], quaque''}
|-
| q.AM || every AM, (''from [[Latin]], quaque ante meridiem'')
|-
| q.d. || each day, {''from [[Latin]], quaque die''}
|-
| q.d.s.|| four times each day, {''from [[Latin]], quater die sumendus''}
|-
| q.h. || each hour, {''from [[Latin]], quaque hora''}
|-
| q.i.d.|| four times each day, {''from [[Latin]], quater in die''}
|-
| q.o.d.|| every other day, (''from [[Latin]], quaque altera die'')
|}


==R==
The focus of '''meditation''' may differ from school to school, e.g. meditation on one of the ''[[chakra]]s'', such as the heart center (''[[anahata]]'') or the 'third eye' (''[[ajna]]''); or meditation on a particular deity, such as [[Krishna]]; or on a quality like [[peace]]. Non-dualist schools such as ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]'' may stress meditation on the Supreme with no form or qualities (''[[Nirguna Brahman]]''). This resembles Buddhist meditation on the Void.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | RA|| [[Refractory anaemia]]
|-
| RA || [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
|-
| RAI || [[Radioactive Iodine]]
|-
| RAPD || [[Relative afferent pupillary defect]]
|-
| RBBB || [[Right bundle branch block]]
|-
| RBC || [[Red blood cell]]s
|-
| RCA || [[Right coronary artery]]
|-
| RCT || [[Randomized controlled trial]]
|-
| REM || [[Rapid eye movement]]
|-
| RF || [[Rheumatoid factor]]
|-
| RFLP || [[Restriction fragment length polymorphism]]
|-
| RFT || [[Renal function test]]
|-
| Rh || [[Rhesus factor]]
|-
| RhF || [[Rheumatoid factor]]
|-
| RIA || [[Radioimmune assay]]
|-
| RIBA || [[Radioimmunoblotting assay]]
|-
| RIND || [[Reversible ischemic neurologic deficit]]
|-
| RLQ || [[Abdominal pain#Introduction|Right lower quadrant]]
|-
| RNA || [[Ribonucleic acid]]
|-
| RNV || [[Radionuclear Ventriculography]]
|-
| ROM || [[Range of motion]]
|-
| RR || Respiratory rate
|-
| ROS || Review of systems
|-
| RUQ || [[Right upper quadrant]]
|-
| RPR || [[Rapid Plasma Reagin test]]
|-
| RSV || [[Respiratory Syncytial Virus]]
|-
| RV || [[Residual volume]]
|-
| RV || [[Right ventricle]]
|-
| RVF || [[Right ventricle|Right ventricular failure]]
|-
| RVSP || [[Right ventricular systolic pressure]]
|-
| Rx || [[medical prescription]] or [[Prescription drug]]
|}


==S==
==Yoga and Other Traditions==
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
The goals of yoga are expressed differently in different traditions. In theistic [[Hinduism]], yoga may be seen as a set of practices intended to bring people closer to God - to help them achieve union with God. In [[Buddhism]], which does not postulate a creator-type god, yoga may help people deepen their [[wisdom]], [[compassion]], and [[insight]]. In Western nations, where there is a strong emphasis on [[individualism]], yoga practice may be an extension of the search for meaning in self, and integration of the different aspects of being. The terms [[Self-Realization]] and [[god-Realization]] are used interchangeably in Hindu yoga, with the underlying belief that the true nature of self, revealed through the practice of yoga, is of the same nature as God.
| style="width: 6em;" | <span style="text-decoration: overline">s</span> || (s with a bar over it) without ''from [[Middle English]] sans, borrowed from [[Old French]] sans''
|-
| SAH || [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
|-
| SARS || [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome]]
|-
| SBE || [[Subacute bacterial endocarditis]]
|-
| SBP || [[Systolic blood pressure]]
|-
| SBP || [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]]
|-
| s.c. || [[subcutaneous]] ''from [[Latin]], [[subcutis]]''
|-
| SCC || [[Squamous cell carciona]]
|-
| SCID || [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
|-
| SD || [[Standard deviation]]
|-
| SGA || [[Small for gestational age]]
|-
| SGOT || [[Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase]]
|-
| SGPT || [[Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase]]
|-
| SH || Social history (personal habits, living situation, job)
|-
| SHBG || [[Sex Hormone Binding Globuline]]
|-
| SHx || [[Surgical History]]
|-
| SI || [[International System of Units]]
|-
| SIADH|| [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone]]
|-
| SIDS || [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]]
|-
| SIMV || [[Synchronized Intermittent Mechanical Ventilation]]
|-
| SK || [[Streptokinase]]
|-
| SLE || [[Lupus Erythematosus|Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
|-
| SM || [[Multiple sclerosis]] ''from Latin, Sclerosis multiplex''
|-
| SMA || [[Sequential Multiple Analysis]]
|-
| SMA-7|| Serum Metabolic Assay
|-
| SMS ||Senior medical student
|-
| SNP || [[Sodium Nitroprusside]]
|-
| SOAP || [[SOAP note|Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan]] (How Doctors notes are organized)
|-
| SOB || [[Shortness of breath]]
|-
| SOS || [[SOS|Save Our Souls]], meaning "in case of emergency"
|-
| SP || Status post
|-
| SPET || [[Single photon emission tomography]]
|-
| SQ || Subcutaneous
|-
| SR || [[Slow Release]]
|-
| SROM || [[Spontaneous rupture of membranes]]
|-
| SSRI || [[Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]
|-
| SSSS || [[Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome]]
|-
| SSS || [[Sick sinus syndrome|Sick Sinus Syndrome]]
|-
| STD || [[Sexually transmitted disease]]
|-
| STH || [[Somatotropic hormone]]
|-
| STI || [[Sexually transmitted infection]]
|-
| STI || [[Soft tissue injury]]
|-
| Subq || Subcutaneous
|-
| SVD || Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery
|-
| SVI || [[Systemic Viral Infection]]
|-
| SVN || Small Volume Nebulizer
|-
| SVR || [[Systemic vascular resistance]]
|-
| SVT || [[Supraventricular tachycardia]]
|-
| Sx || Surgery or Symptoms
|-
| SXA || [[Single energy X-ray absorptiometer]]
|-
| SXR || [[skull x-ray]]
|}


==T==
For the average person still far from enlightenment, yoga can be a way of increasing one's spiritual awareness, or cultivating [[compassion]] and [[insight]]. While the [[history of yoga]] strongly connects it with [[Hinduism]], proponents claim that yoga is not a religion itself, but contains practical steps which can be found in the esoteric spiritual practices of all religions, as well as those who do not consider themselves religious.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | T&A || [[tonsillectomy]] with [[adenoidectomy]]
|-
| TAH || Total Abdominal [[Hysterectomy]]
|-
| TAH-BSO|| Total Abdominal [[Hysterectomy]] with Bilateral [[Salpingo-oophorectomy]]
|-
| TB || [[tuberculosis]]
|-
| TBC || [[tuberculosis]]
|-
| TBC || Total body crunch
|-
| Td || [[Tetanus]] and [[Diphtheria]]
|-
| TdP || [[Torsades de pointes]]
|-
| TBI || [[Total body irradiation]]
|-
| t.d.s.|| Three times a day, ''from [[Latin]], ter die sumendus''
|-
| TEE || [[Transesophageal echocardiogram]]
|-
| TENS || Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulaton
|-
| TERN || "Intern", also see TOBASH
|-
| TFTs || [[Thyroid function tests]]
|-
| TGA || [[Transposition of the great arteries]]
|-
| TG || [[Triglyceride]]s
|-
| Tg || [[Thyroglobulin]]
|-
| THR || [[Hip replacement|Total hip replacement]]
|-
| TIA || [[Transient ischemic attack]]
|-
| TIBC || [[Total iron binding capacity]]
|-
| t.i.d.|| Three times a day, ''from [[Latin]], ter in die''
|-
| TIPS || [[transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt]]
|-
| TKR || [[Knee replacement|Total knee replacement]]
|-
| TKVO || to keep vein open
|-
| TLC || [[Total lung capacity]]
|-
| TMB || "Too Many Birthdays" Very frail elderly patient
|-
| TMS || [[Tension myositis syndrome]]
|-
| TNF || [[Tumor necrosis factor]]
|-
| TNM || [[TNM|Tumor-Nodes-Metastases]]
|-
| TOE || [[Transoesophageal echocardiogram]]
|-
| TPa || [[Tissue plasminogen activator]]
|-
| TPN || [[Total parenteral nutrition]]
|-
| TS || [[Tricuspid regurgitation]]
|-
| TRF || Transfer (pronounced "turf")
|-
| TRF'd|| Transferred (Pronounced "turfed", as in "We just turfed Mrs Johnson OTD")
|-
| TRH || [[Thyrotropin-releasing hormone|Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone]]
|-
| TS || [[Tricuspid stenosis]]
|-
| TSH || [[Thyroid-stimulating hormone|Thyroid Stimulating Hormone]]
|-
| TT || [[thrombin time]]
|-
| TTE || [[Transthoracic echocardiogram]]
|-
| TTO || To Take Out (medicines given to patient on discharge from hospital stay)
|-
| TTP || [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
|-
| TTS || [[Transdermal therapeutic system]]
|-
| Tu || [[Tumor]]
|-
| TUR || [[Transurethral resection]]
|-
| TURBT|| Transurethral resection of bladder tumour
|-
| TURP || [[Transurethral resection of the prostate]]
|-
| Tx || [[Transplant]]
|-
| Tx || [[Therapy|treatment]]
|}


==U==
===Yoga and Buddhism===
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
It is quite likely that Buddha ([[Siddhartha Guatama]]), who is estimated to have lived 563 to 483 BC, actually studied what was known of yoga at that time as part of his extensive education on Hindu philosophy. It is also very likely, given the rapid growth of Buddhism after his death and before the Bhagavad Gita and Patanjali's Yoga Sutras were composed, that Buddhism had some influence on those works.
| style="width: 6em;" | UBT|| [[Urea Breath Test]]
|-
| U & E|| [[urea]] and [[electrolytes]] (sodium and potassium) blood test, often including|| [[creatinine]]
|-
| UC || [[Ulcerative colitis]]
|-
| UD || As Directed, from [[Latin]], ''Ut Dictum''
|-
| URI || [[Upper respiratory infection|Upper Respiratory Infection]]
|-
| URTI || [[Upper respiratory infection|Upper Respiratory Tract Infection]]
|-
| US || [[Ultrasound]]
|-
| USG || [[Ultrasonography]]
|-
| USR || Unheated Serum Reagin
|-
| USS || [[Ultrasound scan]]
|-
| UTI || [[Urinary Tract Infection]]
|-
| UVAL || [[Argon laser|Ultraviolet Argon Laser]]
|}


==V==
In either case, there is a considerable overlap between Yoga and Buddhism. Of particular interest is a comparison of the Buddhist [[eight-fold path]] and the eight limbs of Patanjali's Yoga. Their moral precepts (the ''sila'' of Buddhism, the ''yama'' and ''niyama'' of yoga) share the Hindu principle of non-violence (''ahimsa''); their final steps point towards a common goal - 6. Buddhist ''Samma Vayama'' (Effort) vs Yogic ''Dharana'' (Concentration), 7. Buddhist ''Samma Sati'' (Mindfulness) vs Yogic ''Dhyana'' (Meditation) and
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
8. Buddhist ''Samma Samadhi'' vs Yogic ''Samadhi''. An in relation to views of the Self, yoga's ''asmita-samapatti'' is designed to eradicate the wrong views on the Self much in the same way Buddha did it in ''Anatta-lakkhana-sutta''.
| style="width: 6em;" | VA|| [[visual acuity]]
|-
| VAD || vincristine adriblastine dexamethasone
|-
| VAMP || vincristine adriblastine methylprednisone
|-
| V-BAC|| Vaginal Birth After Caesarian
|-
| VC || [[Vital capacity]]
|-
| vCJD || [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease|Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease]]
|-
| VD || Vaginal Delivery
|-
| VDRL || [[VDRL|Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory]] (old test for syphilis}
|-
| VE || vaginal examination (manual examination)
|-
| VEB || Ventricular [[Cardiac ectopy|ectopic]] beat
|-
| VRE || [[Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci]]
|-
| VF || [[Ventricular fibrillation]]
|-
| VIP || [[Vasoactive intestinal peptide]]
|-
| VLDL || [[Very low density lipoprotein]]
|-
| VMA || [[Vanillylmandelic acid]]
|-
| VOD || [[Volume of distribution]]
|-
| VPA || [[Valproic acid]]
|-
| VSD || [[Ventricular septal defect]]
|-
| VT || [[Ventricular tachycardia]]
|}


==W==
The correlation between Yoga and Buddhism seems to be particularly strong in [[Tibetan Buddhism]], due to various historical events including the influence of Tantra on Tibetan traditions. For example, a system of 108 bodily postures practiced with breath and heart rhythm timing in movement exercises is known as [[Trul khor]] or union of moon and sun (channel) prajna energies, and the body postures of Tibetan ancient yogis are depicted on the walls of the Dalai Lama's summer temple of [[Lukhang]].
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | WAT|| [[White adipose tissue]]
|-
| WBC || [[White blood cell]]s
|-
| WDWN || [[Well developed, well Nourished]]
|-
| WNL || Within Normal Limits (Also: We Never Looked)
|-
| WPW || [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|-
| WWI || Walking While Intoxicated
|}


==X==
=== Yoga and Tantra ===
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
{{Main|Tantra}}
| style="width: 6em;" | x || times/for
Yoga is often mentioned in company with [[Tantra]], and it is true that these traditions have influenced one another over time. They are both families of spiritual texts, practices, and lineages with origins in the Indian subcontinent and both have been popularized in the West.
|}


==Y==
Tantra has roots in the first millennium, and incorporates [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]] worship. It focuses on the [[kundalini]], a three and a half-coiled 'snake' of spiritual energy at the base of the spine that rises through [[chakras]] until union ('samadhi') between Shiva and Shakti is ultimately achieved. These concepts were formally introduced into yoga with the [[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]], and because of the subsequent popularity of Hatha Yoga, many Hindu and western yoga teachers now accept these essentially tantric concepts within the yogic philosophy, and this is the most obvious major intersection between tantra and yoga today. The acceptance of tantric kundalini teachings into modern yoga was reinforced by the [[New Age]] movement which accompanied (and fed into) the rise of popularity of yoga in the West.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | YOYO || "You're on your own"
|}


==Z==
However, Tantra and Yoga have notable points of difference. Where body consciousness is seen as the root cause of bondage in Yoga, Tantra views the body as a means to understanding, rather than as an obstruction. As a result, in India particularly, Tantra often carries quite negative connotations involving sexual misbehavior and black magic, although it must be said most forms actually follow quite mainstream social mores and this is simply an expression of prejudice.
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1"
| style="width: 6em;" | ZIFT || [[Zygote intrafallopian transfer]]
|}


==Latin abbreviations==
The actual method of Tantra is quite different to traditional Raja Yoga. It emphasises [[mantra]] (Sanskrit prayers, often to gods, that are repeated), yantra (complex symbols representing gods in various forms through intricate geometric figures), and rituals that range from simple murti (statue representations of deities) or image worship to meditation on a corpse.
<font color="red">Some of the following list are considered non-standardized abbreviations because their meanings could be easily misunderstood.</font>


{|
== Yoga Therapy ==
|-

| '''Abbrev.''' || '''Meaning''' || '''[[Latin language|Latin]] origin'''
It has been proposed by [[T.K.V. Desikachar]], through his organisation the KYM [http://www.kym.org/therapy.html#1], that Yoga be integrated with other medical practices for the purpose of therapeutic healing. The KYM is currently running training courses for Yoga teachers to become Yoga therapists.
|-

| a.c. || Before food || ante cibum
It is not clear at this stage to what extent Yoga Therapy can be considered a unique practice, or where it is merely a mixture of traditional [[Ashtanga]] yoga with [[Ayurvedic]] medicine.
|-

| a.d. || Right ear || auris dexter
==Notable Yogis==
|-
{{main|Yogi|List of yoga schools}}
| ad. || Freely as wanted || ad libitum
[[Image:ramakrishna.jpg|thumb|right|Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836-1886)]]
|-
Centuries ago, such individuals included '''[[Mirabai]]''' from the Bhakti tradition, '''[[Adi Shankara|Shankaracharya]]''' from the Jnana Yoga tradition, and '''[[Patanjali]]''', who formalized the system of Raja Yoga.
| a.l. || Left ear || aurix laevus

|-
'''[[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]]''' (1836-1886), a Bhakti Yogi, brought about a rebirth of yoga in India. A devotee of Mother [[Kali]] and a teacher of [[Advaita Vedanta]], he preached that "all religions lead to the same goal."
| alt. die|| Every other day || alternus die

|-
'''[[Swami Vivekananda]]''' (1863-1902), Ramakrishna's disciple, is well known for introducing Yoga philosophy to many in the west, as well as reinvigorating Hinduism in a modern setting during India's freedom struggle.
| alt. h. || Every other hour || alternus horis

|-
'''[[Sri Aurobindo]]''' (1872-1950) translated and interpreted Yogic scriptures, such as the [[Upanishads]] and Bhagavad-Gita. His epic poem ''Savitri'' is a treasure of Hindu Yogic literature, among the longest poems ever written in English. He also founded an Ashram in [[Pondicherry]], which continues to propagate the practice of [[Integral Yoga]], which is Aurobindo's synthesis of the four main Yogas (Karma, Jnana, Bhakti and Raja).
| a.m. || Morning || ante meridiem

|-
'''[[Swami Sivananda]]''' (1887-1963), founder of the [[Divine Life Society]] lived most of his life in Rishikesh, India. He wrote an impressive 300 books on various aspects of Yoga, religions, philosophy, spirituality, Hinduism, moral ethics, hygiene and health. He was a pioneering Yogi in bringing Yoga to the west and throughout the world. He was clear, simple and precise in all his teachings. His motto being: "Serve. Love. Give. Meditate. Purify. Realise."
| a.n. || Before the night || ante noctum

|-
'''[[Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya]]''' (1888-1989), taught at [[Mysore Palace]] from 1924 until his death in 1989. He can be considered the father of modern yoga, inasmuch as he catalysed its popularity. As much for his many accomplishments, he is known as the teacher of four of the most influential yogi gurus who have subsequently spread yoga knowledge throughout the world: '''[[Sri K. Pattabhi Jois]]''' (1915-present), '''[[B.K.S. Iyengar]]''' (1918-present), '''[[Indra Devi]]''' (1899-2002) and his own son '''[[T.K.V. Desikachar]]'''. See [[Krishnamacharya's yoga]].
| aq. || Water || aqua

|-
'''[[Yogiraj Swami Bua]]''' (1888?-Present), founded the Indo-American Yoga Vedanta Society in 1969. He received the titles of "Yogiraj" and "Maharaja of Hatha Yoga" from Swami Sivananda. He is maybe the only Yogi who can still perform Khechari Mudra (Tongue Lock). His actual age is unverified: although he is almost certainly over 100 years of age, it is unclear is he is 116 as his devotees claim.
| a.s. || Left ear || auris sinister

|-
'''[[Paramahansa Yogananda]]''' (1893-1952), a practitioner of [[Kriya Yoga]], taught Yoga as the binding force that reconciled [[Hinduism]] and [[Christianity]]. Yogananda founded the [[Self-Realization Fellowship]] in [[Los Angeles]], in [[1925]]. His book ''[[wikisource:Autobiography of a Yogi|Autobiography of a Yogi]]'' continues to be one of the best-selling books on yoga.
| a.u. || Each ear || auris utro

|-
'''[[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]]''' (1896-1977) popularised [[Bhakti]] Yoga in many countries through his movement, the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]], (popularly known as the [[Hare Krishna]] movement) which he founded in [[1966]]. His followers, known for enthusiastic chanting in public places, brought Bhakti Yoga to the attention of many westerners.
| aurist. || Ear drops || auristillae

|-
'''[[Gopi Krishna]]''' (1903-1984) was a Kashmiri office worker and spiritual seeker who wrote best-selling autobiographical<ref>http://www.gopikrishna.mystics.co.uk</ref> accounts of his spiritual experiences. He wrote frequently about the nature of [[kundalini]] and was important in introducing this concept to a wider western audience.
| b.d. or bd || Twice a day || bis die

|-
'''[[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]]''' (1917-present) is the founder of the [[Transcendental Meditation]] movement, which came to great public knowledge when the [[Beatles]] studied it for a short time in the mid-1960s, and still has many followers today. Although not a traditional yoga, it is clearly following that tradition and its goals.
| b.i.d. or bid || Twice a day || bis in die

|-
'''[[Swami Vishnu-devananda]]''' (1927-1993) Founder of the [[International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centers]], [[Swami Vishnu-devananda]], was a world authority on [[Hatha Yoga]] and [[Raja Yoga]]. He originated the [[Sivananda Yoga Teacher Training Course]] in 1969 - a certification now common in Yoga practice in the West. Swamiji was also known as the "Flying Swami" for the different peace missions he accomplished around the world.
| gtt. || Drop || gutta

|-
'''[[P.R. Sarkar]]''' also known as Baba (1921-1990), founded the socio-spiritual organization [[Ananda Marga]] (''the path of bliss'') in [[1955]]. Based on [[tantra|tantric yoga]], his teaching emphasizes social service in the context of a political, economic and cultural theory; or "self-realization and service to all."
| h. || Hour || hora

|-
'''[[Swami Ramdev]]''' (?-present) is the founder of the [[Yoga Pranayama]] movement in India and abroad. Yoga Pranayama Cures 140 so called incurable Diseases - Swami Ramdev Ji on Indian & International TV Channels. Pranayama (Rhythmic control of breath) is the biggest medicine of this world. Divine powers to cure any disease are awakened within you by Pranayama. Creating a "Disease Free Society - Medicines Free World". Swami Ramdev Ji has been daily declaring on Indian & International TV Channels, since the year 2002 that Patients of so called incurable diseases; should immediately start doing Yoga Pranayama (Rhythmic control of breath) for cure without medicines.
| h.s. || At bedtime || hora somni
|-
| i.d. || during the day ||
|-
| i.d. || the same || idem
|-
| I.D. || Infectious Disease ||
|-
| i.d. || intradermal, between layers of the skin ||
|-
| mane || In the morning || mane
|-
| narist. || Nasal drops || naristillae
|-
| Nocte || At night || nocte
|-
| o.c. || Eye ointment || oculentum
|-
| o.d. or od || Daily || omni die
|-
| o.d. || Right eye || oculus dexter
|-
| o.l. || Left eye || oculus laevus
|-
| o.m. || In the morning || omni mane
|-
| o.n. || At night || omni nocte
|-
| o.s. || Left eye || oculus sinister
|-
| o.u. || Each eye || oculus utro
|-
| p.c. || After food || post cibum
|-
| p.m. || Afternoon || post meridiem
|-
| p.o. or po || Orally || per os
|-
| p.r. || Rectally || per rectum
|-
| p.r.n. || As occasion requires (as needed) || pro re nata
|-
| p.v. || Vaginally || per vaginum
|-
| q. || every || quaque
|-
| q.2.h. || Every two hours || quaque 2 hora
|-
| q.4.h. || Every four hours || quaque 4 hora
|-
| q.6.h. || Every six hours || quaque 6 hora
|-
| q.8.h. || Every eight hours || quaque 8 hora
|-
| q.d. or qd || Every day || quaque die
|-
| q.d.s. || Four times a day || quater die sumendus
|-
| q.h. || Every hour, hourly || quaque hora
|-
| q.i.d. or qid || Four times a day || quater in die
|-
| q.q.h. || Every four hours || quarta quaque hora
|-
| q.s. || A sufficient quantity || quantum sufficiat
|-
| s.i.d. or sid || Once a day || semel in die
|-
| Sig. or S. || Write on the label || signa
|-
| SL. || [[Sublingual]], under the tongue || sub linguam
|-
| Stat. || Immediately, with no delay || statim
|-
| t.d.s. || Three times a day || ter die sumendus
|-
| t.i.d. or tid || Three times a day || ter in die
|-
| top. || Topically, applied to the skin
|-
| ut dict. or u.d. || As directed || ut dictum
|-
| ung. || Ointment || unguentum
|-
|}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Acronym]]
===Related topics===
*[[List of abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel]]
{{col-begin}}
*[[Medical Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms]]
{{col-4}}
* [[Chakra]]
*[[Medical dictionary]]
* [[Five Tibetan Rites]]
* [[Hesychasm]]
* [[Hindu Philosophy]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Hindu idealism]]
* [[Kundalini]]
* [[Meditation]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Prana]]
* [[Self-realization]]
* [[Trul khor|Trul khor (Yantra Yoga)]]
* [[Tummo]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Yogi]]
* [[Yogini]]
{{col-end}}
*[[Spirituality]]
* [[Pranayama]]

===Orthodox Yoga===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
* [[Anahata Yoga]]
* [[Anusara Yoga]]
* [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga]]
* [[Bharat Yoga]]
* [[Hatha Yoga]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Integral Yoga]]
* [[Iyengar Yoga]]
* [[Kripalu]]
* [[Krishnamacharya's yoga]]
* [[Kriya yoga]]
{{col-break}}
* [[List of Hatha Yoga Postures]]
* [[Pranava Yoga]]
* [[Raja Yoga]]
* [[Sahaja Yoga]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Seven stages (Yogi)|Seven stages]]
* [[Sivananda Yoga]]
{{col-end}}

===Unorthodox and Contemporary Yoga===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
* [[Ananda Marga]]
* [[Bikram Yoga]]
* [[Chair Yoga]]
* [[Naked yoga]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Reiki Yoga]]
* [[Trul khor|Trul khor (Yantra Yoga)]]
* [[Yoga Chi Gung]]
{{col-break}}
* [[Yoga as exercise]]
* [[Yoga piracy]]
* [[Yoga (alternative medicine)]]
* [[Yoga Pranayama (Swami Ramdev)]]
{{col-end}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.journalofyoga.org JOY: The Journal of Yoga] Online journal dedicated to yogic philosophy and spirituality
*[http://www.yogajournal.com/history/vedas1.html A History of Yoga] Detailed history
*[http://www.abc-of-yoga.com/ ABC of Yoga] A comprehensive general site
*[http://www.yogabasics.com/ Yoga Basics] General site
*[http://www.santosha.com/ Santosha] General site
*[http://www.yogacards.com/ Yoga Cards] Information, pictures of asanas
*[http://www.yogadarsana.org/ Yoga Darsana] Reference to history and theory
*[http://www.ishafoundation.org/ Isha Yoga] A Non-profit Organization - Isha Foundation
*[http://www.yogapranayama.com/index.htm Yoga Pranayama] Website on Yoga Pranaya of Swami Ramdev

== References ==
* Donatelle, Rebecca J. Health: The Basics. 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. 2005.
* Feuerstein, Georg. The Shambhala Guide to Yoga. 1st ed. Boston & London: Shambhala Publications 1996.
* Saraswati, swami satyananda (November 2002 (12th edition))"Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha" ISBN 81-86336-14-1
* [[Dharma Mittra|Mittra, Dharma Sri.]] Asanas: 608 Yoga Poses. 1st ed. California: New World Library 2003.
* Usharabudh, Arya Pandit. Philosophy of Hatha Yoga. 2nd ed. Pennsylvania: Himalayan Institute Press 1977, 1985.
</div>

{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Yoga}}


== External links ==
<!-- [[Category:Philosophy]] Too general -->
* [http://www.kmle.com Medical abbreviations on KMLE Medical dictionary]
* [http://www.pharma-lexicon.com/ Medical abbreviations on mediLexicon]


[[Category:1990s fads]]
[[Category:Medical terms|*]]
[[Category:2000s fads]]
[[Category:Medical lists|Abbreviations]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Lists of abbreviations|Medical abbreviations]]
[[Category:Mind-body interventions]]
[[Category:Sanskrit terms]]
[[Category:Yoga|*]]


[[de:Medizinische Abkürzungen]]
[[ar:يوغا]]
[[es:Lista de acrónimos en Medicina]]
[[ca:Ioga]]
[[fr:Abréviations en médecine]]
[[cs:Jóga]]
[[gl:Lista de acrónimos en Medicina]]
[[da:Yoga]]
[[de:Yoga]]
[[el:Γιόγκα]]
[[es:Yoga]]
[[eo:Jogo]]
[[fr:Yoga]]
[[gl:Ioga]]
[[hi:योग]]
[[id:Yoga]]
[[ia:Yoga]]
[[it:Yoga]]
[[he:יוגה]]
[[lv:Joga]]
[[lt:Joga]]
[[hu:Jóga]]
[[nl:Yoga]]
[[ja:ヨーガ]]
[[no:Yoga]]
[[pl:Joga]]
[[pt:Ioga]]
[[ro:Yoga]]
[[ru:Йога]]
[[simple:Yoga]]
[[sk:Joga]]
[[sl:Joga]]
[[sr:joga]]
[[sv:Yoga]]
[[th:โยคะ]]
[[vi:Du-già]]
[[tr:Yoga]]
[[zh:瑜伽]]
[[fi:Jooga]]

Revision as of 02:56, 13 April 2007

This is a list of medical acronyms and abbreviations.

The US based Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requires its members to follow a "do not use list":[1]

Do Not Use Potential Problem Use Instead
Official "Do Not Use" List:
U (unit) Mistaken for “0” (zero), the number “4” (four) or “cc” "unit"
IU (International Unit) Mistaken for IV (intravenous) or the number 10 (ten) "International Unit"
Q.D., QD, q.d., qd (daily)
Q.O.D., QOD, q.o.d, qod (every other day)		 Mistaken for each other. Period after the Q mistaken for "I" and
the "O" mistaken for "I" (q.i.d. is four times a day dosing)		 "daily"
"every other day"
Trailing zero (X.0 mg)
Lack of leading zero (.X mg)		 Decimal point is missed X mg
0.X mg
MS Can mean morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate "morphine sulfate"
MSO4 and MgSO4 Confused for one another "magnesium sulfate"
For possible future inclusion in the Official List:
> (greater than)
< (less than)		 Misinterpreted as the number "7" (seven) or the letter "L".
Confused for one another		 "greater than"
"less than"
Abbreviations for drug names Misinterpreted due to similar abbreviations for multiple drugs Write drug names in full
Apothecary units Unfamiliar to many practitioners. Confused with metric units metric units
@ Mistaken for the number "2" (two) "at"
cc Mistaken for U (units) when poorly written "mL" or "milliliters"
µg Mistaken for mg (milligrams) resulting in one thousandfold overdose "mcg" or "micrograms"

0–9

Abbrv. Meaning
Δ Diagnosis
ΔΔ Differential diagnosis, i.e. the list of possible diagnoses
# Fracture
#NOF Fracture to the neck of the femur
Ψ Psychiatry
Σ Sigmoidoscopy
x/12 x number of months
x/40 x number of weeks of pregnancy
x/52 x number of weeks
x/7 x number of days
5-HT Serotonin, 5-Hydroxytryptamine

A

A&Ox3 Alert and Oriented to person, place, and time
A&Ox4 Alert and Oriented to person, place, time, and circumstances (often used interchangeably with A&Ox3)
AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm
AAT activity as tolerated
Ab Antibody
ABC aspiration biopsy cytology
ABCD "Asymmetry, borders, color, diameter" features on considering "is it a Melanoma"?
ABD or abd abdomen
ABG Arterial blood gases
ABMT Autologous bone marrow transplantation
ABPI Ankle brachial pressure index
ABVD doxorubicin bleomycin vinblastine dacarbazine First-line treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma.
ABX antibiotics
a.c. before food, from Latin, ante cibum
ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme
ACEI Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Ach Acetylcholine
ACL Anterior cruciate ligament
ACLS Advanced cardiac life support
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone
AD Alzheimer's Disease
ADA Adenosine deaminase
ADC AIDS dementia complex
ADD Attention Deficit Disorder
ADH Antidiuretic hormone
ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADL activities of daily living
ad lib as desired from Latin, ad libitum
adm admission
ADR Adverse drug reaction
AEM Ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring
AF atrial fibrillation
AF Amniotic fluid
AFB acid fast bacilli
AFO ankle-foot orthosis
AFP Alpha-fetoprotein
Ag Antigen
AHF Antihemophilic factor
AHG Antihemophilic globulin
AHH aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase
AI Artificial insemination
AI Aortic insufficiency
AICD Automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
AID Artificial insemination by donor
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIH artificial insemination by husband
AIIRB Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
aka also known as
AKA Above knee amputation
ALG Antilymphocytic globulin
ALL Acute lymphocytic leukemia
ALP Alkaline phosphatase
ALPS Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome
ALS Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
ALS Advanced Life Support
ALT Alanine transferase
AMA Anti-mitochondrial Antibodies
AMA Against Medical Advice
AMA Advanced Maternal Age (35 years or greater)
AMC Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
AMI Acute myocardial infarction
AML Acute myelocytic leukemia
AMP Adenosine monophosphate
AMS Acute mountain sickness
AMS atypical measles syndrome
ANA Anti-nuclear antibody
ANCA Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
ANF Atrial natriuretic factor
ANP Atrial natriuretic peptide
ANS Autonomic nervous system
ANUG Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
AP Alkaline phosphatase
APAP acetaminophen, paracetamol; from the chemical name N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
APD adult polycystic disease
APECED autoimmune polyendocrinopathy
APH Antepartum haemorrhage
APLS antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
APSAC Anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex
APS autoimmune polyglandular syndrome
aPTT Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
AR Aortic Regurgitation
ARB Angiotensin II receptor antagonist
ARC AIDS related complex
ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome
ARF Acute renal failure
Arg Arginine
ART antiretroviral therapy
ARM Artificial rupture of membranes
ASA Acetylsalicylic acid - commonly known as aspirin
AS Aortic stenosis
ASCAD arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease
ASD Atrial septal defect
ASGUS Atypical squamous glandular cells of undetermined significance
ASCUS Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance
ASL American sign language
ASO Antistreptolysin O
ASOT Antistreptolysin O titre
AST Aspartate transaminase
ASX Asymptomatic
ATCC American Type Culture Collection
ATG Antithymic globulin
AT-III Antithrombin III
ATP acute thrombocytopenic purpura
ATP adenosine triphosphate
ATP Anti-tachycardia pacing
AVM Arteriovenous malformation
AVR Aortic valve replacement
AZT azidothymidine

B

Ba Barium
BAL Bronchoalveolar lavage
BAL British anti-Lewisite
BAL Blood Alcohol Level
BAO Basic acid output
BAT Brown adipose tissue
BCG Bacille Calmette-Guerin (a tuberculosis vaccination)
BCX Blood culture
BBMF "Bone break, me fix" Orthopedic consent form
b.d. Twice daily, from Latin, bis die
b.i.d. Twice daily, from Latin, bis in die
BE Base excess
BIBA brought in by ambulance
BK Bacterium Koch
bl.cult Blood culture
bld Blood
BLS Basic Life Support
BMC Bone mass content
BMD Bone mineral density (also termed bone mass measurement)
BMI Body mass index
BMP Blood Metabolic Profile
BMR Basal metabolic rate
BMT Bone marrow transplantation
BNF British National Formulary
BNP Brain natriuretic peptide
BOI Born on island, ie. a local patient.
BOOP Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia
BP Blood pressure
BP Bipolar disorder
BPD Bi-Parietal Diameter
BPD Borderline personality disorder
BPH Benign prostatic hyperplasia
BPM Beats per minute
BPPV Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
BRAT Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, (dry) Toast: acronym for bland diet
BRATY Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, (dry) Toast, Yogurt: acronym for bland diet for children
BRP Bathroom Privileges
BRBPR Bright red blood per rectum
BS Breath or Bowel sounds on auscultation with stethoscope
BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
BSE Breast self-examination
BSP Bromsulphthalein
BUN Blood urea nitrogen
BV Bacterial vaginosis
Bx Biopsy

C

c (c with a bar over it) with, from Latin, cum
CABG Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery. Pronounced "Cabbage".
CAD Coronary artery disease
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CA Carcinoma
Ca Calcium
CADASIL Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy
CAH Chronic Active Hepatitis
CAH Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
CAT Computed axial tomography
CAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CBC Complete Blood Count
CC Cubic centimenter, or Chief Complaint
CCF Congestive cardiac failure
CCK Cholecystokinin
CEA Carcinoembryonic antigen
CF Cystic fibrosis
cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
ChE Cholinesterase
CHD Coronary heart disease
CHE Cholinesterase
CHF Congestive heart failure
CI Confidence interval
CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
CK Creatine kinase
CKD Chronic kidney disease
CLL Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML Chronic myelogenous leukemia also called Chronic myeloid leukaemia
CMML Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
CMS Chronic mountain sickness
CMV Cytomegalovirus
CNS Central nervous system
COAD Chronic obstructive airways disease
COLD Chronic obstructive lung disease
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CO Cardiac output
CO Carbon monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COX-1 Cyclooxygenase 1
COX-2 Cyclooxygenase 2
CP cerebral palsy
CPAP Continuous positive airway pressure
CPK Creatine phosphokinase
CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CREST Calcinosis Raynaud Esophagus Sclerosis Teleangiectasiae
CRF Chronic renal failure
CRF Corticotropin-releasing factor
CRH Corticotropin-releasing hormone
CRI Chronic renal insufficiency
CRP C-reactive protein
CR Complete remission
CS Caesarean section
CsA Ciclosporin A
CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
CT computed axial tomography
CTX ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic
CVA Cerebrovascular accident
CVC Central venous catheter
CVD Cardiovascular disease
CVP Central venous pressure
CVS Chorionic villus sampling
CVID Common variable immunodeficiency
Cx Microbiological culture
CXR Chest X-ray

D

DA Dopamine
DBP Diastolic blood pressure
D&C Dilatation and curettage
DCM Dilated cardiomyopathy
DDD Daily Defined Doses
DDx Differential diagnosis
DEXA Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
DHE Dihydoergotamine
DHEA-S Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate
DIB Dead in Bed
DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation
DIP Distal interphalangeal joint
DiPerTe Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus
DiTe Diphtheria Tetanus
DJD Degenerative Joint Disease
DKA Diabetic Keto Acidosis
DPT Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus
DM Diabetes Mellitus
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNI Do Not Intubate
DNR Do Not Resuscitate
DNAR Do Not Attempt Resusciatation
DOA Dead on arrival
DOE Dyspnea on exertion
DOSS Docusate sodium; from the chemical name dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
DT Diphtheria Tetanus
DTP Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis
DUB Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
DVT Deep vein thrombosis
Dx Diagnosis

E

E Erythrocytes
EACA Epsilon-aminocaproic acid
EBM Evidence-based medicine
EBM Expressed Breast Milk
EC Enterically Coated
ECG Electrocardiogram
ED Emergency department
ED Erectile Dysfunction
ED Ectodermal dysplasia
EDC Estimated Date of Confinement (at 40/40 weeks of pregnancy)
EDD Estimated Date of Delivery (at 40/40 weeks of pregnancy)
EDD Estimated date of discharge
EDRF Endothelium-derived relaxing factor aka Nitric oxide
EEG Electroencephalogram
EF Ejection Fraction
EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
EKG Electrocardiogram
ELLSCS Elective Lower Segment Caesarian Section
ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
EMC Encephalomyocarditis
EMD Early Morning Discovery
EMD ElectroMechanical Dissociation
EMF Endomyocardial fibrosis
EMG Electromyography
EMLSCS Emergency Lower Segment Caesarian Section
EMU Early Morning Urine sample (being the most concentrated generally used for pregnancy testing)
ENT Ear Nose and Throat. (Otolaryngology)
EENT eyes, ears, nose, throat
EPH Edema Proteinuria Hypertension
EPO Erythropoietin
ERCP Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
ESL Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy (also ESWL) - see lithotriptor
ESBL Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase gram negative bacteria
ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
ESRD End-stage renal disease
ESWL Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (also ESL) - see lithotriptor
ET Endothelin
ETT Endotracheal tube
ETOH ethanol or ethyl alcohol
EUS Endoscopic Ultrasonography

F

FBC Full blood count
FBE Full blood exam
FBG Fasting blood glucose
F/C Fevers or Chills
FDP Fibrinogen Degradation Products
FEV1 Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second
Fe Iron
FF Free Fluids (non-thickened fluids)
FFA Free fatty acids
FFP Fresh frozen plasma
FHR Fetal heart rate
FHT Fetal heart tones
FHx Family History
FIBD Found in Bed Dead
FLK Funny Looking Kid (suggesting an unspecified syndrome, should now be termed "dysmorphic features")
FNA Fine Needle Aspirate
FNC Full nursing care
FOF Found on Floor (Patient fell out of bed)
FPG Fasting plasma glucose
FSE Fetal Scalp Electrode
FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
FTA-ABS Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption
FTA Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody
FUBAR F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition, originally used to refer to corpses after horrendous (typically battlefield) trauma, but "FUBAR" is now sometimes used to describe very ill patients with little hope of recovery, including those that have not necessarily suffered trauma. Not very politically correct!
FVC Forced Vital Capacity (Spirometry test value used in assessment of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
FWB Full weight bearing
FWD Full ward diet
Fx Fracture of a bone

G

G Gravida (total number of pregnancies, successful or not)
G6PD Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase
GA General anaesthesia
GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
GCA Giant cell arteritis
GCS Glasgow Coma Scale
GDLH Glutamate dehydrogenase
GERD Gastro-esophageal reflux disease
GFR Glomerular filtration rate
GGTP Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
GH Growth hormone
GHRF Growth hormone releasing factor
GITS Gastrointestinal therapeutic system
GIFT Gamete intrafallopian transfer
GOA Gone on Arrival (i.e., DOA)
GOMER Get Outta My E.R. i.e. patient who frequently presents at the ER near death but manages to pull through each and every time.
GOK God only knows
GORD Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
GOT glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase
GPT glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
GSW gunshot wound see HVLT
GTN Glyceryl trinitrate
GU Genitourinary
GUM Genitourinary medicine (often used more restrictively as alternative to Sexually-transmitted disease clinic)
GvH Graft-versus-host
GvHD Graft-versus-host disease

H

HA Hypertonia arterialis
HAD HIV-associated dementia
H/A headache
H&E Hematoxlyn and Eosin Standard tissue stain. Sometimes used as noun referring to stained slides--"H&E's showed..."
HAV Hepatitis A virus
Hb Hemoglobin
HBV Hepatitis B virus
HCG Human chorionic gonadotropin
HCM Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HCT Hematocrit
HCTZ Hydrochlorothiazide
HCV Hepatitis C virus
HDL High density lipoprotein
HDL-C High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
HDU High dependency unit
HDV Hepatitis D virus
HEENT Head Eyes Ears Nose Throat
HEV Hepatitis E virus
HGB Hemoglobin
HH Hiatus hernia
H&H Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
Hib Haemophilus influenzae B
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus
HL Hepatic lipase
HLA Human leukocyte antigens
H&M Hematemesis and Malena
HOCM Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
H&P History & Physical
HPI History of Present Illness
HR Heart rate
HRT Hormone replacement therapy
H.S. At bedtime, from Latin, hora somni
HSG Hysterosalpingogram
HSV Herpes simplex virus
HT Hypertension
HTLV Human T-lymphotropic virus
HTN Hypertension
HUS Hemolytic uremic syndrome
HVLT High-velocity Lead Therapy, also see GSW (gunshot wound)
Hx history (of)

I

I131 radioactive iodine
IA Intra-arterial
IABP Intra-aortic balloon pump
IAI Intra-amniotic infection
IBD Inflammatory bowel disease
IBS Irritable bowel syndrome
IC Intracardiac
ICD Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision
ICH Intracerebral hemorrhage
ICP Intracranial pressure
ICU Intensive care unit
I&D Incision and drainage (How to treat an abcess}
IDC Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
IDC Indwelling catheter
IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
IDL Intermediate density lipoprotein
IFG Impaired fasting glycaemia
Ig Immunoglobulin
IGT Impaired glucose tolerance
IHD Ischaemic heart disease
i.m. intramuscular
IMB InterMenstrual Bleed (bleeding between periods)
IMI Intramuscular injection
INF Interferon
INR International normalized ratio
I&O inputs and outputs
IOL Induction of labor
IOL Intraocular lens
IOP Intraocular pressure
IP Interphalangeal joint
IPPV Intermittent positive pressure ventilation
IQ Intelligence Quotient
ISA Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity
ISDN Isosorbide dinitrate
ISH Isolated systolic hypertension
ISMN Isosorbide mononitrate
i.s.q. no change (from Latin, in status quo)
IT Intrathecal
ITP Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
ITU Intensive Treatment Unit (or Intensive Therapy Unit)
IUCD intrauterine contraceptive device
IU International units
IUD Intrauterine Death
IUD intrauterine device
IUI Intrauterine insemination
IUS intrauterine system
i.v. Intravenous
IV-DSA Intravenous digital subtraction angiography
IVDU Intravenous drug user
IVF In vitro fertilization
IVP Intravenous pyelogram
IVU Intravenous urogram

J

JMS "Junior Medical Student" AKA "MS-3" Also see "TOBASH"
JVD Jugular vein distension

K

K Potassium (in German, Kalium)
Kcal Kilocalorie, Calorie
kg Kilogram
KIV Keep in view
KUB kidney, ureter, bladder (x-ray)

L

L Leukocytes
LAD Left Anterior Descending coronary artery
LAP Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
LAR Low Anterior Resection
LAS Lymphadenopathy syndrome
LBBB Left bundle branch block
LCM Lymphocytic meningitis
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
LDL Low density lipoprotein
LDL-C Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
L-DOPA DihydrOxyPhenylAlanine
LES Lower esophageal sphincter
LES Lupus erythematosus systemicus
LE Lupus erythematosus (in German Lupus erythematodes)
leu Leukocytes
LFT Liver function test
LGL Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome
LGM Lymphogranulomatosis maligna
LGV Lymphogranuloma venereum
LH Luteinizing hormone
LIH left inguinal hernia
LLL left lower lobe
LLQ left lower quadrant
LM Left Main
LMP Last Menstrual period (prior to pregnancy and in woman with regular 28 day cycle taken as 0/40 weeks of pregnancy)
LORTA Loss Of Resistance To Air (in anesthesiology; when placing epidural, LORTA indicates entrance of needle to epidural space)
LOS Length of stay
Lp Lipoprotein
LP Lumbar puncture
LPL Lipoprotein lipase
LUL Left upper lobe
LUQ Left upper quadrant
LVEDP Left ventricular end diastolic pressure
LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction
LVF Left ventricular failure
LVH Left ventricular hypertrophy
LV Left ventricle
LVOT Left Ventricular Outflow Track
Ly Lymphocytes
lytes electrolytes

M

MAO-I Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
MARSA Methicillin and aminoglycoside resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MAS Morgani-Adams-Stokes
MC Metacarpal bone
MCP Metacarpophalangeal joint
MCHC Mean cell hemoglobin concentration
MCH Mean cell hemoglobin
MC&S Microscopy, Culture & Sensitivity, the investigation steps in processing microbiology samples
MCV Mean cell volume
MDS Myelodysplastic syndrome
Mg Magnesium
MgSO4 Magnesium or Magnesium Sulfate
MGUS Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (unknown or uncertain may be substituted for undetermined)
MI Myocardial infarction
MIC Morbus Ischaemicus Cordis
MIC Minimal inhibitory concentration
MLA Myelosis Leucemica Acuta
MM Myeloma multiplex
mod Moderate
MODY Maturity onset diabetes of the young
Mo Monocytes
MOM Milk of magnesia
MOPP Mechlorethamine, Vincristine, Procarbazine, and Prednisone in combination, older treatment for Hodgkins lymphoma.
MPV Mean platelet volume
MRA Magnetic resonance angiogram or angiogrphy
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
MR Mitral regurgitation
MR Modified release
MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MS Mitral stenosis
MS Multiple sclerosis
MS Medical student MS-1, MS-2, MS-3, MS-4 respectively
MSH Melanocyte stimulating hormone
MSO4 Morphine or Morphine Sulfate
MSU Mid Stream Urine sample (used in testing for preence of urine infections)
MT Metatarsal bone
MTP Metatarsalphalangeal joint
MTX Methotrexate
MVP Mitral valve prolapse
MVPS Mitral valve prolapse syndrome

N

Na Sodium (in German Natrium)
NAD No Abnormality Detected, i.e. the absence of abnormal signs on examination
NAD No apparent distress.
NE Norepinephrine
Ne Neutrophil granulocytes
Neo Neoplasm
NGU Non-gonococcal urethritis
NHL Non Hodgkin Lymphoma
NIDDM Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
NK Natural killer cells
NKA no known allergies
NKDA no known drug allergies. This abbreviation is also used in the military of the United States and may be printed on dog tags or a uniform.
NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance
NNH Number needed to harm
NNT Number needed to treat
NO Nitric oxide
NOF Neck of Femur Fracture (refers to Hip fracture)
NOS Nitric oxide synthase
Npl Neoplasm
NPO nil per os (nothing by mouth)
NREM non-Rapid Eye Movement
n.s. not significant
NSAID Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
NSE Neurospecific enolase
NSR normal sinus rhythm
NSU Non-specific urethritis
NTG Nitroglycerin
N&V nausea & vomiting
NVD nausea, vomiting & diarrhea
NVD Normal Vaginal Delivery

O

O2 Oxygen
OA osteoarthritis
OB-GYN Obstetrics and gynecology
OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder
OD right eye from Latin, oculus dexter
OD overdose
od every day, usually regarded as once daily, from the Latin, omni die. Generally written in lower case.
O/E on examination
OGTT Oral glucose tolerance test
om every morning, from the Latin, omni mane. Generally written in lower case.
on every night, from the Latin, omni nocte. Generally written in lower case.
OP outpatient department
OS left eye from Latin, oculus sinister
OS Orthopedic surgery
OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea
OSH outside hospital
OTC Over the counter
OTD Out the Door (discharged)
OU Both eyes, from Latin, oculi uterque

P

P Parturition (total number of live births)
P Phosphorus
P Pulse
PA posterior-anterior
PA Pulmonary artery
PAF Platelet activating factor
PAF Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (meaning intermittent AF)
PAH Pulmonary arterial hypertension
PAI-1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
PAO Peak Acid Output
PAP Papanicolaou stain
Pap Papanicolaou Test (pap smear)
PAT Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia
p.c. After food, from Latin, post cibum
PCOS Polycystic ovarian syndrome
PCP Pneumocystis pneumonia (formerly Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
PCP Primary Care Physician/Primary Care Provider
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PDA Patent ductus arteriosus
PDE Phosphodiesterase
PDT Photodynamic Therapy
PEEP Positive end expiratory pressure
PEF Peak expiratory flow
PEFR Peak expiratory flow rate
PERLA Pupils Equal and Reactive to Light and Accommodation
PET Positron-emission tomography
PFO Patent foramen ovale
PID Pelvic inflammatory disease
PIH Pregnancy induced hypertension
PIP Proximal interphalangeal joint
PKA Protein kinase A
PKD Polycystic kidney disease
PKU Phenylketonuria
PLT platelets
PMB Post-menopausal bleeding (bleeding after menopause)
PMH [past medical history] or Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage
PMR Percutaneous Myocardial Revascularisation
PMR Polymyalgia Rheumatica
p.o. By mouth (orally), from Latin, per os
POX Peroxidase
PPH Post partum haemorrhage
PPTL Post-Partum Tubal Ligation
p.r. per rectum (as noun: rectal examination)
PRA Plasma renin activity
PRIND Prolonged Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit
prn as necessary, from Latin, pro re nata (if used in chronic pain control disparagingly termed "pain relief nil")
PROM Premature Rupture of Membranes
PRP PanRetinal Photocoagulation
PSA Prostatic specific antigen
PSP Phenylsulphtalein
PTM Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pt. Patient, from Latin patiens, meaning "one who endures" or "one who suffers"
PTA Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty
PTCA Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PT Prothrombin time
PTH Parathyroid hormone
PTx Pneumothorax
PTT Partial thromboplastin time
PUD peptic ulcer disease
PUVA Psoralen UV A
p.v. per vagina (as noun: vaginal examination with manual examination and speculum inspection)
PVD peripheral vascular disease
PVR Pulmonary vascular resistance
PWP Pulmonary Wedge Pressure
Px, px physical examination
Px Prognosis

Q

q each, every, {from Latin, quaque}
q.AM every AM, (from Latin, quaque ante meridiem)
q.d. each day, {from Latin, quaque die}
q.d.s. four times each day, {from Latin, quater die sumendus}
q.h. each hour, {from Latin, quaque hora}
q.i.d. four times each day, {from Latin, quater in die}
q.o.d. every other day, (from Latin, quaque altera die)

R

RA Refractory anaemia
RA Rheumatoid arthritis
RAI Radioactive Iodine
RAPD Relative afferent pupillary defect
RBBB Right bundle branch block
RBC Red blood cells
RCA Right coronary artery
RCT Randomized controlled trial
REM Rapid eye movement
RF Rheumatoid factor
RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism
RFT Renal function test
Rh Rhesus factor
RhF Rheumatoid factor
RIA Radioimmune assay
RIBA Radioimmunoblotting assay
RIND Reversible ischemic neurologic deficit
RLQ Right lower quadrant
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RNV Radionuclear Ventriculography
ROM Range of motion
RR Respiratory rate
ROS Review of systems
RUQ Right upper quadrant
RPR Rapid Plasma Reagin test
RSV Respiratory Syncytial Virus
RV Residual volume
RV Right ventricle
RVF Right ventricular failure
RVSP Right ventricular systolic pressure
Rx medical prescription or Prescription drug

S

s (s with a bar over it) without from Middle English sans, borrowed from Old French sans
SAH Subarachnoid hemorrhage
SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome
SBE Subacute bacterial endocarditis
SBP Systolic blood pressure
SBP spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
s.c. subcutaneous from Latin, subcutis
SCC Squamous cell carciona
SCID Severe combined immunodeficiency
SD Standard deviation
SGA Small for gestational age
SGOT Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase
SGPT Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase
SH Social history (personal habits, living situation, job)
SHBG Sex Hormone Binding Globuline
SHx Surgical History
SI International System of Units
SIADH Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
SIMV Synchronized Intermittent Mechanical Ventilation
SK Streptokinase
SLE Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
SM Multiple sclerosis from Latin, Sclerosis multiplex
SMA Sequential Multiple Analysis
SMA-7 Serum Metabolic Assay
SMS Senior medical student
SNP Sodium Nitroprusside
SOAP Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan (How Doctors notes are organized)
SOB Shortness of breath
SOS Save Our Souls, meaning "in case of emergency"
SP Status post
SPET Single photon emission tomography
SQ Subcutaneous
SR Slow Release
SROM Spontaneous rupture of membranes
SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
SSSS Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
SSS Sick Sinus Syndrome
STD Sexually transmitted disease
STH Somatotropic hormone
STI Sexually transmitted infection
STI Soft tissue injury
Subq Subcutaneous
SVD Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery
SVI Systemic Viral Infection
SVN Small Volume Nebulizer
SVR Systemic vascular resistance
SVT Supraventricular tachycardia
Sx Surgery or Symptoms
SXA Single energy X-ray absorptiometer
SXR skull x-ray

T

T&A tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy
TAH Total Abdominal Hysterectomy
TAH-BSO Total Abdominal Hysterectomy with Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy
TB tuberculosis
TBC tuberculosis
TBC Total body crunch
Td Tetanus and Diphtheria
TdP Torsades de pointes
TBI Total body irradiation
t.d.s. Three times a day, from Latin, ter die sumendus
TEE Transesophageal echocardiogram
TENS Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulaton
TERN "Intern", also see TOBASH
TFTs Thyroid function tests
TGA Transposition of the great arteries
TG Triglycerides
Tg Thyroglobulin
THR Total hip replacement
TIA Transient ischemic attack
TIBC Total iron binding capacity
t.i.d. Three times a day, from Latin, ter in die
TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
TKR Total knee replacement
TKVO to keep vein open
TLC Total lung capacity
TMB "Too Many Birthdays" Very frail elderly patient
TMS Tension myositis syndrome
TNF Tumor necrosis factor
TNM Tumor-Nodes-Metastases
TOE Transoesophageal echocardiogram
TPa Tissue plasminogen activator
TPN Total parenteral nutrition
TS Tricuspid regurgitation
TRF Transfer (pronounced "turf")
TRF'd Transferred (Pronounced "turfed", as in "We just turfed Mrs Johnson OTD")
TRH Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone
TS Tricuspid stenosis
TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
TT thrombin time
TTE Transthoracic echocardiogram
TTO To Take Out (medicines given to patient on discharge from hospital stay)
TTP Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
TTS Transdermal therapeutic system
Tu Tumor
TUR Transurethral resection
TURBT Transurethral resection of bladder tumour
TURP Transurethral resection of the prostate
Tx Transplant
Tx treatment

U

UBT Urea Breath Test
U & E urea and electrolytes (sodium and potassium) blood test, often including creatinine
UC Ulcerative colitis
UD As Directed, from Latin, Ut Dictum
URI Upper Respiratory Infection
URTI Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
US Ultrasound
USG Ultrasonography
USR Unheated Serum Reagin
USS Ultrasound scan
UTI Urinary Tract Infection
UVAL Ultraviolet Argon Laser

V

VA visual acuity
VAD vincristine adriblastine dexamethasone
VAMP vincristine adriblastine methylprednisone
V-BAC Vaginal Birth After Caesarian
VC Vital capacity
vCJD Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
VD Vaginal Delivery
VDRL Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory (old test for syphilis}
VE vaginal examination (manual examination)
VEB Ventricular ectopic beat
VRE Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
VF Ventricular fibrillation
VIP Vasoactive intestinal peptide
VLDL Very low density lipoprotein
VMA Vanillylmandelic acid
VOD Volume of distribution
VPA Valproic acid
VSD Ventricular septal defect
VT Ventricular tachycardia

W

WAT White adipose tissue
WBC White blood cells
WDWN Well developed, well Nourished
WNL Within Normal Limits (Also: We Never Looked)
WPW Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
WWI Walking While Intoxicated

X

x times/for

Y

YOYO "You're on your own"

Z

ZIFT Zygote intrafallopian transfer

Latin abbreviations

Some of the following list are considered non-standardized abbreviations because their meanings could be easily misunderstood.

Abbrev. Meaning Latin origin
a.c. Before food ante cibum
a.d. Right ear auris dexter
ad. Freely as wanted ad libitum
a.l. Left ear aurix laevus
alt. die Every other day alternus die
alt. h. Every other hour alternus horis
a.m. Morning ante meridiem
a.n. Before the night ante noctum
aq. Water aqua
a.s. Left ear auris sinister
a.u. Each ear auris utro
aurist. Ear drops auristillae
b.d. or bd Twice a day bis die
b.i.d. or bid Twice a day bis in die
gtt. Drop gutta
h. Hour hora
h.s. At bedtime hora somni
i.d. during the day
i.d. the same idem
I.D. Infectious Disease
i.d. intradermal, between layers of the skin
mane In the morning mane
narist. Nasal drops naristillae
Nocte At night nocte
o.c. Eye ointment oculentum
o.d. or od Daily omni die
o.d. Right eye oculus dexter
o.l. Left eye oculus laevus
o.m. In the morning omni mane
o.n. At night omni nocte
o.s. Left eye oculus sinister
o.u. Each eye oculus utro
p.c. After food post cibum
p.m. Afternoon post meridiem
p.o. or po Orally per os
p.r. Rectally per rectum
p.r.n. As occasion requires (as needed) pro re nata
p.v. Vaginally per vaginum
q. every quaque
q.2.h. Every two hours quaque 2 hora
q.4.h. Every four hours quaque 4 hora
q.6.h. Every six hours quaque 6 hora
q.8.h. Every eight hours quaque 8 hora
q.d. or qd Every day quaque die
q.d.s. Four times a day quater die sumendus
q.h. Every hour, hourly quaque hora
q.i.d. or qid Four times a day quater in die
q.q.h. Every four hours quarta quaque hora
q.s. A sufficient quantity quantum sufficiat
s.i.d. or sid Once a day semel in die
Sig. or S. Write on the label signa
SL. Sublingual, under the tongue sub linguam
Stat. Immediately, with no delay statim
t.d.s. Three times a day ter die sumendus
t.i.d. or tid Three times a day ter in die
top. Topically, applied to the skin
ut dict. or u.d. As directed ut dictum
ung. Ointment unguentum

See also

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