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[[Image:Water turbine.jpg|thumb|right|230px|[[Water turbine|Hydraulic turbine]] and [[electrical generator]].]]
{{infobox Book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->
[[Image:Hydroelectric_dam.png|thumb|right|230px|Hydroelectric dam in cross section]]
| name = The Glass Bead Game
[[image:stwlan.dam.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|230px|The upper reservoir and dam of the [[Ffestiniog power station|Ffestiniog pumped storage scheme]] in north [[Wales]].The power station at the lower reservoir has four water turbines which can generate 360 megawatts of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising. The water of the upper reservoir (Llyn Stylan) can just be glimpsed on the right.]]
| title_orig = Das Glasperlenspiel
{{renewable energy sources}}
| translator = Richard and Clara Winston
{{portal|Energy}}
| image =
| author = [[Hermann Hesse]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[Switzerland]]
| language = [[German language|German]]
| series =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = [[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]]
| release_date = [[1943]] (Eng. trans. [[1969]])
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages = 558 pp
| isbn = NA <!-- published before ISBN system -->
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}


'''Hydroelectricity''' is [[electricity]] produced by '''[[hydropower]]'''. Most hydroelectric power comes from the [[potential energy]] of [[dam]]med water driving a [[water turbine]] and [[electrical generator|generator]], although less common variations use water's [[kinetic energy]] or dammed sources, such as [[tidal power]]. Hydroelectricity is a [[renewable energy]] source.
'''''The Glass Bead Game''''' ([[German language|German]]: '''''Das Glasperlenspiel''''') is the last work and [[magnum opus]] of the German author [[Hermann Hesse]]. Begun in [[1931]] and published in [[Switzerland]] in [[1943]], the book was mentioned in Hesse's citation for the 1946 [[Nobel Prize]] for Literature.


The energy extracted from water depends not only on the volume but on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the [[head (hydraulic)|head]]. The amount of [[potential energy]] in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a [[penstock]].
"Glass Bead Game" is a literal translation of the German title. The title has also been translated as '''''Magister Ludi'''''. "Magister Ludi," [[Latin]] for "master of the game," is the name of an honorific title awarded to the book's central character. ''Magister Ludi'' can also be seen as a [[pun]]: ''lud'' is a Latin stem meaning both "game" and "school."


While many supply public electricity networks, some hydroelectric projects were created for private commercial purposes. For example, [[aluminium]] processing requires substantial amounts of electricity, and often dedicated hydroelectric projects are built to serve aluminium electrolytic plants. In the [[Scottish Highlands]] there are examples at [[Kinlochleven]] and [[Lochaber]], constructed during the early years of the 20th century. In [[Suriname]], the [[Economy of Suriname|'van Blommestein' lake, dam and power station]] were constructed to provide electricity for the [[Alcoa]] aluminum industry.
==Plot summary==
{{spoiler}}
In parts of [[Canada]] (the provinces of [[British Columbia]], [[Manitoba]], [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]) hydroelectricity is used so extensively that the word "hydro" is used to refer to any [[electricity]] delivered by a power utility. The government-run power utilities in these provinces are called [[BC Hydro]], [[Manitoba Hydro]], [[Hydro One]] (formerly "Ontario Hydro"), [[Hydro-Québec]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro]] respectively. Hydro-Québec is the world's largest hydroelectric generating company, with a total installed capacity ([[2005]]) of 31,512 MW.
''The Glass Bead Game'' takes place during the 23rd century. The setting is a fictional province of central Europe called Castalia, reserved by political decision for the life of the mind; technology and economic life are kept to a strict minimum. Hesse mentions the political violence of the 20th century in passing, but his main critique of that century is encapsulated by his dismissive name for it: the Age of the [[Feuilleton]], an intellectually superficial and decadent period, when [[middle brow]] journalism replaced serious reading and reflection.


==Advantages==
Castalia is home to a [[monastic]] order of [[intellectual]]s with a twofold mission: to run boarding schools for boys (the novel is thus a detailed exploration of education and the life of the mind), and to nurture and play the Glass Bead Game (see below).
[[Image:World renewable energy 2005a.png|thumb|left|300px|showing that most part of the world renwable energy sources is large hydro]]
The major advantage of hydro systems is elimination of the cost of fuel,hense the emission of the greenhouse gas produced when buring them. (Although there is some greenhouse gas emission during construction and operation of the hydro system, the total amount per unit of electricity is much lower than fossil fuel plants.) Hydroelectric plants are immune to price increases for fossil fuels such as [[Petroleum|oil]], [[natural gas]] or [[coal]], and do not require imported fuel. Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service having been built 50 to 100 years ago. Operating labor cost is usually low since plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.


The novel chronicles the life of a distinguished member of the order, Joseph Knecht (the surname translates as "servant" or "farm hand"), as narrated by a fictional historian of the order. Hence the novel is an example of a [[Bildungsroman]]. At any given time, the member of the order deemed the best Game player is honored with the title ''Magister Ludi''.


Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for [[List of water sports|water sports]], and become tourist attractions in themselves. In some countRIES, farming fish in the reservoirs is pretty common. Multi-use dams installed for irrigation can support the farm with relatively constant water supply.Large hydro dam can control flood,which may save thousands of people living in downstream by eliminate or reduce the impact of big flood. Some big hydro dam can creat a huge deep reserviors and eliminate the rapids, so that big boat can be used to improve transportation. With modern technology,a hydroelectric plant may have relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the cost of dam operation. It was calculated that just after 5 to 7 years of full power of Three Gorge Dam, they can cover all the cost by selling the electricity it generates.
Polarities lie at the heart of the work, as is commonly the case in Hesse's novels. Two relationships are of particular interest, that of Knecht with his teacher, the learned monk Father Jacobus, and with his best friend at the boarding school run by the order, Plinio Designori, the scion of a rich family. At the end of their school days, Knecht, representing [[aestheticism]] and the Life of the Mind, joins the order, while Designori returns to the world. He embodies a failed reconciliation between mind and world.


[[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity|Pumped storage plants ]] currently provide the only commercially important means for energy storage on a scale useful for a utility. Low-value generation in off-peak times occurs because fossil-fuel and nuclear plants cannot be entirely shut down on a daily basis. This energy is used to store water that can be released during high load daily peaks. Operation of pumped-storage plants improves the daily [[load factor]] of the generation system.
In his introduction to ''[[Demian]]'', [[Thomas Mann]] likened his relation with Hesse to that of Knecht and Jacobus, adding that their knowledge of each other was not possible without much ceremony. Mann extrapolates on Hesse's observance of Oriental customs in the novel. The ''Glass Bead Game'' manifests Hesse's enduring dream of combining East with West. For example, the discipline of the imaginary monastic community includes breathing and [[meditation]] techniques of clear Oriental inspiration.


==Disadvantages==
Castalia is an [[Ivory Tower]], an ethereal protected community within a larger nation, devoted to pure intellectual pursuits, and oblivious to the problems posed by life outside its boundaries. Knecht gradually comes to doubt whether the intellectually gifted have a right to withdraw from life's big problems. He eventually concludes that they do not, and that conclusion precipitates a sort of midlife crisis. Accordingly, he does the unthinkable: he resigns as Magister Ludi and asks to leave the order, ostensibly to become of value and service, in some way, to the larger culture. A few days later, he drowns in a mountain lake, while attempting a swim for which he was not fit. Tragically, living in Castalia made Knecht unfit for life in the world. Hesse also makes an [[existentialist]] point: faced with a dilemma, Knecht opts for the world and not the ivory tower.
[[Image:Vianden_lake_tower.jpg|thumb|right|230px|Hydroelectric Reservoir [[Vianden]], [[Luxembourg]] (tower)]] [[Image:Hydro Warning.JPG|thumb|right|230px|A warning for boaters at [[O'Shaughnessy Dam (Ohio)|O'Shaughnessy Dam]]]]
Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic [[ecosystem]]s. For instance, studies have shown that dams along the [[Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic]] and [[Pacific (ocean)|Pacific]] coasts of [[North America]] have reduced [[salmon]] populations by preventing access to [[spawning]] grounds upstream, even though most dams in salmon habitat have [[fish ladder]]s installed. Salmon [[smolt]] are also harmed on their migration to sea when they must pass through [[water turbine|turbines]]. This has led to some areas [[barge|barg]]ing smolt downstream during parts of the year. Turbine and power-plant designs that are easier on aquatic life are an active area of research.
Since damming and redirecting the waters of the Platte River in Nebraska for agricultural and energy use, many native and migratory birds such as the Piping Plover and Sandhill Crane have become increasingly endangered.
Large-scale hydroelectric dams, such as the [[Aswan Dam]] and the [[Three Gorges Dam]], have created environmental problems both upstream and downstream.


Generation of hydroelectric power impacts on the downstream river environment. Water exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, which can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks. Since turbines are often opened intermittently, rapid or even daily fluctuations in river flow are observed. For example, in the [[Grand Canyon]], the daily cyclic flow variation caused by [[Glen Canyon Dam]] was found to be contributing to erosion of sand bars. Dissolved [[oxygen]] content of the water may change from pre-construction conditions. Water exiting from turbines is typically much colder than the pre-dam water, which can change aquatic faunal populations, including [[endangered species]].
Many characters in the novel have names that are allusive word games. For example, Knecht's predecessor as Magister Ludi was Thomas van der Trave, a veiled reference to [[Thomas Mann]] who was born in [[Lübeck]], situated on the Trave River. Father Jacobus is based on the novelist [[Jakob Wassermann]]. The character of Carlo Ferromonte is a punning reference to Hesse's nephew Karl Isenberg.


The reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants in tropical regions may produce substantial amounts of [[methane]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. This is due to plant material in flooded areas decaying in an [[Hypoxia (environmental)|anaerobic]] environment, and forming methane, a very potent [[greenhouse gas]]. According to the [[World Commission on Dams]] report, where the reservoir is large compared to the generating capacity (less than 100 watts per square metre of surface area) and no clearing of the forests in the area was undertaken prior to impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir may be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant [http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7046]. In [[boreal]] reservoirs of Canada and Northern Europe, however, greenhouse gas emissions are typically only 2 to 8% of any kind of conventional thermal generation. The contributive effect of forest decay can be mitigated by a new class of underwater logging operation targeting drowned forests.<ref>http://inhabitat.com/2006/12/01/rediscovered-wood-the-triton-sawfish/#more-1973</ref>
==Central characters==
Another disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned. In many cases, no amount of compensation can replace ancestral and cultural attachments to places that have spiritual value to the displaced population. Additionally, historically and culturally important sites can be flooded and lost. Such problems have arisen at the [[Three Gorges Dam#Local culture and natural beauty|Three Gorges Dam]] project in China, the [[Clyde Dam]] in New Zealand and the [[Ilısu Dam]] in Southeastern Turkey. [[Image:Power plant Dnepr.jpg|thumb|275px|The [[Dnieper Hydroelectric Station]] (1927-32) was the centerpiece of [[Lenin]]'s [[GOELRO plan]].]]
*Joseph Knecht: The central character of the book. The Magister Ludi for most of the book.
Recreational users of the reservoir or downstream areas are exposed to hazards due to changing water levels, and must be wary of power plant intakes and [[spillway]] operation. Ontario Power Generation's brochure "Stay Clear, Stay Safe" can be downloaded at www.opg.com/power/hydro/ The brochure describes why people need to exercise extreme care when near hydroelectric dams, stations, and surrounding waterways. [[Image:ThurlowDam.JPG|thumb|right|230px|Thurlow Dam, [[Tallassee, Alabama]]]]
*The Music Master: Knecht's spiritual mentor who when Knecht is a child examines him for entrance into the elite schools of Castalia.
* Plinio Designori: Knecht's antithesis in the world outside.
*Father Jacobus: Knecht's antithesis in faith.
*Elder Brother: A former Castalian and student of Chinese.
*Thomas van der Trave: Joseph Knecht's predecessor as Magister Ludi.
*Fritz Tegularius: A friend of Knecht's but a portent of what Castalians might become if they remain insular.


Some hydroelectric projects also utilize [[canal]]s, typically to divert a river at a shallower gradient to increase the head of the scheme. In some cases, the entire river may be diverted leaving a dry riverbed. Examples include the [[Tekapo River|Tekapo]] and [[Pukaki River]]s.
==Hesse's Glass Bead Game==
The creation of a dam in a geologically inappropriate location may cause disasters like the one of the [[Vajont Dam]] in Italy, where almost 2000 people died, in 1963. Failures of large dams, while rare, are potentially serious — the [[Banqiao Dam]] failure in China resulted in the deaths of 171,000 people and left millions homeless, more than some estimates of the death toll from the [[Chernobyl disaster]]. Dams may be subject to enemy bombardment during wartime, [[sabotage]] and terrorism. Smaller dams and [[micro hydro]] facilities are less vulnerable to these threats.
At the center of the monastic order lies the (fictitious) glass bead [[game]], whose exact nature remains elusive. The precise rules of the game are only alluded to, and are so sophisticated that they are not easy to imagine. Suffice it to say that playing the Game well requires years of hard study of music, mathematics, and cultural history. Essentially the game is an abstract [[synthesis]] of all arts and scholarship. It proceeds by players making deep connections between seemingly unrelated topics. For example, a [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]] [[concerto]] may be related to a mathematical [[formula]]. One [http://www.sfhreview.com/workingpapers/?p=1 description] says:


==Hydro-electric facts==
''“Theoretically,” writes the Narrator Archivist, “this instrument is capable of producing in the Game the entire intellectual content of the universe. The manuals, pedal, and stops are now fixed. Changes in their number and order and attempts at perfecting them, are actually no longer feasible except in theory.” And with this statement, he reveals the limitations of the game: its elitism, its hubris, its stagnation, and its sterility.In its infancy, the Game was played with delicate glass beads, which have since been discarded as too . . . real? They connected the Game with the spiritual beads played by religious believers worldwide, as the robes, and secret language, and ceremonial trappings of the game form a mock religious experience in the time of the Narrator Archivist. Without them, the game flies into the ether without a tether to reality. In our world, prayer beads and the repetition of simple phrases serve as keys to transcendence. In Castalia, they are discarded and the key is lost. The Narrator Archivist makes no reference to the ecstatic states that might be achieved by Glass Bead Game players. The games as he describes them in Knecht’s time (the twenty-second century) and his own (the twenty-fourth century) apparently fall short of what seems the obvious goal.''
===Oldest hydro-electric power stations:===
*[[Cragside]], [[Rothbury]], [[England]] completed [[1870]].


*[[Appleton, Wisconsin|Appleton]], [[Wisconsin]], [[USA]] completed [[1882]], A waterwheel on the [[Fox River (Wisconsin)|Fox river]] supplied the first commercial hydroelectric power for lighting to two paper mills and a house, two years after [[Thomas Edison]] demonstrated [[incandescent lighting]] to the public. Within a matter of weeks of this installation, a power plant was also put into commercial service at [[Minneapolis]].
The Game derives its name from the fact that it was originally played with tokens, perhaps analogous to those of an [[abacus]] or the game [[go (board game)|Go]]. At the time that the novel takes place, such props had become obsolete and the game is played only with abstract, spoken formulas. The audience's appreciation of a good game draws on its appreciation of both [[music]] and mathematical [[elegance]].


*[[Duck Reach Power Station, Tasmania|Duck Reach]], Launceston, Tasmania. Completed 1895. The first publicly owned hydro-electric plant in the Southern Hemisphere. Supplied power to the city of Launceston for street lighting.
The Glass Bead Game also brings to mind [[Leibniz]]'s notion of a universal [[calculus]] and his dream of a [[Mathesis universalis]]. [[Douglas Hofstadter]]'s ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach]]'', even though it does not mention Hesse's novel, is an intellectual exercise very much in the spirit of the Game.


* Decew Falls 1, [[St. Catharines]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]] completed 25 August 1898. Owned by [[Ontario Power Generation]]. Four units are still operational. Recognized as an IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering & Computing by the [[IEEE]] Executive Committee in 2002.
However rather as being seen as a purely intellectual or rational notion it is more likely the glass bead game includes more [[Existential]] elements. As Hesse's other works (such as Steppenwolf for example) draw strongly on [[Existential]] themes it is likely that the glass bead game refers to the way in which people construct their realities. That is to say that the glass bead game is in fact life or existence and it illustrates the ways that people position not just themselves material but how they construct their entire perception of reality. As one needs to understand reality before one can deliberately allocate it this is the reference to the years of study.


*It is believed that the oldest Hydro Power site in the United States is located on Claverack Creek, in [[Stottville, New York]]. The turbine, a Morgan Smith, was constructed in [[1869]] and installed 2 years later. It is one of the earliest water wheel installations in the United States and also generated electricity. It is owned today by Edison Hydro {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
==Allusions/references from other works==
* The [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] band [[Igra Staklenih Perli]], and their [[eponym|eponymous]] record, was named after the book.[http://www.progarchives.com/Progressive_rock_discography_BAND.asp?band_id=1614]


===Largest hydro-electric power stations===
== See also ==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[image:Itaipu2.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Itaipu Dam]] -->
*[[Hermann Hesse]]
The [[James Bay Project|La Grande]] Complex in [[Quebec]], [[Canada]], is the world's largest hydroelectric generating system. The eight generating stations of the complex have a total generating capacity of 16,021 MW. The [[Robert-Bourassa generating station|Robert Bourassa]] station alone has a capacity of 5,616 MW. A ninth station (Eastmain-1) is currently under construction and will add 480 MW to the total. Construction on an additional project on the Rupert River was started on January 11, 2007. It will add two stations with a combined capacity of 888 MW.
* [[Existentialism]]
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Cahora-bassa.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Hedroelectrica de Cahora Bassa [[Tete]], Mozambique]] -->
* [[Jorge Luis Borges]]
{| class="wikitable"
* [[Epistemology]]
| Name || Country || Year of completion || Total Capacity || Max annual electricity production
* [[Noosphere]]
|-
* [[Ontology]]
* [[Polysemy]]
* [[Rithmomachy]]
* [[Syncretism]]
* [[Efforts to Create A Glass Bead Game]]


| [[Itaipu|Itaipú]] || Brazil/Paraguay || 1984/1991/2003 || 14,000 [[MW]] || 93.4 TW-hours
== References ==
|-
* Hermann Hesse. ''The Glass Bead Game''. Vintage Classics. ISBN 0-09-928362-X
| [[Guri Dam|Guri]] || Venezuela || 1986 || 10,200 [[MW]] || 46 TW-hours
|-
| [[Three Gorges Dam]] || China || 2004<sup>*</sup> || 9,800 MW(2006)22,400 MW(when complete) || 84,7 TW-hours
|-
| [[Grand Coulee Dam|Grand Coulee]] || United States || 1942/1980 || 6,809 MW || 22.6 TW-hours
|-
| [[Yenisei River|Sayano Shushenskaya]] || Russia || 1983 || 6,721 MW || 23.6 TW-hours
|-
| [[Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric dam|Krasnoyarskaya]] || Russia || 1972 || 6,000 MW || 20.4 TW-hours
|-
| [[Robert-Bourassa generating station|Robert-Bourassa]] || Canada || 1981 || 5,616 MW
|-
| [[Churchill Falls]] || Canada || 1971 || 5,429 MW || 35 TW-hours
|-
| [[Bratsk hydroelectric plant|Bratskaya]] || Russia || 1967 || 4,500 MW || 22.6 TW-hours
|-
| [[Angara River|Ust Ilimskaya]] || Russia || 1980 || 4,320 MW || 21.7 TW-hours
|-
| [[Yaciretá dam|Yaciretá]] || Argentina/Paraguay || 1998 || 4,050 MW || 19.1 TW-hours
|-
| [[Ertan Dam]] || China || 1999 || 3,300 MW(550MW×6) || 17.0 TW-hours
|-
| [[Gezhouba Dam]] || China || 1988 || 3,115 MW || 17.01 TW-hours
|-
| [[Nurek Dam]] || Tajikistan || 1979/1988 || 3,000 MW ||
|-
| [[La Grande-4]] || Canada || 1986 || 2,779 MW ||
|-
| [[W. A. C. Bennett Dam]] || Canada || 1968 || 2,730 MW ||
|-
| [[Volga Hydroelectric Station|Volzhskaya (Volgogradskaya)]] || Russia || 1961 || 2,541 MW || 12.3 TW-hours
|-
| [[La Grande-3]] || Canada || 1984 || 2,418 MW ||
|-
| [[Atatürk Dam]] || Turkey || 1990 || 2,400 MW ||
|-
| [[Kuybyshev Reservoir|Zhiguliovskaya (Samarskaya)]] || Russia || 1957 || 2,300 MW || 10.5 TW-hours
|-
| [[Iron Gates]] || Romania/Serbia || 1970 || 2,280 MW || 11.3 TW-hours
|-
| [[La Grande-2-A]] || Canada || 1992 || 2,106 MW ||
|-
| [[Aswan Dam|Aswan]] || Egypt || 1970 || 2,100 MW ||
|-
| [[Tarbela Dam]] || Pakistan || 1976 || 2,100 MW ||
|-
| [[Hoover Dam]] || United States || 1936/1961 || 2,080 MW ||
|-
| [[Cahora Bassa]] || Mozambique || 1975 || 2,075 MW ||
|-
| [[Karun-3 dam|Karun III Dam]] || Iran || 2007 || 2,000 MW || 4,1 TW-hours
|}{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Powered first 14 water turbogenerators


These are ranked by maximum power.
{{Hermann Hesse}}
====In progress====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Capacity
! Country
! Construction started
! Scheduled completion
! Comments


|-
|[[Three Gorges Dam]]
|22,400 MW
| [[China]]
| December 14[[1994]]
|[[2009]]
|Largest Power Plant of the world. First power in July [[2003]], with 9,800MW installed until 2006.

|-
|[[Xiluodu Dam]]
| 12,600 MW
| [[China]]
|December 26 [[2005]]
|[[2015]]
|
|-
|[[Baihetan Dam]]
| 12,000 MW
| [[China]]
|[[2009]]
|[[2015]]
|Still in planning
|-
|[[Wudongde Dam]]
| 7,000 MW
| [[China]]
|[[2009]]
|[[2015]]
|Still in planning
|-
|[[Longtan Dam]]
| 6,300 MW
| [[China]]
|July 1 [[2001]]
|December [[2009]]
|
|-
|[[Xiangjiaba Dam]]
| 6,000 MW
| [[China]]
|November 26 [[2006]]
|[[2009]]
|
|-
|[[Jinping 2 Hydropower Station]]
| 4,800 MW
| [[China]]
|January 30[[2007]]
|[[2014]]
|To build this dam, only 23 families and 129 local residents need to be moved. It works with [[Jinping 1 Hydropower Station]] as a group.
|-
|[[Laxiwa Dam]]
| 4,200 MW
| [[China]]
|April 18 [[2006]]
|[[2010]]
|
|-
|[[Xiaowan Dam]]
| 4,200 MW
| [[China]]
|January 1 [[2002]]
|December [[2012]]
|
|-
|[[Jinping 1 Hydropower Station]]
| 3,600 MW
| [[China]]
|November 11 [[2005]]
|[[2014]]
|



|-
|[[Pubugou Dam]]
| 3,300 MW
| [[China]]
|March 30 [[2004]]
|[[2010]]
|
|-
|[[Goupitan Dam]]
| 3,000 MW
| [[China]]
|November 8 [[2003]]
|[[2011]]
|
|-
|[[Ilısu Dam]]
|1,200MW
| [[Turkey]]
|[[August 5]], [[2006]]
|[[2013]]
|one of the [[Southeastern Anatolia Project]] Dams in [[Turkey]]
|}

[[Image:Power Station of Aswan dam.jpg|250px|right|thumb|The hydroelectric power station of [[Aswan Dam]], Egypt]]
[[Image:Vianden_lake.jpg|thumb|right|230px||Hydroelectric Reservoir [[Vianden]], [[Luxembourg]]]]
Those 10 dams in China will have total generating capacity of 70,400MW (70.2 GW) when completed. For comparison purposes, in 1999 the total capacity of hydroelectric generators in Brazil, the third country by hydroelectric capacity, was 57.52GW.

===Countries with the most hydro-electric capacity===
Country, total annual hydroelectricity production, total capacity installed（most recent data）
[http://www.icold-cigb.org.cn/news/y20070405.pdf]
*[[People's Republic of China]], 416,700 GWh (128,570 MW installed)[http://www.ctgpc.com.cn/sx/news.php?mNewsId=21623]
*[[Canada]], 356,930 GWh (68,974 MW installed)
*[[Brazil]], 336,80 GWh (69,080 MW installed)
*[[USA]], 289,980 GWh (79,511 MW installed)
*[[Russia]], 167,000 GWh (45,000 MW installed)
*[[India]], 125,126 GWh (33,600 MW installed)
*[[Norway]], 119,000 GWh (27,528 MW installed)
*[[Japan]], 88,500 GWh (27,229 MW installed)
*[[France]], 56,100 GWh (25,335 MW installed)
[[Image:Costa Rica Hydroelectricity.jpg|thumb|right|Hydroelectric plant in Costa Rica.]]
These are 2006 figures and include [[pumped-storage hydroelectricity]] schemes.
GWh means giga-watt-hour, which equal to 1 million kWh (kilo-watt-hour)
equal to 3.6×10^12 Joule,
equal to 123.0 tons(1000 kilogram) of standard coal,
equal to 86 ton of standard oil.

== References ==
#[http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7046 ''New Scientist'' report on greenhouse gas production by hydroelectric dams.]
#[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=165&storyCode=2019676 ''International Water Power and Dam Construction'' Venezuela country profile]
#[http://www.waterpowermagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=165&storyCode=2019652 ''International Water Power and Dam Construction'' Canada country profile]
#[http://www.springer.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,,1-10006-22-35070329-0,00.html Tremblay, Varfalvy, Roehm and Garneau. 2005. Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Fluxes and Processes, Springer, 732 p.]


== External links ==
==See also==
{{Commonscat|Hydroelectric power}}
*[[Hydropower]]
*[[List of energy topics]]
*[[wave power|Wave power]]
*[[tidal power|Tidal power]]
*[[List of reservoirs and dams]]
*[[Tennessee Valley Authority]]
*[[Small hydro]]
*[[Pumped-storage hydroelectricity]]
*[[Environmental concerns with electricity generation]]
*[[William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong]] an early private hydro-electric station


==External links==
* [http://www.ludism.org/gbgwiki/ Glass Bead Game Wiki.] Links to efforts at developing a Glass Bead Game.
*[http://www.hydro.org National Hydropower Association, USA]
* [http://www.erpmusic.com/Glasperlenspiel.htm Glasperlenspiel Festival.]
*[http://www.osl.gc.ca/chip/en/index.html Center of expertise on hydropower impacts on fish and fish habitat]
* [http://glassplategame.org/ Details] of Dunbar Aitkens' "conversation in the trappings of a board game."
*[http://www.dams.org/ World Commission on Dams report on environmental and social effects of large dams, including discussion of greenhouse gas emissions]
* [http://www.beadgaming.com/pageindex.html On the hipbone metaphor.]
*[http://www.lib.byu.edu/dlib/irvine/ Edith Irvine Collection of photographs which includes the Electra Power Project, the first hydroelectric project in California located at Mokelumne Hill, California]
* [http://www36.pair.com/waldzell/GBG/index.html The most complex of the attempts to create a real-life Glass Bead Game.]
*[http://www.hydroquebec.com/en/ Hydro Quebec]
* http://www.joshuafost.com/glassbeadgame/ A Semantic Web instantiation with examples from symbolism in Pulp Fiction.
*[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-75-1750/science_technology/hydro/ CBC Digital Archives – Hydroelectricity: The Power of Water]
* http://kennexions.ludism.org/ A link to Ron Hale-Evans' Kennexions game.
*[http://content.lib.washington.edu/ww-spwsweb/index.html University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Seattle Power and Water Supply Collection] Historical photographs and pamphlets documenting the construction of hydroelectric power and water supply facilities built in Washington State from the late 1890s to the 1950s including the Snoqualmie Falls Power Plant, the Electron Plant, the Skagit River Hydroelectric Project, and the Cedar River water supply system.
* http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/%7Etas3/wtc/ii21.html Timothy A. Smith's Shockwave movie analyzing a Bach fugue with visual symbols.
* [http://ferc.gov/industries/hydropower.asp The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)] Federal Agency that regulates more than 1500 hydropower dams in the United States.
* http://log24.com/theory/kal/ Kaleidoscope Puzzle with symbols like those in Smith's movie.
*[http://www.esha.be/fileadmin/esha_files/documents/publications/publications/Part_1_Guide_on_how_to_develop_a_small_hydropower_plant-_Final.pdf European Small Hydropower Association, Guide to Developing Small Hydropower (Part 1)], [http://www.esha.be/fileadmin/esha_files/documents/publications/publications/Part_2_Guide_on_how_to_develop_a_small_hydropower_plant-_Final-2.pdf Part 2]
* http://www.spookybug.com/bgirls/pif.html The Gospel of Pif: A playable variation on the glass bead game
{{Energy Conversion}}
* http://www.island.org/ive/1/leary1.html Huxley, Hesse and The Cybernetic Society
{{Sustainability and energy development group}}


[[Category:1943 novels|Glass Bead Game]]
[[Category:Climate change]]
[[Category:German novels|Glass Bead Game]]
[[Category:Environment]]
[[Category:Fictional games|Glass Bead Game]]
[[Category:Hydroelectricity]]
[[Category:Landscape]]
[[Category:Sustainable technologies]]


[[fr:Énergie hydroélectrique]]
[[de:Das Glasperlenspiel]]
[[hr:Hidroelektrične centrale]]
[[fr:Le Jeu des perles de verre]]
[[id:Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air]]
[[it:Il gioco delle perle di vetro]]
[[iu:ᐃᒪᐅᑉ ᓱᑲᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᔪᓐᓇᐅᑦ/imaup sukanninganut aulajunnaut]]
[[ja:ガラス玉演戯]]
[[nl:kralenspel]]
[[ja:水力発電]]
[[pl:Elektrownia wodna]]
[[ru:Игра в бисер]]
[[fi:Lasihelmipeli]]
[[vi:Thủy điện]]
[[fi:Vesivoima]]
[[ru:Гидроэлектростанция]]
[[zh:水力發電]]

Revision as of 20:43, 23 April 2007

Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator.
Hydroelectric dam in cross section
File:Stwlan.dam.750pix.jpg
The upper reservoir and dam of the Ffestiniog pumped storage scheme in north Wales.The power station at the lower reservoir has four water turbines which can generate 360 megawatts of electricity within 60 seconds of the need arising. The water of the upper reservoir (Llyn Stylan) can just be glimpsed on the right.
Part of a series on
Renewable energy

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by hydropower. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator, although less common variations use water's kinetic energy or dammed sources, such as tidal power. Hydroelectricity is a renewable energy source.

The energy extracted from water depends not only on the volume but on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a penstock.

While many supply public electricity networks, some hydroelectric projects were created for private commercial purposes. For example, aluminium processing requires substantial amounts of electricity, and often dedicated hydroelectric projects are built to serve aluminium electrolytic plants. In the Scottish Highlands there are examples at Kinlochleven and Lochaber, constructed during the early years of the 20th century. In Suriname, the 'van Blommestein' lake, dam and power station were constructed to provide electricity for the Alcoa aluminum industry.

In parts of Canada (the provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador) hydroelectricity is used so extensively that the word "hydro" is used to refer to any electricity delivered by a power utility. The government-run power utilities in these provinces are called BC Hydro, Manitoba Hydro, Hydro One (formerly "Ontario Hydro"), Hydro-Québec and Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro respectively. Hydro-Québec is the world's largest hydroelectric generating company, with a total installed capacity (2005) of 31,512 MW.

Advantages

showing that most part of the world renwable energy sources is large hydro

The major advantage of hydro systems is elimination of the cost of fuel,hense the emission of the greenhouse gas produced when buring them. (Although there is some greenhouse gas emission during construction and operation of the hydro system, the total amount per unit of electricity is much lower than fossil fuel plants.) Hydroelectric plants are immune to price increases for fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and do not require imported fuel. Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service having been built 50 to 100 years ago. Operating labor cost is usually low since plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.


Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractions in themselves. In some countRIES, farming fish in the reservoirs is pretty common. Multi-use dams installed for irrigation can support the farm with relatively constant water supply.Large hydro dam can control flood,which may save thousands of people living in downstream by eliminate or reduce the impact of big flood. Some big hydro dam can creat a huge deep reserviors and eliminate the rapids, so that big boat can be used to improve transportation. With modern technology,a hydroelectric plant may have relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the cost of dam operation. It was calculated that just after 5 to 7 years of full power of Three Gorge Dam, they can cover all the cost by selling the electricity it generates.

Pumped storage plants currently provide the only commercially important means for energy storage on a scale useful for a utility. Low-value generation in off-peak times occurs because fossil-fuel and nuclear plants cannot be entirely shut down on a daily basis. This energy is used to store water that can be released during high load daily peaks. Operation of pumped-storage plants improves the daily load factor of the generation system.

Disadvantages

Hydroelectric Reservoir Vianden, Luxembourg (tower)
A warning for boaters at O'Shaughnessy Dam

Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic ecosystems. For instance, studies have shown that dams along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America have reduced salmon populations by preventing access to spawning grounds upstream, even though most dams in salmon habitat have fish ladders installed. Salmon smolt are also harmed on their migration to sea when they must pass through turbines. This has led to some areas barging smolt downstream during parts of the year. Turbine and power-plant designs that are easier on aquatic life are an active area of research. Since damming and redirecting the waters of the Platte River in Nebraska for agricultural and energy use, many native and migratory birds such as the Piping Plover and Sandhill Crane have become increasingly endangered. Large-scale hydroelectric dams, such as the Aswan Dam and the Three Gorges Dam, have created environmental problems both upstream and downstream.

Generation of hydroelectric power impacts on the downstream river environment. Water exiting a turbine usually contains very little suspended sediment, which can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks. Since turbines are often opened intermittently, rapid or even daily fluctuations in river flow are observed. For example, in the Grand Canyon, the daily cyclic flow variation caused by Glen Canyon Dam was found to be contributing to erosion of sand bars. Dissolved oxygen content of the water may change from pre-construction conditions. Water exiting from turbines is typically much colder than the pre-dam water, which can change aquatic faunal populations, including endangered species.

The reservoirs of hydroelectric power plants in tropical regions may produce substantial amounts of methane and carbon dioxide. This is due to plant material in flooded areas decaying in an anaerobic environment, and forming methane, a very potent greenhouse gas. According to the World Commission on Dams report, where the reservoir is large compared to the generating capacity (less than 100 watts per square metre of surface area) and no clearing of the forests in the area was undertaken prior to impoundment of the reservoir, greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir may be higher than those of a conventional oil-fired thermal generation plant [1]. In boreal reservoirs of Canada and Northern Europe, however, greenhouse gas emissions are typically only 2 to 8% of any kind of conventional thermal generation. The contributive effect of forest decay can be mitigated by a new class of underwater logging operation targeting drowned forests.[1]

Another disadvantage of hydroelectric dams is the need to relocate the people living where the reservoirs are planned. In many cases, no amount of compensation can replace ancestral and cultural attachments to places that have spiritual value to the displaced population. Additionally, historically and culturally important sites can be flooded and lost. Such problems have arisen at the Three Gorges Dam project in China, the Clyde Dam in New Zealand and the Ilısu Dam in Southeastern Turkey.

File:Power plant Dnepr.jpg
The Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (1927-32) was the centerpiece of Lenin's GOELRO plan.

Recreational users of the reservoir or downstream areas are exposed to hazards due to changing water levels, and must be wary of power plant intakes and spillway operation. Ontario Power Generation's brochure "Stay Clear, Stay Safe" can be downloaded at www.opg.com/power/hydro/ The brochure describes why people need to exercise extreme care when near hydroelectric dams, stations, and surrounding waterways.

Thurlow Dam, Tallassee, Alabama

Some hydroelectric projects also utilize canals, typically to divert a river at a shallower gradient to increase the head of the scheme. In some cases, the entire river may be diverted leaving a dry riverbed. Examples include the Tekapo and Pukaki Rivers. The creation of a dam in a geologically inappropriate location may cause disasters like the one of the Vajont Dam in Italy, where almost 2000 people died, in 1963. Failures of large dams, while rare, are potentially serious — the Banqiao Dam failure in China resulted in the deaths of 171,000 people and left millions homeless, more than some estimates of the death toll from the Chernobyl disaster. Dams may be subject to enemy bombardment during wartime, sabotage and terrorism. Smaller dams and micro hydro facilities are less vulnerable to these threats.

Hydro-electric facts

Oldest hydro-electric power stations:

  • Duck Reach, Launceston, Tasmania. Completed 1895. The first publicly owned hydro-electric plant in the Southern Hemisphere. Supplied power to the city of Launceston for street lighting.
  • It is believed that the oldest Hydro Power site in the United States is located on Claverack Creek, in Stottville, New York. The turbine, a Morgan Smith, was constructed in 1869 and installed 2 years later. It is one of the earliest water wheel installations in the United States and also generated electricity. It is owned today by Edison Hydro [citation needed].

Largest hydro-electric power stations

The La Grande Complex in Quebec, Canada, is the world's largest hydroelectric generating system. The eight generating stations of the complex have a total generating capacity of 16,021 MW. The Robert Bourassa station alone has a capacity of 5,616 MW. A ninth station (Eastmain-1) is currently under construction and will add 480 MW to the total. Construction on an additional project on the Rupert River was started on January 11, 2007. It will add two stations with a combined capacity of 888 MW.

Name Country Year of completion Total Capacity Max annual electricity production
Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1984/1991/2003 14,000 MW 93.4 TW-hours
Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW 46 TW-hours
Three Gorges Dam China 2004* 9,800 MW(2006)22,400 MW(when complete) 84,7 TW-hours
Grand Coulee United States 1942/1980 6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hours
Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,721 MW 23.6 TW-hours
Krasnoyarskaya Russia 1972 6,000 MW 20.4 TW-hours
Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW
Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW 35 TW-hours
Bratskaya Russia 1967 4,500 MW 22.6 TW-hours
Ust Ilimskaya Russia 1980 4,320 MW 21.7 TW-hours
Yaciretá Argentina/Paraguay 1998 4,050 MW 19.1 TW-hours
Ertan Dam China 1999 3,300 MW(550MW×6) 17.0 TW-hours
Gezhouba Dam China 1988 3,115 MW 17.01 TW-hours
Nurek Dam Tajikistan 1979/1988 3,000 MW
La Grande-4 Canada 1986 2,779 MW
W. A. C. Bennett Dam Canada 1968 2,730 MW
Volzhskaya (Volgogradskaya) Russia 1961 2,541 MW 12.3 TW-hours
La Grande-3 Canada 1984 2,418 MW
Atatürk Dam Turkey 1990 2,400 MW
Zhiguliovskaya (Samarskaya) Russia 1957 2,300 MW 10.5 TW-hours
Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW 11.3 TW-hours
La Grande-2-A Canada 1992 2,106 MW
Aswan Egypt 1970 2,100 MW
Tarbela Dam Pakistan 1976 2,100 MW
Hoover Dam United States 1936/1961 2,080 MW
Cahora Bassa Mozambique 1975 2,075 MW
Karun III Dam Iran 2007 2,000 MW 4,1 TW-hours

[citation needed]

* Powered first 14 water turbogenerators

These are ranked by maximum power.

In progress

Name Capacity Country Construction started Scheduled completion Comments


Three Gorges Dam 22,400 MW China December 141994 2009 Largest Power Plant of the world. First power in July 2003, with 9,800MW installed until 2006.
Xiluodu Dam 12,600 MW China December 26 2005 2015
Baihetan Dam 12,000 MW China 2009 2015 Still in planning
Wudongde Dam 7,000 MW China 2009 2015 Still in planning
Longtan Dam 6,300 MW China July 1 2001 December 2009
Xiangjiaba Dam 6,000 MW China November 26 2006 2009
Jinping 2 Hydropower Station 4,800 MW China January 302007 2014 To build this dam, only 23 families and 129 local residents need to be moved. It works with Jinping 1 Hydropower Station as a group.
Laxiwa Dam 4,200 MW China April 18 2006 2010
Xiaowan Dam 4,200 MW China January 1 2002 December 2012
Jinping 1 Hydropower Station 3,600 MW China November 11 2005 2014


Pubugou Dam 3,300 MW China March 30 2004 2010
Goupitan Dam 3,000 MW China November 8 2003 2011
Ilısu Dam 1,200MW Turkey August 5, 2006 2013 one of the Southeastern Anatolia Project Dams in Turkey
File:Power Station of Aswan dam.jpg
The hydroelectric power station of Aswan Dam, Egypt
Hydroelectric Reservoir Vianden, Luxembourg

Those 10 dams in China will have total generating capacity of 70,400MW (70.2 GW) when completed. For comparison purposes, in 1999 the total capacity of hydroelectric generators in Brazil, the third country by hydroelectric capacity, was 57.52GW.

Countries with the most hydro-electric capacity

Country, total annual hydroelectricity production, total capacity installed（most recent data） [2]

  • People's Republic of China, 416,700 GWh (128,570 MW installed)[3]
  • Canada, 356,930 GWh (68,974 MW installed)
  • Brazil, 336,80 GWh (69,080 MW installed)
  • USA, 289,980 GWh (79,511 MW installed)
  • Russia, 167,000 GWh (45,000 MW installed)
  • India, 125,126 GWh (33,600 MW installed)
  • Norway, 119,000 GWh (27,528 MW installed)
  • Japan, 88,500 GWh (27,229 MW installed)
  • France, 56,100 GWh (25,335 MW installed)
Hydroelectric plant in Costa Rica.

These are 2006 figures and include pumped-storage hydroelectricity schemes. GWh means giga-watt-hour, which equal to 1 million kWh (kilo-watt-hour) equal to 3.6×10^12 Joule, equal to 123.0 tons(1000 kilogram) of standard coal, equal to 86 ton of standard oil.

References

  1. New Scientist report on greenhouse gas production by hydroelectric dams.
  2. International Water Power and Dam Construction Venezuela country profile
  3. International Water Power and Dam Construction Canada country profile
  4. Tremblay, Varfalvy, Roehm and Garneau. 2005. Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Fluxes and Processes, Springer, 732 p.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hydroelectric power.

Template:Energy Conversion Template:Sustainability and energy development group

  1. ^ http://inhabitat.com/2006/12/01/rediscovered-wood-the-triton-sawfish/#more-1973
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