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''This article has been merged with [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], and will become a redirect as soon as the Talk page and history are taken care of.''
{{merge|International Phonetic Alphabet}}

{{SpecialCharsNote}}

The '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet]]''' can be represented in [[Unicode]], with symbols not used in other alphabets assigned range U+0250–02AD. The following is a representation of the IPA chart encoded in Unicode.

There also exist systems for representing the information contained in IPA in [[ASCII]], including [[SAMPA]], [[Kirshenbaum]] and other ''ad hoc'' systems to work around the difficulty of displaying IPA on computers.

See also: [[Table of Unicode characters, 128 to 999]], [[Unicode and HTML]]

== Consonants ([[Pulmonic egressive|pulmonic]]) ==

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:larger;"
|- style="font-size: x-small;vertical-align:top;"
! rowspan=2 |  
! colspan=4 | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan=10 | [[Coronal consonant|Coronal]]
! colspan=6 | [[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
! colspan=4 | [[Radical consonant|Radical]]
! colspan=2 | [[Glottal consonant|—]]
|-
|- style="font-size: x-small;vertical-align:top;"
! colspan=2 | [[Bilabial consonant|Blab.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Labiodental consonant|Ldent.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Dental consonant|Dent.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Alveolar consonant|Alv.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Postalveolar consonant|Palv.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Apal.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Retroflex consonant|Ret.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Palatal consonant|Pal.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan=2 | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Phar.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Epiglottal consonant|Epig.]]
! colspan=2 | [[Glottal consonant|Glot.]]
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
| [[voiceless bilabial plosive|{{IPA|p}}]] || [[voiced bilabial plosive|{{IPA|b}}]]
| colspan=2 |  
| colspan=3 style="text-align:right;" | [[voiceless alveolar plosive|{{IPA|t}}]]
| colspan=5 style="text-align:left;" | [[voiced alveolar plosive|{{IPA|d}}]]
| [[voiceless retroflex plosive|{{IPA|ʈ}}]] || [[voiced retroflex plosive|{{IPA|ɖ}}]]
| [[voiceless palatal plosive|{{IPA|c}}]] || [[voiced palatal plosive|{{IPA|ɟ}}]]
| [[voiceless velar plosive|{{IPA|k}}]] || [[voiced velar plosive|{{IPA|ɡ}}]]
| [[voiceless uvular plosive|{{IPA|q}}]] || [[voiced uvular plosive|{{IPA|ɢ}}]]
| colspan=2 style="background:#ccc" |  
| [[epiglottal plosive|{{IPA|ʡ}}]]
|  
| [[glottal stop|{{IPA|ʔ}}]]
| style="background:#ccc" |  
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] [[Stop consonant|stop]]
| colspan="2" | [[bilabial nasal|{{IPA|m}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[labiodental nasal|{{IPA|ɱ}}]]
| colspan="8" | [[alveolar nasal|{{IPA|n}}]]     
| colspan="2" | [[retroflex nasal|{{IPA|ɳ}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[palatal nasal|{{IPA|ɲ}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[velar nasal|{{IPA|ŋ}}]]
| colspan="2" | [[uvular nasal|{{IPA|ɴ}}]]
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc" |  
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" | [[bilabial trill|{{IPA|ʙ}}]]
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="8" | [[alveolar trill|{{IPA|r}}]]     
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |  
| colspan="2" | [[uvular trill|{{IPA|ʀ}}]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |  
| colspan="2" | [[epiglottal trill|*]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |  
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Flap consonant|Tap or Flap]]
| colspan="2" | [[bilabial flap|*]]
| colspan="2" | [[labiodental flap|*]]
| colspan="8" | [[alveolar tap|{{IPA|ɾ}}]]     
| colspan="2" | [[retroflex flap|{{IPA|ɽ}}]]
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |  
| colspan="2" |  
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |  
| colspan="2" | [[epiglottal tap|*]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |  
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] Flap
| colspan=4 style="background:#ccc" |  
| colspan=8 | [[alveolar lateral flap|{{IPA|ɺ}}]]     
| colspan=2 | [[retroflex lateral flap|*]]
| colspan=2 |  
| colspan=2 style="background:#ccc" |  
| colspan=2 |  
| colspan=6 style="background:#ccc" |  
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| [[voiceless bilabial fricative|{{IPA|ɸ}}]] || [[voiced bilabial fricative|{{IPA|β}}]]
| [[voiceless labiodental fricative|{{IPA|f}}]] || [[voiced labiodental fricative|{{IPA|v}}]]
| [[voiceless dental fricative|{{IPA|θ}}]] || [[voiced dental fricative|{{IPA|ð}}]]
| [[voiceless alveolar fricative|{{IPA|s}}]] || [[voiced alveolar fricative|{{IPA|z}}]]
| [[voiceless postalveolar fricative|{{IPA|ʃ}}]] || [[voiced postalveolar fricative|{{IPA|ʒ}}]]
| [[voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|{{IPA|ɕ}}]] || [[voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|{{IPA|ʑ}}]]
| [[voiceless retroflex fricative|{{IPA|ʂ}}]] || [[voiced retroflex fricative|{{IPA|ʐ}}]]
| [[voiceless palatal fricative|{{IPA|ç}}]] || [[voiced palatal fricative|{{IPA|ʝ}}]]
| [[voiceless velar fricative|{{IPA|x}}]] || [[voiced velar fricative|{{IPA|ɣ}}]]
| [[voiceless uvular fricative|{{IPA|χ}}]] || [[voiced uvular fricative|{{IPA|ʁ}}]]
| [[voiceless pharyngeal fricative|{{IPA|ħ}}]] || [[voiced pharyngeal fricative|{{IPA|ʕ}}]]
| [[voiceless epiglottal fricative|{{IPA|ʜ}}]] || [[voiced epiglottal fricative|{{IPA|ʢ}}]]
| [[voiceless glottal fricative|{{IPA|h}}]] || [[voiced glottal fricative|{{IPA|ɦ}}]]
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] Fricative
| colspan=4 style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan=3 style="text-align:right;" | {{IPA|[[voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|ɬ]]}}
| colspan=5 style="text-align:left;" | {{IPA|[[voiced alveolar lateral fricative|ɮ]]}}
| colspan=2 | [[voiceless retroflex lateral fricative|*]]
| colspan=2 | [[voiceless palatal lateral fricative|*]]
| colspan=2 | [[voiceless velar lateral fricative|*]]
| colspan=2 |  
| colspan=6 style="background:#ccc" |  
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan=2 | [[bilabial approximant|*]]
| colspan=2 | [[labiodental approximant|{{IPA|ʋ}}]]
| colspan=8 | [[alveolar approximant|{{IPA|ɹ}}]]     
| colspan=2 | [[retroflex approximant|{{IPA|ɻ}}]]
| colspan=2 | [[palatal approximant|{{IPA|j}}]]
| colspan=2 | [[velar approximant|{{IPA|ɰ}}]]
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|(ʁ)}}
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|(ʕ)}}
| colspan=2 | {{IPA|(ʢ)}}
| colspan=2 style="background:#ccc" |  
|-
! style="font-size:x-small" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] Approximant
| colspan=4 style="background:#ccc" |  
| colspan=8 | [[alveolar lateral approximant|{{IPA|l}}]]     
| colspan=2 | [[retroflex lateral approximant|{{IPA|ɭ}}]]
| colspan=2 | [[palatal lateral approximant|{{IPA|ʎ}}]]
| colspan=2 | [[velar lateral approximant|{{IPA|ʟ}}]]
| colspan=2 |  
| colspan=6 style="background:#ccc" |  
|}
Notes:
* Where symbols appear in pairs (the ''[[obstruent]]s''), the one to the right represents a voiced consonant (except for breathy-voiced [[voiced glottal fricative|{{IPA|ɦ}}]]). Otherwise (the ''[[sonorant]]s''), the single symbol is voiced.
* Shaded areas indicate articulations judged impossible.
* Asterisks (*) mark reported sounds that do not (yet) have official IPA symbols. See the articles on the appropriate manner for ''ad hoc'' symbols found in the literature.
* The voiced fricative symbols, especially {{IPA|[ʁ, ʕ, ʢ]}}, may be used for either voiced fricatives or approximants.
* It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives {{IPA|[ʃ ʒ]}}, {{IPA|[ɕ ʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[ʂ ʐ]}}.
* The labiodental nasal {{IPA|[ɱ]}} is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language.

== Consonants (non-pulmonic) ==

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
|- valign=top
| colspan="2" | [[Click consonant|Click releases]]
| colspan="2" | [[Implosive consonant|Implosives]]
| colspan="2" | [[Ejective consonant|Ejectives]]
|- valign=top
| width="20" style="font-size:larger;" | [[bilabial click|{{IPA|ʘ}}]]
| Bilabial
| width="20" style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced bilabial implosive|{{IPA|ɓ}}]]
| Bilabial
| width="20" | {{IPA|ʼ}}
| | ''For example:''
|- valign=top
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[dental click|{{IPA|ǀ}}]]
| Laminal alveolar ("dental")
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced alveolar implosive|{{IPA|ɗ}}]]
| Alveolar
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[bilabial ejective|{{IPA|pʼ}}]]
| Bilabial
|- valign=top
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[postalveolar click|{{IPA|ǃ}}]]
| Apical (post)alveolar ("retroflex")
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced palatal implosive|{{IPA|ʄ}}]]
| Palatal
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[alveolar ejective|{{IPA|tʼ}}]]
| Alveolar
|- valign=top
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[palatal click|{{IPA|ǂ}}]]
| Laminal postalveolar ("palatal")
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced velar implosive|{{IPA|ɠ}}]]
| Velar
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[velar ejective|{{IPA|kʼ}}]]
| Velar
|- valign=top
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[alveolar lateral click|{{IPA|ǁ}}]]
| Lateral alveolar ("lateral")
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced uvular implosive|{{IPA|ʛ}}]]
| Uvular
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[alveolar ejective fricative|{{IPA|sʼ}}]]
| Alveolar fricative
|}

Notes:
* Clicks are doubly articulated and require two symbols: a velar or uvular stop, plus a symbol for the release: {{IPA|[k͡ǂ, g͡ǂ, ŋ͡ǂ, q͡ǂ, ɢ͡ǂ, ɴ͡ǂ]}}, ''etc''.
* Symbols for the voiceless implosives {{IPA|[ƥ, ƭ, ƈ, ƙ, ʠ]}} are no longer supported by the IPA. Instead, the voiced equivalent is used with a voiceless diacritic: {{IPA|[ɓ̥, ʛ̥]}}, ''etc''.
* Although not reported from any language, the retroflex implosive, {{Unicode|[ᶑ]}}, is supported in the Unicode Phonetic Extensions Supplement.
* The ejective symbol is also used for [[Glottalic consonant|glottalized]] but pulmonic [[sonorant]]s, such as {{IPA|[mʼ], [lʼ], [wʼ], [aʼ]}}.

== Vowels ==

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:larger;"
!
! style="font-size:x-small;" | [[Front vowel | Front]]
!
! style="font-size:x-small;" | [[Central vowel | Central]]
!
! style="font-size:x-small;" | [[Back vowel | Back]]
|-
! style="text-align:right; font-size:x-small;" | [[Close vowel | Close]]
| width=40 | {{IPA|i • y}}
| width=40 |  
| width=40 | {{IPA|ɨ • ʉ}}
| width=40 |  
| width=40 | {{IPA|ɯ • u}}
|-
|  
|  
| {{IPA|ɪ • ʏ}}
|  
| {{IPA|• ʊ}}
|  
|-
! style="text-align:right; font-size:x-small;" | [[Close-mid vowel | Close-mid]]
| {{IPA|e • ø}}
|  
| {{IPA|ɘ • ɵ}}
|  
| {{IPA|ɤ • o}}
|-
|  
|  
|  
| {{IPA|ə}}
|  
|  
|-
! style="text-align:right; font-size:x-small;" | [[Open-mid vowel | Open-mid]]
| {{IPA|ɛ • œ}}
|  
| {{IPA|ɜ • ɞ}}
|  
| {{IPA|ʌ • ɔ}}
|-
|  
| {{IPA|æ}}
|  
| {{IPA|ɐ}}
|  
|  
|-
! style="text-align:right; font-size:x-small;" | [[Open vowel | Open]]
| colspan='3'|{{IPA|a • ɶ}}
|  
| {{IPA|ɑ • ɒ}}
|}
Notes:
*Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. {{IPA|[ʊ]}} also represents a rounded vowel.
*{{IPA|[ɶ]}} is not confirmed as a distinct phoneme in any language.

== Other symbols ==
'''Symbols for consonants with double or secondary articulation'''
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiceless labial-velar fricative|{{IPA|ʍ}}]]
|Voiceless labial-velar approximant
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[labial-velar approximant|{{IPA|w}}]]
|Voiced labial-velar approximant
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[labial-palatal approximant|{{IPA|ɥ}}]]
|Voiced labial-palatal approximant
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiceless dorso-palatal velar fricative|{{IPA|ɧ}}]]
|Voiceless "dorso-palatal" fricative
|}
Note:
*The nature of {{IPA|[ɧ]}} is disputed. See the article for discussion.


'''Affricates''' and '''doubly articulated stops''' are represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar either above or below the symbols, or optionally by a ligature for the six commonest affricates, though this is not current IPA usage:
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
! Ligature
! Tie bar
! Description
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiceless alveolar affricate|{{IPA|ʦ}}]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|t͡s}}
| voiceless alveolar affricate
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiceless postalveolar affricate|{{IPA|ʧ}}]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|t͡ʃ}}
| voiceless postalveolar affricate
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|{{IPA|ʨ}}]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|t͡ɕ}}
| voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced alveolar affricate|{{IPA|ʣ}}]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|d͡z}}
| voiced alveolar affricate
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced postalveolar affricate|{{IPA|ʤ}}]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|d͡ʒ}}
| voiced postalveolar affricate
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate|{{IPA|ʥ}}]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|d͡ʑ}}
| voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" |  –
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiceless labial-velar plosive|{{IPA|k͡p}}]]
| voiceless labial-velar plosive
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" |  –
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[voiced labial-velar plosive|{{IPA|g͡b}}]]
| voiced labial-velar plosive
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" |  –
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[labial-velar nasal|{{IPA|ŋ͡m}}]]
| labial-velar nasal stop
|}
Note:
* Due to a bug in the ''Arial Unicode MS'' font, these incorrectly formed character combinations may look better in your browser: {{IPA|ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, kp͡, gb͡, ŋm͡}}.


'''Extended IPA''' for [[Speech disorder|disordered speech]]

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[velopharyngeal fricative|{{IPA|ʩ}}]]
|Velopharyngeal fricative
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[lateralized s|{{IPA|ʪ}}]]
|Lateralized [s]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[lateralized z|{{IPA|ʫ}}]]
|Lateralized [z]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[bilabial percussive|{{IPA|ʬ}}]]
|Bilabial percussive
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[bidental percussive|{{IPA|ʭ}}]]
|Bidental percussive
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | [[sublaminal lower alveolar click|{{IPA|¡}}]]
|Sublaminal lower alveolar click
|}

== [[Suprasegmental]]s ==

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ˈ}}
| Primary [[lexical stress|stress]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ˌ}}
| Secondary [[lexical stress|stress]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ː}}
| Long ([[Vowel length|long vowel]] or [[Gemination|geminate consonant]])
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ˑ}}
| Half-long
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|˘}}
| Extra-short
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|.}}
| Syllable break
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA||}}
| [[Prosody (linguistics)|Minor (foot) group]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|‖}}
| [[Prosody (linguistics)|Major (intonation) group]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|‿}}
| Linking (absence of a break)
|}

=== [[Tonal language|Tone]] and [[intonation]] ===

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|e̋ or ˥}}
| Extra high
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|é or ˦}}
| High
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ē or ˧}}
| Mid
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|è or ˨}}
| Low
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ȅ or ˩}}
| Extra low
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ě}}
| Rise
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ê}}
| Fall
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | <sup>{{IPA|↓}}</sup>e
| Downstep
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | <sup>{{IPA|↑}}</sup>e
| Upstep
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|↗}}
| Global rise
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|↘}}
| Global fall
|}
Note:
*Unicode does not have separate encodings for most of the contour tones. Instead, sequences of level tone marks are used, with proper display dependent on the font, usually by means of OpenType font rendition: {{IPA|[é̄, ḕ̄]}} or {{IPA|[e˥˧, e˧˩˨]}}. (These are probably not displaying correctly in your browser.) Since very few fonts support such combinations of tone marks, a common solution is to use the old system of superscript numerals from '1' to '5', e.g. [e<sup>53</sup>, e<sup>312</sup>]. However, this depends on local linguistic tradition, with '5' generally being high and '1' being low for Asian languages, but '1' being high and '5' low for African languages. An old IPA convention sometimes still seen is to use sub-diacritics for low contour tones: {{IPA|[e̖, e̗]}} for ''low-falling'' and ''low-rising''.
*The upstep and downstep diacritics are superscript arrows. Unicode currently does not have separate encodings for them.

== Diacritics ==

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, i.e. {{IPA|ŋ̊}}
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| width=40 style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|n̥ d̥}}
| [[Phonation|Voiceless]]
| width=40 style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|b̤ a̤}}
| [[Breathy voice]]d {{footnote|1}}
| width=40 style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|t̪ d̪}}
| [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s̬ t̬}}
| [[Phonation|Voiced]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|b̰ a̰}}
| [[Creaky voice]]d
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|t̺ d̺}}
| [[Apical consonant|Apical]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|tʰ dʰ}}
| [[Aspirated]] {{footnote|2}}
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|t̼ d̼}}
| [[Linguolabial consonant|Linguolabial]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|t̻ d̻}}
| [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ɔ̹ x̹}}
| More [[Rounded vowel|rounded]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|tʷ dʷ}}
| [[Labialization|Labialized]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ẽ}}
| [[Nasalization|Nasalized]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ɔ̜ x̜ʷ}}
| Less [[Rounded vowel|rounded]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|tʲ dʲ}}
| [[Palatalization|Palatalized]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|dⁿ}}
| Nasal release
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|u̟ t̟}}
| Advanced
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|tˠ dˠ}}
| [[Velarization|Velarized]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|dˡ}}
| Lateral release
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|i̠ t̠}}
| Retracted
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|tˁ dˁ}}
| [[Pharyngealization|Pharyngealized]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|d̚}}
| [[Unreleased stop|No audible release]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ë}}
| [[Centralization (phonetics)|Centralized]]
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|l̴}}
| colspan=3 | Velarized or pharyngealized
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|e̽}}
| Mid-centralized
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|e̝ ɹ̝}}
| colspan=3 | Raised ('''{{IPA|ɹ̝}}''' = voiced alveolar fricative)
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ɹ̩}}
| Syllabic
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|e̞ β̞}}
| colspan=3 | Lowered ('''{{IPA|β̞}}''' = voiced bilabial approximant)
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|e̯}}
| Non-syllabic
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|e̘}}
| colspan=3 | [[Advanced tongue root]]
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ɚ}}
| [[Rhotic]]ity
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|e̙}}
| colspan=3 | [[Retracted Tongue Root]]
|}

'''Notes'''
#Some linguists restrict this breathy-voice diacritic to vowels, and transcribe consonants as {{IPA|bʱ}}.
#With aspirated voiced consonants, many linguists prefer one of the diacritics specifically for breathy voice.

The state of the [[glottis]] can be finely transcribed. A series of alveolar plosives ranging from an open to a closed glottis [[phonation]] are:
:{{IPA|[t]}} ([[voiceless]])
:{{IPA|[d̤]}} ([[breathy voice]], also called ''murmured'')
:{{IPA|[d̥]}} ([[slack voice]])
:{{IPA|[d]}} ([[voiced|modal voice]])
:{{IPA|[d̬]}} ([[stiff voice]])
:{{IPA|[d̰]}} ([[creaky voice]])
:{{IPA|[ʔd or ʔt]}} (glottal closure).

'''Extended IPA''' for [[speech disorder|disordered speech]].
{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
|-
| width=20 style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͍}}
| Labial spreading
| width=20 style="font-size:larger;" | &nbsp;
| Strong articulation
| width=20 style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|m͊}}
| Denasal
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|v͆}}
| Dentolabial
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|v͉}}
| Weak articulation
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|v͋}}
| Nasal escape
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | &nbsp;
| Interdental/bidental
| style="font-size:larger;" | &nbsp;
| Reiterated articulation
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͌}}
| Velopharyngeal friction
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͇}}
| Alveolar
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͎}}
| Whistled articulation
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|p↓}}
| Ingressive airflow
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s̼}}
| Linguolabial
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s͢θ}}
| Slurred/sliding articulation
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|!↑}}
| Egressive airflow
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ʰp}}
| Pre-aspiration
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|p⁼}}
| Unaspirated release
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|ạ}}
| Whispery
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|₍s̬₎}}
| Partial voicing
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|₍s̬}}
| Initial partial voicing
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|s̬₎}}
| Final partial voicing
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|₍z̥₎}}
| Partial devoicing
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|₍z̥}}
| Initial partial devoicing
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|z̥₎}}
| Final partial devoicing
|-
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA| ̬z}}
| Pre-voicing
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|z ̬}}
| Post-voicing
| style="font-size:larger;" | {{IPA|a ̰}}
| Creaky
|}



== See also ==

* [[International Phonetic Alphabet for English]]
* [[List of phonetics topics]]

== External links ==

*[http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-unicode.htm International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode]
*[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/unicode_ipa-chart.htm IPA chart - in glorious Technicolor Unicode]
*[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/vowels/contents.html An introduction to the sounds of languages]
* [http://www.linguiste.org/phonetics/ipa/chart/ IPA Chart] in Unicode and XHTML/CSS
** [http://www.linguiste.org/phonetics/ipa/chart/keyboard/ Interactive symbol selector]

==Special characters==
<div class="boilerplate metadata" style="font-size:smaller; background-color:#f3f9ff; padding:0 1em; border:1px solid #aaa;">
'''Technical Note''': Most IPA symbols are not included in [[Times New Roman]], the default font for Latin scripts in [[Internet Explorer]] for Windows. To properly view IPA symbols in Internet Explorer for Windows, you must set your browser font to a typeface that includes the IPA extensions, such as [[Lucida Sans Unicode]] (which comes with [[Windows XP]]), [[Gentium]] (which is freely available), [[Doulos (SIL)]] (same source, SIL), or [[Arial Unicode MS]] (which comes with [[Microsoft Office]]). Alternatively, the style sheet could try using Unicode-range specifications to note the gaps where Times does not have glyphs for IPA, Hawaiian [[Okina|’okina]] (glottal stop), etc. and thus hopefully forced the browser check further down the list of fonts.

On this page, we have forced the browser to use such a font, so it should appear correctly, but this hasn't yet been done to all to other [[:category:pages containing IPA|pages containing IPA]]. This also applies to other pages using [[meta:Help:Special characters|special symbols]]. Bear this in mind if you see error symbols such as "蚟" in articles.

Special symbols should display properly without further configuration with [[Konqueror]], [[Mozilla]], [[Mozilla Firefox]], [[Opera (web browser) |Opera]], [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]], and other modern browsers.
[[Category:Pages with special characters| ]]
</div>

[[Category:Unicode]]
[[Category:Phonetic alphabets]]


[[de:IPA in Unicode]]
[[de:IPA in Unicode]]

Revision as of 03:14, 13 July 2005

This article has been merged with International Phonetic Alphabet, and will become a redirect as soon as the Talk page and history are taken care of.

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