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The '''Autostrada A3 Napoli-Reggio Calabria''' is a [[Autostrade of Italy|motorway]] in the [[Mezzogiorno|south]] of [[Italy]], which runs from [[Naples]] to [[Reggio Calabria]] via [[Salerno]]. It runs through three [[Regions of Italy|regions]]: [[Campania]] (171 km), [[Basilicata]] (30 km) and [[Calabria]] (293,9 km).
The '''Autostrada A3 Napoli-Reggio Calabria''' is a [[Autostrade of Italy|motorway]] in the [[Mezzogiorno|south]] of [[Italy]], which runs from [[Naples]] to [[Reggio Calabria]] via [[Salerno]]. It runs through three [[Regions of Italy|regions]]: [[Campania]] (171 km), [[Basilicata]] (30 km) and [[Calabria]] (293,9 km).


Due to its notorious poor conditions of maintenance, and its difficult route, the motorway has been often taken as a symbol of the backwardness and economical problems of southern Italy. Italian historian Leandra D'Antone, although underlying the engineering effort needed to overcome the construction problems, has defined it "a true Italian shame".<ref>{{it icon}} ''...una vera e propria «vergogna italiana»'', in [http://www.almcalabria.it/calabriaradicale/a3/la-storia-della-salerno-reggio-calabria/ La storia della Salerno Reggio Calabria], book about Salerno-Reggio Calabria</ref> The European Union declines to classify the road as a “motorway” due to the decades-long roadwork restrictions on a supposedly modern road<ref>''Organised crime may be behind problems with southern motorway: Awkward questions remain about Italian infrastructure'', in [http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/organised-crime-may-be-behind-problems-with-southern-motorway-1.1478824]</ref> and seeks recompense for its financial contributions.<ref>http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/07/the-mafia-built-highway-that-could-cost-italy-471-million.html</ref>
Due to sections not being originally constructed to anywhere near Motorway standard and to the notoriously poor conditions of maintenance, and also to the extremely difficult terrain along some of the route, EG [[Sfalassa Viaduct|Sfalassa Gorge]], the motorway has been often taken as a symbol of the backwardness and economical problems of southern Italy. Italian historian Leandra D'Antone has defined it "a true Italian shame".<ref>{{it icon}} ''...una vera e propria «vergogna italiana»'', in [http://www.almcalabria.it/calabriaradicale/a3/la-storia-della-salerno-reggio-calabria/ La storia della Salerno Reggio Calabria], book about Salerno-Reggio Calabria</ref> The European Union declines to classify the road as a “motorway” due to the decades-long roadwork restrictions on a supposedly modern road<ref>''Organised crime may be behind problems with southern motorway: Awkward questions remain about Italian infrastructure'', in [http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/organised-crime-may-be-behind-problems-with-southern-motorway-1.1478824]</ref> and seeks recompense for its financial contributions.<ref>http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/07/the-mafia-built-highway-that-could-cost-italy-471-million.html</ref>


==History==
==History==
The first stretch of the road to be completed was the Naples-[[Pompeii]], finished on 22 June 1929. The connection to Salerno was completed on 16 July 1961.
The first stretch of the road to be completed was the Naples-[[Pompeii]] section, finished on 22 June [[1929]]. The connection onward to Salerno was completed on 16 July 1961.


In 1964 the Italian government decided to build a motorway which connected the rest of Italy to Calabria, so far considered a kind of "Third Island" (together with Sicily and Sardinia), due to the nature of its sharp reliefs, which made it problematic to reach the region. The new motorway was built in a total of 8 years, the works being delivered on 13 June 1974.
In 1964 the Italian government decided to build a motorway which connected the rest of Italy to Calabria, so far considered a kind of "Third Island" (together with Sicily and Sardinia), due to the nature of its terrain, which made it problematic to reach the region. The new motorway was built in a total of 8 years, the works being delivered on 13 June 1974.


The road built was more similar to a sub-standard [[freeway]] (Italian: ''strada statale'', "state road") than to the other ''[[autostrade]]'' (motorways) in Italy.<ref name=storia>{{it icon}} ''l'autostrada, completamente statale e senza pedaggio, con le sue due corsie, somiglia più ad una strada statale'' [http://www.lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it/puntata.aspx?id=557 Salerno-Reggio Calabria: L’autostrada che non c'è], La Soria siamo noi, Rai Educational, in which the A3 is defined "the most devastated motorway stretch in Italy".</ref> Queues became a common feature, especially in summer. To solve the situation, the Italian government funded renovation works in 1997. {{as of|2010}}, many of them are still ongoing, despite in 1993 it had been announced that the works would be completed within 2003.<ref>End of the work has been, as of 2010, postponed to 2012-2013, see: {{it icon}}[http://www.italiainformazioni.com/giornale/cronaca/57295/autostrade-salerno-reggio-calabria-pronta-2012-2013.htm Autostrade: Salerno-Reggio Calabria pronta per 2012-2013], ItaliaInformazione, July 8, 2009</ref>
The road built by 1974 is more similar to a sub-standard [[freeway]] (Italian: ''strada statale'', "state road") than to the other ''[[autostrade]]'' (motorways) in Italy.<ref name=storia>{{it icon}} ''l'autostrada, completamente statale e senza pedaggio, con le sue due corsie, somiglia più ad una strada statale'' [http://www.lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it/puntata.aspx?id=557 Salerno-Reggio Calabria: L’autostrada che non c'è], La Soria siamo noi, Rai Educational, in which the A3 is defined "the most devastated motorway stretch in Italy".</ref> Queues became a common feature, especially in summer. To solve the situation, the Italian government funded renovation works in 1997. {{as of|2010}}, many of them are still ongoing, despite it being announced in 1993 that the works would be completed by 2003.<ref>Completion of the upgrade work has been, as of 2010, postponed to 2012-2013, see: {{it icon}}[http://www.italiainformazioni.com/giornale/cronaca/57295/autostrade-salerno-reggio-calabria-pronta-2012-2013.htm Autostrade: Salerno-Reggio Calabria pronta per 2012-2013], ItaliaInformazione, July 8, 2009</ref> but the EU antifraud investigation of works undertaken between 2007 and 2010 together with the repayment of over €300m to the EU in July 2012 have delayed completion of the upgrade works even further. <ref>http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/07/the-mafia-built-highway-that-could-cost-italy-471-million.html</ref> <ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/9376202/Italy-repays-307-million-to-EU-after-road-project-mafia-corruption-exposed.html] Italy Repays €307m to EU after Road Project Mafia Corruption. </ref>

The cost of the upgrade to date (August 2013) is projected to reach over €10bn by the time it is eventually completed, perhaps by 2018. The section from [[Salerno]] and [[Reggio Calabria]] alone, 442km long, will cost €10bn with the rest spent on widening/upgrades already completed between Naples and Salerno. €7.443 Bn has been spent so far on parts of the 442km section beteeen [[Salerno]] and [[Reggio Calabria]] <ref>{{it icon}}[http://www.stradeanas.it/index.php?/content/index/arg/attivita_salerno_reggio/page/1]Stradaneanas Works Update (in Italian) </ref><ref>{{it icon}}[http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2011/03/06/salerno-reggio-calabria-controlli-anas.html repubblica.it]Around €10bn projected for Salerno = Reggio upgrade 06 March 2011 (in Italian) </ref>


==Overview==
==Overview==
The entire road is a substandard [[freeway]].<ref name=scandalo/> The only sector with three lanes has a length of 50&nbsp;km. The section of the road from the interchange with the A1 motorway in Naples to the [[Pompeii]] exit, built during the 1920s, originated as a local [[Toll road|turnpike]] and only later was retrofitted to motorway standard. Many of the junctions along the route have very tight corners and extremely limited deceleration fields; this is especially significant on the Naples - Salerno section, where at some junctions there are stop-signs for traffic entering the motorway.<ref name=storia/> Hard shoulders are virtually non-existent along almost the entire route, apart from occasional emergency bays at infrequent locations. Generally speaking, most of the route is often congested.<ref>{{it icon}} [http://www.terrelibere.org/terrediconfine/viaggio-dall-A3-al-traghettamento-sullo-stretto Viaggio dall’A3 al traghettamento sullo Stretto], terrelibere.org, August 7, 2009</ref>
The entire road was a substandard [[freeway]].<ref name=scandalo/> when the upgrade programme from [[Naples]] to [[Reggio Calabria]] started in the early 1990s. The only sector with three lanes has a length of 50&nbsp;km. The section of the road from the interchange with the A1 motorway in Naples to the [[Pompeii]] exit, built during the 1920s, originated as a local [[Toll road|turnpike]] and only later was retrofitted to motorway standard. Many of the junctions along the route have very tight corners and extremely limited deceleration fields; this is especially significant on the now at least 50 year old Naples - Salerno section, where at some junctions there are stop-signs for traffic entering the motorway.<ref name=storia/> Hard shoulders are only recently apparent along the entire route, with only occasional emergency bays at infrequent locations on the sections that have not been upgraded yet. Generally speaking, most of the route is often congested evern where upgraded.<ref>{{it icon}} [http://www.terrelibere.org/terrediconfine/viaggio-dall-A3-al-traghettamento-sullo-stretto Viaggio dall’A3 al traghettamento sullo Stretto], terrelibere.org, August 7, 2009</ref>

⚫
The southern segment (Salerno-Reggio Calabria) is toll-free and is maintained by [[ANAS]], the state agency for public routes. Located in a mountainous area, it is famous for being prone to very high levels of traffic (especially at the start and at the end of vacation periods) and for the bad state of maintenance compared to other Italian motorways.<ref name=scandalo>Photos and videos of the Salerno-Reggio Calabria "scandal" at [http://radicalweb.org/2010/01/a3-salerno-reggio-calabriauno-scandalo-nazionale-il-dossierle-fotoi-video/ A3 Salerno-Reggio Calabria:uno Scandalo!], radicalweb.org, January 23, 2010</ref> ANAS has been slowly upgrading this segment for the better part of the last three decades.<ref name=scandalo/> The motorway is currently undergoing heavy modernisation, involving in many cases a complete rebuilding or replacement of the road.<ref>{{it icon}} [http://www.fiaccola.it/pdf/articoli/126_132_ANAS.pdf Salerno Reggio Calabria ed il General Contractor unico], Le strade, may 2007</ref>

⚫
In July 2011, works on 237&nbsp;km of the road (53%) were completed. 147 more km of rebuilding/modernization was then due to be completed by the end of 2014.<ref>{{it icon}}http://www.stradeanas.it/index.php?/content/index/arg/attivita_salerno_reggio/page/1</ref> In August 2013 that situation had changed with the completion of over 80km of upgrades since July 2011 and with works commencing on new sections.


The last few Km at the end of the Motorway in [[Reggio Calabria]] are not to be upgraded thereby reducing the intended motorway length between [[Salerno]] and [[Reggio Calabria]] to 433&nbsp;km from the original 442&nbsp;km overall.
⚫
The southern segment (Salerno-Reggio Calabria) is toll-free and is maintained by [[ANAS]], the state agency for public routes. Located in a mountainous area, it is famous for being prone to very high levels of traffic (especially at the start and at the end of vacation periods) and its bad state of maintenance compared to other Italian motorways.<ref name=scandalo>Photos and videos of the Salerno-Reggio Calabria "scandal" at [http://radicalweb.org/2010/01/a3-salerno-reggio-calabriauno-scandalo-nazionale-il-dossierle-fotoi-video/ A3 Salerno-Reggio Calabria:uno Scandalo!], radicalweb.org, January 23, 2010</ref> ANAS has been slowly upgrading this segment for the better part of the last three decades.<ref name=scandalo/> The motorway is currently undergoing heavy modernisation, involving in many cases a complete rebuilding of the road.<ref>{{it icon}} [http://www.fiaccola.it/pdf/articoli/126_132_ANAS.pdf Salerno Reggio Calabria ed il General Contractor unico], Le strade, may 2007</ref>


Of that 433&nbsp;km the completed 322&nbsp;km represents a linear 73% of the planned upgrade to the road with 27% remaining to open as of August 2013, some of which 27% or 111&nbsp;km is currently under construction.
⚫
As of July 2011, works on 237&nbsp;km of the road (53%) have been completed. 147 more km of rebuilding/modernization are due to be completed within the end of 2014.<ref>http://www.stradeanas.it/index.php?/content/index/arg/attivita_salerno_reggio/page/1</ref>


==Route==
==Route==

Revision as of 15:58, 9 August 2013

Autostrada A3 shield}}
Autostrada A3
Autostrada Napoli-Reggio Calabria
Route information
Maintained by ANAS
Length494.9 km (307.5 mi)
Existed1974–present
Major junctions
North endNaples
South endReggio Calabria
Location
CountryItaly
RegionsCampania, Basilicata, Calabria
Highway system
← A 1→ A 4

The Autostrada A3 Napoli-Reggio Calabria is a motorway in the south of Italy, which runs from Naples to Reggio Calabria via Salerno. It runs through three regions: Campania (171 km), Basilicata (30 km) and Calabria (293,9 km).

Due to sections not being originally constructed to anywhere near Motorway standard and to the notoriously poor conditions of maintenance, and also to the extremely difficult terrain along some of the route, EG Sfalassa Gorge, the motorway has been often taken as a symbol of the backwardness and economical problems of southern Italy. Italian historian Leandra D'Antone has defined it "a true Italian shame".[1] The European Union declines to classify the road as a “motorway” due to the decades-long roadwork restrictions on a supposedly modern road[2] and seeks recompense for its financial contributions.[3]

History

The first stretch of the road to be completed was the Naples-Pompeii section, finished on 22 June 1929. The connection onward to Salerno was completed on 16 July 1961.

In 1964 the Italian government decided to build a motorway which connected the rest of Italy to Calabria, so far considered a kind of "Third Island" (together with Sicily and Sardinia), due to the nature of its terrain, which made it problematic to reach the region. The new motorway was built in a total of 8 years, the works being delivered on 13 June 1974.

The road built by 1974 is more similar to a sub-standard freeway (Italian: strada statale, "state road") than to the other autostrade (motorways) in Italy.[4] Queues became a common feature, especially in summer. To solve the situation, the Italian government funded renovation works in 1997. As of 2010, many of them are still ongoing, despite it being announced in 1993 that the works would be completed by 2003.[5] but the EU antifraud investigation of works undertaken between 2007 and 2010 together with the repayment of over €300m to the EU in July 2012 have delayed completion of the upgrade works even further. [6] [7]

The cost of the upgrade to date (August 2013) is projected to reach over €10bn by the time it is eventually completed, perhaps by 2018. The section from Salerno and Reggio Calabria alone, 442km long, will cost €10bn with the rest spent on widening/upgrades already completed between Naples and Salerno. €7.443 Bn has been spent so far on parts of the 442km section beteeen Salerno and Reggio Calabria [8][9]

Overview

The entire road was a substandard freeway.[10] when the upgrade programme from Naples to Reggio Calabria started in the early 1990s. The only sector with three lanes has a length of 50 km. The section of the road from the interchange with the A1 motorway in Naples to the Pompeii exit, built during the 1920s, originated as a local turnpike and only later was retrofitted to motorway standard. Many of the junctions along the route have very tight corners and extremely limited deceleration fields; this is especially significant on the now at least 50 year old Naples - Salerno section, where at some junctions there are stop-signs for traffic entering the motorway.[4] Hard shoulders are only recently apparent along the entire route, with only occasional emergency bays at infrequent locations on the sections that have not been upgraded yet. Generally speaking, most of the route is often congested evern where upgraded.[11]

The southern segment (Salerno-Reggio Calabria) is toll-free and is maintained by ANAS, the state agency for public routes. Located in a mountainous area, it is famous for being prone to very high levels of traffic (especially at the start and at the end of vacation periods) and for the bad state of maintenance compared to other Italian motorways.[10] ANAS has been slowly upgrading this segment for the better part of the last three decades.[10] The motorway is currently undergoing heavy modernisation, involving in many cases a complete rebuilding or replacement of the road.[12]

In July 2011, works on 237 km of the road (53%) were completed. 147 more km of rebuilding/modernization was then due to be completed by the end of 2014.[13] In August 2013 that situation had changed with the completion of over 80km of upgrades since July 2011 and with works commencing on new sections.

The last few Km at the end of the Motorway in Reggio Calabria are not to be upgraded thereby reducing the intended motorway length between Salerno and Reggio Calabria to 433 km from the original 442 km overall.

Of that 433 km the completed 322 km represents a linear 73% of the planned upgrade to the road with 27% remaining to open as of August 2013, some of which 27% or 111 km is currently under construction.


Route

A3 NAPOLI - REGGIO CALABRIA
Exit ↓km↓ ↑km↑ Province European Route
Napoli Centro 2,0 51,6 NA  
Napoli San Giovanni a Teduccio 2,5 46,1 NA  
Roma, Firenze, Bologna, Milano 2,5 4,1 NA  
Napoli Ponticelli-S.Giorgio Nord 5,5 45,2 NA
San Giorgio a Cremano 6,4 45,2 NA
Portici (Bellavista) 8,0 43,6 NA
Ercolano 8,5 43,1 NA
Torre del Greco (Nord) 11,5 40,1 NA
Torre Annunziata Nord 15,0 36,6 NA
Torre Annunziata Sud 20,0 31,6 NA
Pompei Ovest 21,9 29,7 NA
Castellammare di Stabia 22,5 29,1 NA
Scafati-Pompei Est 25,0 26,6 NA
Angri 29,7 21,9 SA
Nocera Inferiore 36,6 15,0 SA
Cava de' Tirreni 42,9 8,7 SA
Vietri sul Mare 48,4 3,2 SA
Salerno 51,6 0,0 SA
Salerno Fratte 0,0 442,9 SA
RA02 Avellino
Caserta
Napoli - Canosa
Roma 		0,2 442,7 SA
San Mango Piemonte 7,3 435,7 SA
Pontecagnano 13,0 429,9 SA
Montecorvino Pugliano 17,5 425,4 SA
Battipaglia 23,0 419,9 SA
Eboli 30,0 412,9 SA
Campagna 36,1 406,8 SA
Contursi Terme-Postiglione 46,0 396,9 SA
Sicignano - Potenza
RA05 Potenza 		54,0 388,9 SA
Petina 65,0 377,9 SA
Polla 76,0 366,9 SA
Atena Lucana 83,0 359,9 SA
Sala Consilina 88,0 354,9 SA
Padula - Buonabitacolo 104,0 338,9 SA
Maratea-Lagonegro Nord 124,0 318,9 PZ
Lagonegro Sud 126,0 316,9 PZ
Lauria Nord 138,0 304,9 PZ
Lauria Sud 145,0 297,9 PZ
Laino Borgo 153,0 289,9 CS
Mormanno-Scalea 164,0 278,9 CS
Campotenese 174,0 268,9 CS
Castrovillari-Morano Calabro 185,0 257,9 CS
Castrovillari-Frascineto 194,0 248,9 CS
Sibari 208,0 234,9 CS
Altomonte 214,0 228,9 CS
Spezzano 220,0 222,9 CS
Tarsia 225,0 217,9 CS
Torano 235,0 207,9 CS
Montalto Uffugo 246,0 196,9 CS
Cosenza Nord
Crotone		 253,0 189,9 CS
Cosenza 259,0 183,9 CS
Rogliano - Grimaldi 273,0 169,9 CS
Altilia 286,0 156,9 CS
San Mango d'Aquino 294,0 148,9 CZ
Falerna 304,0 138,9 CZ
Lamezia Terme
Catanzaro		 320,0 122,9 CZ
Pizzo 339,0 103,9 VV
Sant'Onofrio-Vibo Valentia 348,0 94,9 VV
Serre 359,0 83,9 VV
Mileto 370,0 72,9 VV
Rosarno
SGC Jonio-Tirreno: Marina di Gioiosa Ionica		 383,0 59,9 RC
Service area "Rosarno" 390,0 56,9 RC
Gioia Tauro 393,0 49,9 RC
Palmi 401,0 41,9 RC
Sant'Elia 408,0 34,9 RC
Bagnara Calabra 412,0 30,9 RC
Scilla 423,0 19,9 RC
Santa Trada of Cannitello (cancelled from 2008) 423,0 RC
Service area "Villa San Giovanni" 433,0 10,0 RC
Villa San Giovanni
Car ferry to Sicily
 434,0 8,9 RC  
Campo Calabro 435,0 7,9 RC  
Reggio Catona - Arghillà 436,0 6,9 RC  
Reggio Gallico 437,0 5,9 RC  
Reggio maritime port - Promenade
Car ferry to Sicily
 441,6 1,3 RC  
RA04 Reggio Calabria - SS106 442,5 0,4 RC  
Reggio Calabria Nord 442,9 0,0 RC  
Reggio Calabria: end of the A3 and beginning of the RA04 that connects with the SS106.

See also

References

  1. ^ Template:It icon ...una vera e propria «vergogna italiana», in La storia della Salerno Reggio Calabria, book about Salerno-Reggio Calabria
  2. ^ Organised crime may be behind problems with southern motorway: Awkward questions remain about Italian infrastructure, in [1]
  3. ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/07/the-mafia-built-highway-that-could-cost-italy-471-million.html
  4. ^ a b Template:It icon l'autostrada, completamente statale e senza pedaggio, con le sue due corsie, somiglia più ad una strada statale Salerno-Reggio Calabria: L’autostrada che non c'è, La Soria siamo noi, Rai Educational, in which the A3 is defined "the most devastated motorway stretch in Italy".
  5. ^ Completion of the upgrade work has been, as of 2010, postponed to 2012-2013, see: Template:It iconAutostrade: Salerno-Reggio Calabria pronta per 2012-2013, ItaliaInformazione, July 8, 2009
  6. ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/07/the-mafia-built-highway-that-could-cost-italy-471-million.html
  7. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/9376202/Italy-repays-307-million-to-EU-after-road-project-mafia-corruption-exposed.html] Italy Repays €307m to EU after Road Project Mafia Corruption.
  8. ^ Template:It icon[2]Stradaneanas Works Update (in Italian)
  9. ^ Template:It iconrepubblica.itAround €10bn projected for Salerno = Reggio upgrade 06 March 2011 (in Italian)
  10. ^ a b c Photos and videos of the Salerno-Reggio Calabria "scandal" at A3 Salerno-Reggio Calabria:uno Scandalo!, radicalweb.org, January 23, 2010
  11. ^ Template:It icon Viaggio dall’A3 al traghettamento sullo Stretto, terrelibere.org, August 7, 2009
  12. ^ Template:It icon Salerno Reggio Calabria ed il General Contractor unico, Le strade, may 2007
  13. ^ Template:It iconhttp://www.stradeanas.it/index.php?/content/index/arg/attivita_salerno_reggio/page/1
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