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The Frontier Series is the seventh series of banknotes of the Canadian dollar released by the Bank of Canada. The new polymer banknotes were designed to increase durability and to incorporate more security features. The notes feature images that focus on historic Canadian achievements and innovation. It is the first banknote series issued by the Bank of Canada printed on a material other than paper.^[1]

The polymer bank notes were revealed in June 2011. Each banknote was put into circulation with a national ceremony and several regional events. The $100 banknote was released into circulation on 14 November 2011, the $50 banknote on March 26, 2012, and the $20 banknote on 7 November 2012.^[2] The $5 banknote was unveiled by Chris Hadfield from the International Space Station during Expedition 35, and first circulated on 7 November 2013.^[3] The $10 banknote was first circulated the same day after a ceremony at Pacific Central Station in Vancouver.

The banknotes were designed by the Canadian Bank Note Company,^[4]^[5] which also prints the banknotes. To familiarise Canadians with the new banknotes, each banknote was introduced through official unveiling events and advertising campaigns before being put into circulation.^[6]

Development

The primary impetus for the new banknotes was "the need to stay ahead of counterfeiters".^[6]^[7] The Bank of Canada created a formal set of guidelines that it issued to bank note manufacturing and design companies.^[7] The resultant bid designs were evaluated for technical, security, and financial merit.^[7]

Once the design and substrate were chosen, the Bank of Canada negotiated a contract with Note Printing Australia (NPA) for the supply of the substrate polymer and the security features implemented in the design.^[7] The substrate is supplied to NPA by Securency International (now known as Innovia Films Ltd).^[7] It also negotiated for the rights to the use of intellectual property associated with the material and security features owned by the Reserve Bank of Australia.^[7]

The Bank of Canada tested the prototype banknotes by exposing them to temperatures in the range −75 to 140 °C (−103 to 284 °F).^[8]

Production

The banknotes are manufactured by Ottawa-based companies Canadian Bank Note Company and BA International.^[7] They are made from a single sheet of polymer substrate branded as "Guardian" manufactured by Innovia Films,^[1] based on a polymer developed in Australia and used by Note Printing Australia to print the banknotes of the Australian dollar. The material is less likely to tear than cotton-based paper, and is more crumple resistant and water resistant.^[1] The polymer notes are made of recyclable biaxially-oriented polypropylene (BOPP).^[9]^[10]

Canada now joins Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Mexico and many others in using this new “plastic” material for their currency.^[1]

Each polymer banknote costs 19 cents to print, more than the paper-based banknotes of previous series, but are expected to last 21⁄2 times longer, about 71⁄2 years, reducing overall costs for banknote production.^[1]^[4]

Banknotes

In 2008, the Bank of Canada hired a research firm for $476,000 to create an image catalogue from which banknote images would be drawn. The research firm polled focus groups in six cities, finding that themes related to diversity and multiculturalism had strong support. This resulted in 41 images that were scored by the firm and presented to the Bank of Canada.^[11]

The designs for the banknotes were created by the Canadian Bank Note Company.^[12] In 2009, the prototype designs were shown to focus groups in Calgary, Fredericton, Montreal, and Toronto on a CA$53,000 contract by The Strategic Counsel.^[12] Feedback from the focus groups led to some changes to the design,^[12] and results of the study were released to the public in 2012.^[13] Final designs were approved by the Department of Finance.^[4]

The banknotes have the same colour as those of the same denomination in the Canadian Journey Series.^[6]^[7] Use of the polymer substrate results in banknotes with a smoother texture than previous paper-based banknotes, but they will be the same size and of similar thickness.^[7]^[6] Frontier Series banknotes weigh 0.93 grams (0.03 oz) and are 91 micrometres (0.0036 in), compared to Canadian Journey Series banknotes that weigh 1.02 grams (0.04 oz)} and are 115 micrometres (0.0045 in) thick.^[14]

Each banknote has a raised dot identification pattern, which is not braille, on the top left corner of the obverse usable for identification by individuals with visual impairments, and codes on each end to enable identification using a specialised scanner.^[1]^[15] The raised dots are expected to have greater endurance than those of previous series because of the greater durability of the polypropylene substrate.^[7]

Value	Main colour	Obverse	Reverse	Series Year	Issued
$5	Blue	Sir Wilfrid Laurier	Canadarm2 and Dextre	2013	7 November 2013
$10	Purple	Sir John A. Macdonald	The Canadian passenger train	2013	7 November 2013
$20	Green	H.M. Queen Elizabeth II	Canadian National Vimy Memorial and poppies	2012	7 November 2012
$50	Red	William Lyon Mackenzie King	CCGS Amundsen in arctic waters, a map of Canada's North, and the word 'Arctic' in Inuktitut (ᐅᑭᐅᖅᑕᖅᑐᖅ, ukiuqtaqtuq)	2012	26 March 2012
$100	Brown	Sir Robert Borden	Medical research, invention of the pacemaker, a DNA double helix, and a vial of insulin	2011	14 November 2011

$5 note

The $5 note is blue, and features a portrait of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the Prime Minister of Canada between 1896 and 1911. The face features the Canadarm2 and Dextre, reflecting Canada’s contribution to the international space program.^[1]^[16]

The prototype $5 banknote was unveiled by Chris Hadfield on 30 April 2013 from the International Space Station during Expedition 35.^[17] It was first issued after a national ceremony hosted by Hadfield and Stephen Poloz, Governor of the Bank of Canada, from the Canadian Space Agency headquarters in Saint Hubert, Quebec on 7 November 2013.^[3]

The prototype banknote unveiled by Hadfield on the International Space Station was returned to the Bank of Canada, which put it in its Currency Museum.^[18]

$10 note

The $10 note is violet, and features a portrait of Sir John A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada from 1867 to 1873, and later from 1878 to 1891, and a Father of Confederation. The reverse features the passenger train Canadian passing through the Canadian Rockies, symbolising the country's monumental feat of building a pan-Canadian railway.^[18]^[1]^[16]

The banknote was first circulated on 7 November 2013, the 128th anniversary of the ceremonial last spike driven into the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) at Craigellachie, British Columbia.^[19] A national ceremony hosted by Deputy Governor of the Bank of Canada Tiff Macklen and the chief executive officer of VIA Rail Marc Laliberté at the Pacific Central Station in Vancouver was held that day.^[19]

$20 note

The $20 note is green, and features a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II. The face features the Canadian National Vimy Memorial, reflecting the contributions of Canada in conflicts throughout its history.^[1]^[16]

It was unveiled and released into circulation at a national ceremony at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, and also at several regional events, on 7 November 2012.^[20]

$50 note

The $50 note is red, and features an updated portrait of William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Prime Minister of Canada between 1921 and 1930 and again between 1935 to 1948. The reverse features new images focusing on the Canadian Coast Guard Ship Amundsen in the Arctic, reflecting Canada’s northern frontier and its leading role in Arctic research.^[1]^[16]

The banknote was unveiled and released into circulation at a national ceremony at the Canadian Coast Guard port facility in Quebec, and also at several regional events, on 26 March 2012.^[21] CCGS Amundsen was docked at port for the ceremony.^[21] It was nominated for International Bank Note Society Banknote of 2012, and was ultimately runner-up to the Kazakhstani 5000 tenge banknote.^[22]

$100 note

The $100 note is brown, and features an updated portrait of Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada between 1911 and 1920. The reverse features images focusing on Canadian innovation in medicine: the discovery of insulin, the invention of the pacemaker and Canadian research in mapping the human genetic code.^[1]^[16] The image of the scientist was revised based on comments and details of the focus group study showing that some Canadians were concerned about the Asian appearance of the scientist as originally drawn.^[13] Some Canadians were concerned about a potential ethnic stereotype of Asians.^[4] For the Montreal focus group "the inclusion of an Asian without representing any other ethnicities was seen to be contentious", whereas the Toronto focus group deemed it to "represent diversity or multiculturalism".^[13]

The banknote was unveiled and released into circulation at a national ceremony at the MaRS Discovery District in Toronto on 14 November 2011.^[23] The date was chosen because it was World Diabetes Day and the birthday of Frederick Banting.^[23] It was the first Frontier Series banknote to be released because the same denomination in the Birds of Canada and Canadian Journey Series had become "a favourite target of counterfeiters".^[6] By 2013, counterfeit versions of the banknote had been found in circulation in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia.^[24]

It was nominated for International Bank Note Society Banknote of 2011, and was ultimately runner-up to the Kazakhstani 10000 tenge banknote.^[25]

Security

The banknotes feature a large clear window through which passes a stripe of holographic foil that changes colour based on angle.^[26] The holographic foil, a first for banknotes of any currency, contains an image of the Peace Tower at its base and a duplicate of the portrait appearing on the banknote at the top.^[1] The holographic foil is manufactured using a mix of aluminum, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and adhesives.^[9]

A frosted window in the shape of a maple leaf is included at the other end of the note.^[1] Within the maple leaf is a ring of numbers matching the denomination of the banknote that become visible when observed with a backlight.^[26]^[1] Hidden numbers also appear in the the large window and holographic foil.^[1]

Each denomination contains the EURion constellation on both the obverse and reverse to deter counterfeiting by reproduction using imaging software and photocopiers, the second Canadian banknote series to include it after the Canadian Journey Series. On the obverse, the pattern occurs flanking the transparent window, and on the reverse it occurs in the lower strip containing the banknote's serial number.

These additions have their own unique security features, and, like other countries with polymer banknotes, are extremely hard to counterfeit.

Reception

The banknote designs were criticised by Keith Rushton, chairman of the graphic design department at the Ontario College of Art and Design as being "trite, banal, ordinary and not too inspiring".^[1] Botanist Sean Blaney told the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation that the depiction of the maple leaf on the banknote is that of an invasive five-lobed Norway Maple, not a maple tree indigenous to Canada such as the three-lobed sugar maple.^[27]^[8]^[28] A spokesperson for the Bank of Canada stated that the design was "a stylized blend of different Canadian maple species".^[28]

Automated teller machines, vending machines, note sorting equipment, ticket machines, and other banknote processing equipment had to be upgraded to process the polymer banknotes,^[1] a process that began before the introduction of the banknotes.^[29] By the time the $20 banknote was released into circulation, vending machines operated by about half of the members of the Canadian Automatic Merchandising Association did not accept the Frontier Series banknotes.^[8] Some vending machine operators waited until the release of all the banknotes before updating their machines.^[8]

A spokeswoman for the Chinese Canadian National Council stated that the revisions to the image of the scientist on the $100 banknote reflected the Bank of Canada "caving to the racist feedback".^[12]

The media has reported various complaints about the banknotes, including that new banknotes stick together, some vending machines do not recognize or accept them, and that they may melt when exposed to high heat.^[8] A Bank of Canada spokesperson later apologised for the change.^[27]

Legacy

As each banknote was put into circulation, the same denomination from earlier banknote series began being withdrawn from circulation by the Bank of Canada.^[30] During the introduction of the $5 and $10 banknotes, a spokesman for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police stated that counterfeiting of the polymer $20, $50 and $100 banknotes that had been previously released was dramatically lower than that of previous series.^[18]

Because of the increased lifespan of the Frontier Series banknotes compared to earlier banknote series, the Bank of Canada expected to replace smaller volumes of worn and damaged banknotes than it did in previous years.^[30] When removed from circulation, the polymer banknotes will be recycled instead of being destroyed like the paper-based banknotes of previous series.^[31]^[23] By early November 2012, at least 315 banknotes had to be replaced because of damage.^[8]

The Bank of Canada commissioned a life-cycle assessment of the Canadian Journey Series and Frontier Series banknotes to evaluate the environmental impact of the life cycle of each banknote.^[32]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Boesveld 2011.
^ Toronto Star 2013.
^ ^a ^b Côté, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d D. 2013.
^ Canadian Bank Note Company.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e CTV News 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Bank of Canada & June 2011, p. 2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Johnson 2013.
^ ^a ^b Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes 2011, p. 32.
^ Jordan 2013.
^ Beeby 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Beeby 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c CBC News 2012.
^ Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes 2011, p. 16–17.
^ Bank of Canada.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bank of Canada 2011.
^ Schwartz 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Banerjee 2013.
^ ^a ^b Côté, p. 3.
^ Bank of Canada 2012.
^ ^a ^b Bank of Canada 2012b.
^ Lutz 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bank of Canada 2011c.
^ Lebeau, p. 10.
^ International Bank Note Society 2012.
^ ^a ^b Rahman 2011.
^ ^a ^b The Telegraph 2013.
^ ^a ^b CBC News 2013.
^ Bank of Canada 2011b.
^ ^a ^b Bank of Canada & June 2011, p. 3.
^ Côté 2013–2014, p. 3.
^ Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes 2011, p. 11.

References

Banerjee, Sidhartha (7 November 2013). "New $5 and $10 polymer bills released". Brampton Guardian. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 5 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Beeby, Dean (18 August 2012). "Caucasian replaces Asian on banknote". Winnipeg Free Press. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Beeby, Dean (10 February 2013). "Gays, black hockey players rejected on Canada's plastic bank notes". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. Retrieved 11 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Boesveld, Sarah (21 June 2011). "Graphic: Canada's new money is polymer in your pocket". National Post. Retrieved 21 November 2011. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Côté, Danielle. "Last but certainly not least: The $5 and $10 are released into circulation". Anti-Counterfeiting Connections (Winter 2013–2014). Bank of Canada. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
D., M. (23 January 2013). "A maple mishap". The Economist. Retrieved 28 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Johnson, Karen (15 February 2013). "Canada's New Banknotes Strike Some as Loonie". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Jordan, Hannah (13 September 2013). "New polymer banknotes could be supplied by Cumbria firm". PrintWeek. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Lebeau, Michel. "2013 Forum on Counterfeiting and Fraud: Ninth time around, ninth success!". Anti-Counterfeiting Connections (Winter 2013–2014). Bank of Canada. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Lutz, Dennis J. (15 May 2013). "Kazakhstan repeats as best banknote" (Press release). International Bank Note Society. Retrieved 5 March 2014. {{cite press release}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Rahman, Rema (18 November 2011). "Who, What, Why: Why don't more countries use plastic banknotes?". BBC News. Retrieved 6 March 2014. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Schwartz, Daniel (30 April 2013). "Bank of Canada unveils new $5 and $10 polymer banknotes". CBC News. Retrieved 1 May 2013. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

"Polymer Series (2011): Accessibility". Bank of Canada. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
"Bank of Canada Unveils Polymer Bank Note Series: Celebrating Canada's Achievements at the Frontiers of Innovation" (Press release). Bank of Canada. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
"Bank of Canada Announces Further Details on New Series of Polymer Bank Notes" (Press release). 11 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
"Bank note launch" (Press release). Bank of Canada. 14 November 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
"Backgrounder on Canada's new polymer bank note series" (PDF). Bank of Canada. June 2011.
Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes (PDF) (Report). PE Americas, Tryskele. Bank of Canada. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2014.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
"Bank of Canada to begin circulating new $20 polymer bank note". Bank of Canada. November 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
"Bank of Canada issues $50 polymer bank note" (Press release). Bank of Canada. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
"Banknotes: An Independent Supplier". Canadian Bank Note Company. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
"Asian-looking woman scientist's image altered on $100 bills". CBC News. The Canadian Press. 17 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
"Canada's new $20 bill at centre of maple leaf flap". CBC News. 18 January 20113. Retrieved 2013-01-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
"New era of plastic money to start with $100 bills". CTV News. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
"Kazakhstan wins best banknote" (Press release). International Bank Note Society. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
"Outcry as Canada puts foreign maple leaf on new banknotes". The Telegraph. Reuters. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
"New $5 and $10 polymer bills released by Bank of Canada". Toronto Star. The Canadian Press. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-07.

External links

Polymer Series at the Bank of Canada

[FOOTNOTEBoesveld2011-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Boesveld 2011.

[FOOTNOTEToronto_Star2013-2] Toronto Star 2013.

[FOOTNOTECôté1-3] Côté, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTED.2013-4] D. 2013.

[FOOTNOTECanadian_Bank_Note_Company-5] Canadian Bank Note Company.

[FOOTNOTECTV_News2011-6] CTV News 2011.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_CanadaJune_20112-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Bank of Canada & June 2011, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEJohnson2013-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Johnson 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada:_Life_Cycle_Assessment_of_Canada’s_Polymer_Bank_Notes_and_Cotton-Paper_Bank_Notes201132-9] Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes 2011, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTEJordan2013-10] Jordan 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBeeby2013-11] Beeby 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBeeby2012-12] Beeby 2012.

[FOOTNOTECBC_News2012-13] CBC News 2012.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada:_Life_Cycle_Assessment_of_Canada’s_Polymer_Bank_Notes_and_Cotton-Paper_Bank_Notes201116–17-14] Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes 2011, p. 16–17.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada-15] Bank of Canada.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2011-16] Bank of Canada 2011.

[FOOTNOTESchwartz2013-17] Schwartz 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBanerjee2013-18] Banerjee 2013.

[FOOTNOTECôté3-19] Côté, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2012-20] Bank of Canada 2012.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2012b-21] Bank of Canada 2012b.

[FOOTNOTELutz2013-22] Lutz 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2011c-23] Bank of Canada 2011c.

[FOOTNOTELebeau10-24] Lebeau, p. 10.

[FOOTNOTEInternational_Bank_Note_Society2012-25] International Bank Note Society 2012.

[FOOTNOTERahman2011-26] Rahman 2011.

[FOOTNOTEThe_Telegraph2013-27] The Telegraph 2013.

[FOOTNOTECBC_News2013-28] CBC News 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada2011b-29] Bank of Canada 2011b.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_CanadaJune_20113-30] Bank of Canada & June 2011, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTECôté2013–20143-31] Côté 2013–2014, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTEBank_of_Canada:_Life_Cycle_Assessment_of_Canada’s_Polymer_Bank_Notes_and_Cotton-Paper_Bank_Notes201111-32] Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes 2011, p. 11.

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@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ==Production==
-The banknotes are manufactured by Ottawa-based companies [[Canadian Bank Note Company]] and BA International.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=2}} They are made from a single sheet of polymer substrate branded as "Guardian" manufactured by Innovia Films,{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} based on a polymer developed in Australia and used by [[Note Printing Australia]] to print the [[banknotes of the Australian dollar]]. The material is less likely to tear than cotton-based paper, and is more crumple resistant and water resistant.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} The polymer notes are made of recyclable biaxially oriented [[polypropylene]] (BOPP).{{sfn|Jordan|2013}}
+The banknotes are manufactured by Ottawa-based companies [[Canadian Bank Note Company]] and BA International.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=2}} They are made from a single sheet of polymer substrate branded as "Guardian" manufactured by Innovia Films,{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} based on a polymer developed in Australia and used by [[Note Printing Australia]] to print the [[banknotes of the Australian dollar]]. The material is less likely to tear than cotton-based paper, and is more crumple resistant and water resistant.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} The polymer notes are made of recyclable biaxially-oriented [[polypropylene]] (BOPP).{{sfn|Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes|2011|p=32}}<!-- see also description of process, pages 32-34 -->{{sfn|Jordan|2013}}
 Canada now joins Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Mexico and many others in using this new “plastic” material for their currency.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}}
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 The designs for the banknotes were created by the Canadian Bank Note Company.{{sfn|Beeby|2012}} In 2009, the prototype designs were shown to [[focus group]]s in [[Calgary]], [[Fredericton]], [[Montreal]], and [[Toronto]] on a {{currency|53000|CAD}} contract by [[The Strategic Counsel]].{{sfn|Beeby|2012}} Feedback from the focus groups led to some changes to the design,{{sfn|Beeby|2012}} and results of the study were released to the public in 2012.{{sfn|CBC News|2012}} Final designs were approved by the [[Department of Finance Canada|Department of Finance]].{{sfn|D.|2013}}
-The banknotes have the same colour as those of the same denomination in the [[Canadian Journey Series]].{{sfn|CTV News|2011}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=2}} Use of the polymer substrate results in banknotes with a smoother texture than previous paper-based banknotes, but they will be the same size and thickness.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=2}}{{sfn|CTV News|2011}} Each has a raised dot identification pattern, which is not braille, on the top left corner of the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] usable for identification by individuals with visual impairments, and codes on each end to enable identification using a specialised scanner.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada}}<!-- same as CJS {{sfn|CTV News|2011}} --> The raised dots are expected to have greater endurance than those of previous series because of the greater durability of the polypropylene substrate.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=2}}
+The banknotes have the same colour as those of the same denomination in the [[Canadian Journey Series]].{{sfn|CTV News|2011}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=2}} Use of the polymer substrate results in banknotes with a smoother texture than previous paper-based banknotes, but they will be the same size and of similar thickness.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=2}}{{sfn|CTV News|2011}} Frontier Series banknotes weigh {{convert|0.93|g|oz|2}} and are {{convert|91|µm|in}}, compared to Canadian Journey Series banknotes that weigh {{convert|1.02|g|oz|2}}} and are {{convert|115|µm|in}} thick.{{sfn|Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes|2011|p=16–17}}
+Each banknote has a raised dot identification pattern, which is not braille, on the top left corner of the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] usable for identification by individuals with visual impairments, and codes on each end to enable identification using a specialised scanner.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada}}<!-- same as CJS {{sfn|CTV News|2011}} --> The raised dots are expected to have greater endurance than those of previous series because of the greater durability of the polypropylene substrate.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=2}}
 {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
@@ Line 102: / Line 104: @@
 ==Security==
-The banknotes feature a large clear window through which passes a stripe of holographic foil that changes colour based on angle. The holographic foil, a first for banknotes of any currency, contains an image of the [[Peace Tower]] at its base and a duplicate of the portrait appearing on the banknote at the top.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} A frosted window in the shape of a [[maple leaf]] is included at the other end of the note.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} Within the maple leaf is a ring of numbers matching the denomination of the banknote that become visible when observed with a [[Backlighting (lighting design)|backlight]].{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} Hidden numbers also appear in the the large window and holographic foil.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}}
+The banknotes feature a large clear window through which passes a stripe of holographic foil that changes colour based on angle.{{sfn|Rahman|2011}} The holographic foil, a first for banknotes of any currency, contains an image of the [[Peace Tower]] at its base and a duplicate of the portrait appearing on the banknote at the top.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} The holographic foil is manufactured using a mix of aluminum, [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET), and adhesives.{{sfn|Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes|2011|p=32}}
+A frosted window in the shape of a [[maple leaf]] is included at the other end of the note.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} Within the maple leaf is a ring of numbers matching the denomination of the banknote that become visible when observed with a [[Backlighting (lighting design)|backlight]].{{sfn|Rahman|2011}}{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} Hidden numbers also appear in the the large window and holographic foil.{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}}
 Each denomination contains the [[EURion constellation]] on both the obverse and reverse to deter counterfeiting by reproduction using [[imaging software]] and [[photocopier]]s, the second Canadian banknote series to include it after the Canadian Journey Series. On the obverse, the pattern occurs flanking the transparent window, and on the reverse it occurs in the lower strip containing the banknote's serial number.
@@ Line 109: / Line 113: @@
 ==Reception==
-The banknote designs were criticised by Keith Rushton, chairman of the [[graphic design]] department at the [[OCAD University|Ontario College of Art and Design]] as being "trite, banal, ordinary and not too inspiring".{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} Botanist Sean Blaney told the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] that the depiction of the [[maple leaf]] on the banknote is that of an [[Invasive species|invasive]] five-lobed [[Acer platanoides|Norway Maple]], not a [[maple]] tree indigenous to Canada such as the three-lobed [[Acer saccharum|sugar maple]].{{sfn|Johnson|2013}}{{sfn|CBC News|2013}} A spokesperson for the Bank of Canada stated that the design was "a stylized blend of different Canadian maple species".{{sfn|CBC News|2013}}
+The banknote designs were criticised by Keith Rushton, chairman of the [[graphic design]] department at the [[OCAD University|Ontario College of Art and Design]] as being "trite, banal, ordinary and not too inspiring".{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} Botanist Sean Blaney told the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] that the depiction of the [[maple leaf]] on the banknote is that of an [[Invasive species|invasive]] five-lobed [[Acer platanoides|Norway Maple]], not a [[maple]] tree indigenous to Canada such as the three-lobed [[Acer saccharum|sugar maple]].{{sfn|The Telegraph|2013}}{{sfn|Johnson|2013}}{{sfn|CBC News|2013}} A spokesperson for the Bank of Canada stated that the design was "a stylized blend of different Canadian maple species".{{sfn|CBC News|2013}}
 [[Automated teller machine]]s, [[vending machine]]s, note sorting equipment, ticket machines, and other banknote processing equipment had to be upgraded to process the polymer banknotes,{{sfn|Boesveld|2011}} a process that began before the introduction of the banknotes.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|2011b}} By the time the $20 banknote was released into circulation, vending machines operated by about half of the members of the Canadian Automatic Merchandising Association did not accept the Frontier Series banknotes.{{sfn|Johnson|2013}} Some vending machine operators waited until the release of all the banknotes before updating their machines.{{sfn|Johnson|2013}}
@@ Line 115: / Line 119: @@
 A spokeswoman for the Chinese Canadian National Council stated that the revisions to the image of the scientist on the $100 banknote reflected the Bank of Canada "caving to the racist feedback".{{sfn|Beeby|2012}}
-The media has reported various complaints about the banknotes, including that new banknotes stick together, some vending machines do not recognize or accept them, and that they may melt when exposed to high heat.{{sfn|Johnson|2013}}
+The media has reported various complaints about the banknotes, including that new banknotes stick together, some vending machines do not recognize or accept them, and that they may melt when exposed to high heat.{{sfn|Johnson|2013}} A Bank of Canada spokesperson later apologised for the change.{{sfn|The Telegraph|2013}}
 ==Legacy==
 As each banknote was put into circulation, the same denomination from earlier banknote series began being withdrawn from circulation by the Bank of Canada.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=3}} During the introduction of the $5 and $10 banknotes, a spokesman for the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] stated that counterfeiting of the polymer $20, $50 and $100 banknotes that had been previously released was dramatically lower than that of previous series.{{sfn|Banerjee|2013}}
-Because of the increased lifespan of the Frontier Series banknotes compared to earlier banknote series, the Bank of Canada expected to replace smaller volumes of worn and damaged banknotes than it did in previous years.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=3}} When removed from circulation, the polymer banknotes will be recycled instead of being destroyed like the paper-based banknotes of previous series.{{sfn|Côté|2013–2014|p=3}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada|2011c}}
+Because of the increased lifespan of the Frontier Series banknotes compared to earlier banknote series, the Bank of Canada expected to replace smaller volumes of worn and damaged banknotes than it did in previous years.{{sfn|Bank of Canada|June 2011|p=3}} When removed from circulation, the polymer banknotes will be recycled instead of being destroyed like the paper-based banknotes of previous series.{{sfn|Côté|2013–2014|p=3}}{{sfn|Bank of Canada|2011c}} By early November 2012, at least 315 banknotes had to be replaced because of damage.{{sfn|Johnson|2013}}
+The Bank of Canada commissioned a [[life-cycle assessment]] of the [[Canadian Journey Series]] and Frontier Series banknotes to evaluate the environmental impact of the life cycle of each banknote.{{sfn|Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes|2011|p=11}}<!-- page 26 table for some details of coverage -->
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 137: / Line 143: @@
 *{{cite journal|journal=Anti-Counterfeiting Connections|title=2013 Forum on Counterfeiting and Fraud: Ninth time around, ninth success!|last=Lebeau|first=Michel|issue=Winter 2013–2014|publisher=[[Bank of Canada]]|accessdate=5 March 2014|ref=harv}}
 *{{cite press release|url=http://www.theibns.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=360%3Abanknote-of-2012-press-release&catid=32%3Abnoy-2012&Itemid=51|title=Kazakhstan repeats as best banknote|last=Lutz|first=Dennis J.|publisher=[[International Bank Note Society]]|date=15 May 2013|accessdate=5 March 2014|ref=harv}}
+*{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15782723|title=Who, What, Why: Why don't more countries use plastic banknotes?|last=Rahman|first=Rema|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=18 November 2011|accessdate=6 March 2014|ref=harv}}
 *{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/04/29/f-polymer-banknote.html|title=Bank of Canada unveils new $5 and $10 polymer banknotes|last=Schwartz|first=Daniel|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=30 April 2013|accessdate=1 May 2013|ref=harv}}
@@ Line 145: / Line 152: @@
 *{{cite press release|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/11/publications/speeches/bank-note-launch/|title=Bank note launch|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=14 November 2011|accessdate=6 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada|2011c}} }}
 *{{cite web|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/currency_polymer.pdf|title=Backgrounder on Canada’s new polymer bank note series|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=June 2011|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada|June 2011}} }}
+*{{cite report|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Life-Cycle-Assessment-of-Polymer-and-Cotton-Paper-Bank-Notes_opt.pdf|title=Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes|others=PE Americas, Tryskele|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=27 May 2011|accessdate=6 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada: Life Cycle Assessment of Canada’s Polymer Bank Notes and Cotton-Paper Bank Notes|2011}} }}
 *{{cite web|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2012/11/media-advisories/bank-canada-begin-circulating-new-20-polymer-bank-note/|title=Bank of Canada to begin circulating new $20 polymer bank note|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=November 2012|accessdate=6 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada|2012}} }}
 *{{cite press release|url=http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2012/03/publications/press-releases/bank-of-canada-issues-50-polymer-bank-note/|title=Bank of Canada issues $50 polymer bank note|publisher=Bank of Canada|date=26 March 2012|accessdate=6 March 2014|ref={{harvid|Bank of Canada|2012b}} }}
@@ Line 152: / Line 160: @@
 *{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/new-era-of-plastic-money-to-start-with-100-bills-1.617237|title=New era of plastic money to start with $100 bills|publisher=[[CTV News]]|date=10 March 2011|accessdate=5 March 2014|ref={{harvid|CTV News|2011}} }}
 *{{cite press release|url=http://www.theibns.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=306%3Abanknote-of-2011-press-release&catid=28&Itemid=51|title=Kazakhstan wins best banknote|publisher=International Bank Note Society|date=21 May 2012|accessdate=5 March 2014|ref={{harvid|International Bank Note Society|2012}} }}
+*{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/canada/9812709/Outcry-as-Canada-puts-foreign-maple-leaf-on-new-banknotes.html|title=Outcry as Canada puts foreign maple leaf on new banknotes|agency=[[Reuters]]|newspaper=[[Telegraph Media Group|The Telegraph]]|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=6 March 2014|ref={{harvid|The Telegraph|2013}} }}
 *{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/11/07/new_5_and_10_polymer_bills_released_by_bank_of_canada.html|title=New $5 and $10 polymer bills released by Bank of Canada|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]|date=7 November 2013|accessdate=2013-11-07|ref={{harvid|Toronto Star|2013}} }}
 {{refend}}