List of World War II puppet states: Difference between revisions

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During World War II a number of countries were conquered and controlled. These countries were then given new names, and assigned new governmental positions, and are given the name of puppet state. Germany and Japan were the two countries with the most puppet states. Italy also had several puppet states. Most of the allies (with the exception of the Soviet Union) did not have many puppet states until post-war.

Allies

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union had only one puppet state prior to World War II, the The Tuvinian People's Republic, but it acquired many more during or as a result of the war.

Light green means pre-World War II

Yellow means post World War II

Created	Disestablished	Puppet State	Country/territory	Notes
1921-08-14	1944-10-11	Tuvan People's Republic	Tannu Uriankhai, part of China	Created following the chaos of the Russian Revolution. Annexed into the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast.^[1]
1939-12-01	1940-03-12	Finnish Democratic Republic	Finland	Created during Winter War, later merged with Karelian ASSR to make the Karelo-Finnish SSR.^[2]
(1940-07-21)-(1941-07-25)	(1944-09-26)-(1991-08-20)	Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic	Estonia	Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty used as an excuse for invasion. Recreated after liberation from German occupation. Declared Independence with Estonian Sovereignty Declaration.^[3]
(1940-07-21)-(1940-08-05)	(1945-05-??)-(1991-08-21)	Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic	Latvia	Soviet-Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty used as an excuse for invasion. It was then annexed into Reichskommissariat Ostland. Recreated after liberation from German occupation. Created after coup d'état.^[4]
(1940-07-21)-(1941-06-22)	(1945-01-28)-(1990-03-11)	Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic	Lithuania	Soviet-Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty used as excuse to invade. After German invasion, merged with Reichskommissariat Ostland. Soviets regained control on 1945. Declared independence with Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania in 1990.^[5]
1944-11-12	1949-10-20	Second East Turkestan Republic	The Ili, Tarbagatay, and Altay districts of China	After Ili Rebellion, pro-Soviet forces took over area, joined Soviet Union. Lated absorbed into China.^[6]
1945-11-21	1946-06-13	Azerbaijan People's Government	Iranian Azerbaijan	Tudeh Party, lead by pro-Communist veterans, staged a bloodless coup with help from Soviets. Ended when Iranian forces re-captured the area.^[7]
1949-10-07	1990-10-03	East Germany	East Prussia, Farther Pomerania, Neumark, and Lower Silesia, Germany	Germany divided because of disagreements with division. In 1989, peaceful revolution occurred. They rejoined in 1990.^[8]

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom only had two puppet states during World War II, both of which were in the Middle East; one in Iraq, and one in Iran.

Created	Disestablished	Puppet State	Country/territory	Notes
1941-05-31	1958-02-14	Kingdom of Iraq	Iraq	After pro-Nazi leader Rashid Ali al-Gaylani took power, and refusing to agree to British requests, the British attacked, initializing the Anglo-Iraqi War. After brief fighting, Britain won, and Nuri al-Said was put back in office, and remained so until the 14 July Revolution.^[9]
1941-09-17	1953-08-19	Imperial States of Iran	Iran	the United Kingdom and Soviet Union both wanted to make the Trans-Iranian Railway to transport goods to the Soviet Union. After Iran's leader, Reza Shah, refused to dispel German Nationalists, Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. Iran gained independence with the Iranian Revolution.^[10]

Axis

Japan

Japan had been creating puppet states in China since the 1931 Mukden Incident. It established a puppet state in 1932.

Light green means pre-World War II

Created	Disestablished	Puppet State	Country/territory	Notes
1932-03-01	1945-08-20	Part of China	Manchukuo	Created after Mukden Incident, disestablished after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.^[11]
1936-05-12	1945-08-20	Mengjiang	In Inner Mongolia	Formed to increase Japanese influence in area. Though added to the Reorganized National Government of China on 4 August 1941, it remained completely completely autonomous.^[12]
1937-12-05	1938-05-03	Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai	Pudong, China	Created following the Battle of Shanghai. Merged with the Reformed Government of the Republic of China in 1938.^[13]
1938-03-28	1940-03-30	Reformed Government of the Republic of China	Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Nanjing, and Shanghai, China	Created after Battle of Nanking. Viewed as very weak, and had little authority. Merged into Reorganized National Government of China in 1940.^[14]
1937-12-14	1940-03-30	Provisional Government of the Republic of China	Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Honan, and Jiangsu, China	Invaded after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, set up days later. On 30 March 1940, merged into the Nanjing Nationalist Government.^[15]
1940-03-30	1945-08-10	Nanjing Nationalist Government	Reformed Government of the Republic of China, Provisional Government of the Republic of China, and Mengjiang	Created to organize Japan's puppet states in to a larger and easier to control state. Though Mengjiang was incorporated, it remained relatively free of its influence. Disestablished due to the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.^[16]
1943-08-01	1945-03-27	State of Burma	British Burma	Burma invaded to obtain raw materials. Freed by a nationwide day of rebellion by the people of Burma.^[17]
1943-10-14	1945-08-17	Second Philippine Republic	Philippines	Created after Japanese invasion of the Philippines. The Japanese maintained total control of the Philippines until 1944, when the Americans began their invasion of the Philippines. Officially disestablished on 17 August 1945.^[18]
1943-10-21	1945-08-18	Provisional Government of Free India	British India	It was set up as part of a movement by nationalists-in-exile in order for India to free itself from the British Monarchy. The puppet state collapsed just 15 days before the surrender of Japan.^[19]
1945-03-09	1945-08-23	Imperial State of Vietnam	Cochinchina and Vietnam	Japan invaded in 1940 with the invasion of French Indochina, but did not set up a puppet state until 11 March 1945. Disestablished on 23 August 1945 after being taken over by the communist group Viet Minh, which had support from both the United States and China.^[20]
1945-03-09	1945-08-15	Collaborationist Kingdom of Kampuchea	Cambodia	Cambodia was taken during the Japanese invasion of French Indochina. Despite over a four year hold on the territory, a puppet state was not est up until 9 March 1945. On 15 August, Japan surrendered Cambodia.^[21]

Germany

Germany had a large number of puppet states after the start of World War II. Some were countries that once supported it, but fell to the Allies. Others were countries that Germany invaded. Also see Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany for administrative divisions.

Light green means pre-World War II

Light blue means taken after the Capitulation of Italy

Created	Disestablished	Puppet State	Country/territory	Notes
1939-03-14	1945-05-04	Slovak Republic	Slovakia, Czechoslovakia	Slovakia gained autonomy after Munich Agreement. Took a vote to join Germany. In 1944, the Slovak National Uprising caused the country to lose most of its independence. De facto on 4 May 1945, after the Soviet capture of Bratislava, and dissolved on 8 May 1945, when the exiled Slovak government capitulated.^[22]
1939-03-15	1945-05-11	Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia	Bohemia and Moravia, Czechoslovakia	Incorporated into Reich after Munich Agreement, Hitler Czechoslovakian President called Emil Hácha to Germany and intimidated him into accepting German reorganization. The capital of Prague was liberated by Allied forces in 1945.^[23]
1940-07-10	1945-04-22	French State	France and its mandates, protectorates, and colonies	Created shortly after German victory over France on 22 June 1940. Much of France remained free for some time after their armistice with Germany. Southern France was occupied on 11 November 1942. Paris was liberated on 25 August 1944. France was officially completely free of German rule on 22 April 1945.^[24]
1941-04-30	1944-10-12	The Hellenic State	Greece	Unable to take Greece by itself, Italy got the backing of Germany on 6 April 1941. Though originally jointly owned, Germany took control after Armistice of Cassibile. In 1943, Italy's Principality of the Pindus added to the country. Germany withdrew on 12 October 1944, after a British invasion. Germany also had plans to make Macedonia an independent puppet state, but it was never carried out.^[25]
1941-04-30	1941-08-29	Commissioner Government	Part of Serbia	Taken during the Invasion of Yugoslavia. Later merged into Government of National Salvation^[26]
1941-08-29	1944-10-20	Government of National Salvation	Yugoslavia	Formed shortly after Germany's Invasion of Yugoslavia. Head officials were evacuated during the Soviet Union's Belgrade Offensive.^[27]
1942-02-01	1945-05-09	Quisling's Norwegian National government	Reichskommissariat Norwegen, previously Norway	Reichskommissariat Norwegen formed on 24 April 1940, after the invasion of Norway. In 1942, Germany appointed Vidkun Quisling as the government's leader, though Reichskommissariat operation was continued de facto until 1945. Officially disestablished on 9 May after Quisling was arrested.^[28]
1941-11-15	1943-08-26	The Lokot Autonomy	The Oryol Oblast and Kursk Oblast of the Soviet Union	Created after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It was mainly used as a supplier of food, and an area to transport goods. Disestablished towards the end of 1943.^[29]
1943-03-01	1942-07-02	The Belarusian Central Rada	Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Soviet Union	Set up inside Germany's Reichskommissariat Reichskommissariat Ostland after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The short-term goal of this country was to create a pro-German attitude in the area. It was disestablished on 2 July 1944, after German authorities were withdrawn. The Belarusian Central Rada is not considered a Reichskommissariat because it had a collaborationist government.^[30]
1943-09-14	1944-11-28	Kingdom of Albania	Italian Albania	Gained control after capitulation of Italy on 9 August 1943. After much persuasion from Germany, Albania set up its own government. Albania was liberated by the Allies in 1944.^[31]
1943-09-08	1945-05-08	Independent State of Croatia	Italian Croatia	Germany gained control after the capitulation of Italy. It remained a puppet state of Germany's until the end of World War Two in Europe, on 8 May 1945.^[32]
1943-09-08	1944-09-06	German Monaco (1943–1944)	Monaco	Taken after the capitulation of Italy. Allied troops liberated Monaco in 1944.^[33]
1943-09-23	1945-04-25	Italian Social Republic	parts of the Kingdom of Italy	Taken after the Capitulation of Italy, slowly freed during the Italian Campaign.^[34]
1943-09-08	1944-12-15	Independent State of Montenegro	Italian governorate of Montenegro	Invaded by Germany after Italian capitulation. It was liberated on 15 December 1944.^[35]
1944-10-17	1945-05-07	Kingdom of Hungary	Hungary	Sometimes also called the Arrow Cross Government, after the Arrow Cross Party. Formed as a result of Operation Panzerfaust, Germany's attempt to keep Hungary on their side of the war. Though German occupation ended on 12 April 1945, the Kingdom of Hungary was not disestablished until 7 May 1945.^[36]

Reichskommissariats

Germany created a number of Reichskommissariats during World War II. This term is used to refer to quasi-colonial states of Nazi Germany, which were planned to be repopulated with Germans.

Orange means it was never established.

Created	Disestablished	Reichskommissariat	Country/territory	Notes
1940-04-24	1945-05-09	Reichskommissariat Norwegen	Norway	Set up after Germany's invasion of Norway and Denmark, the state was made de facto after the creation of Quisling's Norwegian National government in 1942. It continued in operation until Germany's capitulation.^[37]
1940-05-29	1945-05-09	Reichskommissariat Niederlande	Netherlands	Set up after the Battle of the Netherlands, which lasted only 7 days. Germany remained in control of the Reichskommissariat until 9 May 1945.^[38]
1941-07-25	1945-05-08	Reichskommissariat Ostland	Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR, Soviet Union	Conglomeration of the former Soviet Baltic States. Captured during Operation Barbarossa, reclaimed after the surrender of the Courland Pocket^[39]
1941-07-16	1944-11-10	Reichskommissariat Ukraine	Ukraine and parts of the Soviet Union	Originally part of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, separated in 1941. After the Soviet counteroffensive, all of Ukraine was back in Soviet hands.^[40]
1944-07-12	1944-12-15	the Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich	Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France	France occupied since 1940 (see Vichy France). Puppet state created in 1944, later became the Reichsgaus of Reichsgau Wallonien and Reichsgau Flandern, and the Gau of Brussels^[41]
Planned mid-1941	Not established	Reichskommissariat Moskowien	Between the Ural mountains (as well as some districts east of it, including the city of Sverdlovsk) and its boundaries with Finland, the Baltic states, Belarus, and Ukraine	To be invaded during Battle of Moscow, but Germany failed to meet its goals.^[42]
Planned 1942	Not established	Reichskommissariat Kaukasus	Transcaucasia and Ciscaucasia, parts of Southern Russia as far as the Volga river	Planned to be experiments conducted for various forms of autonomy for "indigenous groups".^[43]
Planned 1941	Not established	Reichskommissariat Turkestan	Soviet Central Asia	Idea created by Alfred Rosenberg, but Hitler quickly rejected the idea^[44]
Planned 1941	Not established	Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga	From the Sea of Azov to the Volga German Republic	Dropped because it did not carry a specific political objective, and because the German authorities had decided by the second half of May 1941 to limit the number of administrative units that were to be established in the east to four.^[45]
Planned 1941	Not established	Reichskommissariat Ural	Presumed to be most of the Ural Mountains	^[46]

Italy

Though Italy did not have as many puppet states as the Soviet Union, Imperial Japan, or Nazi Germany, Italy did have a few. All of Italy's puppet states were captured by Germany after the fall of Italy.

Kingdom of Albania (1939–1943)

Though Albania had been a long-time supporter of Italy, and had been a de facto government since 1922, Benito Mussolini, Italy began its invasion of Albania on 7 April 1939. After a brief resistance, Albania's leader, Zog I, fled to Greece. After the Armistice of Cassibile, Italy was out of the war. On 8 September 1943, Germany invaded Italy, and the Kingdom of Albania, making Italy the Italian Social Republic, and the Albanian Kingdom under German control.^[47]

The Hellenic State

Monaco (1942–1943)

In November 1942, Italy invaded Monaco and set up a Fascist government. After the capitulation of Italy, Germany took over Monaco.^[48]

Independent State of Montenegro (1941–1943)

Invaded on 5 May 1941, Italy invaded Montenegro, to expand its borders on the Adriatic Sea, as it had done with Albania. After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, Germany took over Montenegro.^[49]

Principality of the Pindus (1941–1943)

After the fall of Greece on 30 April 1941, Greece was divided among the Axis states. The Principality of Pindus was Italy's part of Greece. After Italy's capitulation in 1943, the state became part of The Hellenic State.^[50]

References

{{reflist|2

{{World War II

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[1] {{cite web|last=Yashnev|first=Yuri|title=TUVINIAN ARAT REPUBLIC|url=http://users.skynet.be/hendrik/eng/39tuva.html%7Caccessdate=28 Feb 2014

[2] {{cite web|last=Heninen|title=Treaty of Mutual Assistance and Friendship between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Finnish Democratic Republic|url=http://heninen.net/sopimus/1939_e.htm%7Caccessdate=28 Feb 2014

[3] {{cite web|title=Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.html%7Cwork=28 Feb 2014|publisher=Princeton University

[4] {{cite web|title=LATVIA. SOME HISTORICAL REMARKS|url=http://coldwarsites.net/country/latvia%7Cpublisher=coldwarsites.net%7Caccessdate=28 Feb 2014

[5] {{cite web|title=Lithuania Under Communism|url=http://lithuania.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/lithuania/history%7Cpublisher=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation|accessdate=28 Feb 2014

[6] {{cite web|last=Dickens|first=Mark|title=The Soviets in Xinjiang|url=http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm%7Caccessdate=28 Feb 2014

[7] {{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.angelfire.com/ct2/cityofwinds/history.htm%7Cpublisher=Angelfire.com%7Caccessdate=28 Feb 2014

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