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* †''N. cornutus''
* †''N. cornutus''
* †''N. imbricatus''
* †''N. imbricatus''
* ''N. taweretus'' (
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
* †'''''Lithops''''' <small>[[Florentino Ameghino|Ameghino]], 1887</small>
* †'''''Lithops''''' <small>[[Florentino Ameghino|Ameghino]], 1887</small>
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}}
}}
'''''Nesodon''''' ("[[island]] [[tooth]]")<ref name=etymo>Palmer (1904) p. 457.</ref> is a genus of [[Miocene]] [[mammal]] belonging to the [[extinction|extinct]] [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Notoungulata]] which inhabited southern [[South America]] during the [[Late Oligocene]] to [[Miocene]] living from 29.0—16.3 [[Annum|Ma]] and existed for approximately {{Mya|29-16.3|million years}}.
'''''Nesodon''''' ("[[island]] [[tooth]]")<ref name=etymo>Palmer (1904) p. 457.</ref> is a genus of [[Miocene]] [[mammal]] belonging to the [[extinction|extinct]] [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Notoungulata]] which inhabited southern [[South America]] during the [[Late Oligocene]] to [[Miocene]] living from 29.0—16.3 [[Annum|Ma]] and existed for approximately {{Mya|29-16.3|million years}}.
<ref>[http://paleobackup.nceas.ucsb.edu:8110/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43396&is_real_user=1 Paleobiology Database: ''Nesodon imbricatus'', Basic info.]</ref> It had a relatively large size, weighting up to 554 kg (1221 lbs) and reaching 1.5 m in height.<ref> D.Patterson, Bruce (2012) ''Bones, Clones, and Biomes: The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals'' p.92</ref>
<ref>[http://paleobackup.nceas.ucsb.edu:8110/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43396&is_real_user=1 Paleobiology Database: ''Nesodon imbricatus'', Basic info.]</ref> It had a relatively large size, weighting up to 554 kg (1221 lbs) and reaching 1.5 m in height.<ref> D.Patterson, Bruce (2012) ''Bones, Clones, and Biomes: The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals'' p.92</ref>

==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[Image:Nesodon.jpg|thumb|left|''Nesodon imbricatus'']]
[[Image:Nesodon.jpg|thumb|left|''Nesodon imbricatus'']]
⚫
[[File:Promegatherium_nanum.JPG|thumb|left|''[[Promegatherium|Promegatherium nanum]]'' and ''Nesodon'']]
''Nesodon'' was named by Owen (1846). It was assigned to [[Toxodontidae]] by Carroll (1988). It was an early member of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Toxodontidae]], which included the well-known [[Pleistocene]] genus ''[[Toxodon]]''. Like almost all toxodontids, ''Nesodon'' was [[endemism|endemic]] to [[South America]]. In particular, fossils of ''Nesodon'' are known from late early Miocene ([[Santacrucian]] [[SALMA]]) deposits of [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]].<ref name=distr>Croft et al. (2004), p. 5.</ref>
''Nesodon'' was named by Owen (1846). It was assigned to [[Toxodontidae]] by Carroll (1988). It was an early member of the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Toxodontidae]], which included the well-known [[Pleistocene]] genus ''[[Toxodon]]''. Like almost all toxodontids, ''Nesodon'' was [[endemism|endemic]] to [[South America]]. In particular, fossils of ''Nesodon'' are known from late early Miocene ([[Santacrucian]] [[SALMA]]) deposits of [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]].<ref name=distr>Croft et al. (2004), p. 5.</ref>


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The [[dentition]] of ''Nesodon'' shows features typical of living [[grazing]] ([[grass]]-eating) mammals, but a study of wear on the [[Tooth enamel|enamel]] of ''N. imbricatus'' suggests that it was a [[herbivore|browser]] ([[leaf]] eater) that may have supplemented its diet with [[fruit]] or [[bark]].<ref name=diet>Townsend & Croft (2008) p. 225.</ref>
The [[dentition]] of ''Nesodon'' shows features typical of living [[grazing]] ([[grass]]-eating) mammals, but a study of wear on the [[Tooth enamel|enamel]] of ''N. imbricatus'' suggests that it was a [[herbivore|browser]] ([[leaf]] eater) that may have supplemented its diet with [[fruit]] or [[bark]].<ref name=diet>Townsend & Croft (2008) p. 225.</ref>

==Classification==
⚫
[[File:Promegatherium_nanum.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Promegatherium|Promegatherium nanum]]'' and ''Nesodon''.]]
In 2014, a study identifying a new species of ''Nesodon'', ''N. taweretus'', resolved the families phylogenetic relations. The below cladogram was found by the study:<ref name="AMFetal2014">{{cite doi|10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5}}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:85%; line-height:85%
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pampahippus|Pampahippus arenalesi]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Rhynchippus]]'' spp.
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Scarritia|Scarritia canquelensis]]''
|2=''[[Leontinia|Leonitinia gaudri]]'' }} }}
|label2=Toxodontidae
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Proadinotherium|Proadinotherium leptognathum]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Adinotherium]]'' spp.
|2={{clade
|1='''''Nesodon taweretus'''''
|2='''''Nesodon imbricatus'' }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Palyeidodon|Palyeidodon obtusum]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hyperoxotodon|Hyperoxotodon speciosus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Nonotherium|Nonotherium henningi]]''
|2=''[[Xotodon]]'' spp. }}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Andinotoxodon|Andinotoxodon bolivariensis]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dinotoxodon|Dinotoxodon paranensis]]''
|2=''[[Toxodon|Toxodon platensis]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gyrinodon|Gyrinodon quassus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ocnerotherium|Ocnerotherium intermedium]]''
|2=''[[Hoffstetterius|Hoffstetterius imperator]]'' }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Posnanskytherium|Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pisanodon|Pisanodon nazari]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pericotoxodon|Pericotoxodon platignathus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Calchaquitherium|Calchaquitherium mixtum]]''
|2=''[[Mixotoxodon|Mixotoxodon larensis]]'' }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Paratrigodon|Paratrigodon euguii]]''
|2=''[[Trigodon|Trigodon gaudri]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 23:58, 11 July 2014

Nesodon[1]
Temporal range: late Oligocene - early Miocene
N. imbricatus skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
†Notoungulata
Family:
†Toxodontidae
Subfamily:
†Nesodontinae
Genus:
†Nesodon

Owen, 1846
Type species
†Nesodon imbricatus
Species
  • †N. conspurcatus
  • †N. cornutus
  • †N. imbricatus
  • N. taweretus (
Synonyms

Nesodon ("island tooth")[2] is a genus of Miocene mammal belonging to the extinct order Notoungulata which inhabited southern South America during the Late Oligocene to Miocene living from 29.0—16.3 Ma and existed for approximately 12.7 million years. [3] It had a relatively large size, weighting up to 554 kg (1221 lbs) and reaching 1.5 m in height.[4]

Taxonomy

Nesodon imbricatus

Nesodon was named by Owen (1846). It was assigned to Toxodontidae by Carroll (1988). It was an early member of the family Toxodontidae, which included the well-known Pleistocene genus Toxodon. Like almost all toxodontids, Nesodon was endemic to South America. In particular, fossils of Nesodon are known from late early Miocene (Santacrucian SALMA) deposits of Argentina and Chile.[5]

Three species of Nesodon are recognized including a larger species, N. imbricatus, and a smaller species, N. conspurcatus.[6] A poorly known and possibly invalid third species, N. cornutus, was similar to N. imbricatus but may have had a small horn on its head. All species of Nesodon were larger than species of the contemporary toxodontid Adinotherium.

The dentition of Nesodon shows features typical of living grazing (grass-eating) mammals, but a study of wear on the enamel of N. imbricatus suggests that it was a browser (leaf eater) that may have supplemented its diet with fruit or bark.[7]

Classification

Promegatherium nanum and Nesodon.

In 2014, a study identifying a new species of Nesodon, N. taweretus, resolved the families phylogenetic relations. The below cladogram was found by the study:[8]

Notes

  1. ^ range and species from Croft et al. (2004) pp. 4-5; synonyms from McKenna and Bell (1997), p. 460.
  2. ^ Palmer (1904) p. 457.
  3. ^ Paleobiology Database: Nesodon imbricatus, Basic info.
  4. ^ D.Patterson, Bruce (2012) Bones, Clones, and Biomes: The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals p.92
  5. ^ Croft et al. (2004), p. 5.
  6. ^ Croft et al. (2004), pp. 7-8.
  7. ^ Townsend & Croft (2008) p. 225.
  8. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s12542-014-0233-5 instead.

References

  • Croft, D.A.; Flynn, J.J.; Wyss, A.R. (2004). "Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile". Fieldiana Geology. 50 (1): 1–52.
  • McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0-231-11013-8
  • Palmer, T.S. (1904). "Index Generum Mammalium: a List of the Genera and Families of Mammals". North American Fauna. 23: 1–984. doi:10.3996/nafa.23.0001.
  • Townsend, K.E.B.; Croft, D.A. (2004). "Diets of notoungulates from the Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina: new evidence from enamel microwear". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 217–230. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28%5B217:DONFTS%52.0.CO%3B2.
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