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Coordinates: 53°57′25″N 1°06′17″W / 53.9569°N 1.1046°W / 53.9569; -1.1046 (Holgate Road carriage works)
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No further orders were received, and in 2002 the factory was closed by Thrall successor [[Trinity Industries]] with 260 redundancies.<ref name="wagclo">{{citation|url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/uk-wagon-works-to-close.html |title = UK wagon works to close| date = 1 Aug 2002| work = www.railwaygazette.com}}</ref>
No further orders were received, and in 2002 the factory was closed by Thrall successor [[Trinity Industries]] with 260 redundancies.<ref name="wagclo">{{citation|url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/uk-wagon-works-to-close.html |title = UK wagon works to close| date = 1 Aug 2002| work = www.railwaygazette.com}}</ref>


As of 2013 the site is owned by [[Network Rail]] and is used to for storage of [[Rail Head Treatment Trains]].{{sfn|www.yorkpress.co.uk|21 Nov 2013}}
As of 2012 the site is use by [[Network Rail]] is used to for storage and maintenance of [[Rail Head Treatment Train]] wagons.<ref>{{citation| url = http://www.rail.co.uk/rail-news/2012/leaves-on-the-line/| title = Leaves on the Line |year = 2012|www.rail.co.uk}}</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==

Revision as of 14:51, 21 July 2014

53°57′25″N 1°06′17″W / 53.9569°N 1.1046°W / 53.9569; -1.1046 (Holgate Road carriage works)

West end of carriage works' 1900 extension, and 1930s traverser (2014)

The Holgate Road carriage works was a railway carriage manufacturing factory in the Holgate area of York, England.

The factory began production in 1884 as a planned expansion and replacement of the North Eastern Railway's Queen Street site; the works was substantially expanded in 1897-1900, and saw further modernisations through the 21st century.

The works passed to the ownership of the London and North Eastern Railway (1923); British Railways (1948); British Rail Engineering Limited, known as BREL York (1970); and privatised and acquired by ABB in 1989 (ABB York).

The works closed in 1996, due to lack of orders caused by uncertainty in the post-Privatisation of British Rail period. Thrall Car Manufacturing Company used the works to manufacture freight wagons for English Welsh and Scottish Railway from 1998 to 2002, after which the factory closed again. As of 2014 part of the site is in maintenance related related rail use.

As a consequence of manufacturing work using asbestos during the 20th century more than a hundred people associated from the works have died from illness caused by exposure to the material, with asbestos related illnesses still occurring and causing death into the 21st century.

History

NER (1884-1923)

After the transfer of wagon building from York Queen Street in 1867, in 1880 the North Eastern Railway took the decision to move carriage building to a new site, and the first contracts let for its construction in 1880.[1] The works was designed as an integrated carriage building factory, with separate buildings for each process. The main buildings were of brick construction, with stone and coloured brick detailing. The internal construction was of cast iron columns with wrought iron beams.[2] Carriage building started in 1884.[1]

By the late 1890s capacity had been reached, exacerbated by the increase in length of carriages, and from 1897 contracts were let for the construction of expansion of the works, primarily west, plus a large lifting shop adjacent south of the main works building. Electric and gas shops were also added and additional stores, plus servicing and washing sheds to the west. The expansion of buildings was mostly complete by 1900, excluding a wagon (rulley) shop built 1904.[3][4] A large wood drying store allowed a ready supply of seasoned woods for carriage manufacture.[5]

In 1903 two 53.5 feet (16.3 m), 35 long tons (36 t) Petrol Electric Autocars were built, numbers 3170 and 3171, early examples of electric transmission in rail vehicles;[6] the works produced rolling stock for the North Tyneside electrification in the same period.[7]

During the First World War, the York works produced material for the war effort, mostly logistics equipment - existing carriage rolling stock was converted into an ambulance train and a complete train with was produced for the Director General of Transportation.[8]

In 1920 the carriage works had 13.5 acres (5.5 ha) of buildings on a site of 45 acres (18 ha). The works built all of the coaching stock of the NER, plus much of the East Coast Joint Stock and Great Northern and North-Eastern Joint Stock, as well as undertaking most of the NER's carriage repairs. The site consisted of two main buildings on the east end of the site; the northern most one was used for building and painting vehicles, the southern one included the sawmill, frame and cabinet building, machine and brake shops. There were also offices, a smithy and cat shop, and gas and electric shops. West of the main works was a large timber drying building, and carriage washing facilities. The 0.6 acres (0.24 ha) 1871 building was still in use as, mainly as a glass store and paintshop. Overall the carriage works employed 1500 persons.[9]

LNER period (1923-1948)

The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) added traversers (c.1930s) at the west and east end of the main works building on the south side; to accommodate the east traverser the buildings were shortened.[10][11]

During World War 2 the carriages works produced parts for Horsa Gliders.[8] In 1944 part of the north building (building shop) which had been manufacturing launches for the Royal navy was destroyed by an accidental fire. The building was rebuilt with a new roof with clerestory lighting.[12] During the war period time many of the workers were women, who worked shifts up to 69 hours in a week.[8]

BR period (1948-1989)

At nationalisation (see Transport Act 1947) the works employed around 5000 people.[13]

During the 1950s there were over 3,000 staff employed by the works and early Diesel Multiple Units were maintained on the site. Some early Electric Multiple Unit trains were built at York

In the 1960s the BR workshops were re-organised : regional workshops were abolished and control centralised with excess works closing. York, together with Derby was retained and assigned to carriage production, and £976,000 authorised for investment at the site.[14]

In 1970 the rolling stock workshops division of British Rail (excluding repair works) became British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL).[15][16]

From the 1970s to 1989 the works manufactured much of British Rail's electric multiple unit passenger stock, including: Class 313 (64 three car trains, 1976/7); Class 314 (16 three car trains, 1979); Class 315 (61 four car, 1980/1); Class 317 (72 four car, 1981-2 & 1985-7); Class 319 (86 four car, 1987–1990); Class 318 (21 three car, 1984–1986); and Class 321 (117 four car, 1988–1991).[citation needed] The works continued producing vehicles for British Rail after privatisation.

BREL introduced some modern manufacturing methods at the works, installations included: five sheet metal machining centers, one with an automatic tool change, used to manufacture body shells and bolster parts for EMUs; test facilities for air-conditioning units; and clean rooms for electronics repair. The works also had a short test track electrified at 750V DC or 25kV AC. Experiments were carried out into robotic welding machines in the early 1980s, but the technique was not used for production at that time.[17]

Post-privatisation (1989-)

BREL was privatised in 1987, as BREL (1988) Ltd., and acquired by a consortium includin management, Trafalgar House and ABB acquired the company including the York works in 1989.[18] Procurement contracts on British Rail began being put to public tender in the 1980s; the fate of the works was linked primarily to the number of orders for Network SouthEast for electric passenger stock - failure to win the contract for electric multiple units for the Heathrow Express service (awarded to Siemens/CAF, see Class 332) resulted in the loss of 289 jobs.[13]

The works obtained contracts to build: Class 320 (22 three car, 1990); Class 322 (five and four car trains, 1990); Class 365 (41 four car, 1994/5); and Class 465 (96 four car, 1991–1994).[citation needed] Additionally Eurotrams were built for the Strasbourg tramways at the site, and at ABB's Derby Litchurch Lane works c. 1994-5.[19]

In 1995 ABB announced that the factory would close due to lack of orders; the cause was widely recognised as being due to a gap in train orders caused by uncertainties following the privatisation of British Rail: Union officials, ABB management, and Conservative and Labour members of parliament all expressed similar views on the cause of the closure.[20][21][22] The carriage works closed in 1996 with 750 redundancies; ABB blamed the closure on the privatisation of British Rail, stating that the privatisation had delayed orders, causing a gap in the company's order books.[22]

Wagon manufacturer Thrall (USA) reopened the plant as wagon works in 1997, having obtained a ~£200million order from EWS for 2500 wagons.[23][24] First production was the BYA type covered steel coil carriers. The first wagon was formally presented in July 1998.[25][26] Nearly half of the order was for 1145 HTA coal hoppers. Other wagon types produced included 300 MBA 'monster box', 260 BYA (covered steel coil), 100+400+300 FAA; FCA and FKA container flat wagons, and 60 BRA steel wagons.[24] Prototype MRA ballast wagons were also manufactured for Railtrack at the site c.2000.[27]

No further orders were received, and in 2002 the factory was closed by Thrall successor Trinity Industries with 260 redundancies.[24]

As of 2012 the site is use by Network Rail is used to for storage and maintenance of Rail Head Treatment Train wagons.[28]

Legacy

Asbestos poisoning

Asbestos was used in rolling stock manufacture as thermal, and sound insulation; in carriages asbestos would be applied between inner and outer bodywork layers as well as in flooring and radiator insulation. After the beginning of the British Rail Modernisation Plan in the 1950s blue asbestos came into increasing use, until its health dangers were recognised.[29]

In 1975 an inquest into the death of former railway work Frank Summers recorded that he had died from an industrial disease; he had previous been employed in asbestos spraying at York Carriage works.[30] At the inquest it was claimed that the use of asbestos at the works ended in 1964;[30] initially the dangers of asbestos were not known and employees worked without facemasks or other protection;[31] workers continued to be exposed to asbestos into the 1970s,[32] relatives of workers also developed asbestos related diseases through contact with dust on workers clothing.[33]

Many scores of former York Carriageworks employees have died over the last two or three decades from exposure to deadly asbestos dust at the Holgate Road factory in the 1950s, 60s, 70s and even 80s.

— The Press (York) online, May 2008.[34]

The Holgate road site was still contaminated with asbestos in some areas in the 1990s.[35] By 2012 it was estimated that over 140 workers had died as a result of exposure to asbestos.[36]

Buildings

Most of the buildings auxiliary to the main works have been demolished post closure. West of the main works the area was cleared and partially developed for housing, and the gas and electric shops were demolished; the stores building in the northeast corner was reused as a small business premises.[37][38]

References

  1. ^ a b Fawcett 205, p. 126.
  2. ^ Burman, Peter; Stratton, Michael, eds. (1997), Conserving the Railway Heritage, pp. 103–104
  3. ^ Fawcett 205, pp. 126–7.
  4. ^ Ordnance Survey 1:2500 1892, 1909
  5. ^ Lambert, Anthony (2010), Lambert's Railway Miscellany, pp. 109–110
  6. ^ "North Eastern Railway Petrol-Electric Autocar No.3170". Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
  7. ^ Foster, Jonathan (12 Jan 1995), "Death knell imminent for York train works As the railway industry prepares for privatisation, historians and innovators reflect on the past and argue the way of the future", www.independent.co.uk
  8. ^ a b c Hoole 1976, p. 50.
  9. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1243/JILE_PROC_1920_010_049_02, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1243/JILE_PROC_1920_010_049_02 instead.
  10. ^ Fawcett 205, p. 127.
  11. ^ Ordnance Survey 1:2500 1931, 1937
  12. ^ Fawcett 205, p. 128.
  13. ^ a b www.yorkpress.co.uk & 21 Nov 2013.
  14. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1243/JILE_PROC_1967_057_019_02, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1243/JILE_PROC_1967_057_019_02 instead.
  15. ^ "British Rail Workshops", www.railwaybritain.co.uk, archived from the original on 12 Apr 2010 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  16. ^ Larkin, Edgar (2009) [1998], An Illustrated History of British Railways' Workshops, p. 126, ISBN 978-1-906974-02-2
  17. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1980_194_038_02, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1243/PIME_PROC_1980_194_038_02 instead.
  18. ^ Parker, David (2012), The Official History of Privatisation, vol. 2, pp. 443–444
  19. ^ Wansbeek, C.J. (March 2003), "Strasbourg: Interurban tram strategy strengthens city system", Tramways and Urban Transit, archived from the original on 20 July 2011
  20. ^ Smithers, Rebecca (11 May 1995), "Unions fear that train builder ABB is to close York works", The Guardian: 17
  21. ^ Wainwright, Martin (11 Jan 1995), "York to lose train carriage works at cost of 750 jobs as orders dry up", The Guardian: 2
  22. ^ a b Tieman, Ross (12 May 1995), "ABB blames York plant closure on rail sell-off", The Times (65265): 24
  23. ^ Halsall, Martyn (17 July 1997), "York back on the track", The Guardian: 20
  24. ^ a b c "UK wagon works to close", www.railwaygazette.com, 1 Aug 2002
  25. ^ "Thrall Europa rolls out first EWS wagon", www.railwaygazette.com, 1 Sep 1998
  26. ^ "BRA/BYA Covered Steel Wagons", www.ltsv.com, History, 2 July 2007, The first design to appear was a bogie covered steel wagon, given TOPS code BYA.
  27. ^ "MRA Side-Tipping Ballast Wagons", www.ltsv.com, 2 July 2007
  28. ^ Leaves on the Line, 2012 {{citation}}: Text "www.rail.co.uk" ignored (help)
  29. ^ Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon, eds. (1997), The Oxford Companion to British Railway History, Asbestos
  30. ^ a b "Lawsuit after asbestos death", The Guardian: 6, 10 Oct 1975
  31. ^ "Asbestos timebomb claims lives of Alf Sturdy and Dennis Healy", www.yorkpress.co.uk, 13 May 2009, in a statement written after he was diagnosed: "We were not provided with face masks and undoubtedly breathed in the dust. I didn't know that asbestos was dangerous at that time." {{citation}}: Check |url= value (help)
  32. ^ "Asbestos caused death of former carriageworks employee", www.yorkpress.co.uk, 12 June 2014, A retired electrical technician has died as a result of inhaling asbestos during 15 years' working at York Carriageworks, an inquest has heard. [..] A post mortem revealed he had asbestos fibres in his body and had died from malignant mesothelioma .. coroner Donald Coverdale concluded he had died from an industrial disease .. caused by inhaling asbestos dust during his work at the carriageworks.
  33. ^ Laycock, Mike (22 Nov 2008), "Asbestos claims another victim", www.yorkpress.co.uk, Scores of York people have been killed by mesothelioma over recent decades, many of whom worked at the former carriageworks in Holgate Road, where there was widespread exposure to asbestos dust. There have also been cases in which the wives of former carriageworks employees have contracted the disease years later, because of asbestos dust which they breathed in when washing their husband's discarded overalls.
  34. ^ "New victims of asbestos time bomb", www.yorkpress.co.uk, 17 May 2008
  35. ^ "Asbestos outrage", www.yorkpress.co.uk, 5 June 2006, as the sheds were being refurbished for occupation by the wagon-makers Thrall, dust which had been found on all level surfaces was sent for analysis [..] this analysis revealed that the dust was contaminated with a cocktail of contaminants, including asbestos, although greater concerns were raised by the presence of heavy metals such as arsenic and lead.
  36. ^ Laycock, Mike (2 March 2012), "York carriageworks' asbestos death toll now at 141", The Press
  37. ^ Fawcett 2005, p. 128.
  38. ^ Ordnance Survey 1:10000 1992 1:25000 2006

Sources

Further reading

  • The Life and Times of York Carriage Works: 1884-1995, ABB Rail Vehicles Ltd., 1995
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