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The '''World Café''' is a structured conversational process in which groups of people discuss a topic at several tables, with individuals switching tables periodically and getting introduced to the previous discussion at their new table by a "table host". A cafe ambience is created in order to facilitate conversation. In some versions, a degree of formality is retained to make sure that everyone gets a chance to speak.<ref>Slocum, Nikki. ''Participatory Methods Toolkit: A Practitioner's Manual'' Section: [http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/Files/EN/PUB_1540_Toolkit_13_WorldCafe.pdf "Method: The World Café"]. A joint publication of the King Baudouin Foundation and the Flemish Institute for Science and Technology Assessment (viWTA). ISBN 90-5130-506-0</ref> Alternatively, the cafe concept can be taken more literally with everyone potentially talking at once. As well as speaking and listening, individuals may be encouraged to write or doodle on the tablecloth so that when people change to different tables, they can see what previous members have expressed in their own words as well as hearing the table host's view of what has been happening.
The "World Café" is a structured conversational process intended to facilitate open and intimate discussion, and link ideas within a larger group to access the [[collective intelligence |"collective intelligence"]] or [[collective wisdom]] in the room. Participants move between a series of tables where they continue discussion in response to a set of questions, which are predetermined and focused on the specific goals of each World Cafe. A cafe ambience is created in order to facilitate conversation and represent a [[third place]]. In some versions a "talking stick" may be used to make sure that all participants get a chance to speak.<ref>Slocum, Nikki. ''Participatory Methods Toolkit: A Practitioner's Manual'' Section: [http://www.kbs-frb.be/uploadedFiles/KBS-FRB/Files/EN/PUB_1540_Toolkit_13_WorldCafe.pdf "Method: The World Café"]. A joint publication of the King Baudouin Foundation and the Flemish Institute for Science and Technology Assessment (viWTA). ISBN 90-5130-506-0</ref> As well as speaking and listening, individuals are encouraged to write or doodle on the paper tablecloth so that when people change tables they can see what previous members have expressed in their own words and images. The number of people who have participated in World Café events is estimated in the tens of thousands.<ref name="Holman2009">{{cite book|author=Peggy Holman|title=The Change Handbook: The Definitive Resource on Today's Best Methods for Engaging Whole Systems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JA08U6ntp-IC|date=24 June 2009|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4429-9463-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tan, Brown|first1=Samantha, Juanita|title=The World Café in Singapore Creating a Learning Culture Through Dialogue|journal=The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science|date=March 2005|volume=41|issue=no. 1|pages=83-90|doi=doi: 10.1177/0021886304272851|url=http://jab.sagepub.com/content/41/1/83.short|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>


=Origin=
The World Café originated at the home of Juanita Brown and David Isaacs in 1995 when a "large circle" conversation became disrupted by rain.<ref>The World Café. [http://www.theworldcafe.com/history.html "History"].</ref>
The World Café processoriginated at the home of Juanita Brown and David Isaacs in 1995 when a "large circle" conversation became disrupted by rain.<ref>The World Café. [http://www.theworldcafe.com/history.html "History"].</ref> It was refined by several months of research and study by Juanita Brown, Finn Voltofte, and other participants of the original group into the method used today. [[Margaret J. Wheatley |Meg Wheatley]] and Juanita Brown later introduced the World Café while they were choosing a program on living systems on behalf of the Berkana Institute.<ref name="Holman2009">{{cite book|author=Peggy Holman|title=The Change Handbook: The Definitive Resource on Today's Best Methods for Engaging Whole Systems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JA08U6ntp-IC|date=24 June 2009|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4429-9463-8}}</ref>

=Format=
In World Cafés the total number of participants must equal at least twelve but have numbered several thousand. The highest number of people documented at a single World Cafe event was c. 10,000 in Tel Aviv, 2011.<ref name="LitemanCampbell2006">{{cite book|author1=Merianne Liteman|author2=Sheila Campbell|author3=Jeffrey Liteman|title=Retreats That Work: Everything You Need to Know About Planning and Leading Great Offsites|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iH2glWjPP1oC&pg=PT48|date=14 July 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-7879-8643-8|pages=48–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schieffer, Isaacs, Gyllenpalm|first1=Dr. Alexander, David, Bo|title=The World Café: Part One|journal=Transformation|date=July 14, 2004|volume=18|issue=8|url=http://api.ning.com/files/JF-pWsE9wxdhsf2VXfM3L*kkmAQci--OZFqVmmlHR4HQUpk7Lwp*Qo7BxiljpvKoUdfvqFd4D2IqKv1CKw4sUaMG4bjsSO2a/WorldCafe.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref>"Bache2008"</ref><ref name="D’SouzaRenner2014">{{cite book|author1=Steven D’Souza|author2=Diana Renner|title=Not Knowing|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xOpdBAAAQBAJ|date=5 May 2014|publisher=LID Editorial|isbn=978-1-907794-90-2}}</ref>

Small groups of four or five participants sit around a table and discuss an open-ended question for a structured amount of time. Notes and drawings are often made by participants on the paper tablecloths used in most events. Individuals switch tables after the agreed upon amount of time, where (if they are being used) a "table host" at the new table briefly welcomes people and fills them in on highlights of the previous discussion.

Participants have multiple rounds of conversation in response to defined questions, taking the ideas from one group and adding to them, developing insights through multiple conversations with a diverse number of people, and expanding the collective knowledge of the group. In this way participants gather a wide range of inputs that help strengthen the ‘ecology’ of the conversation.<ref name="Bache2008">{{cite book|author=Christopher M. Bache|title=The Living Classroom: Teaching and Collective Consciousness|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fBWoUv8e-B4C|date=28 August 2008|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7646-8}}</ref>A round of conversation lasts between 20-30 minutes.<ref name="Holman2009">{{cite book|author=Peggy Holman|title=The Change Handbook: The Definitive Resource on Today's Best Methods for Engaging Whole Systems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JA08U6ntp-IC|date=24 June 2009|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4429-9463-8}}</ref> A "table host" may be used to anchor each table, welcoming incoming participants and relaying any key insights from the last round of conversation.<ref name="Holman2009">{{cite book|author=Peggy Holman|title=The Change Handbook: The Definitive Resource on Today's Best Methods for Engaging Whole Systems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JA08U6ntp-IC|date=24 June 2009|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4429-9463-8}}</ref>

=Concept=
In World Café the focus is on exploring and innovating on themes rather than on problem-solving.<ref name="Bache2008">{{cite book|author=Christopher M. Bache|title=The Living Classroom: Teaching and Collective Consciousness|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fBWoUv8e-B4C|date=28 August 2008|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7646-8}}</ref> The format is principally designed as a forum for creative or open thinking and is not suited to scenarios where there is a predetermined answer or solution. According to co-founder Juanita Brown: “(It is) ... the creative cross-pollination of people and ideas combined with the disciplined use of questions as attractors that is perhaps the World Café’s defining contribution to dialogic learning and collective intelligence.”<ref>"Bache2008"</ref>

The World Café approach makes use of a listening approach that has been described by Juanita Brown as “listening for the middle” or in other words listening objectively without filtering through the person’s own self-regard. This approach tries to evaluate the conversation as it grows by referencing the different strands that are being brought to bear.<ref>"Bache2008"</ref> The World Café process provides an open forum for discussion that aims to equalise the power relationships between participants in order to understand and learn from multiple points of view.<ref name="Jenkins2013">{{cite book|author=J. Jacob Jenkins|title=The Diversity Paradox: Seeking Community in an Intercultural Church|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=414pAgAAQBAJ|date=22 November 2013|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-8352-6}}</ref> World Café has been described as an example of ‘process tools that are well suited to enriching perspectives.<ref>{{cite web|title=2013: Practical Guide on Democratic Dialogue|url=http://www.democraticdialoguenetwork.org/app/en|website=http://www.democraticdialoguenetwork.org/|publisher=International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Canadian International Development Agency, United National Development Programme|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>

=Features=
World Cafes are characterized by the following elements:<ref name="Lewis2011">{{cite book|author=Sarah Lewis|title=Positive Psychology at Work: How Positive Leadership and Appreciative Inquiry Create Inspiring Organizations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J9Vo2QcluXcC|date=16 March 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-99621-7}}</ref>
# Each person interprets the world differently, based on his/her perception. Sharing the viewpoints of others is essential for understanding alternatives and adapting strategies to deal with environments.
# Shifting collective thinking provides an opportunity to change the status quo and create a context for collective action.
# All systems and organizations can address challenges by using the knowledge already contained within and mobilising the collective wisdom.
# People want to engage and will do so if an appropriate environment is provided that recognises the contribution of all. Having this will foster a strong commitment to achieve common goals.
# A World Café event is designed to facilitate collaboration but not guide participants to a pre-determined solution.

=Design principles=
World Cafe events are designed and hosted according to the following principles:<ref name="LitemanCampbell2006">{{cite book|author1=Merianne Liteman|author2=Sheila Campbell|author3=Jeffrey Liteman|title=Retreats That Work: Everything You Need to Know About Planning and Leading Great Offsites|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iH2glWjPP1oC&pg=PT48|date=14 July 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-7879-8643-8|pages=48–}}</ref>
* Clarify the context
* Create a hospitable environment
* Explore questions that matter
* Encourage everyone’s contribution
* Connect diverse perspectives
* Listen together for insights and deeper questions
* Gather and share collective discoveries

=Applications=
The World Café approach has been used by a range of organizations including corporates, NGOs, non-profits, local government organizations, academic and voluntary groups. Aramco, the Saudia Arabian state oil company began using World Café events in its engineering and operations services division in 2003 and credited the approach for giving staff a better understanding of how corporate strategy linked to their roles.<ref name="Senge2010">{{cite book|author=Peter M. Senge|title=The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b0XHUvs_iBkC&pg=PA362|date=31 March 2010|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-47764-4|pages=362–}}</ref> Hewlett Packard has also used the process and credited it with reducing the accident rate across the company by more than 33 per cent, principally because it encouraged input from employees about safety issues.<ref>"Holman2009"</ref>

In Canada the Canadian International Development Agency in conjunction with the United Nations Development Program has used World Café events for several years to facilitate discussions between opposing parties as part of its Democratic Dialogue and Conflict Prevention program.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Café Powerpoint|url=http://www.democraticdialoguenetwork.org/app/documents/view/en/948|website=www.democraticdialoguenetwork.org|publisher=UNDP|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref>

In British Columbia the federal, provincial and municipal governments used the World Café process to devise an Urban Development Agreement to tackle urban challenge like poverty and homelessness.<ref name="Holman2009">{{cite book|author=Peggy Holman|title=The Change Handbook: The Definitive Resource on Today's Best Methods for Engaging Whole Systems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JA08U6ntp-IC|date=24 June 2009|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4429-9463-8}}</ref> Municipal water authorities - Yarra Valley Water in Victoria, Australia also used the events while in Mexico, the approach was utilized to facilitate discussions between government officials and farmers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=J P|title=Making Stakeholder Engagement Work|journal=Australian Water Association|date=Aug 2004|url=http://www.nowforfuture.com/projects/samplepage/00000_resources/00000_awaarticle.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Holman2009">{{cite book|author=Peggy Holman|title=The Change Handbook: The Definitive Resource on Today's Best Methods for Engaging Whole Systems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JA08U6ntp-IC|date=24 June 2009|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4429-9463-8}}</ref> It has been credited with influencing the strategic direction and focus of Mexico’s National Fund for Social Enterprise.<ref name="Holman2009">{{cite book|author=Peggy Holman|title=The Change Handbook: The Definitive Resource on Today's Best Methods for Engaging Whole Systems|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JA08U6ntp-IC|date=24 June 2009|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4429-9463-8}}</ref>

The World Café approach has been adopted by non-profits like the Ohio-based Foodbank.<ref name="WheatleyFrieze2011">{{cite book|author1=Margaret J. Wheatley|author2=Deborah Frieze|title=Walk Out Walk On: A Learning Journey into Communities Daring to Live the Future Now|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jf9EZ36liT0C&pg=PA192|date=11 April 2011|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers|isbn=978-1-60509-733-6|pages=192–}}</ref> There, CEO Matt Habash organised events for the purposes of creating a system that connected food, hunger and poverty and helped devise a strategy for the supply and delivery of foodbank services.<ref name="WheatleyFrieze2011">{{cite book|author1=Margaret J. Wheatley|author2=Deborah Frieze|title=Walk Out Walk On: A Learning Journey into Communities Daring to Live the Future Now|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jf9EZ36liT0C&pg=PA192|date=11 April 2011|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers|isbn=978-1-60509-733-6|pages=192–}}</ref> The World Café approach was also used to develop the curriculum at Ohio State University’s College of Social Work.<ref name="WheatleyFrieze2011">{{cite book|author1=Margaret J. Wheatley|author2=Deborah Frieze|title=Walk Out Walk On: A Learning Journey into Communities Daring to Live the Future Now|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jf9EZ36liT0C&pg=PA192|date=11 April 2011|publisher=Berrett-Koehler Publishers|isbn=978-1-60509-733-6|pages=192–}}</ref> Similarly, in Africa the International Water Management Institute utilized World Café events to further discussions among stakeholders.<ref name="LiebowitzFrank2010">{{cite book|author1=Jay Liebowitz|author2=Michael Frank|title=Knowledge Management and E-Learning|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=asFxYdhLjEUC&pg=PA174|date=8 November 2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-3726-9|pages=174–}}</ref>

The World Café approach has been used at community level in Scotland. Reports of World Café events in Inverurie, Scotland described how the get-togethers had consolidated social networks between various community organizations and provided for qualitative research arising out of commentary from residents.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stern, Townsend, Rauch, Schuster|first1=Thomas, Andrew, Franz, Angela|title=Action Research, Innovation and Change Across Disciplines:: International Perspectives Across Disciplines|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1317916077, 9781317916079|url=http://www.google.com.ph/books?lr=&id=pIViAgAAQBAJ&dq=Aldred%2C+R.+2009.+%27From+Community+Participation+to+Organizational+Therapy%3F+World+Caf%C3%A9+and+Appreciative+Inquiry+as+Research+Methods.%27+Community+Development+Journal%2C+advance+access%2C+29+July.&q=%22world+cafe%22#v=snippet&q=%22world%20cafe%22&f=false|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref> There community development workers played a key part in creating events that were described as ‘remarkable’ and ‘empowering’.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Stern, Townsend, Rauch, Schuster|first1=Thomas, Andrew, Franz, Angela|title=Action Research, Innovation and Change Across Disciplines:: International Perspectives Across Disciplines|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1317916077, 9781317916079|url=http://www.google.com.ph/books?lr=&id=pIViAgAAQBAJ&dq=Aldred%2C+R.+2009.+%27From+Community+Participation+to+Organizational+Therapy%3F+World+Caf%C3%A9+and+Appreciative+Inquiry+as+Research+Methods.%27+Community+Development+Journal%2C+advance+access%2C+29+July.&q=%22world+cafe%22#v=snippet&q=%22world%20cafe%22&f=false|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>

In the field of education the World Café has been used to create discursive environments among nurses as well as in hospitals.<ref name="FAAN2007">{{cite book|author=Marilyn H. Oermann PhD, RN, FAAN|title=Annual Review of Nursing Education, Volume 6, 2008: Clinical Nursing Education|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7kP-qKF9C6wC&pg=PA53|date=26 August 2007|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-1084-8|pages=53–}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burke, Sheeldon|first1=Cathy, Keeley|title=Encouraging workplace innovation using the ‘World Café’ model|journal=Nursing Management|volume=17|issue=7|pages=14-19|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nm2010.11.17.7.14.c8055|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref> Schools in Long Island introduced World Café events as a way of encouraging students to accept more responsibility and show greater leadership.<ref name="Senge2010">{{cite book|author=Peter M. Senge|title=The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b0XHUvs_iBkC&pg=PA362|date=31 March 2010|publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-47764-4|pages=362–}}</ref><ref name="Buckland2008">{{cite book|author=Spencer William Buckland|title=Transforming Leaders and Culture|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7kR8JOYutc0C|year=2008|publisher=Royal Roads University (Canada)|isbn=978-0-494-35419-3}}</ref> Events have also been run in universities.<ref name="Lewis2011">{{cite book|author=Sarah Lewis|title=Positive Psychology at Work: How Positive Leadership and Appreciative Inquiry Create Inspiring Organizations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J9Vo2QcluXcC|date=16 March 2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-99621-7}}</ref>

Parent Café events utilising World Café methods have been used in several states in the U.S. including Illinois and California and by International Montessori Schools as a way of facilitating engagement between parents and guardian and providers on issues affecting children<ref>{{cite web|title=Parent Cafe Training Institute|url=http://www.cssp.org/reform/strengtheningfamilies/2014/Parent-Cafe-Training-Institute.pdf|website=http://www.cssp.org/|publisher=www.bestrongfamilies.net|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What we do|url=http://www.nochildabuse.org/what-we-do/|website=www.nochildabuse.org|publisher=Child Abuse Prevention Council of San Joaquin County|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Parent cafe and Library|url=http://www.international-montessori.org/practical/parent-cafe-and-library/|website=http://www.international-montessori.org/|publisher=International Montessori Schools|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> In Boston the Jewish organization Keshet, has utilized Parent Café events to discuss issues with parents relating to children and LGBTQ.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parent Cafe for parents of LGBTQ Jews|url=http://www.keshetonline.org/event/january-parent-cafe/|website=www.keshetonline.org|publisher=Keshet|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref>

The World Café approach has also been used by Christian church groups in the United States as a way of encouraging creative thought among members particularly in situations where there were concerns that individuals were not being listened to.<ref name="Sanguin">{{cite book|author=Bruce Sanguin|title=The Emerging Church: A Model for Change & Map for Renewal|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IRakgqhWoSUC&pg=PA75|publisher=Wood Lake Publishing Inc.|isbn=978-1-77064-299-7|pages=75–}}</ref><ref name="Jenkins2013">{{cite book|author=J. Jacob Jenkins|title=The Diversity Paradox: Seeking Community in an Intercultural Church|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=414pAgAAQBAJ|date=22 November 2013|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-8352-6}}</ref>

In addition, virtual cafes based on World Café principles have also been organised.<ref name="DiStefanoRudestam2003">{{cite book|author1=Anna DiStefano|author2=Kjell Erik Rudestam|author3=Robert Silverman|title=Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2_xyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|date=6 November 2003|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6523-0|pages=80–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Gyllenpalm|first1=Bo|title=Connecting diverse people and ideas: A virtual knowledge cafe|url=www.theworldcafe.com/articles/virtualcafes.pdf|website=www.theworldcafe.com|publisher=www.theworldcafe.com|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Conversation Cafe]]
* [[Knowledge Cafe]]
* [[Knowledge Cafe]]
* [[Brainstorming]]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 13: Line 63:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.theworldcafe.com The World Cafe]
* [http://www.theworldcafe.com The World Café]
* [http://www.theworldcafecommunity.org The World Cafe community]
* [http://www.theworldcafecommunity.org The World Café community]
* [http://www.freewebs.com/worldcafeuk World Cafe UK]


{{DEFAULTSORT:The World Cafe}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:The World Café}}
[[Category:Collaboration]]
[[:Category:Collaboration]]
[[Category:Problem solving]]
[[:Category:Problem solving]]
[[Category:Business terms]]
[[:Category:Business terms]]
[[Category:Deliberative methods]]
[[:Category:Deliberative methods]]




Revision as of 04:22, 7 January 2015

The "World Café" is a structured conversational process intended to facilitate open and intimate discussion, and link ideas within a larger group to access the "collective intelligence" or collective wisdom in the room. Participants move between a series of tables where they continue discussion in response to a set of questions, which are predetermined and focused on the specific goals of each World Cafe. A cafe ambience is created in order to facilitate conversation and represent a third place. In some versions a "talking stick" may be used to make sure that all participants get a chance to speak.[1] As well as speaking and listening, individuals are encouraged to write or doodle on the paper tablecloth so that when people change tables they can see what previous members have expressed in their own words and images. The number of people who have participated in World Café events is estimated in the tens of thousands.[2][3]

Origin

The World Café processoriginated at the home of Juanita Brown and David Isaacs in 1995 when a "large circle" conversation became disrupted by rain.[4] It was refined by several months of research and study by Juanita Brown, Finn Voltofte, and other participants of the original group into the method used today. Meg Wheatley and Juanita Brown later introduced the World Café while they were choosing a program on living systems on behalf of the Berkana Institute.[2]

Format

In World Cafés the total number of participants must equal at least twelve but have numbered several thousand. The highest number of people documented at a single World Cafe event was c. 10,000 in Tel Aviv, 2011.[5][6][7][8]

Small groups of four or five participants sit around a table and discuss an open-ended question for a structured amount of time. Notes and drawings are often made by participants on the paper tablecloths used in most events. Individuals switch tables after the agreed upon amount of time, where (if they are being used) a "table host" at the new table briefly welcomes people and fills them in on highlights of the previous discussion.

Participants have multiple rounds of conversation in response to defined questions, taking the ideas from one group and adding to them, developing insights through multiple conversations with a diverse number of people, and expanding the collective knowledge of the group. In this way participants gather a wide range of inputs that help strengthen the ‘ecology’ of the conversation.[9]A round of conversation lasts between 20-30 minutes.[2] A "table host" may be used to anchor each table, welcoming incoming participants and relaying any key insights from the last round of conversation.[2]

Concept

In World Café the focus is on exploring and innovating on themes rather than on problem-solving.[9] The format is principally designed as a forum for creative or open thinking and is not suited to scenarios where there is a predetermined answer or solution. According to co-founder Juanita Brown: “(It is) ... the creative cross-pollination of people and ideas combined with the disciplined use of questions as attractors that is perhaps the World Café’s defining contribution to dialogic learning and collective intelligence.”[10]

The World Café approach makes use of a listening approach that has been described by Juanita Brown as “listening for the middle” or in other words listening objectively without filtering through the person’s own self-regard. This approach tries to evaluate the conversation as it grows by referencing the different strands that are being brought to bear.[11] The World Café process provides an open forum for discussion that aims to equalise the power relationships between participants in order to understand and learn from multiple points of view.[12] World Café has been described as an example of ‘process tools that are well suited to enriching perspectives.[13]

Features

World Cafes are characterized by the following elements:[14]

  1. Each person interprets the world differently, based on his/her perception. Sharing the viewpoints of others is essential for understanding alternatives and adapting strategies to deal with environments.
  2. Shifting collective thinking provides an opportunity to change the status quo and create a context for collective action.
  3. All systems and organizations can address challenges by using the knowledge already contained within and mobilising the collective wisdom.
  4. People want to engage and will do so if an appropriate environment is provided that recognises the contribution of all. Having this will foster a strong commitment to achieve common goals.
  5. A World Café event is designed to facilitate collaboration but not guide participants to a pre-determined solution.

Design principles

World Cafe events are designed and hosted according to the following principles:[5]

  • Clarify the context
  • Create a hospitable environment
  • Explore questions that matter
  • Encourage everyone’s contribution
  • Connect diverse perspectives
  • Listen together for insights and deeper questions
  • Gather and share collective discoveries

Applications

The World Café approach has been used by a range of organizations including corporates, NGOs, non-profits, local government organizations, academic and voluntary groups. Aramco, the Saudia Arabian state oil company began using World Café events in its engineering and operations services division in 2003 and credited the approach for giving staff a better understanding of how corporate strategy linked to their roles.[15] Hewlett Packard has also used the process and credited it with reducing the accident rate across the company by more than 33 per cent, principally because it encouraged input from employees about safety issues.[16]

In Canada the Canadian International Development Agency in conjunction with the United Nations Development Program has used World Café events for several years to facilitate discussions between opposing parties as part of its Democratic Dialogue and Conflict Prevention program.[17]

In British Columbia the federal, provincial and municipal governments used the World Café process to devise an Urban Development Agreement to tackle urban challenge like poverty and homelessness.[2] Municipal water authorities - Yarra Valley Water in Victoria, Australia also used the events while in Mexico, the approach was utilized to facilitate discussions between government officials and farmers.[18][2] It has been credited with influencing the strategic direction and focus of Mexico’s National Fund for Social Enterprise.[2]

The World Café approach has been adopted by non-profits like the Ohio-based Foodbank.[19] There, CEO Matt Habash organised events for the purposes of creating a system that connected food, hunger and poverty and helped devise a strategy for the supply and delivery of foodbank services.[19] The World Café approach was also used to develop the curriculum at Ohio State University’s College of Social Work.[19] Similarly, in Africa the International Water Management Institute utilized World Café events to further discussions among stakeholders.[20]

The World Café approach has been used at community level in Scotland. Reports of World Café events in Inverurie, Scotland described how the get-togethers had consolidated social networks between various community organizations and provided for qualitative research arising out of commentary from residents.[21] There community development workers played a key part in creating events that were described as ‘remarkable’ and ‘empowering’.[22]

In the field of education the World Café has been used to create discursive environments among nurses as well as in hospitals.[23][24] Schools in Long Island introduced World Café events as a way of encouraging students to accept more responsibility and show greater leadership.[15][25] Events have also been run in universities.[14]

Parent Café events utilising World Café methods have been used in several states in the U.S. including Illinois and California and by International Montessori Schools as a way of facilitating engagement between parents and guardian and providers on issues affecting children[26][27][28] In Boston the Jewish organization Keshet, has utilized Parent Café events to discuss issues with parents relating to children and LGBTQ.[29]

The World Café approach has also been used by Christian church groups in the United States as a way of encouraging creative thought among members particularly in situations where there were concerns that individuals were not being listened to.[30][12]

In addition, virtual cafes based on World Café principles have also been organised.[31][32]

See also

References

  1. ^ Slocum, Nikki. Participatory Methods Toolkit: A Practitioner's Manual Section: "Method: The World Café". A joint publication of the King Baudouin Foundation and the Flemish Institute for Science and Technology Assessment (viWTA). ISBN 90-5130-506-0
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Peggy Holman (24 June 2009). The Change Handbook: The Definitive Resource on Today's Best Methods for Engaging Whole Systems. ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 978-1-4429-9463-8.
  3. ^ Tan, Brown, Samantha, Juanita (March 2005). "The World Café in Singapore Creating a Learning Culture Through Dialogue". The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 41 (no. 1): 83–90. doi:doi: 10.1177/0021886304272851. Retrieved 15 December 2014. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); Check |doi= value (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ The World Café. "History".
  5. ^ a b Merianne Liteman; Sheila Campbell; Jeffrey Liteman (14 July 2006). Retreats That Work: Everything You Need to Know About Planning and Leading Great Offsites. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-0-7879-8643-8.
  6. ^ Schieffer, Isaacs, Gyllenpalm, Dr. Alexander, David, Bo (July 14, 2004). "The World Café: Part One" (PDF). Transformation. 18 (8). Retrieved 15 December 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Bache2008"
  8. ^ Steven D’Souza; Diana Renner (5 May 2014). Not Knowing. LID Editorial. ISBN 978-1-907794-90-2.
  9. ^ a b Christopher M. Bache (28 August 2008). The Living Classroom: Teaching and Collective Consciousness. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7646-8.
  10. ^ "Bache2008"
  11. ^ "Bache2008"
  12. ^ a b J. Jacob Jenkins (22 November 2013). The Diversity Paradox: Seeking Community in an Intercultural Church. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-8352-6.
  13. ^ "2013: Practical Guide on Democratic Dialogue". http://www.democraticdialoguenetwork.org/. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Canadian International Development Agency, United National Development Programme. Retrieved 15 December 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  14. ^ a b Sarah Lewis (16 March 2011). Positive Psychology at Work: How Positive Leadership and Appreciative Inquiry Create Inspiring Organizations. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-99621-7.
  15. ^ a b Peter M. Senge (31 March 2010). The Fifth Discipline: The Art & Practice of The Learning Organization. Crown Publishing Group. pp. 362–. ISBN 978-0-307-47764-4.
  16. ^ "Holman2009"
  17. ^ "World Café Powerpoint". www.democraticdialoguenetwork.org. UNDP. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  18. ^ Dunn, J P (Aug 2004). "Making Stakeholder Engagement Work" (PDF). Australian Water Association. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  19. ^ a b c Margaret J. Wheatley; Deborah Frieze (11 April 2011). Walk Out Walk On: A Learning Journey into Communities Daring to Live the Future Now. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-1-60509-733-6.
  20. ^ Jay Liebowitz; Michael Frank (8 November 2010). Knowledge Management and E-Learning. CRC Press. pp. 174–. ISBN 978-1-4398-3726-9.
  21. ^ Stern, Townsend, Rauch, Schuster, Thomas, Andrew, Franz, Angela (2013). Action Research, Innovation and Change Across Disciplines:: International Perspectives Across Disciplines. Routledge. ISBN 1317916077, 9781317916079. Retrieved 15 December 2014. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Stern, Townsend, Rauch, Schuster, Thomas, Andrew, Franz, Angela (2013). Action Research, Innovation and Change Across Disciplines:: International Perspectives Across Disciplines. Routledge. ISBN 1317916077, 9781317916079. Retrieved 15 December 2014. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Marilyn H. Oermann PhD, RN, FAAN (26 August 2007). Annual Review of Nursing Education, Volume 6, 2008: Clinical Nursing Education. Springer Publishing Company. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-8261-1084-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Burke, Sheeldon, Cathy, Keeley. "Encouraging workplace innovation using the 'World Café' model". Nursing Management. 17 (7): 14–19. Retrieved 15 December 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Spencer William Buckland (2008). Transforming Leaders and Culture. Royal Roads University (Canada). ISBN 978-0-494-35419-3.
  26. ^ "Parent Cafe Training Institute" (PDF). http://www.cssp.org/. www.bestrongfamilies.net. Retrieved 5 January 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  27. ^ "What we do". www.nochildabuse.org. Child Abuse Prevention Council of San Joaquin County. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  28. ^ "Parent cafe and Library". http://www.international-montessori.org/. International Montessori Schools. Retrieved 5 January 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  29. ^ "Parent Cafe for parents of LGBTQ Jews". www.keshetonline.org. Keshet. Retrieved 5 January 2015.
  30. ^ Bruce Sanguin. The Emerging Church: A Model for Change & Map for Renewal. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. pp. 75–. ISBN 978-1-77064-299-7.
  31. ^ Anna DiStefano; Kjell Erik Rudestam; Robert Silverman (6 November 2003). Encyclopedia of Distributed Learning. SAGE Publications. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-1-4522-6523-0.
  32. ^ Gyllenpalm, Bo. [www.theworldcafe.com/articles/virtualcafes.pdf "Connecting diverse people and ideas: A virtual knowledge cafe"] (PDF). www.theworldcafe.com. www.theworldcafe.com. Retrieved 15 December 2014. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)


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