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→Etymology: No source ref for symbols. And. Why is there so much text about separating the symbols of the name? Is like making a page on Calculus and focusing on what "cal" and "cul" and "us" means in the Greek and then barely mentioning numbers.
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[[Image:Mikaousui.jpg|thumb|100px|''Mikao Usui'' 臼井甕男 (1865–1926)]]
[[Image:Mikaousui.jpg|thumb|100px|''Mikao Usui'' 臼井甕男 (1865–1926)]]
[[File:Chujiro Hayashi.jpg|thumb|100px|''Chujiro Hayashi'' 林 忠次郎 (1880 - 1940)]]
[[File:Chujiro Hayashi.jpg|thumb|100px|''Chujiro Hayashi'' 林 忠次郎 (1880 - 1940)]]
The [[English language|English]] ''reiki'' or ''Reiki'' is a [[List of English words of Japanese origin|Japanese loanword]].<ref>{{cite book |title= [[Oxford English Dictionary]] ''(''OED'')'' |chapter= reiki |year= 2009}}</ref> ''Reiki'' (霊気{{cn}}<Where did author get this symbol from?>, usually meaning "mysterious atmosphere; miraculous sign"{{Oxford Dictionary 2009 originally referenced for this instead states meaning as "universal life force energy", where did author get this meaning from? Should it be deleted?}}), which in turn, is a [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Chinese loanword]] ''língqì'' (靈氣, "numinous atmosphere"){{cn}}<Again, where did this information come from?>.The earliest recorded English usage dates to 1975.<ref>The ''OED'' cites ''[[The San Mateo Times]]'', 2 May 1975, 32/1.</ref>
The [[English language|English]] ''reiki'' or ''Reiki'' is a [[List of English words of Japanese origin|Japanese loanword]].<ref>{{cite book |title= [[Oxford English Dictionary]] ''(''OED'')'' |chapter= reiki |year= 2009}}</ref> ''Reiki'' (霊気{{cn}}<ref group=note>Where did author get this symbol from?</ref> , usually meaning "mysterious atmosphere; miraculous sign"<ref group=note>Oxford Dictionary 2009 originally referenced for this instead states meaning as "universal life force energy", where did author get this meaning from? Should it be deleted?</ref>), which in turn, is a [[Sino-Japanese vocabulary|Chinese loanword]] ''língqì'' (靈氣, "numinous atmosphere")<ref group=note>Again, where did this information come from? Symbol and definition</ref>.The earliest recorded English usage dates to 1975.<ref>The ''OED'' cites ''[[The San Mateo Times]]'', 2 May 1975, 32/1.</ref>


The Japanese ''reiki'' is commonly written as レイキ in [[katakana]] syllabary or as 霊気 in [[shinjitai]] "new character form" [[kanji]]. It [[compound (linguistics)|compounds]] the words ''rei'' ([[Wikt:霊|霊]]: "spirit, miraculous, divine") and ''ki'' ([[wikt:気|気]]; [[qi]]: "gas, vital energy, breath of life, consciousness").<ref>{{cite book |first= Jack |last= Halpern |title= New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (新漢英字典) |publisher= [[Kenkyūsha]] |origyear= 1990 |edition= NTC reprint |year= 1993}} ''Ki'' is additionally defined as "... spirits; one's feelings, mood, frame of mind; temperament, temper, disposition, one's nature, character; mind to do something, intention, will; care, attention, precaution".</ref> Some ''reiki'' translation equivalents from Japanese-English dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery",<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Mark |editor1-last= Spahn |editor2-first= Wolfgang |editor2-last= Hadamidtzy |others= With Fujie-Winter, Kimiko |year= 1989 |title= Japanese Character Dictionary With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji |publisher= Nichigai |location= Tokyo |isbn= 4816908285}}</ref> "an atmosphere (feeling) of mystery",<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Andrew N. |editor1-last= Nelson |editor2-first= John H. |editor2-last= Haig |editor1link= Andrew Nelson (lexicographer) |year= 1997 |title= [[The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary]] |publisher= [[Tuttle Publishing]] |isbn= 9780804820363 |ref= harv }}</ref> and "an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a spiritual (divine) presence."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Toshiro |editor1-last= Watanabe |editor2-first= Edmund R. |editor2-last= Skrzypczak |editor3-first= Paul |editor3-last= Snowden |year=2003 |title= [[Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary]] |location= Tokyo |publisher= [[Kenkyūsha]] |edition= 5th}}</ref> Besides the usual Sino-Japanese pronunciation ''reiki'', these kanji 霊気 have an alternate Japanese reading, namely ''ryōge'', meaning "demon; ghost" (especially in [[spirit possession]]).<ref>{{cite book |editor-first= Morohashi |editor-last= Tetsuji |year= 1960 |title= [[Dai Kan-Wa jiten]] 大漢和辞典 |publisher= Taishukan}}<br />{{cite book |editor-first= Todo |editor-last= Akiyasu |year= 1978 |title= Kan-Wa Daijiten 漢和大字典 |publisher= [[Gakken]]}}<br />Both dictionaries define ''ryōge'' as a ''mononoke'' もののけ, meaning "ghost; demon; evil spirit" that possesses people.</ref>{{sfnp|Nelson|Haig|1997|ps= : ''Ryō'' 霊 means "evil spirit who possesses a human".}}
The Japanese ''reiki'' is commonly written as レイキ in [[katakana]] syllabary or as 霊気<ref group=note>"commonly written" is vague, who are the "common writers"</ref> in [[shinjitai]] "new character form" [[kanji]]<ref group=note>What is the pertinence of including the "shinjitai" form? Have been unable to find shinjitai form used on practitioner websites, forums or books. This is a space filler. If Shinjitai form is irrelevant then the following paragraph is also. Reference to individual symbols (which as previously stated, are thus far, not cited)taken in isolation and from a high school dictionary (Kenkyuusha) seems fuzzy and as though we are letting the reader make up their mind about its meaning by throwing out a bunch of words and asking the audience to "get a feeling" about its meaning. Why not use definitions from books and recognised member sites rather than from what seems like some books this editor had lying around and websites they happened to find that passed the grade. How is the following relevant? Why does Etymology take up almost a third of this page?</ref> . It [[compound (linguistics)|compounds]] the words ''rei'' ([[Wikt:霊|霊]]: "spirit, miraculous, divine") and ''ki'' ([[wikt:気|気]]; [[qi]]: "gas, vital energy, breath of life, consciousness").<ref>{{cite book |first= Jack |last= Halpern |title= New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (新漢英字典) |publisher= [[Kenkyūsha]] |origyear= 1990 |edition= NTC reprint |year= 1993}} ''Ki'' is additionally defined as "... spirits; one's feelings, mood, frame of mind; temperament, temper, disposition, one's nature, character; mind to do something, intention, will; care, attention, precaution".</ref> Some ''reiki'' translation equivalents from Japanese-English dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery",<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Mark |editor1-last= Spahn |editor2-first= Wolfgang |editor2-last= Hadamidtzy |others= With Fujie-Winter, Kimiko |year= 1989 |title= Japanese Character Dictionary With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji |publisher= Nichigai |location= Tokyo |isbn= 4816908285}}</ref> "an atmosphere (feeling) of mystery",<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Andrew N. |editor1-last= Nelson |editor2-first= John H. |editor2-last= Haig |editor1link= Andrew Nelson (lexicographer) |year= 1997 |title= [[The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary]] |publisher= [[Tuttle Publishing]] |isbn= 9780804820363 |ref= harv }}</ref> and "an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a spiritual (divine) presence."<ref>{{cite book |editor1-first= Toshiro |editor1-last= Watanabe |editor2-first= Edmund R. |editor2-last= Skrzypczak |editor3-first= Paul |editor3-last= Snowden |year=2003 |title= [[Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary]] |location= Tokyo |publisher= [[Kenkyūsha]] |edition= 5th}}</ref> Besides the usual Sino-Japanese pronunciation ''reiki'', these kanji 霊気 have an alternate Japanese reading, namely ''ryōge'', meaning "demon; ghost" (especially in [[spirit possession]]).<ref>{{cite book |editor-first= Morohashi |editor-last= Tetsuji |year= 1960 |title= [[Dai Kan-Wa jiten]] 大漢和辞典 |publisher= Taishukan}}<br />{{cite book |editor-first= Todo |editor-last= Akiyasu |year= 1978 |title= Kan-Wa Daijiten 漢和大字典 |publisher= [[Gakken]]}}<br />Both dictionaries define ''ryōge'' as a ''mononoke'' もののけ, meaning "ghost; demon; evil spirit" that possesses people.</ref>{{sfnp|Nelson|Haig|1997|ps= : ''Ryō'' 霊 means "evil spirit who possesses a human".}}


[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ''língqì'' 靈氣 was first recorded in the (ca. 320 BCE) ''Neiye'' "Inward Training" section of the ''[[Guanzi (text)|Guanzi]]'', describing early [[Daoist meditation]] techniques. "That mysterious vital energy within the mind: One moment it arrives, the next it departs. So fine, there is nothing within it; so vast, there is nothing outside it. We lose it because of the harm caused by mental agitation."<ref>{{cite book |last= Roth |first= Harold D. |year= 2004 |title= Original Tao: Inward Training ''(''Nei-yeh'')'' and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism |publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |page= 97 |isbn= 9780231115650
[[Chinese language|Chinese]] ''língqì'' 靈氣 was first recorded in the (ca. 320 BCE) ''Neiye'' "Inward Training" section of the ''[[Guanzi (text)|Guanzi]]'', describing early [[Daoist meditation]] techniques. "That mysterious vital energy within the mind: One moment it arrives, the next it departs. So fine, there is nothing within it; so vast, there is nothing outside it. We lose it because of the harm caused by mental agitation."<ref>{{cite book |last= Roth |first= Harold D. |year= 2004 |title= Original Tao: Inward Training ''(''Nei-yeh'')'' and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism |publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |page= 97 |isbn= 9780231115650

Revision as of 10:34, 13 July 2015

This article is about the energy therapy. For the Japanese era name, see Reiki (era).

Template:Contains Japanese text

Part of a series on
Alternative medicine
General information
Fringe medicine and science
Controversies
Classifications
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Alternative diagnoses
Reiki
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese靈氣
Simplified Chinese灵气
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinlíngqì
Wade–Gilesling2-ch'i4
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingling4-hei3
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabetlinh khí
Korean name
Hangul영기
Hanja靈氣
Transcriptions
Revised Romanizationyeonggi
McCune–Reischaueryŏngki
Japanese name
Hiraganaれいき
Kyūjitai靈氣
Shinjitai霊気
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnReiki

Reiki (/ˈreɪkiː/) is a form of alternative medicine developed in 1922 by Japanese Buddhist Mikao Usui.[1][2] Since its beginning in Japan, Reiki has been adapted across varying cultural traditions. It uses a technique commonly called palm healing or hands-on-healing. Through the use of this technique, practitioners believe that they are transferring "universal energy" through the palms of the practitioner, which they believe encourages healing.

Reiki is considered pseudoscience.[1] It is based on qi, which practitioners say is a universal life force, although there is no empirical evidence that such a life force exists.[3] Surveys of the clinical research do not show Reiki effective as a medical treatment.[3] The American Cancer Society,[4] Cancer Research UK,[5] and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health[6] state that Reiki should not be a replacement for conventional treatment of diseases such as cancer, but that it may be used as a supplement to standard medical treatment.

Etymology

Mikao Usui 臼井甕男 (1865–1926)
Chujiro Hayashi 林 忠次郎 (1880 - 1940)

The English reiki or Reiki is a Japanese loanword.[7] Reiki (霊気[citation needed][note 1] , usually meaning "mysterious atmosphere; miraculous sign"[note 2]), which in turn, is a Chinese loanword língqì (靈氣, "numinous atmosphere")[note 3].The earliest recorded English usage dates to 1975.[8]

The Japanese reiki is commonly written as レイキ in katakana syllabary or as 霊気[note 4] in shinjitai "new character form" kanji[note 5] . It compounds the words rei (霊: "spirit, miraculous, divine") and ki (気; qi: "gas, vital energy, breath of life, consciousness").[9] Some reiki translation equivalents from Japanese-English dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery",[10] "an atmosphere (feeling) of mystery",[11] and "an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine); (feel, sense) a spiritual (divine) presence."[12] Besides the usual Sino-Japanese pronunciation reiki, these kanji 霊気 have an alternate Japanese reading, namely ryōge, meaning "demon; ghost" (especially in spirit possession).[13][14]

Chinese língqì 靈氣 was first recorded in the (ca. 320 BCE) Neiye "Inward Training" section of the Guanzi, describing early Daoist meditation techniques. "That mysterious vital energy within the mind: One moment it arrives, the next it departs. So fine, there is nothing within it; so vast, there is nothing outside it. We lose it because of the harm caused by mental agitation."[15] Modern Standard Chinese língqì is translated by Chinese-English dictionaries as: "(of beautiful mountains) spiritual influence or atmosphere";[16] "1. intelligence; power of understanding; 2. supernatural power or force in fairy tales; miraculous power or force";[17] and "1. spiritual influence (of mountains/etc.); 2. ingeniousness; cleverness".[18]

Origins

According to the inscription on his memorial stone, Usui taught his system of Reiki to over 2000 people during his lifetime.[19][better source needed] While teaching Reiki in Fukuyama (福山市, Fukuyama-shi), Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.[19][better source needed]

Research, critical evaluation, and controversy

Basis and effectiveness

Main article: Vitalism

The existence of the proposed mechanism for Reiki – qi or "life force" energy – has not been established.[3] Most research on Reiki is poorly designed and prone to bias and there is no reliable empirical evidence that Reiki is helpful for treating any medical condition,[3][4][5] although some physicians have said it might help promote general wellbeing.[5] In 2011, William T. Jarvis of The National Council Against Health Fraud stated that there "is no evidence that clinical reiki's effects are due to anything other than suggestion" or the placebo effect.[20]

Reiki's teachings and adherents claim that qi is physiological and can be manipulated to treat a disease or condition. The existence of qi has not been established by medical research.[3] As a result, some consider Reiki to be a pseudoscientific theory based on metaphysical concepts.[1]

Scholarly evaluation

Reiki is used as an illustrative example of pseudoscience in scholarly texts and academic journal articles.[1][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Rhonda McClenton states, "The reality is that Reiki, under the auspices of pseudo-science, has begun the process of becoming institutionalized in settings where people are already very vulnerable."[23] In criticizing the State University of New York for offering a continuing education course on Reiki, Lilienfeld et al. (in Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology) state, "Reiki postulates the existence of a universal energy unknown to science and thus far undetectable surrounding the human body, which practitioners can learn to manipulate using their hands."[31] Ferraresi et al. state, "In spite of its [Reiki] diffusion, the baseline mechanism of action has not been demonstrated..."[32] Wendy Reiboldt states about Reiki, "Neither the forces involved nor the alleged therapeutic benefits have been demonstrated by scientific testing."[33] Several authors have pointed to the vitalistic energy which Reiki is claimed to treat.[34][35][36] Larry Sarner states (in The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience), "Ironically, the only thing that distinguishes Reiki from Therapeutic Touch is that it involves actual touch."[36] Massimo Pigliucci and Maarten Boudry state (in Philosophy of Pseudoscience) that the International Center for Reiki Training "mimic[s] the institutional aspects of science" seeking legitimacy but holds no more promise than an alchemy society.[37] An evidence based guideline published by the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation states, "Reiki therapy should probably not be considered for the treatment of PDN [painful diabetic neuropathy]."[38] Susan Palmer lists Reiki as among the pseudoscientific healing methods used by cults in France to attract members.[39] David Gorski and Steven Novella have commented on the absurdity of clinical testing of implausible treatments.[30]

Safety

See also: Testing of safety

Concerns about safety in Reiki are similar to those of other unproven alternative medicines.[citation needed] Some physicians and allied health care workers believe that patients might avoid clinically proven treatments for serious conditions in favour of unproven alternative medicines.[40][failed verification]

Catholic Church concerns

In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued the document, Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy, finding the practice of reiki by Catholics "inappropriate," stating that "since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centers, or persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for Reiki therapy."[41] Despite this being the official position of the church, some Catholic dignitaries continue to practice reiki.[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Semple, D.; Smyth, R. (2013). "Ch. 1: Psychomythology". Oxford Handbook of Psychiatry (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9780199693887.
  2. ^ Novella, Steven (19 October 2011). "Reiki". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e Lee, MS; Pittler, MH; Ernst, E (2008). "Effects of reiki in clinical practice: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials". International Journal of Clinical Practice (Systematic Review). 62 (6): 947–54. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01729.x. PMID 18410352. In conclusion, the evidence is insufficient to suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition. Therefore the value of reiki remains unproven.
  4. ^ a b "Reiki". American Cancer Society. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 15 February 2015 suggested (help)
  5. ^ a b c "Reiki". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Reiki: What You Need To Know". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "reiki". Oxford English Dictionary (OED). 2009.
  8. ^ The OED cites The San Mateo Times, 2 May 1975, 32/1.
  9. ^ Halpern, Jack (1993) [1990]. New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (新漢英字典) (NTC reprint ed.). Kenkyūsha. Ki is additionally defined as "... spirits; one's feelings, mood, frame of mind; temperament, temper, disposition, one's nature, character; mind to do something, intention, will; care, attention, precaution".
  10. ^ Spahn, Mark; Hadamidtzy, Wolfgang, eds. (1989). Japanese Character Dictionary With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji. With Fujie-Winter, Kimiko. Tokyo: Nichigai. ISBN 4816908285.
  11. ^ Nelson, Andrew N.; Haig, John H., eds. (1997). The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9780804820363. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editor1link= ignored (|editor-link1= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Watanabe, Toshiro; Skrzypczak, Edmund R.; Snowden, Paul, eds. (2003). Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (5th ed.). Tokyo: Kenkyūsha.
  13. ^ Tetsuji, Morohashi, ed. (1960). Dai Kan-Wa jiten 大漢和辞典. Taishukan.
    Akiyasu, Todo, ed. (1978). Kan-Wa Daijiten 漢和大字典. Gakken.
    Both dictionaries define ryōge as a mononoke もののけ, meaning "ghost; demon; evil spirit" that possesses people.
  14. ^ Nelson & Haig (1997): Ryō 霊 means "evil spirit who possesses a human".
  15. ^ Roth, Harold D. (2004). Original Tao: Inward Training (Nei-yeh) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism. Columbia University Press. p. 97. ISBN 9780231115650.
    Compare translating 靈氣在心 as "The magical qi within the heart"
    Eno, R. (2005). "Guanzi: "The Inner Enterprise"" (PDF). Section 18: Moderation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2007.[unreliable source?]
  16. ^ Yutang, Lin, ed. (1972). Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage. Chinese University of Hong Kong Press.
  17. ^ Yuan, Ling, ed. (2002). The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary, Chinese-English Edition. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
  18. ^ DeFrancis, John, ed. (2003). ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary. University of Hawaii Press.
  19. ^ a b Inscription on Usui's memorial
  20. ^ Jarvis, William T. "Reiki". National Council Against Health Fraud. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  21. ^ Sokal, Alan D. (2006). "Pseudoscience and Postmodernism: Antagonists or Fellow-Travelers?". In Fagan, Garrett G. (ed.). Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. Psychology Press. pp. 349–. ISBN 9780415305921.
  22. ^ Bausell, R. Barker (2007). Snake Oil Science: The Truth about Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–7. ISBN 9780199758593.
  23. ^ a b McClenton, Rhonda (2007). Spirits of the Lesser Gods: A Critical Examination of Reiki and Christ-Centered Healing. Universal Publishers. pp. 187–. ISBN 9781581123449.
  24. ^ Winchester, Simon (2012). Skulls: An Exploration of Alan Dudley's Curious Collection. Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 97–. ISBN 9781579129125.
  25. ^ Donlan, Joseph E. (2009). Ordaining Reality in Brief: The Shortcut to Your Future. Universal Publishers. pp. 63–. ISBN 9781599428925.
  26. ^ Cortinas-Rovira, S; Alonso-Marcos, F; Pont-Sorribes, C; Escriba-Sales, E (2014). "Science journalists' perceptions and attitudes to pseudoscience in Spain". Public Understanding of Science. 24 (4): 450–65. doi:10.1177/0963662514558991. PMID 25471350.
  27. ^ Rislove, DC (2006). "Case study of inoperable inventions: Why is the USPTO patenting pseudoscience" (PDF). Wisconsin Law Review: 1275-.
  28. ^ Thyer, BA; Pignotti, M (2010). "Science and pseudoscience in developmental disabilities: Guidelines for social workers". Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation. 9 (2–3): 110–29. doi:10.1080/1536710X.2010.493480. PMID 20730671.
  29. ^ Lobato, E; Mendoza, J; Sims, V; Chin, M (2014). "Examining the relationship between conspiracy theories, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscience acceptance among a university population". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 28 (5): 617–25. doi:10.1002/acp.3042.
  30. ^ a b Gorski, DH; Novella, SP (2014). "Clinical trials of integrative medicine: Testing whether magic works?". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 20 (9): 473–6. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.007. PMID 25150944.
  31. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. Guilford Press. pp. 202–. ISBN 9781462517893.
  32. ^ Ferraresi, M; Clari, R; Moro, I; Banino, E; Boero, E; Crosio, A; Dayne, R; Rosset, L; Scarpa, A; Serra, E; Surace, A; Testore, A; Colombi, N; Piccoli, B (2013). "Reiki and related therapies in the dialysis ward: An evidence-based and ethical discussion to debate if these complementary and alternative medicines are welcomed or banned". BMC Nephrology. 14 (1): 129-. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-14-129. PMC 3694469. PMID 23799960. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  33. ^ Reiboldt, Wendy (2013). Consumer Survival: An Encyclopedia of Consumer Rights, Safety, and Protection. ABC-CLIO. p. 765. ISBN 9781598849370.
  34. ^ Canter, Peter H. (2013). "Vitalism and Other Pseudoscience in Alternative Medicine: The Retreat from Science". In Ernst, Edzard (ed.). Healing, Hype or Harm?: A Critical Analysis of Complementary or Alternative Medicine. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 116–. ISBN 9781845407117.
  35. ^ Smith, Jonathan C. (2011). Pseudoscience and Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 251–. ISBN 9781444358940.
  36. ^ a b Sarner, Larry. "Therapeutic Touch". In Shermer, Michael (ed.). The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. ABC-CLIO. pp. 252–. ISBN 9781576076538. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem. University of Chicago Press. pp. 178–. ISBN 9780226051826.
  38. ^ Bril, V; England, J; Franklin, GM; Backonja, M; Cohen, J; Del Toro, D; Feldman, E; Iverson, DJ; Perkins, B; Russell, JW; Zochodne, D (2011). "Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation" (PDF). Neurology. 76 (20): 1758–65. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182166ebe. PMC 3100130. PMID 21482920. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  39. ^ Palmer, Susan (2011). The New Heretics of France: Minority Religions, la Republique, and the Government-Sponsored "War on Sects". Oxford University Press. pp. 129–. ISBN 9780199875993.
  40. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O. (2002). "Our Raison d'Être". The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. 1 (1). Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Committee on Doctrine United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (25 March 2010). "Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Lawton, Kim (12 February 2010). "Reiki and the Catholic Church". PBS. Retrieved 28 June 2015.

Bibliography

  • Usui, Mikao; et al. (2000). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and Well-being. Lotus Press. ISBN 0-914955-57-8. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author2= (help); Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Look up Reiki in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reiki.
  • National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (4 May 2010). "Reiki: An Introduction (NCCAM Backgrounder)". Retrieved 5 May 2010. Government agency dedicated to exploring complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science, training complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) researchers, and disseminating authoritative information to the public and professionals
  • Stephen Barrett (4 August 2009). "Reiki Is Nonsense". Retrieved 5 May 2010. Quackwatch article by Stephen Barrett


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