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The following is a partial list of linguistic example sentences illustrating various linguistic phenomena.

Ambiguity

Different types of ambiguity which are possible in language.

Lexical ambiguity

Demonstrations of words which have multiple meanings dependent on context.

In port, the portly porter ported the port, through the port port. (At the dock, the fat mover moved the wine, through the left window)
Will, will Will will Will Will's will?^[1]
Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana
Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo. (Buffaloes from Buffalo, NY, whom buffaloes from Buffalo bully, bully buffaloes from Buffalo.)
Rose rose to put rose roes on her rows of roses. (Robert J. Baran) (Rose [a person] rose [stood] to put rose [pink-colored] roes [fish eggs as fertilizer] on her rows of roses [flower].)
James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher^[2] (With punctuation: "James, while John had had 'had', had had 'had had'. 'Had had' had had a better effect on the teacher".)
That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is (Grammatically corrected as: "That that is, is. That that is not, is not. Is that it? It is").
If it is it, it is it. If it is, it is it, it is! (If an object is the object, it is the object. If it is the object, then it is the object, it is!)
A ship-shipping ship shipping shipping ships.
He jarred ajar a jar of Jar-Jar's jarred charred chard and char giardiniera.
That that exists exists in that that that that exists exists in.
Can can can can can can can can can can. ("Examples of the can-can dance that other examples of the same dance are able to outshine, or figuratively to put into the trashcan, are themselves able to outshine examples of the same dance". It could alternatively be interpreted as a question, "Is it possible for examples of the dance that have been outshone to outshine others?" or several other ways.)
If police police police police, who police police police? Police police police police police police.^[3] (If the police police is what you might call the people who supervise, monitor, and maintain order amongst the regular police force, then who, in turn, supervises the police police? The answer: the police police police. Hyphenating the noun constructs makes this easier to follow. Therefore, "[The] police-police [, that the] police-police-police police [, themselves] police [the] police", which means that "the police-police, who are policed by the police-police-police, are themselves responsible for policing the regular police force". In these sentences, the word police is used both as a collective noun ("police force") and as a verb ("to police [someone or something]"). This clause is also a reduced relative clause, so the word that, which could appear between the second and third words of the sentence, is omitted.)
In a similar vein, Martin Gardner offered the example: "Wouldn't the sentence 'I want to put a hyphen between. the words Fish and And and And and Chips in my Fish-And-Chips sign' have been clearer if quotation marks had been placed before Fish, and between Fish and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and Chips, as well as after Chips?"^[4]

Syntactic ambiguity

Demonstrations of ambiguity between alternative syntactic structures underlying a sentence.

I saw the man with the binoculars.
They are hunting dogs.
Free whales.
Police help dog bite victim.
He saw that gas can explode.
Turn right here.
We saw her duck.^[5]
One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I don't know.^[6]
Ship sails tomorrow.
Book stays in London.
Wanted: a nurse for a baby about twenty years old.
The girl in the car that needed water is waiting.
Did you ever hear the story about the blind carpenter who picked up his hammer and saw?
Those prosecutors have been trying to lock him up for ten years.
Flying planes can be dangerous.
I once saw a deer riding my bicycle.
Look at the dog with one eye.

Syntactic ambiguity, incrementality, and local coherence

Demonstrations of how incremental and (at least partially) local syntactic parsing leads to infelicitous constructions and interpretations.

Reduced relative clauses
- The horse raced past the barn fell.
- The boat floated down the river sank.
- The coach smiled at the player tossed the frisbee (by the opposing team).^[7]
While the man was hunting the deer ran through the forest.^[8]
The old man the boats.

Scope ambiguity and anaphora resolution

Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it.^[9]
Somewhere in Britain, some woman has a child every thirty seconds.

Embedding

The rat the cat the dog bit chased escaped.^[10]

Word order

Order of adjectives

The red big balloon.

Ending sentence with preposition

Prescriptive grammar has in the past prohibited "preposition stranding": ending sentences with prepositions (traditionally defined). This "rule" appears to have been invented in 1672 by John Dryden; for a long time thereafter it was uncritically recited. It had no basis in linguistic fact in 1672 and has none now.^[11]

Avoidance

This is the sort of English up with which I will not put. (Attributed by Gowers to Winston Churchill. There is no convincing evidence that Churchill said this, and good reason to believe that he did not.)^[12]^[13] The sentence "does not demonstrate the absurdity of using [prepositional phrase] fronting instead of stranding; it merely illustrates the ungrammaticality resulting from fronting something that is not a constituent".^[14]^[15]

Compound use

"A father of a little boy goes upstairs after supper to read to his son, but he brings the wrong book. The boy says, 'What did you bring that book that I don't want to be read to out of up for?'"^[16]
What did you turn your socks from inside out to outside in for?

Parallels

Parallel between noun phrases and verb phrases with respect to argument structure

The enemy destroyed the city.
The enemy's destruction of the city.

Neurolinguistics

Sentences with unexpected endings.

She spread the bread with socks.^[17]

Combinatorial complexity

Demonstrations of sentences which are unlikely to have ever been said, although the combinatorial complexity of the linguistic system makes them possible.

Colorless green ideas sleep furiously (Noam Chomsky): example that is grammatically correct but based on semantic combinations that are contradictory and therefore would not normally occur.
Hold the news reader's nose squarely waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers.^[18]

Non-English examples

Ojibwe

Gdaa-naanaanaa, Aanaa, naa? meaning "We should fetch Anna, shouldn't we?".^[19]

Latin

King Edward II of England was killed, reportedly after Adam of Orleton, one of his gaolers, received a message, probably from Mortimer, reading "Edwardum occidere nolite timere bonum est". This can be read either as "Edwardum occidere nolite; timere bonum est" ("Do not kill Edward; it is good to be afraid [to do so]") or as "Edwardum occidere nolite timere; bonum est" ("Do not be afraid to kill Edward; [to do so] is good"). This ambiguous sentence has been much discussed by various writers, including John Harington^[20]^[21]
Ibis redibis nunquam per bella peribis.

Mandarin Chinese

Various sentences using the syllables mā, má, mǎ, mà, and ma are often used to illustrate the importance of tones to foreign learners. One example: Chinese: 妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马; pinyin: māma qí mǎ, mǎ màn, māma mà mǎ; lit. 'Mother is riding a horse', 'the horse is slow', 'mother scolds the horse'.^[22]
Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den: poem of 92 characters, all with the sound shi (in four different tones) when read in Modern Standard Mandarin

Japanese

Although at first glance the single character sentence 子子子子子子子子子子子子 does not seem to make sense, when this sentence is read using the right readings of the kanji 子, it means "the young of cat, kitten, and the young of lion, cub". It is told in the work Ujishūi Monogatari that the Japanese poet Ono no Takamura used this reading to escape death.

Czech

Jedli na hoře bez holí, meaning either "they ate elderberries on a mountain using a stick" or "they ate elderberry on a mountain without any sticks" or "they ate elderberry on a mountain to eat their sorrow away"; depending on the phrasing or a correct placement or punctuation, at least 7 meanings can be obtained. Replacing "na hoře" by "nahoře", one obtains 5 more meanings. If also separating words using spaces is permitted, the total number of known possible meanings rises up to 58.^[23]

Korean

In Gyeongsang dialect, the repetition of the syllable 가 ("ga") with the right intonation can form meaningful phrases. For example:
- "가가 가가?" which means "Are they the one we talked about?"
- "가가 가가가" which means "Since they took it away"
- "가가 가가가?" which means "Are they the one with the surname Ga?"^[24]

References

^ Han, Bianca-Oana (2015). "On Language Peculiarities: when language evolves that much that speakers find it strange" (PDF). Philologia (18). Târgu Mureș, Romania: Universitatea Petru Maior: 140. ISSN 1582-9960. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2014. Will, will Will will Will Will's will?
Will (a person), will (future tense helping verb) Will (a second person) will (bequeath) [to] Will (a third person) Will's (the second person) will (a document)? (Someone asked Will 1 directly if Will 2 plans to bequeath his own will, the document, to Will 3.) {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 14 October 2015 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Operator Jumble" (PDF). ACM-ICPC Live Archive. Baylor University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Gärtner, Hans-Martin (2002). Generalized Transformations and Beyond: Reflections on Minimalist Syntax. Studia Grammatica. Vol. 46. Akademie Velag. p. 58. ISBN 978-3-05-003246-7. ISSN 0081-6469.
^ Gardner, Martin (2006). Aha! A Two Volume Collection: Aha! Gotcha Aha! Insight. The Mathematica Association of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-88385-551-5.
^ "Solutions: Semantics". School of Computer Science and Engineering. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Fodor, Jerry; Lepore, Ernie (2004). "Out of Context". Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association. 78 (2): 83–84. doi:10.2307/3219726. ISSN 0065-972X. JSTOR 3219726. Groucho said, as everybody knows, 'I shot an elephant in my pajamas.' This sets up the infamous joke: 'How an elephant got into my pajamas I can't imagine. [Laughter].' What, exactly, happened here? We take the following to be untendentious as far as it goes: the conventions of English are in force, and they entail that there are two ways to read the set-up sentence. Either it expresses the thought (I, in my pajamas, shot an elephant) or it expresses the thought (I) (shot (an elephant in my pajamas)). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
^ Tabor, Whitney; Galantucci, Bruno; Richardson, Daniel (2004). "Effects of merely local syntactic coherence on sentence processing" (PDF). Journal of Memory and Language. 50 (4): 355–370. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.01.001. ISSN 0749-596X.
^ Christianson, Kiel; Hollingworth, Andrew; Halliwell, John F.; Ferreira, Fernanda (2001). "Thematic Roles Assigned along the Garden Path Linger". Cognitive Psychology. 42 (4): 368–407. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0752. ISSN 0010-0285.
^ Barker, Ken (2 October 1999). "CSI 5386: Donkey Sentence Discussion". University of Ottawa School of Information Technology and Engineering. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. 'Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it' . . . : there is some single thing Y in the universe such that for every X in the universe if X is a farmer and Y is a donkey and X owns Y, then X beats Y. So the problem with the donkey sentence is that the scope of the variable corresponding to the donkey must be contained within the antecedent of the implication to prevent requiring the unconditional existence of the donkey. But the scope of the donkey variable must contain the consequent of the implication to allow the anaphoric reference! {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Kempen, Gerard; Vosse, Theo (1989). "Incremental Syntactic Tree Formation in Human Sentence Processing: a Cognitive Architecture Based on Activation Decay and Simulated Annealing" (PDF). Connection Science. 1 (3): 282. doi:10.1080/09540098908915642. ISSN 1360-0494. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2015. The rat the cat the dog bit chased escaped. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Huddleston, Rodney (2012) [1st pub. 2002]. "Prepositions and preposition phrases § 4.1 Preposition stranding: What was she referring to?". In Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. 5th printing. Cambridge University Press. p. 627. ISBN 0-521-43146-8. LCCN 2001025630. OCLC 46641801. OL 4984064W. The 'rule' was apparently created ex nihilo in 1672 by the essayist John Dryden, who took exception to Ben Jonson's phrase the bodies that those souls were frighted from (1611). Dryden was in effect suggesting that Jonson should have written the bodies from which those souls were frighted, but he offers no reason for preferring this to the original.
^ "Famous Quotations and Stories". The Churchill Centre. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. 'This is the kind of tedious [sometimes "pedantic"] nonsense up with which I will not put!' . . . Verdict: An invented phrase put in Churchill's mouth {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Zimmer, Ben (12 December 2004). "A misattribution no longer to be put up with". Language Log. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Huddleston, Rodney (2012) [1st pub. 2002]. "Prepositions and preposition phrases § 4.1 Preposition stranding: What was she referring to?". In Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. 5th printing. Cambridge University Press. p. 629. ISBN 0-521-43146-8. LCCN 2001025630. OCLC 46641801. OL 4984064W. This example is based on a much-quoted joke attributed to Sir Winston Churchill, who is said to have annotated some clumsy evasion of stranding in a document with the remark: This is the sort of English up with which I will not put. Unfortunately, the joke fails because it depends on a mistaken grammatical analysis: in I will not put up with this sort of English the sequence up with this sort of English is not a constituent, up being a separate complement of the verb (in the traditional analysis it is an adverb). Churchill's example thus does not demonstrate the absurdity of using PP fronting instead of stranding: it merely illustrates the ungrammaticality resulting from fronting something which is not a constituent.
^ Pullum, Geoffrey K. (8 December 2004). "A Churchill story up with which I will no longer put". Language Log. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ White, Martha, ed. (2011). In the Words of E. B. White: Quotations from America's Most Companionable of Writers. Cornell University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8014-6367-9.
^ Kutas, Marta; Hillyard, Steven A. (1980). "Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity". Science. 207 (4427): 203–205. doi:10.1126/science.7350657. PMID 7350657.
^ Fry, Stephen (20 January 1989). "Series 1, Episode 2". A Bit of Fry & Laurie. BBC. Hold the news reader's nose squarely waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers.
^ Valentine, J. Randolph (2001). "18.9.1.1. Yes/No (Polar) Question". Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar (in English and Ojibwa). University of Toronto Press. p. 978. ISBN 978-0-8020-8389-0. LCCN 2002284190. OCLC 46625840. OL 3585700M. Gdaa-naanaanaa, Aanaa, naa? . . . 'We should fetch Anna, shouldn't we?')
^ Collier, John Payne (1825). "Edward II". In Reed, Isaac; Gilchrist, Octavius (eds.). A Selection of Old Plays in Twelve Volumes. Vol. II. London: Septimus Prowett. p. 393. LCCN 12002796. OCLC 2075486. Sir J. Harington has an Epigram (L. i. E. 83.) 'Of writing with double pointing,' which is thus introduced. 'It is said that King Edward, of Carnarvon, lying at Berkeley Castle, prisoner, a cardinal wrote to his keeper, Edwardum occidere noli, timere bonum est, which being read with the point at timere, it cost the king his life.'
^ Addis, John, Junior (18 July 1868). "Adam of Orleton's Saying". Replies. Notes and Queries. 4. s4-II (29): 66. ISSN 0029-3970. ADDIS18071868.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ 隔壁小谁 (1 July 2010). "老外学中文都要从 "妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马" 开始么" [Do all foreigners learning Chinese start with "māma qí mǎ, mǎ màn, māma mà mǎ" ("Mother is riding a horse, the horse is slow, mother scolds the horse")?]. Baidu (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. 妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马 {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Registrační záznam kalambůru č. 71". Sbírka kalambůrů Jakuba Těšínského. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
^ "가가 가가" [Gaga Gaga]. 리그베다 위키 (in Korean). 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

"The Trouble with NLP". Speculative Grammarian. Cartoon Theories of Linguistics. Demonstrations of why these and similar examples are hard for computers to deal with when attempting natural language processing. 2008. ISSN 1938-0720. OCLC 227210202. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: others (link)

[Han_2015-1] Han, Bianca-Oana (2015). "On Language Peculiarities: when language evolves that much that speakers find it strange" (PDF). Philologia (18). Târgu Mureș, Romania: Universitatea Petru Maior: 140. ISSN 1582-9960. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2014. Will, will Will will Will Will's will?
Will (a person), will (future tense helping verb) Will (a second person) will (bequeath) [to] Will (a third person) Will's (the second person) will (a document)? (Someone asked Will 1 directly if Will 2 plans to bequeath his own will, the document, to Will 3.) {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 14 October 2015 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[2] "Operator Jumble" (PDF). ACM-ICPC Live Archive. Baylor University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Gärtner_2002-3] Gärtner, Hans-Martin (2002). Generalized Transformations and Beyond: Reflections on Minimalist Syntax. Studia Grammatica. Vol. 46. Akademie Velag. p. 58. ISBN 978-3-05-003246-7. ISSN 0081-6469.

[Gardner_2006-4] Gardner, Martin (2006). Aha! A Two Volume Collection: Aha! Gotcha Aha! Insight. The Mathematica Association of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-88385-551-5.

[5] "Solutions: Semantics". School of Computer Science and Engineering. Sydney, Australia: University of New South Wales. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Fodor_Lepore_2004-6] Fodor, Jerry; Lepore, Ernie (2004). "Out of Context". Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association. 78 (2): 83–84. doi:10.2307/3219726. ISSN 0065-972X. JSTOR 3219726. Groucho said, as everybody knows, 'I shot an elephant in my pajamas.' This sets up the infamous joke: 'How an elephant got into my pajamas I can't imagine. [Laughter].' What, exactly, happened here? We take the following to be untendentious as far as it goes: the conventions of English are in force, and they entail that there are two ways to read the set-up sentence. Either it expresses the thought (I, in my pajamas, shot an elephant) or it expresses the thought (I) (shot (an elephant in my pajamas)). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

[Tabor_Galantucci_Richardson_2004-7] Tabor, Whitney; Galantucci, Bruno; Richardson, Daniel (2004). "Effects of merely local syntactic coherence on sentence processing" (PDF). Journal of Memory and Language. 50 (4): 355–370. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.01.001. ISSN 0749-596X.

[Christianson_Hollingworth_Halliwell_Ferreira_2001-8] Christianson, Kiel; Hollingworth, Andrew; Halliwell, John F.; Ferreira, Fernanda (2001). "Thematic Roles Assigned along the Garden Path Linger". Cognitive Psychology. 42 (4): 368–407. doi:10.1006/cogp.2001.0752. ISSN 0010-0285.

[Barker_1999-9] Barker, Ken (2 October 1999). "CSI 5386: Donkey Sentence Discussion". University of Ottawa School of Information Technology and Engineering. Archived from the original on 16 May 2007. 'Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it' . . . : there is some single thing Y in the universe such that for every X in the universe if X is a farmer and Y is a donkey and X owns Y, then X beats Y. So the problem with the donkey sentence is that the scope of the variable corresponding to the donkey must be contained within the antecedent of the implication to prevent requiring the unconditional existence of the donkey. But the scope of the donkey variable must contain the consequent of the implication to allow the anaphoric reference! {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Kempen_Vosse_1989-10] Kempen, Gerard; Vosse, Theo (1989). "Incremental Syntactic Tree Formation in Human Sentence Processing: a Cognitive Architecture Based on Activation Decay and Simulated Annealing" (PDF). Connection Science. 1 (3): 282. doi:10.1080/09540098908915642. ISSN 1360-0494. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2015. The rat the cat the dog bit chased escaped. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Huddleston_Pullum_2012_627-11] Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Huddleston, Rodney (2012) [1st pub. 2002]. "Prepositions and preposition phrases § 4.1 Preposition stranding: What was she referring to?". In Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. 5th printing. Cambridge University Press. p. 627. ISBN 0-521-43146-8. LCCN 2001025630. OCLC 46641801. OL 4984064W. The 'rule' was apparently created ex nihilo in 1672 by the essayist John Dryden, who took exception to Ben Jonson's phrase the bodies that those souls were frighted from (1611). Dryden was in effect suggesting that Jonson should have written the bodies from which those souls were frighted, but he offers no reason for preferring this to the original.

[12] "Famous Quotations and Stories". The Churchill Centre. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. 'This is the kind of tedious [sometimes "pedantic"] nonsense up with which I will not put!' . . . Verdict: An invented phrase put in Churchill's mouth {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Zimmer_2004-13] Zimmer, Ben (12 December 2004). "A misattribution no longer to be put up with". Language Log. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Huddleston_Pullum_2012_629-14] Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Huddleston, Rodney (2012) [1st pub. 2002]. "Prepositions and preposition phrases § 4.1 Preposition stranding: What was she referring to?". In Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (eds.). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. 5th printing. Cambridge University Press. p. 629. ISBN 0-521-43146-8. LCCN 2001025630. OCLC 46641801. OL 4984064W. This example is based on a much-quoted joke attributed to Sir Winston Churchill, who is said to have annotated some clumsy evasion of stranding in a document with the remark: This is the sort of English up with which I will not put. Unfortunately, the joke fails because it depends on a mistaken grammatical analysis: in I will not put up with this sort of English the sequence up with this sort of English is not a constituent, up being a separate complement of the verb (in the traditional analysis it is an adverb). Churchill's example thus does not demonstrate the absurdity of using PP fronting instead of stranding: it merely illustrates the ungrammaticality resulting from fronting something which is not a constituent.

[Pullum_2004-15] Pullum, Geoffrey K. (8 December 2004). "A Churchill story up with which I will no longer put". Language Log. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[White_2011-16] White, Martha, ed. (2011). In the Words of E. B. White: Quotations from America's Most Companionable of Writers. Cornell University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8014-6367-9.

[Kutas_Hillyard_1980-17] Kutas, Marta; Hillyard, Steven A. (1980). "Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity". Science. 207 (4427): 203–205. doi:10.1126/science.7350657. PMID 7350657.

[Fry_1989-18] Fry, Stephen (20 January 1989). "Series 1, Episode 2". A Bit of Fry & Laurie. BBC. Hold the news reader's nose squarely waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers.

[Valentine_2001-19] Valentine, J. Randolph (2001). "18.9.1.1. Yes/No (Polar) Question". Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar (in English and Ojibwa). University of Toronto Press. p. 978. ISBN 978-0-8020-8389-0. LCCN 2002284190. OCLC 46625840. OL 3585700M. Gdaa-naanaanaa, Aanaa, naa? . . . 'We should fetch Anna, shouldn't we?')

[20] Collier, John Payne (1825). "Edward II". In Reed, Isaac; Gilchrist, Octavius (eds.). A Selection of Old Plays in Twelve Volumes. Vol. II. London: Septimus Prowett. p. 393. LCCN 12002796. OCLC 2075486. Sir J. Harington has an Epigram (L. i. E. 83.) 'Of writing with double pointing,' which is thus introduced. 'It is said that King Edward, of Carnarvon, lying at Berkeley Castle, prisoner, a cardinal wrote to his keeper, Edwardum occidere noli, timere bonum est, which being read with the point at timere, it cost the king his life.'

[21] Addis, John, Junior (18 July 1868). "Adam of Orleton's Saying". Replies. Notes and Queries. 4. s4-II (29): 66. ISSN 0029-3970. ADDIS18071868.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[隔壁小谁_2010-22] 隔壁小谁 (1 July 2010). "老外学中文都要从 "妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马" 开始么" [Do all foreigners learning Chinese start with "māma qí mǎ, mǎ màn, māma mà mǎ" ("Mother is riding a horse, the horse is slow, mother scolds the horse")?]. Baidu (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 13 October 2015. 妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马 {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[23] "Registrační záznam kalambůru č. 71". Sbírka kalambůrů Jakuba Těšínského. 31 July 2010. Retrieved 1 July 2014.

[24] "가가 가가" [Gaga Gaga]. 리그베다 위키 (in Korean). 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

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 Demonstrations of words which have multiple meanings dependent on context.
 * In port, the portly porter ported the port, through the port port. (At the dock, the fat mover moved the wine, through the left window)
+* Will, will Will will Will Will's will?<ref name="Han 2015">{{cite journal |last=Han |first=Bianca-Oana |date=2015 |title=On Language Peculiarities: when language evolves that much that speakers find it strange |url=http://upm.ro/cercetare/studia%20website/Studia18.2015.pdf#page=140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014032026/upm.ro/cercetare/studia%20website/Studia18.2015.pdf#page=140 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |dead-url=no |journal=Philologia |publisher=Universitatea Petru Maior |issue=18 |page=140 |location=Târgu Mureș, Romania |issn=1582-9960 |format=PDF |quote=''Will, will Will will Will Will's will?''<br>Will (a person), will (future tense helping verb) Will (a second person) will (bequeath) {{bracket|to}} Will (a third person) Will's (the second person) will (a document)? (Someone asked Will&nbsp;1 directly if Will&nbsp;2 plans to bequeath his own will, the document, to Will&nbsp;3.)}}</ref>
-* Will Will will Will's will to Will? (Will Will [a person] will [bequeath] Will's [second person] will [a document] to Will [a third person]? Alternatively, "Will Will will Will Will's will?")
 * [[Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana]]
 * [[Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo]]. (Buffaloes from Buffalo, NY, whom buffaloes from Buffalo bully, bully buffaloes from Buffalo.)
 * Rose rose to put rose roes on her rows of roses.  ([[Robert J. Baran]]) (Rose [a person] rose [stood] to put rose [pink-colored] roes [fish eggs as fertilizer] on her rows of roses [flower].)
-* [[James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher]]<ref>[http://acmicpc-live-archive.uva.es/nuevoportal/data/problem.php?p=3802 3802 - Operator Jumble]</ref> (With punctuation: "James, while John had had 'had', had had 'had had'. 'Had had' had had a better effect on the teacher.")
+* [[James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/external/38/3802.pdf |title=Operator Jumble |issue=3802 |website=ACM-ICPC Live Archive |publisher=Baylor University |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309185345/icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/external/38/3802.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2015 |dead-url=no |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> (With punctuation: "James, while John had had 'had', had had 'had had'. 'Had had' had had a better effect on the teacher".)
-* [[That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is]] (Grammatically corrected as: "That that is, is. That that is not, is not. Is that it? It is.")
+* [[That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is]] (Grammatically corrected as: "That that is, is. That that is not, is not. Is that it? It is").
-* If it is it, it is it. If it is, it is it, it is! (If an object is the object, it is the object.  If it is the object, then it is the object, it is!)
+* If it is it, it is it. If it is, it is it, it is! (If an object is the object, it is the object. If it is the object, then it is the object, it is!)
 * A ship-shipping ship shipping shipping ships.
 * He jarred ajar a jar of Jar-Jar's jarred charred chard and char giardiniera.
 * That that exists exists in that that that that exists exists in.
-* Can can can can can can can can can can. ("Examples of the [[can-can]] dance that other examples of the same dance are able to outshine, or figuratively to put into the trashcan, are themselves able to outshine examples of the same dance." It could alternatively be interpreted as a question, "Is it possible for examples of the dance that have been outshone to outshine others?" or several other ways.)
+* Can can can can can can can can can can. ("Examples of the [[can-can]] dance that other examples of the same dance are able to outshine, or figuratively to put into the trashcan, are themselves able to outshine examples of the same dance". It could alternatively be interpreted as a question, "Is it possible for examples of the dance that have been outshone to outshine others?" or several other ways.)
-* If police police police police, who police police police? Police police police police police police.<ref name="Gärtner 2002">{{cite book |last=Gärtner |first=Hans-Martin |title=Generalized Transformations and Beyond: Reflections on Minimalist Syntax |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSGSzYc45xoC&pg=PA58 |year=2002 |publisher=Akademie Velag |isbn=978-3-05-003246-7 |page=58}}</ref> (If the ''police police'' is what you might call the people who supervise, monitor, and maintain order amongst the regular police force, then who, in turn, supervises the police police? The answer: the ''police police police''. Hyphenating the noun constructs makes this easier to follow. Therefore, ''[The] police-police [, that the] police-police-police police [, themselves] police [the] police'', which means that "the police-police, who are policed by the police-police-police, are themselves responsible for policing the regular police force". In these sentences, the word ''police'' is used both as a collective noun [i.e. "police force"] and a verb [i.e. "to police someone or something"]. This clause is also a [[reduced relative clause]], so the word ''that'', which could appear between the second and third words of the sentence, is omitted.)
+* If police police police police, who police police police? Police police police police police police.<ref name="Gärtner 2002">{{cite book |last=Gärtner |first=Hans-Martin |title=Generalized Transformations and Beyond: Reflections on Minimalist Syntax |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSGSzYc45xoC&pg=PA58 |date=2002 |publisher=Akademie Velag |isbn=978-3-05-003246-7 |page=58 |volume=46 |series=Studia Grammatica |issn=0081-6469}}</ref> (If the ''police police'' is what you might call the people who supervise, monitor, and maintain order amongst the regular police force, then who, in turn, supervises the police police? The answer: the ''police police police''. Hyphenating the noun constructs makes this easier to follow. Therefore, "{{bracket|The}} police-police {{bracket|, that the}} police-police-police police {{bracket|, themselves}} police {{bracket|the}} police", which means that "the police-police, who are policed by the police-police-police, are themselves responsible for policing the regular police force". In these sentences, the word ''police'' is used both as a collective noun ("police force") and as a verb ("to police {{bracket|someone or something}}"). This clause is also a [[reduced relative clause]], so the word ''that'', which could appear between the second and third words of the sentence, is omitted.)
-* In a similar vein, [[Martin Gardner]] offered the example: "Wouldn't the sentence 'I want to put a hyphen between the words Fish and And and And and Chips in my Fish-And-Chips sign' have been clearer if quotation marks had been placed before Fish, and between Fish and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and Chips, as well as after Chips?"<ref name="Gardner 2006">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gardner |title=Aha! A Two Volume Collection: Aha! Gotcha Aha! Insight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HzwNVMQOZkC&pg=PA141 |date=2006 |publisher=The Mathematica Association of America |isbn=978-0-88385-551-5 |page=141}}</ref>
+* In a similar vein, [[Martin Gardner]] offered the example: "Wouldn't the sentence 'I want to put a hyphen between. the words Fish and And and And and Chips in my Fish-And-Chips sign' have been clearer if quotation marks had been placed before Fish, and between Fish and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and And, and And and and, and and and Chips, as well as after Chips?"<ref name="Gardner 2006">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Gardner |title=Aha! A Two Volume Collection: Aha! Gotcha Aha! Insight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3HzwNVMQOZkC&pg=PA141 |date=2006 |publisher=The Mathematica Association of America |isbn=978-0-88385-551-5 |page=141}}</ref>
 === Syntactic ambiguity ===
@@ Line 34: / Line 34: @@
 * Police help dog bite victim.
 * He saw that gas can explode.
-* Turn right here...
+* Turn right here.
-* We saw her duck.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20030807234600/http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs9414/Exercises/semantics.soln.html Solutions to Semantics Problems<!-- Bot generated title -->]. Archived from [http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs9414/Exercises/semantics.soln.html the original] on 7 August 2003.</ref>
+* We saw her duck.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs9414/Exercises/semantics.soln.html |title=Solutions: Semantics |date=1 June 2010 |website=School of Computer Science and Engineering |publisher=University of New South Wales |location=Sydney, Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619203653/www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~cs9414/Exercises/semantics.soln.html |archive-date=19 June 2012 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
+* One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I don't know.<ref name="Fodor Lepore 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Fodor |first1=Jerry |last2=Lepore |first2=Ernie |date=2004 |title=Out of Context |journal=Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=83–84 |issn=0065-972X |doi=10.2307/3219726 |jstor=3219726 |registration=yes |quote=[[Groucho Marx|Groucho]] said, as everybody knows, 'I shot an elephant in my pajamas.' This sets up the infamous joke: 'How an elephant got into my pajamas I can't imagine. {{bracket|Laughter}}.' What, exactly, happened here? We take the following to be untendentious as far as it goes: the conventions of English are in force, and they entail that there are two ways to read the set-up sentence. Either it expresses the thought (I, in my pajamas, shot an elephant) or it expresses the thought (I) (shot (an elephant in my pajamas)).}}</ref>
-* "One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I don't know." ([[Groucho Marx]], ''[[Animal Crackers (1930 film)|Animal Crackers]]'' (1930))<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020640/quotes |title=''Animal Crackers'' (1930): Quotations |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
 * Ship sails tomorrow.
 * Book stays in London.
@@ Line 50: / Line 50: @@
 Demonstrations of how ''incremental'' and (at least partially) '''local''' syntactic parsing leads to infelicitous constructions and interpretations.
 * [[Reduced relative clause]]s
-** [[Garden path sentence|The horse raced past the barn fell.]]
+** [[Garden path sentence|The horse raced past the barn fell]].
 ** The boat floated down the river sank.
-** The coach smiled at the player tossed the frisbee (by the opposing team).<ref name="Tabor Galantucci Richardson 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Tabor |first1=Whitney |last2=Galantucci |first2=Bruno |last3=Richardson |first3=Daniel |title=Effects of merely local syntactic coherence on sentence processing |journal=Journal of Memory and Language |volume=50 |issue=4 |year=2004 |pages=355–370 |issn=0749-596X |doi=10.1016/j.jml.2004.01.001 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701150939/psychology.uconn.edu/labs/solab/papers/tabor04eomlscosp.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
+** The coach smiled at the player tossed the frisbee (by the opposing team).<ref name="Tabor Galantucci Richardson 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Tabor |first1=Whitney |last2=Galantucci |first2=Bruno |last3=Richardson |first3=Daniel |title=Effects of merely local syntactic coherence on sentence processing |journal=Journal of Memory and Language |volume=50 |issue=4 |date=2004 |pages=355–370 |issn=0749-596X |doi=10.1016/j.jml.2004.01.001 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701150939/psychology.uconn.edu/labs/solab/papers/tabor04eomlscosp.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
-* While the man was hunting the deer ran through the forest.<ref name="Christianson Hollingworth Halliwell Ferreira 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Christianson |first1=Kiel |last2=Hollingworth |first2=Andrew |last3=Halliwell |first3=John F. |last4=Ferreira |first4=Fernanda |title=Thematic Roles Assigned along the Garden Path Linger |journal=Cognitive Psychology |volume=42 |issue=4 |year=2001 |pages=368–407 |issn=0010-0285 |doi=10.1006/cogp.2001.0752}}</ref>
+* While the man was hunting the deer ran through the forest.<ref name="Christianson Hollingworth Halliwell Ferreira 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Christianson |first1=Kiel |last2=Hollingworth |first2=Andrew |last3=Halliwell |first3=John F. |last4=Ferreira |first4=Fernanda |title=Thematic Roles Assigned along the Garden Path Linger |journal=Cognitive Psychology |volume=42 |issue=4 |date=2001 |pages=368–407 |issn=0010-0285 |doi=10.1006/cogp.2001.0752}}</ref>
 * The old man the boats.
 === Scope ambiguity and anaphora resolution ===
+* Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it.<ref name="Barker 1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.csi.uottawa.ca/~kbarker/teach/5386/donkey.html |title=CSI 5386: Donkey Sentence Discussion |last=Barker |first=Ken |date=2 October 1999 |website=University of Ottawa School of Information Technology and Engineering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516212356/www.csi.uottawa.ca/~kbarker/teach/5386/donkey.html |archive-date=16 May 2007 |dead-url=yes |quote='Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it' .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.&nbsp;: there is some single thing Y in the universe such that for every X in the universe if X is a farmer and Y is a donkey and X owns Y, then X beats Y. So the problem with the donkey sentence is that the scope of the variable corresponding to the donkey must be ''contained within the antecedent'' of the implication to prevent requiring the unconditional existence of the donkey. But the scope of the donkey variable must ''contain the consequent'' of the implication to allow the anaphoric reference!}}</ref>
-* Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it.<ref>{{Wayback |df=yes|url= http://www.csi.uottawa.ca/~kbarker/teach/5386/donkey.html |title= CSI 5386 Donkey Sentence Discussion|date= 20070516160803}}</ref>
 * Somewhere in Britain, some woman has a child every thirty seconds.
 === Embedding ===
+* The rat the cat the dog bit chased escaped.<ref name="Kempen Vosse 1989">{{cite journal |url=http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1145652:1/component/escidoc:1145651/Kempen_Vosse_Connection_Science_1989.pdf#page=11 |title=Incremental Syntactic Tree Formation in Human Sentence Processing: a Cognitive Architecture Based on Activation Decay and Simulated Annealing |last=Kempen |first=Gerard |last2=Vosse |first2=Theo |date=1989 |journal=Connection Science |volume=1 |issue=3 |page=282 |doi=10.1080/09540098908915642 |issn=1360-0494 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014035944/pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:1145652:1/component/escidoc:1145651/Kempen_Vosse_Connection_Science_1989.pdf#page=11 |archive-date=14 October 2015 |format=PDF |quote=The rat the cat the dog bit chased escaped.}}</ref>
-* The rat the cat the dog bit chased escaped.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kimball |first=John |title=Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural language |year=1973 |journal=[[Cognition (journal)|Cognition]] |volume=2 |pages=15–47 |doi=10.1016/0010-0277(72)90028-5}}</ref>
 == Word order ==
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 === Ending sentence with preposition ===
-[[Linguistic prescription|Prescriptive grammar]] has in the past prohibited "[[preposition stranding]]": ending sentences with prepositions (traditionally defined). This "rule" appears to have been invented in 1672 by [[John Dryden]]; for a long time thereafter it was uncritically recited. It had no basis in linguistic fact in 1672 and has none now.<ref>[[Rodney Huddleston]] and [[Geoffrey K. Pullum]], ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; ISBN 0-521-43146-8), p.627.</ref>
+[[Linguistic prescription|Prescriptive grammar]] has in the past prohibited "[[preposition stranding]]": ending sentences with prepositions (traditionally defined). This "rule" appears to have been invented in 1672 by [[John Dryden]]; for a long time thereafter it was uncritically recited. It had no basis in linguistic fact in 1672 and has none now.<ref name="Huddleston Pullum 2012 627">{{cite book |date=2012 |orig-year=1st pub. 2002 |editor1-last=Huddleston |editor1-first=Rodney D. |editor1-link=Rodney Huddleston |editor2-last=Pullum |editor2-first=Geoffrey K. |editor2-link=Geoffrey K. Pullum |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |others=5th printing |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43146-8 |lccn=2001025630 |oclc=46641801 |ol=4984064W |chapter=Prepositions and preposition phrases §&nbsp;4.1&nbsp;Preposition stranding:&nbsp;''What was she referring to?'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage/The%20Cambridge%20grammar%20of%20the%20English%20language#page/n640 |last1=Pullum |first1=Geoffrey K. |author1-link=Geoffrey K. Pullum |last2=Huddleston |first2=Rodney |author2-link=Rodney Huddleston |page=627 |quote=The 'rule' was apparently created [[wikt:ex nihilo|ex&nbsp;nihilo]] in 1672 by the essayist John Dryden, who took exception to Ben Jonson's phrase ''the bodies that those souls were frighted from'' (1611). Dryden was in effect suggesting that Jonson should have written ''the bodies from which those souls were frighted'', but he offers no reason for preferring this to the original.}}</ref>
 ==== Avoidance ====
-* This is the sort of English up with which I will not put. (Attributed by [[Ernest Gowers|Gowers]] to [[Winston Churchill]]. There is no convincing evidence that Churchill said this, and good reason to believe that he did not.<ref>Even [[the Churchill Centre]] describes this as "An invented phrase put in Churchill's mouth". "[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/learn/speeches/quotations/famous-quotations-and-stories Quotations and Stories]", the Churchill Centre. The origin of the anecdote is investigated by Benjamin G. Zimmer in "[http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001715.html A misattribution no longer to be put up with]", [[Language Log]], 12 December 2004. Retrieved 27 December 2009.</ref>) The sentence "does not demonstrate the absurdity of using [prepositional phrase] fronting instead of stranding; it merely illustrates the ungrammaticality resulting from fronting something that is not a [[Constituent (linguistics)|constituent]]".<ref>Huddleston and Pullum, ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language,'' p.629. For more detail on the fallaciousness of this example as a claimed demonstration of the silliness of a (silly) rule, see Pullum, "[http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001702.html A Churchill story up with which I will no longer put]".</ref>
+* This is the sort of English up with which I will not put. (Attributed by [[Ernest Gowers|Gowers]] to [[Winston Churchill]]. There is no convincing evidence that Churchill said this, and good reason to believe that he did not.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotations/famous-quotations-and-stories |title=Famous Quotations and Stories |website=The Churchill Centre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910121948/winstonchurchill.org/resources/quotations/famous-quotations-and-stories |archive-date=10 September 2015 |dead-url=no |access-date=10 October 2015 |quote='This is the kind of tedious {{bracket|sometimes "pedantic"}} nonsense up with which I will not put!' .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. Verdict: An invented phrase put in Churchill's mouth}}</ref><ref name="Zimmer 2004">{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001715.html |title=A misattribution no longer to be put up with |last=Zimmer |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Zimmer |date=12 December 2004 |website=Language Log |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907191637/itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001715.html |archive-date=7 September 2015 |dead-url=no |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> The sentence "does not demonstrate the absurdity of using {{bracket|prepositional phrase}} fronting instead of stranding; it merely illustrates the ungrammaticality resulting from fronting something that is not a [[Constituent (linguistics)|constituent]]".<ref name="Huddleston Pullum 2012 629">{{cite book |date=2012 |orig-year=1st pub. 2002 |editor1-last=Huddleston |editor1-first=Rodney D. |editor1-link=Rodney Huddleston |editor2-last=Pullum |editor2-first=Geoffrey K. |editor2-link=Geoffrey K. Pullum |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |others=5th printing |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-43146-8 |lccn=2001025630 |oclc=46641801 |ol=4984064W |chapter=Prepositions and preposition phrases §&nbsp;4.1&nbsp;Preposition stranding:&nbsp;''What was she referring to?'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/TheCambridgeGrammarOfTheEnglishLanguage/The%20Cambridge%20grammar%20of%20the%20English%20language#page/n642 |last1=Pullum |first1=Geoffrey K. |author1-link=Geoffrey K. Pullum |last2=Huddleston |first2=Rodney |author2-link=Rodney Huddleston |page=629 |quote=This example is based on a much-quoted joke attributed to Sir Winston Churchill, who is said to have annotated some clumsy evasion of stranding in a document with the remark: ''This is the sort of English up with which I will not put''. Unfortunately, the joke fails because it depends on a mistaken grammatical analysis: in ''I will not put up with this sort of English'' the sequence ''up with this sort of English'' is not a constituent, ''up'' being a separate complement of the verb (in the traditional analysis it is an adverb). Churchill's example thus does not demonstrate the absurdity of using [[prepositional phrase|PP]] fronting instead of stranding: it merely illustrates the ungrammaticality resulting from fronting something which is not a constituent.}}</ref><ref name="Pullum 2004">{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001702.html |title=A Churchill story up with which I will no longer put |last=Pullum |first=Geoffrey K. |author-link=Geoffrey K. Pullum |date=8 December 2004 |website=Language Log |archive-url=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20150910054515/itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001702.html |archive-date=10 September 2015 |dead-url=no}}</ref>
 ==== Compound use ====
-* "A father of a little boy goes upstairs after supper to read to his son, but he brings the wrong book. The boy says, 'What did you bring that book that I don't want to be read to out of up for?{{'"}}<ref name="White 2011">{{cite book |editor-last=White|editor-first=Martha |title=In the Words of E. B. White: Quotations from America's Most Companionable of Writers |date=2011 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-6367-9 |page=120}}</ref>
+* "A father of a little boy goes upstairs after supper to read to his son, but he brings the wrong book. The boy says, 'What did you bring that book that I don't want to be read to out of up for?{{'"}}<ref name="White 2011">{{cite book |editor-last=White |editor-first=Martha |title=In the Words of E.&nbsp;B.&nbsp;White: Quotations from America's Most Companionable of Writers |date=2011 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-6367-9 |page=120}}</ref>
 * What did you turn your socks from inside out to outside in for?
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 * The enemy's destruction of the city.
+== Neurolinguistics ==
-== Neurolinguistic examples ==
-=== N400 ===
 Sentences with unexpected endings.
+* She spread the bread with socks.<ref name="Kutas Hillyard 1980">{{cite journal |title=Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity |last1=Kutas |first1=Marta |last2=Hillyard |first2=Steven A. |journal=Science |date=1980 |volume=207 |issue=4427 |pmid=7350657 |doi=10.1126/science.7350657 |pages=203–205}}</ref>
-* She spread the bread with socks.<ref name="Kutas Hillyard 1980">{{cite journal |title=Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity |last=Kutas |first=Marta |last2=Hillyard |first2=Steven A. |journal=Science |year=1980 |volume=207 |issue=4427 |pmid=7350657 |doi=10.1126/science.7350657 |pages=203–205}}</ref>
 == Combinatorial complexity ==
 Demonstrations of sentences which are unlikely to have ever been said, although the combinatorial complexity of the linguistic system makes them possible.
-* [[Colorless green ideas sleep furiously]] ([[Noam Chomsky]]) - example that is grammatically correct but based on semantic combinations that are contradictory and therefore would not normally occur.
+* [[Colorless green ideas sleep furiously]] ([[Noam Chomsky]]): example that is grammatically correct but based on semantic combinations that are contradictory and therefore would not normally occur.
-* Hold the newsreader's nose squarely, waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers. ([[Stephen Fry]], in ''[[A Bit of Fry & Laurie]]'', series 1, episode 2)
+* Hold the news reader's nose squarely waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers.<ref name="Fry 1989">{{cite episode |last=Fry |first=Stephen |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0526461/quotes?item=qt2070024 |series=A Bit of Fry & Laurie |network=BBC |date=20 January 1989 |title=Series&nbsp;1, Episode&nbsp;2 |quote=Hold the news reader's nose squarely waiter, or friendly milk will countermand my trousers.}}</ref>
 == Non-English examples ==
@@ Line 100: / Line 97: @@
      Any sentence that is a joke or tonguetwister but not a sourced LINGUISTIC EXAMPLE will be removed -->
-=== Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe ===
+=== Ojibwe ===
 <!-- Please only add an example if you can cite a source to support its notability, or if it already has its own article on Wikipedia.
      Any information that does not have a source cited will be deleted.
      Any sentence that is a joke or tongue-twister but not a sourced LINGUISTIC EXAMPLE will be removed -->
-* ''{{lang|oj|Gdaa-naanaanaa, Anna, naa?}}'', meaning "We should fetch Anna, shouldn't we?".<ref>Valentine, J.R. Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar. University of Toronto Press. 2001.</ref>
+* ''{{lang|oj|Gdaa-naanaanaa, Aanaa, naa?}}'' meaning "We should fetch Anna, shouldn't we?".<ref name="Valentine 2001">{{cite book |last=Valentine |first=J.&nbsp;Randolph |date=2001 |chapter=18.9.1.1.&nbsp;Yes/No (Polar) Question |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TBUcyYZDsO0C&pg=PA978 |title=Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar |language=en, oj |publisher=University of Toronto Press |page=978 |asin= |isbn=978-0-8020-8389-0 |lccn=2002284190 |oclc=46625840 |ol=3585700M |quote=''Gdaa-naanaanaa, Aanaa, naa?'' .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. 'We should fetch Anna, shouldn't we?')}}</ref>
 === Latin ===
@@ Line 110: / Line 107: @@
      Any information that does not have a source cited will be deleted.
      Any sentence that is a joke or tonguetwister but not a sourced LINGUISTIC EXAMPLE will be removed -->
-* King [[Edward II]] of England was killed, reportedly after [[Adam Orleton|Adam of Orleton]], one of his gaolers, received a message, probably from Mortimer, reading "''{{lang|la|Edwardum occidere nolite timere bonum est}}''". This can be read either as "''{{lang|la|Edwardum occidere nolite; timere bonum est}}''" ("Do not kill Edward; it is good to be afraid [to do so]") or as "''{{lang|la|Edwardum occidere nolite timere; bonum est}}''" ("Do not be afraid to kill Edward; [to do so] is good"). This ambiguous sentence has been much discussed by various writers, including [[John Harington (writer)|John Harington]]<ref>I.Reed et al: A Select Collection of Old Plays (vol 2), 1825</ref> and contributors to [[Notes and Queries]].<ref>Notes and Queries, 18 July 1868</ref>
+* King [[Edward II]] of England was killed, reportedly after [[Adam Orleton|Adam of Orleton]], one of his gaolers, received a message, probably from Mortimer, reading "''{{lang|la|Edwardum occidere nolite timere bonum est}}''". This can be read either as "''{{lang|la|Edwardum occidere nolite; timere bonum est}}''" ("Do not kill Edward; it is good to be afraid {{bracket|to do so}}") or as "''{{lang|la|Edwardum occidere nolite timere; bonum est}}''" ("Do not be afraid to kill Edward; {{bracket|to do so}} is good"). This ambiguous sentence has been much discussed by various writers, including [[John Harington (writer)|John Harington]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Collier |first=John Payne |author-link=John Payne Collier |date=1825 |chapter=Edward&nbsp;II |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/aselectcollecti06collgoog#page/n406 |editor1-last=Reed |editor1-first=Isaac |editor1-link=Isaac Reed |editor2-last=Gilchrist |editor2-first=Octavius |editor2-link=Octavius Graham Gilchrist |title=A Selection of Old Plays in Twelve Volumes |volume=II |publisher=Septimus Prowett |location=London |page=393 |lccn=12002796 |oclc=2075486 |quote=Sir J.&nbsp;Harington has an Epigram (L.&nbsp;i.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;83.) 'Of writing with double pointing,' which is thus introduced. 'It is said that King Edward, of Carnarvon, lying at Berkeley Castle, prisoner, a cardinal wrote to his keeper, ''Edwardum occidere noli, timere bonum est'', which being read with the point at ''timere'', it cost the king his life.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite paper |last=Addis |first=John, Junior |date=18 July 1868 |title=Adam of Orleton's Saying |url=https://archive.org/stream/notesqueries4221unse#page/66 |work=[[Notes and Queries]] |department=Replies |page=66 |series=4 |volume=s4-II |issue=29 |issn=0029-3970 |id=ADDIS18071868}}</ref>
 * {{lang|la|[[Ibis redibis nunquam per bella peribis]].}}
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-* Various sentences using the syllables {{linktext|mā}}, {{linktext|má}}, {{linktext|mǎ}}, {{linktext|mà}}, and {{linktext|ma}} are often used to illustrate the importance of [[tone (linguistics)|tones]] to [[Chinese as a second language|foreign learners]]. One example: {{zh|s=妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马|p=māma qí mǎ, mǎ màn, māma mà mǎ|l=Mother is riding a horse, the horse is slow, mother scolds the horse}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tieba.baidu.com/f?ct=335675392&tn=baiduPostBrowser&sc=8745192375&z=814581286#8745192375 |publisher=Baidu Tieba ([[Baidu]] forums) |title=老外学中文都要从"妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马"开始么 (Do all foreigners learning Chinese start with 'māma qí mǎ, mǎ màn, māma mà mǎ'?) |date=1 July 2010 |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref>
+* Various sentences using the syllables {{linktext|mā}}, {{linktext|má}}, {{linktext|mǎ}}, {{linktext|mà}}, and {{linktext|ma}} are often used to illustrate the importance of [[tone (linguistics)|tones]] to [[Chinese as a second language|foreign learners]]. One example: {{zh|s=妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马|p=māma qí mǎ, mǎ màn, māma mà mǎ|l=Mother is riding a horse, the horse is slow, mother scolds the horse}}.<ref name="隔壁小谁 2010">{{cite web |url=http://tieba.baidu.com/f?ct=335675392&tn=baiduPostBrowser&sc=8745192375&z=814581286#8745192375 |title=老外学中文都要从 "妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马" 开始么 |author=隔壁小谁 |date=1 July 2010 |website=[[Baidu]] |language=zh |trans-title=Do all foreigners learning Chinese start with "''māma qí mǎ, mǎ màn, māma mà mǎ''" ("Mother is riding a horse, the horse is slow, mother scolds the horse")? |archive-url=http://webcitation.org/query?date=2015-10-13&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftieba.baidu.com%2Ff%3Fct%3D335675392%26tn%3DbaiduPostBrowser%26sc%3D8745192375%26z%3D814581286%238745192375 |archive-date=13 October 2015 |dead-url=no |quote=妈妈骑马马慢妈妈骂马}}</ref>
-* [[Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den]]: poem of 92 characters, all with the sound ''shi'' (in 4 different tones) when read in Modern Standard Mandarin
+* [[Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den]]: poem of 92 characters, all with the sound ''shi'' (in four different tones) when read in Modern Standard Mandarin
 === Japanese ===
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-* ''{{lang|cs|Jedli na hoře bez holí}}'', meaning either "they ate [[elderberries]] on a mountain using a stick" or "they ate elderberry on a mountain without any sticks" or "they ate elderberry on a mountain to eat their sorrow away"; depending on the phrasing or a correct placement or punctuation, at least 7 meanings can be obtained. Replacing "na hoře" by "nahoře", one obtains 5 more meanings. If also separating words using spaces is permitted, the total number of known possible meanings rises up to 58.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ja.kub.cz/index.php?id=detail&idk=71 |publisher=Sbírka kalambůrů Jakuba Těšínského |title=Registrační záznam kalambůru č. 71 |date=31 July 2010 |accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref>
+* ''{{lang|cs|Jedli na hoře bez holí}}'', meaning either "they ate [[elderberries]] on a mountain using a stick" or "they ate elderberry on a mountain without any sticks" or "they ate elderberry on a mountain to eat their sorrow away"; depending on the phrasing or a correct placement or punctuation, at least 7 meanings can be obtained. Replacing "na hoře" by "nahoře", one obtains 5 more meanings. If also separating words using spaces is permitted, the total number of known possible meanings rises up to 58.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ja.kub.cz/index.php?id=detail&idk=71 |publisher=Sbírka kalambůrů Jakuba Těšínského |title=Registrační záznam kalambůru č. 71 |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=1 July 2014}}</ref>
 === Korean ===
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 ** "{{lang|ko|가가 가가?}}" which means "Are they the one we talked about?"
 ** "{{lang|ko|가가 가가가}}" which means "Since they took it away"
-** "{{lang|ko|가가 가가가?}}" which means "Are they the one with the surname Ga?"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mirror.enha.kr/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80%20%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80 |publisher=엔하위키 미러 |title=가가 가가 |date=28 November 2014 |access-date=2014-11-28}}</ref>
+** "{{lang|ko|가가 가가가?}}" which means "Are they the one with the surname Ga?"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rigvedawiki.net/%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80%20%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80 |title=가가 가가 |date=26 February 2015 |website=[[Rigveda Wiki|리그베다 위키]] |language=ko |trans-title=Gaga Gaga |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010201814/rigvedawiki.net/%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80%20%EA%B0%80%EA%B0%80 |archive-date=10 October 2015 |dead-url=no |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref>
 == See also ==
@@ Line 149: / Line 146: @@
 == References ==
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{reflist|30em}}
 == External links ==
-* [http://specgram.com/CLIII.4/08.phlogiston.cartoon.zhe.html The Trouble with NLP]: Some additional demonstrations of why these and similar examples are hard for computers to deal with when attempting [[natural language processing]].
+{{cite web |url=http://specgram.com/CLIII.4/08.phlogiston.cartoon.zhe.html |series=Cartoon Theories of Linguistics |title=The Trouble with NLP |journal=Speculative Grammarian |date=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913082703/specgram.com/CLIII.4/08.phlogiston.cartoon.zhe.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |dead-url=no |issn=1938-0720 |oclc=227210202 |volume=153 |issue=4 |others=Demonstrations of why these and similar examples are hard for computers to deal with when attempting [[natural language processing]].}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Linguistic Example Sentences}}
 [[Category:Linguistics lists]]
 [[Category:Grammar]]