User:Bibliomaniac15/sandbox: Difference between revisions
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = ''Heloderma'' |
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| image = Heloderma_suspectum.jpg |
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| image_size = 240px |
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| image_caption = [[Gila monster]], ''Heloderma suspectum'' |
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| fossil_range = Late [[Cretaceous]] to Recent |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Reptile|Sauropsida]] |
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| ordo = [[Squamata]] |
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| subordo = [[Scleroglossa]] |
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| infraordo = [[Anguimorpha]] |
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| superfamilia = [[Varanoidea]] |
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| familia = '''Helodermatidae''' |
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| genus = '''''Heloderma''''' |
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| genus_authority = [[Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann|Wiegmann]], [[1829]] |
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| subdivision_ranks = Species and subspecies |
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| subdivision = * ''Heloderma horridum'' |
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** ''[[Heloderma horridum horridum]]'' <small>([[Arend Friedrich August Wiegmann|Wiegmann]], 1829)</small> |
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** ''Heloderma horridum alvarezi'' <small>([[Charles M. Bogert|Bogert]] & Martên del Campo, 1956)</small> |
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** ''Heloderma horridum exasperatum'' <small>(Bogert & Martên Del Campo, 1956)</small> |
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** ''Heloderma horridum charlesbogerti'' <small>(Campbell & Vannini, 1988)</small> |
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* ''Heloderma suspectum'' |
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** ''Heloderma suspectum cinctum'' <small>(Bogert & Martên Del Campo, 1956)</small> |
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** ''Heloderma suspectum suspectum'' <small>([[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1869)</small> |
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}} |
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{{for|the dermatological condition|Knuckle pads}} |
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'''''Heloderma''''', the only [[genus]] of the family '''Helodermatidae''', consists of [[venom (poison)|venomous]] [[lizard]]s native to the southwestern [[United States]], [[Mexico]] and as far south as [[Guatemala]]. It includes two separate [[species]], with six [[subspecies]]. Their closest living relatives are the [[Anguidae|anguid]] lizards.<ref name="Fry2006"/> |
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Helodermatids are carnivorous, preying on rodents and other small mammals, and eating the eggs of birds and reptiles. They are [[oviparous]], laying large clutches of eggs.<ref name=EoR/> |
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== Taxonomy == |
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===Evolutionary development=== |
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==Description== |
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Helodermatids (or beaded lizards) are large, stocky, slow-moving reptiles that prefer semi-[[arid]] habitats.<ref>[http://animals.jrank.org/pages/3767/Gila-Monster-Mexican-Beaded-Lizard-Helodermatidae-PHYSICAL-CHARACTERISTICS.html Gila Monster and Mexican Beaded Lizard: Helodermatidae - Physical Characteristics]</ref> The tails are short and used as fat storage organs. They are covered with small, non-overlapping bead-like scales, with [[osteoderms]] on the underside of the body. Both species are dark in color, with yellowish or pinkish markings.<ref name=EoR>{{cite book |editor=Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G.|author= Bauer, Aaron M.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 156|isbn= 0-12-178560-2}}</ref> |
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==Habitat and range== |
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==Ecology== |
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===Diet=== |
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===Venom=== |
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Members of the family are [[venomous]]. Unlike [[snake]]s, venom glands are located in the lower jaw, and cannot be ejected under pressure. The venom is typically used only in defense, rather than in subduing prey, and the lizard must [[Mastication|chew]] on its victim to work the venom into the flesh. Venom glands are believed to have evolved early in the lineage leading to the modern helodermatids, as there are indications of their presence even in the 65-million-year-old fossil genus ''Paraderma''.<ref name=EoR/><ref>Richard L. Cifelli, Randall L. Nydam. 1995. Primative, helodermatid-like platynotan from the early cretaceous of Utah. Herpetologica. 51(3):286-291.</ref> Venom production among lizards was long thought to be unique to this genus, but may be present in several [[monitor lizard]]s and [[Agamidae|agamid]]s as well.<ref name="Fry2006"/> This controversial new view holds that venom production dates back to the common ancestor of the clade [[Toxicofera]], which includes all snakes and 13 familes of lizards.<ref name="Fry2006">{{cite journal |author = Fry, B. et al. |year= 2006 |month= February |title= Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes |journal= Nature |volume= 439 |pages= 584–588 |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7076/abs/nature04328.html |doi = 10.1038/nature04328 |format = [http://www.naherpetology.org/pdf_files/467.pdf PDF]}}</ref> |
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===Reproduction=== |
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== Conservation == |
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''H. h. horridum'', ''H. h. exasperatum'', and both subspecies of ''H. suspectum'' are frequently found in captivity, and are well represented in [[zoo]]s throughout much of the world. They are often captive bred for the exotic animal trade, and can command high prices. The other two subspecies of ''H. horridum'' are extremely rare, and only a few captive specimens are known. |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{wikispecies|Helodermatidae}} |
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{{commonscat-inline|Helodermatidae}} |
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*[http://www.helodermahorridum.com/beaded_lizard.php About Beaded Lizards] |
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*[http://herpetology.com/heloderma.html Heloderma information] |
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*[http://www.tigr.org/reptiles/families/Helodermatidae.html Family Helodermatidae (Gila Monsters)] |
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{{Varanoidea}} |
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Revision as of 07:38, 6 November 2015
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