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'''Iria Flavia''' or simply '''Iria''' in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], northwestern [[Spain]], is a settlement of [[Padrón]].
'''Iria Flavia''' or simply '''Iria''' in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], northwestern [[Spain]], is an Ancient settlement and former bishopric in the modern municipality of [[Padrón]], which remains a Catholic [[titular see]].


==History==
== History ==
Located at the [[confluence]] of the [[Sar (river)|Sar]] and [[Ulla (river)|Ulla]] rivers, Iria was a port city, the main seat of the [[Capori]], on the road between [[Braga]] and [[Astorga (Spain)|Astorga]]. The Romans rebuilt the road as ''via XVIII'' or ''Via Nova'' and refounded the Celtiberian port as ''Iria Flavia'' ("Flavian Iria") to compliment [[Vespasian]]. Iria was the seat of a sixth-century Christian [[Diocese|bishopric]] that shared its seat with [[Santiago de Compostela|Compostela]], then moved there in 1095. The modern city on the site of Iria Flava is [[Padrón]].
Located at the [[confluence]] of the [[Sar (river)|Sar]] and [[Ulla (river)|Ulla]] rivers, Iria was a port city, the main seat of the Celtic [[Capori]] tribe, on the road between [[Braga]] and [[Astorga (Spain)|Astorga]]. The Romans rebuilt the road as ''via XVIII'' or ''Via Nova'' and refounded the Celtiberian port as ''Iria Flavia'' ("Flavian Iria") to compliment [[Roman emperor]] [[Vespasian]].


⚫
King [[Juan Carlos of Spain]] granted the illustrious resident, writer [[Camilo José Cela]], the title of ''[[Marqués de Iria Flavia]]''.
⚫
The followers of [[Priscillian]] were deeply embedded in the culture of Iberia's northwest. To restore catholic orthodoxy in the Visigothic [[marches]] that were recovered from the Kingdom of the [[Suevi]] in a series of campaigns during the years leading up to 585, nine dioceses were established in Galicia, including Iria Flavia, mentioned in the document ''Parroquial suevo'' (ca 572–582); the ''Parroquial'' divides the region into dioceses and marks the first definitive integration of this zone in the monarchy of the [[Visigoth]]s, who had been catholicized from [[Arianism]] in 587 (Quiroga and Lovell 1999). The list of the bishops of Iria present at councils and noted in other sources begins in the sixth century with an Andreas and gains historic credibility in the seventh [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026220049/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Atlantis/2572/ObispadoIria.htm ]. No commercial or political rationale for siting a bishop at Iria Flavia seems to present itself, though excavations have identified a cult sanctuary dating to the second half of the sixth century (Quiroga and Lovelle 1999). The relics that were identified with [[Saint James the Greater]] and which were transferred to Compostela may originally have determined the location of the diocese at Iria, to control the already sanctified site.


== Ecclesiastical history ==
⚫
At any rate, otherwise unidentified considerations dictated that the new bishopric take the place of the older bishopric at ''Aquae Celenae'', which was a Roman ''[[municipium]]'' and administrative center that was formerly of considerably more importance than isolated Iria.
No later then 561, perhaps from 400 AD, Iria was the seat of a [[Diocese|bishopric]], also known in Latin as '''Locus Sancti Iacobi''' ('place of Saint James', in Spanish [[Santiago]]), that became a [[suffragan] of the (Portuguese) Metropolitan of the [[Archdiocese of Braga]] and shared its seat with [[Santiago de Compostela|(Santiago de) Compostela]], which developed into Iberia's major pilgrimage destination (rivalling Rome and Jerusalem) then moved there in 1095. The modern city on the site of Iria Flava is [[Padrón]].


⚫
The followers of the executed bishop [[Priscillian]] of Avila were deeply embedded in the culture of Iberia's northwest. To restore Catholic orthodoxy in the Visigothic [[marches]] that were recovered from the [[Kingdom of the Suebi]] (Galicia) in a series of campaigns during the years leading up to 585, nine dioceses were established in Galicia, including Iria Flavia, mentioned in the document ''Parroquial suevo'' (ca 572–582); the ''Parroquial'' divides the region into dioceses and marks the first definitive integration of this zone in the monarchy of the [[Visigoth]]s, who had been catholicized from [[Arianism]] in 587 (Quiroga and Lovell 1999). The list of the bishops of Iria present at councils and noted in other sources begins in the sixth century with an Andreas and gains historic credibility in the seventh [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026220049/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Atlantis/2572/ObispadoIria.htm ]. No commercial or political rationale for siting a bishop at Iria Flavia seems to present itself, though excavations have identified a cult sanctuary dating to the second half of the sixth century (Quiroga and Lovelle 1999). The relics that were identified with [[Saint James the Greater]] and which were transferred to Compostela may originally have determined the location of the diocese at Iria, to control the already sanctified site.
⚫
Under Adaulfus II the city was destroyed by [[Norsemen|Norse]] pirates, and bishop and chapter took refuge behind the strong walls of Compostela. Soon they petitioned [[Ordoño II of León]] and [[Pope Nicholas I]] to permit them (c. 860) to transfer the see from Iria to Compostela, near the sepulchre and church of St James (founded c. 835). Both pope and king consented on condition, however, that the honour of the see should be divided between the two places. From the second half of the ninth century the bishops of this see are known as ''Irienses'' or ''Sancti Jacobi'', even ''ecclesiae apostolicae sancti Jacobi''—though no apostolic succession was possible—and finally as ''Compostellani'' (''Catholic Encyclopedia''). In 1095, through reverence for the body and the sepulchre of St James, [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]], by a Bull of December 5, withdrew from Iria its episcopal rank and transferred the see in its entirety to Compostela, in favour of the [[Cluny|Cluniac]] bishop, Dalmatius, present at the [[Council of Clermont]] that year. At the same time Urban exempted it from the authority of the metropolitan and made it immediately subject to the Holy See.

⚫
At any rate, otherwise unidentified considerations dictated that the new bishopric take the place of the older bishopric at ''[[Aquae Celenae]]'' (modern Caldes De Reis), which was a Roman ''[[municipium]]'' and administrative center that was formerly of considerably more importance than isolated Iria.

⚫
Under [[Adaulfus II]] the city was destroyed by [[Norsemen|Norse]] pirates, and bishop and chapter took refuge behind the strong walls of Compostela. Soon they petitioned [[Ordoño II of León]] and [[Pope Nicholas I]] to permit them (c. 860) to transfer the see from Iria to [[Compostela]], near the sepulchre and church of St James (founded c. 835). Both pope and king consented, on condition that the honour of the see should be divided between the two places. From the second half of the ninth century the bishops of this see are known as ''Irienses'' or ''Sancti Jacobi'', even ''ecclesiae apostolicae sancti Jacobi''—though no apostolic succession was possible—and finally as ''Compostellani'' (''Catholic Encyclopedia'').

In 1024 it gained territory from the suppressed [[Diocese of Tui]], only to lose it back in in 1069 to (re)establish the Diocese of Tui.

In 1095, through reverence for the body and the sepulchre of St James, [[Pope Urban II|Urban II]], by a Bull of December 5, withdrew from Iria its episcopal rank and transferred the see in its entirety to Compostela, in favour of the [[Cluny|Cluniac]] bishop, Dalmatius, present at the [[Council of Clermont]] that year. At the same time Urban exempted it from the authority of the metropolitan and made it immediately subject to the Holy See.


About the year 1100 [[Diego Gelmírez]], bishop of Compostela, rebuilt the former cathedral church, Santa Maria Adina, which had been destroyed by [[Almanzor]]. Excavations have revealed that the site was built on Roman foundations. A Roman [[Votive gift|votive figure]] of a bull has been found, published in ''Corpus Artis Gallaeciae'' [http://www.uc.pt/aia/galiza.html].
About the year 1100 [[Diego Gelmírez]], bishop of Compostela, rebuilt the former cathedral church, Santa Maria Adina, which had been destroyed by [[Almanzor]]. Excavations have revealed that the site was built on Roman foundations. A Roman [[Votive gift|votive figure]] of a bull has been found, published in ''Corpus Artis Gallaeciae'' [http://www.uc.pt/aia/galiza.html].
Line 14: Line 23:
As the legend of [[Saint James the Greater]] having proselytized in Hispania spread, Iria Flavia came to be accounted the first site of his preaching.
As the legend of [[Saint James the Greater]] having proselytized in Hispania spread, Iria Flavia came to be accounted the first site of his preaching.


=== Residential Bishops of Iria Flavia===
⚫
King [[Juan Carlos of Spain]] granted the illustrious resident, writer [[Camilo José Cela]], the title of ''[[Marqués de Iria Flavia]]''.
''(possibly missing earlier incumbents)
*Andrew (fl. 561 – 572){{efn|Signed the acts of the [[First Council of Braga]] and the [[Second Council of Braga]].}}
*Dominicus (fl. 589){{efn|Signed the acts of the [[Third Council of Toledo]].}}
*Samuel (fl. 633){{efn|Signed the acts of the [[Fourth Council of Toledo]].}}
*Gotomar (fl. 638 – 646){{efn|Signed the acts of the [[Sixth Council of Toledo]] and the [[Seventh Council of Toledo]].}}
*Vincibilis (fl. 653){{efn|Signed the acts of the [[Eighth Council of Toledo]].}}
*Ildulfus Felix (fl. 675 – 688){{efn|Signed the acts of the [[Third Council of Braga]], the [[Twelfth Council of Toledo]], the [[Thirteenth Council of Toledo]] and the [[Fifteenth Council of Toledo]].}}
*Selva, during the reign of [[Wittiza]] (694 – 702/3)
*Theodesind (fl. 709)
*Emila, during the reign of [[Pelagius of Asturias|Pelagius]] (718 – 737)
*Roman, during the reign of [[Fruela I]] (757–768)
*Agustine, during the reign of Fruela I
*Honoratus, during the reign of Fruela I
*Vincele, during the reign of [[Aurelius of Asturias|Aurelius]] (768 – 774)
*Cresconius I, during the reign of [[Silo of Asturias|Silo]] (774 – 783)
*Vaula, during the reign of [[Mauregatus of Asturias|Mauregatus]] (783 – 789)
*[[Quendulf]] (fl. c.790–818){{efn|Was bishop during the reign of [[Bermudo I]] (788/9–791) and still alive in 818.}}
*[[Theodemar of Iria|Theodemar]] (c.818 – 847), discovered the tomb of Saint James in 830
*[[Ataulf I (bishop of Iria)|Ataulf I]] (c.847 – c.851)
*[[Ataulf II (bishop of Iria)|Ataulf II]] (c.851 – c.867)
* [[Sisenand I (bishop of Iria)|Sisenand I]] = Sisnando (877?79 – 919?20)
* [[Gundesindo Alóitez]] (fl. 923) = Gundesindo (920? – 924)
* [[Hermegild (bishop of Iria)|Hermenegild(o)]] (924 – 951)
* [[Sisnando Menéndez|Sisenand II]] = Sisnando II (951?52 – 958?968)
*'' [[Rudesind]] ([[apostolic administrator]] 970–977)
* [[Pelayo Rodríguez (bishop)|Pelayo Rodríguez]] (977 – resigned 985)
* [[Pedro de Mezonzo]] (Peter I) (985?86 – 1003?)
* [[Pelayo Díaz]] (fl. 1007) (1003? – 1011)
* [[Vimara Díaz]] (fl. 1011 - 1013?)
* [[Vistruarius]] = Vistruario (1014?16 – 1032?36)
* Servandus (existence doubtful)
* [[Cresconius II (bishop of Iria)|Cresconius II]] Cresconio (1037?48 – 1066)
* [[Gudesteus (bishop of Iria)|Gudesteus]] = Gudesteo (1066?67 – 1069?70)
* [[Diego Peláez]] (1071?75 – 1088? ''see below''), first time
* [[Peter II (bishop of Iria)|Peter II]] (1088–1090)
* Diego Peláez (''see above'' 1090 – 1094), second time
* [[Dalmatius (bishop of Iria)|Dalmatius]] = Dalmacio (1094–1095), first bishop of the [[Latin rite]]

=== Titular see ===
<ref>http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0938.htm GCatholic</ref>In 1969 the diocese was nominally restored as Latin [[Titular bishopric]] of Iria Flavia (Curiate Italian) / Irien(sis) (Latin adjective).

So far it had only one incumbent, of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :
* Ernst Franz Gerd Werner Dicke (1970.02.16 – ...), as [[Auxiliary Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aachen]] (Germany) (1970.02.16 – 2003.11.21) and since on emeritate.


==External links==
== Sources and external links ==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04187b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'':] Compostela
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04187b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'':] Compostela
*[http://www.dicoruna.es/municipios/Padron/iriaflavia.htm "Iria de Flavia"] (In Spanish)
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0938.htm GCatholic - Iria Flavia]
*[http://www.ifspanish.com "Academia Iria Flavia"]
* [http://www.dicoruna.es/municipios/Padron/iriaflavia.htm "Iria de Flavia"] (In Spanish)
* [http://www.ifspanish.com "Academia Iria Flavia"]
*[http://192.167.112.135/NewPages/TESTIAM/AM99/14.pdf Jorge Quiroga and Monica R. Lovelle, "Ciudades atlánticas en transición: La “ciudad” tardo-antigua y alto-medieval en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica (s.V-XI)"] from ''Archeologia Medievale'' vol xxvii (1999), pp 257&ndash;268
* [http://192.167.112.135/NewPages/TESTIAM/AM99/14.pdf Jorge Quiroga and Monica R. Lovelle, "Ciudades atlánticas en transición: La “ciudad” tardo-antigua y alto-medieval en el noroeste de la Península Ibérica (s.V-XI)"] from ''Archeologia Medievale'' vol xxvii (1999), pp 257&ndash;268


[[Category:Archaeological sites in Spain]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Spain]]

Revision as of 09:48, 17 February 2017

Iria Flavia or simply Iria in Galicia, northwestern Spain, is an Ancient settlement and former bishopric in the modern municipality of Padrón, which remains a Catholic titular see.

History

Located at the confluence of the Sar and Ulla rivers, Iria was a port city, the main seat of the Celtic Capori tribe, on the road between Braga and Astorga. The Romans rebuilt the road as via XVIII or Via Nova and refounded the Celtiberian port as Iria Flavia ("Flavian Iria") to compliment Roman emperor Vespasian.

King Juan Carlos of Spain granted the illustrious resident, writer Camilo José Cela, the title of Marqués de Iria Flavia.

Ecclesiastical history

No later then 561, perhaps from 400 AD, Iria was the seat of a bishopric, also known in Latin as Locus Sancti Iacobi ('place of Saint James', in Spanish Santiago), that became a [[suffragan] of the (Portuguese) Metropolitan of the Archdiocese of Braga and shared its seat with (Santiago de) Compostela, which developed into Iberia's major pilgrimage destination (rivalling Rome and Jerusalem) then moved there in 1095. The modern city on the site of Iria Flava is Padrón.

The followers of the executed bishop Priscillian of Avila were deeply embedded in the culture of Iberia's northwest. To restore Catholic orthodoxy in the Visigothic marches that were recovered from the Kingdom of the Suebi (Galicia) in a series of campaigns during the years leading up to 585, nine dioceses were established in Galicia, including Iria Flavia, mentioned in the document Parroquial suevo (ca 572–582); the Parroquial divides the region into dioceses and marks the first definitive integration of this zone in the monarchy of the Visigoths, who had been catholicized from Arianism in 587 (Quiroga and Lovell 1999). The list of the bishops of Iria present at councils and noted in other sources begins in the sixth century with an Andreas and gains historic credibility in the seventh [1]. No commercial or political rationale for siting a bishop at Iria Flavia seems to present itself, though excavations have identified a cult sanctuary dating to the second half of the sixth century (Quiroga and Lovelle 1999). The relics that were identified with Saint James the Greater and which were transferred to Compostela may originally have determined the location of the diocese at Iria, to control the already sanctified site.

At any rate, otherwise unidentified considerations dictated that the new bishopric take the place of the older bishopric at Aquae Celenae (modern Caldes De Reis), which was a Roman municipium and administrative center that was formerly of considerably more importance than isolated Iria.

Under Adaulfus II the city was destroyed by Norse pirates, and bishop and chapter took refuge behind the strong walls of Compostela. Soon they petitioned Ordoño II of León and Pope Nicholas I to permit them (c. 860) to transfer the see from Iria to Compostela, near the sepulchre and church of St James (founded c. 835). Both pope and king consented, on condition that the honour of the see should be divided between the two places. From the second half of the ninth century the bishops of this see are known as Irienses or Sancti Jacobi, even ecclesiae apostolicae sancti Jacobi—though no apostolic succession was possible—and finally as Compostellani (Catholic Encyclopedia).

In 1024 it gained territory from the suppressed Diocese of Tui, only to lose it back in in 1069 to (re)establish the Diocese of Tui.

In 1095, through reverence for the body and the sepulchre of St James, Urban II, by a Bull of December 5, withdrew from Iria its episcopal rank and transferred the see in its entirety to Compostela, in favour of the Cluniac bishop, Dalmatius, present at the Council of Clermont that year. At the same time Urban exempted it from the authority of the metropolitan and made it immediately subject to the Holy See.

About the year 1100 Diego Gelmírez, bishop of Compostela, rebuilt the former cathedral church, Santa Maria Adina, which had been destroyed by Almanzor. Excavations have revealed that the site was built on Roman foundations. A Roman votive figure of a bull has been found, published in Corpus Artis Gallaeciae [2].

As the legend of Saint James the Greater having proselytized in Hispania spread, Iria Flavia came to be accounted the first site of his preaching.

Residential Bishops of Iria Flavia

(possibly missing earlier incumbents)

Titular see

[1]In 1969 the diocese was nominally restored as Latin Titular bishopric of Iria Flavia (Curiate Italian) / Irien(sis) (Latin adjective).

So far it had only one incumbent, of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0938.htm GCatholic
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