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In addition to roads, protestors also blocked as many as 10 fuel depots.<ref>{{cite news |title=France's 'yellow vest' protesters block access to fuel depots - France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181119-france-yellow-vest-protesters-block-access-fuel-depots-taxes-total |accessdate=21 November 2018 |work=France 24 |date=19 November 2018}}</ref>
In addition to roads, protestors also blocked as many as 10 fuel depots.<ref>{{cite news |title=France's 'yellow vest' protesters block access to fuel depots - France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181119-france-yellow-vest-protesters-block-access-fuel-depots-taxes-total |accessdate=21 November 2018 |work=France 24 |date=19 November 2018}}</ref>
On this first day of protests, a 63-year old pensioner was run over by a motorist in [[Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, Savoie|Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin]] while she was demonstrating at the roundabout allowing access to a commercial zone.<ref name=Bianchi>{{cite news | author = Leonardo Bianchi | url = https://www.vice.com/it/article/wj3n9b/chi-sono-gilet-gialli-movimento-protesta-francia | title = Chi sono i 'gilet gialli', la versione francese dei Forcone | newspaper = Vice | date = 20 November 2018 | access-date = 1 December 2018 | language = it}}</ref><ref name=Mazet>{{cite news | author = Serge Pueyo | title =Gilets jaunes : qui était Chantal, morte écrasée sur un barrage| url = http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/gilets-jaunes-qui-etait-chantal-morte-ecrasee-sur-un-barrage-17-11-2018-7945344.php | date = 17 November 2018 | access-date = 2 December 2018 | language = fr}}</ref> A motorcyclist died after being struck the same day by a van trying to get around a barricade. <ref name=Monde_RoadSafety>{{cite news |title = « Gilets jaunes » : un troisième mort en marge du mouvement | newspaper = Le Monde | url = https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/02/gilets-jaunes-un-troisieme-mort-en-marge-du-mouvement_5391591_3224.html | date = December 2, 2018 | access-date = December 4, 2018 | language = fr}}</ref>
On this first day of protests, a 63-year old pensioner was run over by a motorist in [[Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, Savoie|Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin]] while she was demonstrating at the roundabout allowing access to a commercial zone.<ref name=Bianchi>{{cite news | author = Leonardo Bianchi | url = https://www.vice.com/it/article/wj3n9b/chi-sono-gilet-gialli-movimento-protesta-francia | title = Chi sono i 'gilet gialli', la versione francese dei Forcone | newspaper = Vice | date = 20 November 2018 | access-date = 1 December 2018 | language = it}}</ref><ref name=Mazet>{{cite news | author = Serge Pueyo | title =Gilets jaunes : qui était Chantal, morte écrasée sur un barrage| url = http://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/gilets-jaunes-qui-etait-chantal-morte-ecrasee-sur-un-barrage-17-11-2018-7945344.php | date = 17 November 2018 | access-date = 2 December 2018 | language = fr}}</ref> A motorcyclist died after being struck the same day by a van trying to get around a barricade. <ref name=Monde_RoadSafety>{{cite news |title = « Gilets jaunes » : un troisième mort en marge du mouvement | newspaper = Le Monde | url = https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/12/02/gilets-jaunes-un-troisieme-mort-en-marge-du-mouvement_5391591_3224.html | date = December 2, 2018 | access-date = December 4, 2018 | language = fr}}</ref>
By 21 November, 2 people had died, 585 civilians had been injured, of which 16 severely, and also 115 police, of which 3 seriously.<ref name=lemonde2111>{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2018/11/21/barrages-filtrants-et-evacuations-le-point-sur-la-cinquieme-journee-des-gilets-jaunes_5386374_3224.html|title=« Gilets jaunes » : barrages, casse et « sévérité » promise par l’Etat : le point sur la journée de mercredi|publisher=Le Monde|date=21 November 2018|accessdate=3 December 2018|language=French}}</ref>


Protests also occurred in the French [[overseas region]] of [[Réunion]], where the situation deteriorated into looting and riots. Schools on the island were closed for three days due to protestors blocking access to roads. On 21 November, President Macron ordered the deployment of troops to the island to calm the violence.<ref name="ABC">{{cite news | author = Associated Press | title=French troops deployed amid protests on Reunion island |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/french-troops-deployed-amid-protests-reunion-island-59359264 |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>
Protests also occurred in the French [[overseas region]] of [[Réunion]], where the situation deteriorated into looting and riots. Schools on the island were closed for three days due to protestors blocking access to roads. On 21 November, President Macron ordered the deployment of troops to the island to calm the violence.<ref name="ABC">{{cite news | author = Associated Press | title=French troops deployed amid protests on Reunion island |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/french-troops-deployed-amid-protests-reunion-island-59359264 |accessdate=22 November 2018 |work=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>
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The protests in Paris having raised tensions the week before, the Interior Ministry agreed to allow a gathering on 24 November at the [[Champ de Mars]], the field stretching out beneath the [[Eiffel Tower]].<ref name="ABC"/> On that day, protests attracted 106,000 people all across France according to the Interior Ministry,<ref name =Guardian>{{cite news |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |title=French 'gilets jaunes' protests turn violent on the streets of Paris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/24/french-gilets-jaunes-protests-turn-violent-on-the-streets-of-paris |accessdate=27 November 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=24 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> only 8,000 of whom in Paris, where the protests turned violent. Protestors lit fires in the streets, tore down signs, built barricades and pulled up cobblestones. Police resorted to [[tear gas]] and water cannons to disperse the protesters.<ref name=bbc2/>
The protests in Paris having raised tensions the week before, the Interior Ministry agreed to allow a gathering on 24 November at the [[Champ de Mars]], the field stretching out beneath the [[Eiffel Tower]].<ref name="ABC"/> On that day, protests attracted 106,000 people all across France according to the Interior Ministry,<ref name =Guardian>{{cite news |last1=Willsher |first1=Kim |title=French 'gilets jaunes' protests turn violent on the streets of Paris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/24/french-gilets-jaunes-protests-turn-violent-on-the-streets-of-paris |accessdate=27 November 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=24 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> only 8,000 of whom in Paris, where the protests turned violent. Protestors lit fires in the streets, tore down signs, built barricades and pulled up cobblestones. Police resorted to [[tear gas]] and water cannons to disperse the protesters.<ref name=bbc2/>

===1 December "Act III"===
===1 December "Act III"===

A protest called "Act 3 - Macron quits" was organised for 1 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/Gilets-Jaunes-Protesters-warn-of-ports-disruption|title=Gilets Jaunes: Protesters warn of ports disruption|website=Connexionfrance.com|accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref>
A protest called "Act 3 - Macron quits" was organised for 1 December.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/Gilets-Jaunes-Protesters-warn-of-ports-disruption|title=Gilets Jaunes: Protesters warn of ports disruption|website=Connexionfrance.com|accessdate=2 December 2018}}</ref>


Traffic on the highway linking Marseilles to Paris (A6) was stopped north of Lyon through part of the 1-2 December weekend. <ref>{{cite news | author = Flora Chaduc |title = Gilets jaunes à Lyon : mobilisation sur le TEO, l'A6 fermée vers Lyon | newspaper = Lyon Capitale | url = https://www.lyoncapitale.fr/actualite/gilets-jaunes-a-lyon-mobilisation-sur-le-teo-l-a6-fermee-vers-lyon/ | date = December 2, 2018 | access-date = December 4, 2018 | language = fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = One dead as France considers state of emergency over protests | author = Aurélie Dianara | work = Channel NewsAsia | url = https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/one-dead-as-france-considers-state-of-emergency-over-protests-10989752 | date = December 2, 2018 | access-date = December 4, 2018 | language = en}}</ref>
Traffic on the highway linking Marseilles to Paris (A6) was stopped north of Lyon through part of the 1-2 December weekend. <ref>{{cite news | author = Flora Chaduc |title = Gilets jaunes à Lyon : mobilisation sur le TEO, l'A6 fermée vers Lyon | newspaper = Lyon Capitale | url = https://www.lyoncapitale.fr/actualite/gilets-jaunes-a-lyon-mobilisation-sur-le-teo-l-a6-fermee-vers-lyon/ | date = December 2, 2018 | access-date = December 4, 2018 | language = fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = One dead as France considers state of emergency over protests | author = Aurélie Dianara | work = Channel NewsAsia | url = https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/one-dead-as-france-considers-state-of-emergency-over-protests-10989752 | date = December 2, 2018 | access-date = December 4, 2018 | language = en}}</ref>
An 80-year-old woman died as a result of being hit in the face by a police tear gas canister in her home in [[Marseille]].<ref name=bbc0312 /> A second motorist died on the third weekend after crashing his van into lorries that had turned off their lights.<ref name=Monde_RoadSafety />



===Urban property damage===
===Urban property damage===

Revision as of 01:11, 4 December 2018

Yellow vests movement
Gilets jaunes protests
A gilets jaunes demonstration in Vesoul, eastern France.
Date17 November 2018 – ongoing
Location
France (including Réunion)
Other countries:
Caused byIncreasing fuel taxes
High fuel and motor taxes
Unpopular austerity measures
Income inequality
GoalsDecrease of fuel and motor taxes[6]
Improved standards of living
Resignation of President Emmanuel Macron and his government.
End to unpopular austerity measures.
Government transparency and accountability to the working and middle classes.
MethodsProtests, civil disobedience, barricades, blocking traffic, rioting[7][8], vandalism[9], arson[10][11], looting[12]
StatusOngoing
Number
287,710 protesters at the peak (per French interior ministry)[13]
Casualties
Death(s)4 civilians (in France)[14]
Injuries750 civilians
~ 100 injured police officers

The yellow vests movement (Template:Lang-fr, Template:IPA-fr), also referred to as the yellow jacket movement in English, is a protest movement which began with demonstrations in France on Saturday, 17 November 2018 and subsequently spread to nearby countries (e.g. Italy (Template:Lang-it), Belgium and the Netherlands (Template:Lang-nl)). Galvanized by rising fuel prices, the high cost of living, and claims that a disproportionate burden of the government's tax reforms were falling on the working and middle classes[15][16][17] (especially those in rural and peri-urban areas),[18][19] protesters called for the end of such changes and the resignation of the President of France, Emmanuel Macron.

The movement has been very visible in French cities, but has also had a wider than usual echo as rural areas have been unusually mobilized in this protest. The "yellow vest" was chosen as a symbol because all motorists had been required by law—since 2008—to have high-visibility vests in their vehicles when driving. As a result, reflective vests have become widely available, inexpensive, and symbolic.[6]

Background

Diesel

Further information: Economic history of France § Since 1944

Since the 1950s, the French government has subsidized the production of diesel engines. In particular, since 1980, Peugeot has been at the forefront of diesel technology. VAT taxes being cut for corporate fleets also increased the prevalence of diesel cars in France.[20]

Fuel prices

According to the French Union of Petroleum Industries, the price of lead-free 95 (SP95 - E10) and diesel fuel per litre increased by +14% and +22% respectively between October 2017 and October 2018. However, two thirds of this increase is due to the increase in world oil prices; only one third of the price increase comes from an environmental carbon tax increase. The tax increase had been 7.6 cents per litre on diesel and 3.9 cents on petrol in 2018, with a further increase of 6.5 cents on diesel and 2.9 cents on petrol planned for 1 January 2019.[21][22]

The taxes collected on the sale of fuel are:

  • the domestic consumption tax on energy products (TICPE). TICPE is not calculated based on the price of oil, but rather at a fixed rate by volume. Part of this tax, paid at the pump, goes to the regional governments, part goes to the national government. Since 2014, this tax has included a carbon component—increased each year—the goal of which is to reduce fossil-fuel consumption. The TICPE for diesel fuel has been raised more radically in 2017 and 2018 to bring to the same levels as the tax on petrol;
  • value added tax (VAT), calculated on the sum of the price excluding tax and the amount of the TICPE. Its rate has been stable at 20% since 2014, after having been at 19.6% between 2000 and 2014.

This protest movement against fuel prices mainly concerns individuals, as a number of professions and activities benefit from partial or total exemptions from TICPE.[23][24]

The protesters criticize Édouard Philippe's second government for making individuals support the bulk of the cost of the carbon tax. As the carbon tax has progressively been ramping up to meet ecological objectives, many who have chosen fossil-fuel based heating for their homes, outside of city centers—where a car is required—are displeased. President Macron attempted to dispel these concerns in early November by offering special subsidies and incentives.[25]

Diesel prices in France have increased by 16% in 2018, with taxes on both petrol and diesel increasing at the same time and a further tax increase planned in 2019. Those increases made diesel as expensive as petrol.[26] President Emmanuel Macron is bearing the brunt of the protestors' anger for his extension of policies implemented under François Hollande's government.[26]

Other non-union protests

One of the first known demonstrations in France against the taxation of petrol prices dates back to 1933 in Lille. The movement against tax increases also evokes the "poujadism" of the 1950s, which mobilized the middle classes and was articulated around a tax revolt. "Slow-down movements" were also organized in the 1970s. In July 1992, such a movement was set up to protest against the introduction of the points-based permit.[27]

Organisation

One woman from Seine-et-Marne department started a petition on the change.org website in May 2018 that reached 300,000 signatures by mid-October. Parallel to this petition, two men from the same department launched a Facebook event for 17 November to "block all roads" and thus protest against an increase in fuel prices they considered excessive, stating that this increase was due to the increase in taxes. One of the viral videos around this group launched the idea of using yellow jackets.[28] According to French scholar Béatrice Giblin, comparisons between the gilets jaunes and the Bonnets Rouges—who opposed a new eco-tax in 2013—were inapt because the latter "had been taken in hand by real leaders, such as the mayor of Carhaix, or the great bosses of Brittany" whereas that is not the case for the yellow jackets.[29] The yellow jacket movement is not associated with a specific political party or trade union and has spread largely by social media.[30]

Protests

A high visibility vest - the key symbol of the protests
A protest on 17 November cutting the road near Belfort.
Gilets jaunes protesting against motorists on a French Motorway A51, near Grenoble, Isère.

17 November

The protests began on 17 November 2018, and attracted over 300,000 people across France, with protestors constructing barricades and blocking roads.[31][21] According to John Lichfield, a journalist who witnessed the riots, those protests were not a protest, but an insurrection.[32] In addition to roads, protestors also blocked as many as 10 fuel depots.[33] On this first day of protests, a 63-year old pensioner was run over by a motorist in Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin while she was demonstrating at the roundabout allowing access to a commercial zone.[28][34] A motorcyclist died after being struck the same day by a van trying to get around a barricade. [35] By 21 November, 2 people had died, 585 civilians had been injured, of which 16 severely, and also 115 police, of which 3 seriously.[36]

Protests also occurred in the French overseas region of Réunion, where the situation deteriorated into looting and riots. Schools on the island were closed for three days due to protestors blocking access to roads. On 21 November, President Macron ordered the deployment of troops to the island to calm the violence.[37]

24 November

The protests in Paris having raised tensions the week before, the Interior Ministry agreed to allow a gathering on 24 November at the Champ de Mars, the field stretching out beneath the Eiffel Tower.[37] On that day, protests attracted 106,000 people all across France according to the Interior Ministry,[38] only 8,000 of whom in Paris, where the protests turned violent. Protestors lit fires in the streets, tore down signs, built barricades and pulled up cobblestones. Police resorted to tear gas and water cannons to disperse the protesters.[21]

1 December "Act III"

A protest called "Act 3 - Macron quits" was organised for 1 December.[39]

Traffic on the highway linking Marseilles to Paris (A6) was stopped north of Lyon through part of the 1-2 December weekend. [40][41] An 80-year-old woman died as a result of being hit in the face by a police tear gas canister in her home in Marseille.[14] A second motorist died on the third weekend after crashing his van into lorries that had turned off their lights.[35]

Urban property damage

Tags in Paris after the riots of 1 December.

On 26 November, an official estimated that the riots in Paris during the two previous days had cost up to €1.5m in damage, and had mobilised 200 additional workers to assist with the cleanup and repair work.[2] More than 100 cars were burnt in Paris during the protest on 1 December, and the Arc de Triomphe was vandalised.[32] On the Monday following the 1 December Paris riots, Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo estimated the property damages at €3-€4m.[14]

Outside of France

According to Kim Willsher of The Guardian, the gilets jaunes protest has inspired imitation in Italy. She cites an Italian organizer saying, "We are inspired by the French gilet jaunes, (...) But we are motivated by other issues. We, unlike the French, support our government. What we protest against is Europe. We want Europe to no longer interfere with Italian politics."[2]

Riot police in Brussels were pelted with billiard balls, cobblestones, and rocks on 30 November, and responded with water cannon in demonstrations which led to 60 arrests for disturbing the public order.[42] Several oil depots had been blocked in Wallonia as of 16 November 2018, though protesters' attempts to block the Russian Lukoil depot in Brussels were quickly thwarted by police.[1] The movement is now working to form a party for the Belgian federal elections in 2019 under the name Mouvement citoyen belge.[43] [1] On 1 December, "yellow vest" demonstrators protested in the Dutch cities of The Hague, Nijmegen, Maastricht, Alkmaar, Leeuwarden and Groningen.[3]

Reactions

In late November 2018, polls showed that the movement has widespread support in France (ranging from 73%[44] to 84%).[30] An opinion poll conducted after the 1 December events found that 72% of French people supported the "gilet jaunes" and that 85% were opposed to the violence in Paris.[45]

Truckers have been targeted by protestors and the trucking industry has made their displeasure with the situation known to the government in an open letter.[24]

The Minister of the Interior, Christophe Castaner, blamed Marine Le Pen, Macron's opponent in the 2017 presidential election, and her Rassemblement National party for the violence on 24 November after she had reportedly urged people to go to the Champs Élysées.[38] Le Pen responded that letting these people assemble at Champs Élysées was the government's responsibility, accusing the Minister of the Interior of trying to ratchet up the tension to discredit the movement.[38]

On 2 December, president Macron called an emergency security meeting following the previous day's protests, leading to speculation that he might reinstate the state of emergency.[46]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Jean-Pierre Stroobants. "En Belgique, un mouvement de « gilets jaunes » se cherche un débouché politique". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Willsher, Kim (26 November 2018). "Macron: Paris protest 'battle scenes' could hurt France's image". the Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  3. ^ a b Şafak, Yeni. "'Yellow vest' protests spread to Netherlands". Yeni Şafak. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  4. ^ "L'Allemagne se connecte au phénomène des "gilets jaunes"". Rfi.fr (in Franch). 28 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ "Gilets jaunes : la Belgique et la Bulgarie ont elles aussi leurs Gilets jaunes". Lci.fr (in French). Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  6. ^ a b Associated Press (20 November 2018). "The Yellow Vests: Who they are and why their tax protest is a big deal". The Mercury News. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  7. ^ Nossiter, Adam (2 December 2018). "'Yellow Vests' Riot in Paris, but Their Anger Is Rooted Deep in France". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  8. ^ "Hundreds arrested as police clash with 'Yellow Vest' protesters in Paris". France24. AP, Reuters. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  9. ^ Rodriguez, Cecilia (2 December 2018). "Riots In Paris: 'Yellow Vests' Violence, Vandalism And Chaos Hitting Tourism". Forbes. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  10. ^ "Almost 100 injured during French fuel protests". Irish Times. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  11. ^ "Yellow vest protesters clash with police in Paris, in pictures". The Telegraph. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  12. ^ "The violence, burning and looting wasn't just in Paris on Saturday". The Local. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  13. ^ "Gilets jaunes – Le ministre de l'Intérieur indique que le pics de manifestants s'est élevé à 282710 manifestants, atteint vers 17 heures". France Info (in French). Retrieved 20 November 2018..
  14. ^ a b c "France fuel protests: 80-year-old woman killed in her home". BBC. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  15. ^ Aline Leclerc. "« Gilets jaunes » : anatomie d'une journée de colère". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  16. ^ Willsher, Kim (16 November 2018). "'Gilets jaunes' protesters threaten to bring France to a standstill". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 November 2018. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  17. ^ Smith, Saphora (27 November 2018). "The Champs-Élysées in Paris became a blazing battleground. Here's why". NBC News. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  18. ^ Alexis Spire (December 2018). "Aux sources de la colère contre l'impôt". Le Monde Diplomatique (in French). Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  19. ^ Aurélie Dianara (30 November 2018). "We're With the Rebels". The Jacobin. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  20. ^ "Diesel : les raisons d'une " exception culturelle " française". Les Echos (in French). 10 April 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  21. ^ a b c "'Shame' on Paris protesters, says Macron". BBC News. 25 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  22. ^ "Macron stands by fuel taxes". Energy Reporters. 28 November 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  23. ^ "Furious French drivers to block roads in fuel price protest, but are they right to?". The Local. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  24. ^ a b "Lettre ouverte au Premier Ministre Edouard PHILIPPE". OTRE (in French). 20 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  25. ^ "Emmanuel Macron promet des aides pour le chauffage et le carburant". Le Figaro (in French). 6 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  26. ^ a b Eva Tapiero; Matthew Robinson; Laura Smith-Spark. "French fuel protests leave 1 dead, dozens injured". CNN. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  27. ^ "Opération escargot contre le permis à point". Archives-imagesplus.tv (in French). Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  28. ^ a b Leonardo Bianchi (20 November 2018). "Chi sono i 'gilet gialli', la versione francese dei Forcone". Vice (in Italian). Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  29. ^ Béatrice Giblin; Guillaume Erner (14 November 2018). "Qui sont les gilets jaunes?". Franceculture.fr (in French). Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  30. ^ a b Vivienne Walt (30 November 2018). "'There Is an Atmosphere of Civil War.' France's Yellow Jackets Are Driving Fury at Macron". Time. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  31. ^ Ben McPartland (20 November 2018). "LATEST: French police dislodge fuel protesters as movement wanes (for now)". The Local. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  32. ^ a b "ANALYSIS: The savage violence in Paris was not a protest, it was an insurrection". The Local. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  33. ^ "France's 'yellow vest' protesters block access to fuel depots - France 24". France 24. 19 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  34. ^ Serge Pueyo (17 November 2018). "Gilets jaunes : qui était Chantal, morte écrasée sur un barrage" (in French). Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  35. ^ a b "« Gilets jaunes » : un troisième mort en marge du mouvement". Le Monde (in French). 2 December 2018. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  36. ^ "« Gilets jaunes » : barrages, casse et « sévérité » promise par l'Etat : le point sur la journée de mercredi" (in French). Le Monde. 21 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  37. ^ a b Associated Press. "French troops deployed amid protests on Reunion island". ABC News. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
  38. ^ a b c Willsher, Kim (24 November 2018). "French 'gilets jaunes' protests turn violent on the streets of Paris". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
  39. ^ "Gilets Jaunes: Protesters warn of ports disruption". Connexionfrance.com. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  40. ^ Flora Chaduc (2 December 2018). "Gilets jaunes à Lyon : mobilisation sur le TEO, l'A6 fermée vers Lyon". Lyon Capitale (in French). Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  41. ^ Aurélie Dianara (2 December 2018). "One dead as France considers state of emergency over protests". Channel NewsAsia. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  42. ^ Lorne Cook; Mark Carlson (30 November 2018). "'Yellow jacket' tax protests spread: billiard balls vs. water cannons". The Mercury News. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  43. ^ "Des «gilets jaunes» créent un mouvement politique pour les prochaines élections fédérales". Le Soir (in French). 18 November 2018.
  44. ^ Pauline Bock (28 November 2018). "The yellow jackets are a reminder Emmanuel Macron rules only one version of France". New Statesman. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  45. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (3 December 2018). "Who are the gilets jaunes and what do they want?". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  46. ^ "France fuel protests: Macron calls urgent security meeting". BBC News. 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

Template:Anti-government protests in the 21st century Template:Ongoing protests

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