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{{Approval and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines in Canada}}
{{Approval and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines in Canada}}

== Vaccines in trial stage ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center";
|+
!Vaccine
!Type (technology)
!Phase I
!Phase II
!Phase III
|-
|[[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|mRNA-1273]]
|RNA
| {{yes C| Completed}}
| {{yes C| Completed}}
| {{yes C| Completed}}
|-
|[[CoVLP]]
|Virus-like particles
| {{yes C| Completed}}
| {{yes C| Completed}}
| {{operational|In progress}}
|-
|[[VBI-2902]]
|Virus-like particles
| {{operational|In progress}}
| {{operational|In progress}}
| {{No X|Not yet}}
|-
|Covigenix VAX-001
|DNA
| {{operational|In progress}}
| {{operational|In progress}}
| {{No X|Not yet}}
|-
|[[PTX-COVID19-B]]
|RNA
| {{operational|In progress}}
| {{No X|Not yet}}
| {{No X|Not yet}}
|-
|COVAC-2
|Subunit
| {{operational|In progress}}
| {{No X|Not yet}}
| {{No X|Not yet}}
|-
|}


== Pharmacological data and developments ==
== Pharmacological data and developments ==

Revision as of 00:07, 24 April 2021

COVID-19 vaccination in Canada
COVID-19 Vaccination Map of Canada as of April 7, 2021
DateDecember 14, 2020 (2020-12-14)-present
LocationCanada
Also known asVaccins contre la COVID-19 (French)
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic in Canada
Organized byHealth Canada
Public Health Agency of Canada
Provincial and Territorial governments
Municipal government in Canada
Participants10,445,540 people with at least one dose administered of Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna or AstraZeneca
985,182 Total vaccinated people
(to which the first and second dose of vaccine were administered)[1]
Outcome27.48% of the Canadian population has received at least one dose of a vaccine[1]
WebsiteGovernment of Canada
Part of a series on the
COVID-19 pandemic
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.
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The COVID-19 vaccination programme in Canada is an ongoing, intergovernmental effort coordinated between the bodies responsible in the Government of Canada to acquire and distribute vaccines to individual Provincial and Territorial governments who in turn administer approved COVID-19 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. Some provinces have asked local Municipal governments and hospital systems to aid in part, or in full with vaccination rollout.[2] The vaccination effort in full is the largest such immunization effort in the nation's history.[3] With Health Canada approving the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine on December 9, 2020, mass vaccination efforts began across the country on December 14, 2020. The agency later approved the mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna on December 23, 2020.

In Canada, Health Canada is responsible for approval and regulation of vaccines (and other pharmaceuticals), while the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. Vaccines are approved by Health Canada, purchased by the Government of Canada and distributed by PHAC to individual provinces and territories in tranches based on various factors such as population size and prioritized peoples.

From about mid-January until mid-February, both the Pfizer–BioNTech and Moderna did not ship the agreed upon quantities of secured vaccines to Canada and other countries, due to manufacturing challenges.[4] By February 18, Major General Dany Fortin, who leads vaccine logistics at the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), announced that the vaccine delivery was back on track and that there will now be an "abundance of supplies" which will result in a "significant scaling-up of immunization plans in provinces."[5]

On February 26, 2021 Health Canada approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for use[6] and its first shipments arrived in Canada on March 3, 2021.[7] The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine was approved on March 5, 2021 to become the fourth vaccine to receive Health Canada approval.[8]

Background and timeline

Preparations

In anticipation of a COVID-19 vaccine, the Canadian government purchased more than 75 million hypodermic needles and syringes in summer 2020.[9] The government made deals with the leading research companies developing a vaccine.[10]

In September 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to provide 20 million doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine to Canada.[10][11]

COVID-19 Vaccine Task Force (VTF)

In March 2020, the federal government announced a CA$275 million investment for "coronavirus research and medical countermeasures"[12] and on April 23, 2020 over CA$1 billion in additional financial support was announced. This funding for "national medical research strategy to fight COVID-19" included "vaccine development, the production of treatments, and tracking of the virus."[12]

There are two task forces in place to respond to COVID-19—the Therapeutics Task Force (TTF) and COVID-19 Vaccine Task Force (VTF).[13] Nancy Harrison and Cédric Bisson are co-chairs of the Therapeutics Task Force (TTF) tasked with prioritizing "financial support for promising COVID-19 treatment projects."[13] The secretariat of the Therapeutics Task Force is housed at the Department of Innovation, Science and Industry (ISED). Joanne Langley and J. Mark Lievonen are the co-chairs VTF advising the federal government on "vaccine development, related bio-manufacturing and international partnerships".[13] The secretariat of the Vaccine Task force is supported by the National Research Council of Canada.[13]

From June through August 2020, initial proposals for domestic production and international acquisition of COVID-19 therapies and vaccines were evaluated—including proposals from pharmaceutical companies such as Laval, Quebec-based-Biodextris, Calgary, Alberta-based-Providence Therapeutics, Edmonton, Alberta-based-Entos Pharmaceuticals, Montréal-based Glycovax Pharma, Vancouver-based-Precision Nanosystems, Vancouver-based Symvivo Incorporated, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia-based Immunovaccine Technologies Inc., Quebec City-based Medicago Inc., Maryland-based Novavax whose vaccine will be produced at the Biologics Manufacturing Centre in Montreal,[14] AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Variation Biotechnologies (VBI), Moderna, Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi / GSK. The first announcements of approvals began on August 5 for Pfizer and Moderna and most of the approvals and related funding was announced in October 2020.[15] By February 2021, the NRC and the ISED support for Made-in-Canada vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19, included $37 million in stage 1 funding for six vaccine candidates and seven therapeutics candidates for COVID-19.[14]

Although Canada did not have facilities capable of producing COVID-19 vaccines at the outbreak of the pandemic,[16][Notes 1][17][Notes 2][Notes 3][18] on August 31, 2020, Prime Minister Trudeau announced a federal investment of $126 million to "design, construct, commission and qualify a new biomanufacturing facility"—the Biologics Manufacturing Centre to be completed by the end of July 2021.[19] It will be built beside the National Research Council Canada's Royalmount site in Montréal and will have a "production capacity of approximately 4,000 litres per month, which translates to approximately 2 million doses of a vaccine per month".[19] The federal government will provide an annual operating costs fund of $20 million.

On February 2, 2021, Trudeau announced a deal with Novavax to produce COVID-19 vaccines at the Biologics Manufacturing Centre, making it the first to be produced domestically.[20] The Novavax COVID-19 vaccine is currently awaiting approval by Health Canada.[21] This is the first deal signed by Canada that allows a domestic manufacturing of a foreign vaccine. The contract with Novavax is for 52 million doses of the vaccine.[20] Following VTF and TTF recommendations, the federal government announced investment in two biomanufacturing companies—Vancouver-based Precision NanoSystems Incorporated (PNI) and Markham, Ontario-based Edesa Biotech Inc. (Edesa).[22] PNI, biotechnology company, will receive up to $25.1 million to build a "$50.2 million biomanufacturing centre to produce vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diseases such as infectious diseases, rare diseases, cancer and other areas of unmet need". Edesa will receive up to $14 million to Edesa Biotech to "advance work on a monoclonal antibody therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome, which is the leading cause of COVID-19 deaths.[22]

Initial approvals and rollout

On December 9, 2020, Health Canada approved the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. The Public Health Agency of Canada supervises the rollout and administration of the vaccine.[23] By mid-December 2020, Pfizer had agreements to supply 20 million doses to Canada.[24]

Healthcare institutions began administering the first 30,000 doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in Canada on December 14. A total of 249,000 doses are expected to be delivered by the end of 2020.[25] Because of the cold storage logistics, the initial doses were delivered to 14 distribution sites in the provinces, with none being sent to the Canadian territories since they could not properly store the vaccine. The 14 original distribution sites are located in St. John's, Halifax, Charlottetown, Miramichi, Quebec City, Montreal, Ottawa, Toronto, Winnipeg, Regina, Edmonton, Calgary, and two in the Greater Vancouver area.[26] The Canadian government expects the vaccine to be administered to high-priority groups, designated by each province, until the end of March.[25] Most provinces are first prioritizing some subset of healthcare workers, except for Quebec, which is prioritizing residents of long-term care homes, as well as British Columbia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island, which are prioritizing both. Most provinces also have plans to expand priority status to additional groups—such as the elderly, or adults in Indigenous communities—before expanding to the general public.[27]

The same week as initial vaccinations for the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, it was announced Canada would receive 168,000 doses of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, an mRNA-1273 vaccine, before the end of 2020, approved by Health Canada on December 23.[28][29] Unlike the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, the Moderna vaccine does not require extreme cold temperature storage[29] which meant that as of December 28, Northwest Territories and Yukon had received their first shipments of 7,200 each of the Moderna vaccine.[30] Vaccinations in each territory are not scheduled to occur until mid-January.[31]

Manufacturing delays

Total number of people receiving vaccinations in Canada as of April 20, 2021[1]
  1. Unvaccinated population: ~28,167,800 people (74.11%)
  2. Population who has one dose of the vaccine: 8,882,260 people (23.37%)
  3. Population who has received two doses of the vaccine: 957,945 people (2.52%)

In mid to late January, details emerged about manufacturing delays by both approved vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna affecting the country's vaccine rollout in late January through the month of February.[32][33] On February 3, the European Commission approved delivery of COVID-19 vaccine to Canada, in spite of production constraints in Europe. Canada was one of many countries that applied for delivery and does not have its own manufacturing capacity.[34] By February 4, Major General Fortin said while that Pfizer explained its dramatically lower vaccine shipments—with a decrease of 80% in all Pfizer shipments—as caused by "plant upgrades at a facility in Belgium", Moderna has offered no explanation for similar delays.[4] By early 2021, the speed of Canada's deployment of COVID-19 vaccines had become the topic of widespread public discussion, along with the related question of why the vaccines were not being produced in Canada.[35][36]

Fortin said that 180,000 Moderna doses had arrived in Canada on the morning of February 4 and Canada is "still expecting 2 million Moderna doses by the end of March.[4] On February 4, Fortin said that about 70,000 Pfizer-BioNTech doses will arrive in the next week.[37]

On February 3, COVAX published the country-by-country vaccine distribution forecast to COVAX participants—Canada will receive 1,903,200 doses of the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine by the end of the first half of 2021.[38][39]

On February 12, the minister of Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC) announced that Canada had "negotiated an accelerated delivery schedule for Pfizer-BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine."[40] By the end of September, Canada will receive the 40 million Pfizer-BioNTech doses.[40]

Return to regular shipments

Major General Fortin announced on February 18, that the period in which Canada experienced limited supplies, is now over and there will be an "abundance of supplies" in the spring and summer months. This will result in a "significant scaling-up of immunization plans in provinces."[5] Pfizer's new "locked in" delivery schedule includes 475,000 doses in February and 444,600 per week in March, according to the PHAC's vaccine distribution tracker.[41][5] A February 18, 2021 article in New York Times said that Canadians were concerned about the rollout of the vaccination program.[42] According to the same Times columnist, who had interviewed those involved in "vaccine development, epidemiology, infection control and medical supply chains", they all said it was not surprising that Canada's rollout was not happening as planned. While they could understand why Canadians were frustrated, they said, this is the "nature of new vaccines".[43]

Approval of Oxford-AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson

On February 26, Health Canada approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for use.[6] The agency approved the use of two versions of the same vaccine, one to originate from the United States and the other produced in India by the Serum Institute of India.[6] The first shipment of 500,000 doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca arrived on March 3, 2021. The doses are marked with an April 2, 2021 expiry date, necessitating speedy administration.[44][45]

The Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine was approved on March 5, 2021 to become the fourth vaccine to receive Health Canada approval.[8] The vaccine is the first to be approved in Canada which only requires one shot to achieve efficacy.[46] Delivery times for the vaccine remain unknown.[47]

After an agreement was reached with Pfizer to move up some deliveries, it is projected a total of 8 million vaccine doses (from three suppliers) will be available in Canada by the end of March, 2021.[48]

Minister Anand confirmed on March 26, 2021 that 1.5 million Oxford-AstraZeneca shots would arrive from the United States on March 30, 2021,[49] and that 10 million shots of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine would arrive between April and September 2021.[50]

Vaccination rollout by province and territory

COVID-19 vaccinations in Canada by province and territory, September 30, 2022 (
)
Province Population People who have at least one dose People fully vaccinated Total population with at least one dose (%) Total population fully vaccinated (%) Ref
alt = British Columbia British Columbia 5,174,724 4,559,145 4,399,082 87.43% 84.36% [51]
alt = Alberta Alberta 4,444,277 3,630,480 3,425,775 81.72% 77.11% [51]
alt = Saskatchewan Saskatchewan 1,179,906 976,094 916,695 82.73% 77.70% [51]
alt = Manitoba Manitoba 1,382,904 1,145,269 1,101,542 82.77% 79.61% [51]
alt = Ontario Ontario 14,789,778 12,790,406 12,302,531 86.27% 82.98% [51]
alt = Quebec Quebec 8,585,523 7,907,623 7,206,045 91.90% 83.75% [51]
alt = New Brunswick New Brunswick 783,721 700,212 661,271 88.72% 83.79% [51]
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island 160,536 156,154 144,466 95.03% 87.92% [51]
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia 982,326 889,828 842,600 89.70% 84.94% [51]
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador 520,286 498,432 476,756 95.75% 91.59% [52]
alt = Yukon Yukon 42,596 36,691 35,380 85.36% 82.31% [51]
alt = Northwest Territories Northwest Territories 44,991 41,094 39,663 90.31% 87.16% [51]
alt = Nunavut Nunavut 39,536 33,543 29,021 85.13% 73.65% [51]
alt = Canada Canada 38,131,139 33,364,971 31,580,827 87.24% 82.57% [51]


Additionally, 68,200 Moderna vaccines have been kept for "Federal Application" for use with the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Canadian Armed Forces and the Correctional Service of Canada.[53]

Vaccines on order

Vaccines delivered per pharmaceutical company as of April 21, 2021
  1. Pfizer-BioNTech (8,588,172) (62.41%)
  2. Moderna (2,856,580) (20.76%)
  3. Oxford-AstraZeneca (2,316,020) (16.83%)
  4. Johnson & Johnson (0) (0%)

There are several COVID-19 vaccines at various stages of development around the world. As of 2 December 2020 the Canadian government had invested over $1 billion,[51] including pre-placed orders for seven different vaccines, four of which are now approved by Health Canada. These pre-orders total more than 400 million doses.[54][55][51][56] Six of the seven vaccines require two doses each to be effective, with the exception of the Janssen Pharmaceutica (Johnson & Johnson) vaccine which only requires one dose.[51]

COVID-19 vaccines on order in Canada (
)
Vaccine Progress Doses ordered Approval Deployment
Pfizer–BioNTech phase III clinical trials 51-76 million[57][58][59] 9 December 2020[60] 14 December 2020
Moderna phase III clinical trials 44 million[61] 23 December 2020[62] 31 December 2020
Oxford–AstraZeneca phase III clinical trials 23.9 million[6] 26 February 2021[63] 10 March 2021[64]
Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) phase III clinical trials 10-38 million 5 March 2021[65]
  • Alberta: 12 November 2021[66]
  • Canada: 24 November 2021[67]
Novavax phase III clinical trials up to 76 million 17 February 2022[68]
  • Saskatchewan: 11 April 2022[69]
  • Quebec: 13 April 2022[70]
Medicago phase III clinical trials[71] up to 76 million 24 February 2022[72] Cancelled by manufacturer on March 31, 2023[73]
Sanofi–GSK phase III clinical trials up to 72 million Pending Pending

Vaccines in trial stage

Vaccine Type (technology) Phase I Phase II Phase III
mRNA-1273 RNA Completed Completed Completed
CoVLP Virus-like particles Completed Completed In progress
VBI-2902 Virus-like particles In progress In progress Not yet
Covigenix VAX-001 DNA In progress In progress Not yet
PTX-COVID19-B RNA In progress Not yet Not yet
COVAC-2 Subunit In progress Not yet Not yet

Pharmacological data and developments

As the COVID-19 vaccines are relatively new, certain aspects of delivery and pharmacological care of the products have changed rapidly over the course of the vaccination programme.

Second dose administration

Early in the vaccination effort, debate on when to administer the second dose of the approved vaccines appeared medically and politically.[74] Each manufacturer had recommended respectively 21 days apart for Pfizer-BioNTech;[75] 28 days apart for Moderna;[76] and 4–12 weeks apart for Oxford-AstraZeneca.[77] New data suggested the manufacturer's recommendation could be lengthened, in theory allowing for more people to be vaccinated as supply efforts ramped up. Stanley Plotkin and Neal Halsey wrote an article published by Oxford Clinical Infectious Diseases that urged single dose interim use in order to extend vaccination to as many people as possible until vaccine availability improved.[78] Several other articles and media provided evidence for delaying 2nd doses in the same line of reasoning.[79][80][81] The province of Quebec began to withhold second dose administration,[82][83] and eventually adopted a 90-day strategy.[84] The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) had initially only recommended a maximum of 42 days in between doses.[85] The province of British Columbia had also followed suit and began plans to extend second dose administration to a four month delay.[86]

On March 4, 2021, the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) recommended that a maximum of four months or 112 days could be achieved effectively between second doses.[65] Other provinces began to adjust their administration programme based on the federal-level recommendation.[86]

Quebec no longer recommends a second dose for those previously infected with COVID-19, as the immunity is considered strong enough.[87] People still wanting to receive a second dose will be allowed to get it.

Pfizer-BioNTech vial capacity

In January, 2021, the province of Saskatchewan discovered it could draw extra doses of the Pfizer vaccine out of vials labelled as having 5 doses.[88]

As Pfizer prepared for industrial retooling to match international demands for its vaccine, causing a supply slowdown in Canada in January and February 2021, the company announced that their vials indeed contained 6 doses of vaccine, rather than 5.[89] Health Canada accepted the relabelling of the product, however the revelation required the acquisition of millions of low dead space syringes in order to extract the last dose from the vial.[90]

Pfizer-BioNTech storage requirements

Initially the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was required to be stored at ultra-cold temperatures (between -80 and -60 °C) in perpetuity, until application (in which time after dilution, the vaccine must be used within 6 hours).[91] On February 25, Health Canada recommended that the vaccine could be stored at regular freezer temperatures (between -25 and -15 °C) for up to two weeks.[92]

Oxford-AstraZeneca age range

The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) announced March 1, two days before the first delivery of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine that it was not recommended for use on people over the age of 65 due to “the insufficiency of evidence of efficacy in this age group at this time.”[93] Each province has adopted their own policies regarding use of the vaccine. For example in Ontario, the government announced plans to use the vaccine on 60-64 year olds,[94] meanwhile in Quebec, the province is not restricting the use with seniors, however Quebec's Immunization Committee recommended that in a scenario of limited vaccine availability, the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines should be given to the highest priority groups, while it said Oxford-AstraZeneca could be offered to those that come slightly lower on the list.[95] On March 16, the NACI revised its advice and now says the vaccine can be used for older age groups as well.[96] On March 29, 2021 NACI reversed it's decision once again, recommending provinces paused administration of Oxford-AstraZeneca to adults younger than 55 years of age due to reports of blood clots, known as post-vaccination embolic and thrombotic events.[97]

National framework for priority vaccine administration

According to the Government of Canada, the following peoples should be prioritized in three stages before the vaccine is offered to the general public:[98]

Stage People included
1 People who are at high risk of complications from COVID-19 and/or at risk of transmitting COVID-19 to those who are at risk for illness or death.

Such as:

  • Residents and staff of senior living settings
  • Adults 70 years of age and older beginning with adults over 80 years of age and decreasing by 5 year increments
  • Frontline health care workers
  • Adults in Indigenous communities
2 After people in Stage 1 have ample access to vaccine supplies, the following people should be prioritized:
3 After people in Stage 1 & 2 have ample access to vaccine supplies, the following people should be prioritized before the general public:
  • People 16 to 59 years of age with an underlying medical conditions which could be affected or exacerbated by COVID-19 and their caregivers
  • Adults 50 to 59 years of age
  • Other health care workers
  • Other essential workers

Key people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In a January 14, 2021, Opinion piece in the Financial Post, responding to the delay in rolling out of Canada's vaccination program, GlaxoSmithKline Canada's Paul Lucas—who served as CEO from 1995 to 2012—said that, fifty years ago, during the Liberal premiership of Pierre Trudeau, there was little interest in chemical patents. Lucas said that this policy discouraged private investment in pharmaceutical innovations in Canada and caused the Canadian pharmaceutical industry to become focused on generic drugs.
  2. ^ Health policy professor emeritus Joel Lexchin said that the publicly-owned vaccine manufacturer Connaught Laboratories was privatized under the Conservative government of prime minister Brian Mulroney (1984-1993). Connaught was then part of Sanofi Pasteur. GSK acquired the Quebec-based vaccine manufacturer IAF BioChem. Sanofi and GSK—corporations outside Canada controlled decision-making about production. The three biggest vaccine makers—GlaxoSmithKline, Merck and Sanofi—lacked the new technologies essential for the production of newer forms of vaccine, that upstarts—such as Moderna and BioNTech—had mastered and by December it was evident that they were incapable of producing an effective COVID-19 vaccine.
  3. ^ According to Lexchin, newly-elected U.S. President Joe Biden reportedly continued the controversial America First policy of predecessor Donald Trump with respect to vaccine distribution. Canada was unable to obtain vaccine doses from the United States, even though the relevant American vaccine manufacturing facilities are relatively close to the Canada–United States border: Pfizer's facility in Kalamazoo, Michigan and Moderna's facility in Portsmouth, New Hampshire (actually a Lonza Group facility producing under contract).

References

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  2. ^ "Which COVID-19 vaccine booking system is your public health unit using?". CP24. March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  3. ^ "Most Canadians will get COVID-19 vaccine by September: Trudeau". November 27, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Tasker, John Paul (February 4, 2021). "Canada doesn't know how many more Moderna doses will be delivered, or why there are delays". CBC. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Jones, Ryan Patrick (February 18, 2021). "COVID-19 vaccine deliveries back on track following weeks of delay, says Public Health Agency". CBC News. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d "Health Canada approves two AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines". Coronavirus. February 26, 2021. Cite error: The named reference "auto4" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ "Canada receives 1st AstraZeneca vaccine shipment as confusion lingers". Global News. March 3, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine becomes 4th to receive Health Canada approval". CBC.
  9. ^ "Planning ahead: U.S., Canada order 177M more COVID-19 vaccine syringes from BD". FierceBiotech.
  10. ^ a b "With no successful vaccine candidates yet, Canada signs deal to secure 20M more COVID-19 vaccine doses". CBC News. September 25, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  11. ^ Health Canada (October 2, 2020). "Health Canada begins first authorization review of a COVID-19 vaccine submission". gcnws. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  12. ^ a b "Prime Minister announces new support for COVID-19 medical research and vaccine development". Prime Minister of Canada. April 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d "Government of Canada announces major steps in treating and preventing COVID-19 through vaccines and therapies". Science and Economic Development Canada. August 5, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  14. ^ a b "COVID-19 response: Vaccines and therapeutics". National Research Council Canada. February 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  15. ^ Canada, National Research Council (December 2020). "COVID-19 Vaccine Task Force Registry of Interests". Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  16. ^ Lexchin, Joel (February 8, 2021). "The roots of Canada's COVID-19 vaccine shortage go back decades". The Conversation. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  17. ^ Lucas, Paul (January 22, 2021). "Why we're not doing better on COVID vaccines". Financial Post via the National Post. Opinion. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; February 9, 2021 suggested (help)
  18. ^ Kuchler, Hannah; Abboud, Leila (February 15, 2021). "Why the three biggest vaccine makers failed on Covid-19". Financial Post. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
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  21. ^ Staff, Reuters (February 2, 2021). "Canada signs first deal for manufacture of foreign COVID-19 vaccine". Reuters. Retrieved February 3, 2021. {{cite news}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  22. ^ a b Office, Prime Minister's (February 2, 2021). "New support to produce COVID-19 vaccines and treatments in Canada". Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  23. ^ Tasker, John Paul (December 9, 2020). "Health Canada approves Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine". CBC News. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  24. ^ Tasker JP (November 9, 2020). "Trudeau says promising new Pfizer vaccine could be 'light at the end of the tunnel'". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  25. ^ a b Bilefsky, Dan; Austen, Ian (December 14, 2020). "Canada and the Coronavirus Vaccine: Here's What It Means". The New York Times. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  26. ^ "Here's the COVID-19 vaccine rollout plan, province by province | CBC News". CBC. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  27. ^ "When will Canadians get COVID-19 vaccines? The federal and provincial rollout plans so far". Retrieved December 15, 2020.
  28. ^ "Canada approves moderna vaccine".
  29. ^ a b Aiello, Rachel (December 15, 2020). "Canada locks in thousands more early COVID-19 vaccine doses". CTVNews. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  30. ^ Hinchey, Garrett (December 28, 2020). "First doses of Moderna COVID-19 vaccine arrive in Yukon, N.W.T." CBC News. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
  31. ^ "First shipments of Moderna coronavirus vaccine arrive in Yukon, N.W.T." Global News.
  32. ^ "Canada Expects Further Pfizer Vaccine Delay Prompting Protests". The Toronto Sun.
  33. ^ "Moderna Cut Deliveries to Canada". CBC. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  34. ^ Cousins, Ben (February 3, 2021). "Europe approves vaccine delivery to Canada". Coronavirus. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  35. ^ Austen, Ian (February 18, 2021). "Delays Turn Canada's Vaccination Optimism Into Anxiety". The New York Times. p. A6. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  36. ^ Austen, Ian (February 20, 2021). "Why Canada's Vaccine Rollout Slowed Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
  37. ^ Aiello, Rachel (February 4, 2021). "Canada to keep feeling impacts of COVID-19 vaccine delivery issues: Fortin". CTV. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
  38. ^ Jerving, Sara (February 3, 2021). "COVAX releases country-by-country of vaccine distribution figures". Devex. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  39. ^ "The Covax Facility: Interim Distribution Forecast – latest as of February 3, 2021" (PDF). COVAX. February 3, 2021.
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