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== Micropenis ==
== Micropenis ==
{{main|Micropenis}}
{{main|Micropenis}}
Jon Ruwe holds the world record for the smallest micropenis.

A penis whose stretched flaccid length is more than approximately 2.5 [[standard deviation]]s below average size for the age group but otherwise formed normally is referred to in a medical context as having the [[micropenis]] condition.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Some of the identifiable causes are deficiency of pituitary [[growth hormone deficiency|growth hormone]] and/or [[gonadotropin]]s, mild degrees of [[androgen insensitivity syndrome|androgen insensitivity]], a variety of genetic syndromes, and variations in certain [[Homeobox]] genes. Some types of micropenis can be addressed with growth hormone or [[testosterone]] treatment in early childhood.
A penis whose stretched flaccid length is more than approximately 2.5 [[standard deviation]]s below average size for the age group but otherwise formed normally is referred to in a medical context as having the [[micropenis]] condition.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Some of the identifiable causes are deficiency of pituitary [[growth hormone deficiency|growth hormone]] and/or [[gonadotropin]]s, mild degrees of [[androgen insensitivity syndrome|androgen insensitivity]], a variety of genetic syndromes, and variations in certain [[Homeobox]] genes. Some types of micropenis can be addressed with growth hormone or [[testosterone]] treatment in early childhood.


Revision as of 23:37, 24 April 2007

The human penis is larger than that of any other primate, both in absolute terms and when compared to body size.[1]

Measuring the penis

Penis length

The length is typically measured with the subject standing and the penis held parallel to the floor. The penis is measured along the top, from the base to the tip. Results are less accurate if the measurement is taken along the underside of the penis, or if the subject is seated or prone.[2]

Penis circumference

Penis circumference or girth is measured by using a tape measure. It is variously quoted as an average of three measurements: just below the glans penis, in the middle of the shaft, and at the base.[3]

Problems

A penis must be maximally erect before measurement, and this may be difficult to achieve in a clinical setting. At least one Brazilian doctor resorted to injecting penises with drugs to induce erection, which gave more consistent results.[4] Some clinicians measure the penis by stretching the flaccid penis as far as comfortably possible. Self-reported measurements tend to be unreliable.

Studies on penis size


Size at birth

Average stretched penile length at birth is about 4 cm (1.6 in), and 90% of newborn boys will be between 2.4 and 5.5 cm (0.9 and 2.2 in). Limited growth of the penis occurs between birth and 5 years of age, but very little occurs between 5 years and the onset of puberty. The average size at the beginning of puberty is 6 cm (2.4 in) with adult size reached about 5 years later. W.A. Schonfeld published a penis growth curve in 1943.[5]

Erect length

File:Penis frequency.jpg
Frequency graph of LifeStyles data
Percentile plot of LifeStyles data

Several studies have been performed on the erect length of the adult penis. Studies that have relied on self-measurement, including those from Internet surveys, consistently reported a higher average than those that used medical or scientific researchers to perform the measurements.[citation needed]

Academic and scientific studies

  • A study published in the September 1996 Journal of Urology concluded that average erect length was 12.9 cm (5.08 in) (Measured by staff).[6]
  • A study published in the December 2000 International Journal of Impotence Research found that average erect penis length was 13.6 cm (5.35 in) (Measured by staff).[7]

Sample of college students on spring break

  • A study conducted by LifeStyles Condoms during 2001 Spring Break in Cancún, Mexico, found an average of 14.9 cm (5.9 in) with a standard deviation of 2.1 cm (0.8 in) (Measured by staff).[8]

Self measurement surveys

  • An Internet survey performed by Sizesurvey.com found an average of 16 cm (6.3 in).[9]
  • An Internet survey performed by Jackinworld.com found an average of 15.6 cm (6.1 in).[10]

Erect circumference

File:Penis circum.jpg
Plot of LifeStyles data of circumference
File:Penis circum percentile.jpg
Percentile plot of LifeStyles data of circumference

Similar results exist regarding studies of the circumference of the adult fully erect penis, with the measurement taken mid-shaft. As with length, studies that relied on self-measurement consistently reported a higher average than those with staff measuring.

Lifestyles study

  • A study conducted by LifeStyles Condoms during 2001 Spring Break in Cancún found an average of 12.6 cm (5.0 in) with a standard deviation of 1.3 cm (0.5 in).[8]

Flaccid length

Length of the unencumbered flaccid penis does not necessarily correspond to length of the erect penis. A man with a smaller flaccid penis may grow to a much larger size when erect, or not, as a man with a larger flaccid penis size may grow much larger, or not. The slang term for this disparity refers to a penis being a "grower" or a "shower", the former being a flaccid penis that becomes significantly larger when erect, the latter being a penis that does not change much in size in the transition between flaccid and erect.

  • A study published in the September 1996 Journal of Urology concluded that mean flaccid length was 8.8 cm (3.5 in) (Measured by staff).[6]

The penis and scrotum are part of retractable muscle, the Cremaster muscle, which can contract involuntarily in reaction to cold temperatures or nervousness. The slang term "shrinkage" refers to this.

Historical perceptions

In ancient Greek art, it is common to see smaller male genitalia than one would expect for the size of the man.[11] Renaissance art also followed this aesthetic; note Michelangelo's David. This was due to the belief that an uncircumcised and small penis was desirable in a man, whereas a bigger or circumcised penis was viewed as comical. This may have had to do with the Greeks' adoration of an undeveloped body or the actual size of real models who stood in cold studios. However, it has also been said that artists intentionally depicted the penis size as smaller than usual, to prevent it from detracting from the art form itself. Others have said that perhaps male average penis size back then was significantly smaller, and has become bigger over time much like the average height has. It is also believed that a large penis was believed to be "beastly" or animal.[11]

A Priapus figure from Pompeii. Large penises were considered undesirable for men to possess and often depicted for comic effect in ancient Rome.

Modern perceptions

In a 2005 study by the University of California, Los Angeles, 45% of men responded they would prefer their penis to be larger. 84% of respondents rated their penis size as average to above average. (There is a similar perception pattern in women's perceptions of their breasts.)[citation needed]

A study undertaken at Utrecht University found that the majority of homosexual men surveyed regard a large penis as ideal, and having one is linked to self esteem.[12]

Men may tend to misjudge the size of their penis relative to that of other men they have seen naked, simply because of the foreshortening effect obtained from always looking down at the penis from above. In addition, as Paul Fussell noted in his memoirs, men who are overweight or have large stomachs may fail to allow for the partial concealment of the penis by their abdomen. The accumulation of fat on the pubic bone above the penis may give a shorter appearance even though the length of the penis from the base is normal.

A survey by sexologists showed that many men who believed that their penis was of inadequate size actually had an average-sized penis. Most sexologists believe that worries about penis size come from some other sources of anxiety or perceived inadequacy.[citation needed]

In some cultures, mass hysteria involving the believed removal or shrinking of the penis has been observed (genital retraction syndrome).

Many beliefs in popular culture hold that it is possible to predict the size of someone's penis by observing other features. The features usually selected are the hands, the feet, the nose or height. One urban legend suggests that the size of a fully erect penis is the length from the tip of a man's thumb to the tip of his index finger, when a 90° angle is made with these two digits. (An alternative formulation is that this indicates the flaccid penis's length.)

The suggested link between penis size, foot size and height has been investigated by a relatively small number of groups. Two of these studies have suggested a link between penis size and foot size, while the most recent report dismissed these findings.[citation needed] One of the studies suggesting a link relied on the subjects measuring the size of their own penis, which may well be inaccurate. The second study found statistically significant although "weak" correlation between the size of the stretched penis and foot size and height.[citation needed] A potential explanation for these observations is that the development of the penis in an embryo is controlled by some of the same Hox genes (in particular HOXA13 and HOXD13)[13] as those that control the development of the limbs. Mutations of some Hox genes that control the growth of limbs cause malformed genitalia (hand–foot–genital syndrome).[14] However the most recent investigation[15] failed to find any evidence for a link between shoe size and stretched penis size.[16] Given the large number of genes which control the development of the human body shape, and the effects of hormones during childhood and adolescence, it would seem unlikely that an accurate prediction of penis size could be made by measuring a different part of the human body.

Other studies correlating the size of the human penis with other factors have given intriguing results. Notably one study analysing the self-reported Kinsey data set found that homosexual men had statistically larger penises than their heterosexual counterparts.[17] One potential explanation given is a difference in the exposure to androgen hormones in the developing embryo. The study author's opinion is that evidence points towards both orientations being equally likely to exaggerate.[18]

Recently, there has been greater media attention to the issue of penis size and women being more vocal about their preferences. Television shows such as Sex and the City and Ally McBeal popularized the penis-size issue when characters in these TV shows stated their preference for well-endowed men and rejected men who had only average endowment. In HBO's Sex and the City, a female character is portrayed crying in bed when she experiences her boyfriend's penis for the first time and discovers that it is below average length, as opposed to the large length she had expected and anticipated.

The media have been criticized for making "penis envy" into a male body issue equivalent to Cosmopolitan magazine being criticized for their coverage of women's weight. Indeed, one episode of Sex and the City also shows a character expressing displeasure over her partner having too large a penis, though the penis is described in hyperbolic terms and implied to be something of impossibly gargantuan proportions. The British television series Coupling features a running joke on the huge penis of one of the males and the fascination women have with it.

Surveys of women's actual preference have consistently shown that penis size is only a priority for a minority of women, and some women dislike large penises.

In recent years, penis pumps, pills, and other dubious means of penis enlargement have had increased sales.[citation needed] They are one of the most advertised products in spam mail.

Sexual preference

See also: Size queen

One source of continued debate is the extent to which heterosexual and bisexual women actually prefer certain penis sizes. In a 2005 UCLA study, 85% of women said they were "very satisfied" with their romantic partner's size.[19]

A study published in BMC Women's Health, surveyed women's preferences concerning penis size and concluded that width rather than length is a more important factor of sexual stimulation.[20]

Another study, conducted at Groningen University Hospital, asked 375 sexually active women (who had recently given birth) the importance of penis size and concluded: "Although clearly in the minority, a nevertheless considerable percentage of the women respondents attached substantial importance to the size of the male sexual organ".[21]

Penis size and vaginal response

According to Louanne Cole Weston, PhD, licensed counselor, and sex therapist, in a May 2002 report by WebMD,[22] several misconceptions have developed surrounding penile-vaginal intercourse. Many men exaggerate the importance of deep vaginal penetration in stimulating a woman to orgasm.

The most sensitive area of the vagina is the section closest to the outside of a woman's body, which is roughly 10 centimeters (4 in) in length. Given that the average penis size is above this length, most penises are long enough for sexual stimulation. Some writers have claimed that a shorter than average penis might better stimulate the G-spot, however the actual existence of the g-spot is doubted by most researchers.[23][24]

Some women report enjoying stimulation of the cervix,[25] although this may be confused with the anterior or posterior fornix, the deepest point of the vagina, above and below the cervix, respectively.[26]

The fornix is said to be another possible orgasm trigger area.[27] Tests have shown that pressure on this area causes the vagina to lubricate very quickly. The area of sexual response in the anterior fornix has also been called the epicentre, T-Spot, AFE-Zone, AFE or A-Spot; while in the posterior fornix it has been called epicenter (as well) or cul-de-sac (since the cul-de-sac may be indirectly stimulated by pressure on the posterior fornix).

Stimulating the anterior fornix may require communication between a man and his partner. Men with shorter penises may also be able to stimulate the anterior fornix using some advantageous positions which shorten the distance to the uterus.[28]

Long penises (over ~20 centimeters (8 in)) can be susceptible to rubbing on, or striking, the cervix. Some women find this to be uncomfortable or painful.

During vaginal intercourse, the vagina lengthens rapidly after initial insertion from about 10 to 14 cm (4 to 5.5 in),[29] but the final and initial depths vary from woman to woman ±2.5 cm (±1 in). As the woman becomes fully aroused, the vagina tents (last ²⁄₃ expands in length and width) while the cervix retracts,[30] meaning that at certain angles of penetration, longer penises will slide over or under the cervix.

A thicker penis may provide more friction against the vestibular bulbs, which are located in close proximity and anteriorly on either side of the urethra.[citation needed]

Most women find stimulation of the clitoris to be of primary importance in enjoyment of sex and in reaching orgasm. Roughly three-quarters of women surveyed have report difficulty reaching orgasm by vaginal intercourse alone, though 7% are able to do this on most occasions. Many report preferring simultaneous clitoral and vaginal stimulation.[31]

Micropenis

Main article: Micropenis

Jon Ruwe holds the world record for the smallest micropenis. A penis whose stretched flaccid length is more than approximately 2.5 standard deviations below average size for the age group but otherwise formed normally is referred to in a medical context as having the micropenis condition.[citation needed] Some of the identifiable causes are deficiency of pituitary growth hormone and/or gonadotropins, mild degrees of androgen insensitivity, a variety of genetic syndromes, and variations in certain Homeobox genes. Some types of micropenis can be addressed with growth hormone or testosterone treatment in early childhood.

The smallest penis on record was reported in a medical journal by researchers from Oxford University's Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics. The researchers noted that patient "Alfred," a male musician, in his early 30s, from Oxfordshire, UK., "possessed a penis almost indistinguishable from a clitoris." Currently there is much debate in the medical community as to whether "Alfred" was male or intersexed.[citation needed]

A news post on New Scientist dated December 6, 2004 reads "A new surgical procedure has allowed men with abnormally short penises to enjoy a full sex life and urinate standing up, some for the first time. Tiny "micro-penises" have been enlarged to normal size without losing any erogenous sensation, say UK doctors."[32]

Race and penis size

There are many urban myths purporting correlations between various races and penis size. However, to date, there has been no conclusive evidence that race and penis size are at all correlated. All studies to this effect have been rejected by the scientific community due to inaccuracy, respondent bias, or unverifiable claims.

  • Based on the hypothesis that anatomical differences exist among regions, a series of FHI studies were conducted in three Asian countries to compare small and standard width condoms (3.9 cm and 4.9 cm), and in three African countries to compare larger and standard width condoms (5.5 cm and 5.2 cm). According to FHI, "Among the African sites, breakage rates were slightly higher and slippage was slightly lower for the smaller of the two condoms being compared."[33] The data from the Asian sites was inconsistent.[34][35] FHI concluded that "almost none of the differences in breakage and slippage rates from either the Asian or African sites were statistically significant. Thus, results from these studies pertaining to penis size and condom failure were inconclusive."[36]
  • In a British questionnaire examining condom use and reproductive health, the authors stated that "penis size could affect condom failure". 281 out of 300 questionnaires were returned to the British clinic. “In their responses 188 men considered themselves white, 76 black, and 14 Asian.” The cross-sectional study looked at race factors on condom use. In this study, 18% (14) African descent, 7% (14) Caucasians and no Asians reported frequent breakage. 28% (4) Asian, 20% (15) black, 19% (35) white men reported occasional breakage. In contrast, 21% (3) Asians, 8% (6) African descent and 2% (3) Caucasians reported frequent complete slippage. "An important cause of a condom coming off, paradoxically, is that it may be too tight. Difficulty rolling the condom fully down the shaft allows the ring to enter the partner and be rolled off the penis. If a condom is tight breakage may be due to placing fingers inside the ring to drag on the condom; this accounts for breakage occurring most often at the closed end (S L Solanti, personal communication)." These results cannot be taken as fact due to this being a questionnaire, the small sampling size, and the truthfulness of the respondents.[37]
  • Family Health International states "The World Health Organization bases its specifications for condom width on consumer preference and penis size, citing three studies. The studies uses varying methods of measurements between sources, such as maximum circumference (US measurements) instead of base circumference (Thai measurements). The Kinsey reports were based on self-reported results from African and Caucasian Americans. Taken together, the studies show significant variations in penis size within the three population groups, but also indicate that African American men on average have a slightly wider and longer penis size, Australian and Caucasian American men have a medium size, and Thai men a slightly narrower and shorter size." The WHO document referred to only specifies data for the US, Australia and Thailand, and not races in general.[38]
  • One of the earliest researchers on the subject, Frantz Fanon, covers this subject in some detail in Black Skin, White Masks (1952), where he tends towards the view that the supposed positive correlation between penis size and African ancestry is erroneous, a conclusion that he also supports with statistics.
  • In 2001 Schneider et al, tested Korean men whose age ranged from 18-19 and 40-68 and measured an erect length of 14.48 cm for the former and 14.18 cm for the latter (14.48±5.7 in, 14.18±5.58 in).
  • The BBC reported an Indian Council of Medical Research study finding that "about 60% of Indian men have penises which are between three and five centimetres shorter than international standards used in condom manufacture."[39] However, the study also stated that "data collected in Mumbai till 2001 showed that 60% of the participants measured 126 to 156 mm [5 to 6.1 inches] in length."[40] So, according to the study, most Indian men have penises within the average human size range.[40]However, 70% of the men that participated in the Research Study were 140-160 cm tall. The international size standard for condom length is 150mm to 180mm (6 to 7 inches),[41] larger than the average human penis size; thus, the average human penis falls short of international condom size standards, and the charge that Indian men have smaller penises on average than non-Indian men is misleading and possibly racist.[42]
  • In a 2005 study, "Penile measurements in normal adult Jordanians and in patients with erectile dysfunction," the purpose of the work was to determine penile size in adult normal (group one, 271) and impotent (group two, 109) men. In group one mean midshaft circumference was 8.98±1.4 cm (3.54±0.55 in), mean flaccid length was mean 9.3±1.9 cm (3.66±.75 in), and mean stretched length was 13.5±2.3 cm (5.31±.91 in). In group two, mean flaccid length was 7.7±1.3 cm (3.03±.51 in), and mean stretched length was 11.6±1.4 cm (4.57±.55 in).[43]
  • A study on the outcomes of a sex education treatment program for Egyptian men complaining of a short-sized penis was conducted by the Cairo University Hospital Department of Andrology and Sexology. Over two years, it focused on 92 patients complaining of a small-sized penis in either the flaccid or erect state. Most of the patients said they found the combination of sex education with standard penile measurements helpful and relieving. According to the measurements, none of the patients had an under-sized penis and almost all the patients were incorrect in what they thought to be normal penile size.[44]
  • A BBC story described how standard-sized condoms were too big for Indian men, thus reducing their effectiveness in preventing pregnancy and protecting against STDs as they were prone to slippage.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). At each sexual encounter, a diary was completed which included information on condom use, and breaks and slips.

In France a random telephone survey[45] of 20,000 individuals drew on 4,500 sexually active people, of whom 731 had used a condom in the previous year and 707 provided information on difficulties of use.

In Australia 3658 condoms were used by 184 men in a study[46] which looked, inter alia, at penis size as a factor for breakage or slippage.

The rate of breakage was 1.34% and of slippage 2.05%, with a total failure rate of 3.39%. Penis size was not related to slippage, but penis circumference was strongly correlated with breakage, with larger sizes increasing the rate of breakage.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penis.

Notes

  1. ^ Small, Meredith F., What's Love Got to Do With It? The Evolution of Human Mating, 1995, Anchor Books
  2. ^ "Correctly measuring your erection: Length * circumference". www.afraidtoask.com. 2007-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |o yea= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Correctly measuring your erection: Length * circumference". www.afraidtoask.com. 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2007-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/penis_size.asp
  5. ^ Schonfeld, W. A. (1943). Primary and secondary sexual characteristics: Study of their development in males from birth through maturity, with biometric study of penis and testes. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 65, 535.
  6. ^ a b Wessels, H (1996-9-1). "Penile Length in the Flaccid and Erect States: Guidelines for Penile Augmentation". Retrieved 2006-09-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Chen, J (2000-12-1). "Predicting penile size during erection". Retrieved 2006-09-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b "ANSELL RESEARCH - The Penis Size Survey". 2001. Retrieved 2006-07-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Richard Edwards (1998-10-5). "The Definitive Penis Size Survey Results - Sixth Edition". Retrieved 2006-07-13. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ "JACKINWORLD 2004 SURVEY". 2004. Retrieved 2006-07-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b Cecil, Adams (2006-12-09). "Why does so much ancient Greek art feature males with small genitalia?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  12. ^ "Size does matter (to gays)". Mail&Guardianonline. February 20, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ "Limb malformations and the human HOX genes". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 112 (3): 256–265. 2002-08-27. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  14. ^ "Mutation of HOXA13 in hand-foot-genital syndrome". Nature Genetics. 15: 179–180. 1997. Retrieved 2006-08-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Can shoe size predict penile length?". JU International. 90 (6): 586. 2006-10. Retrieved 2006-08-05. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Cecil, Adams (2003-08-26). "The size of things to come". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
  17. ^ "The relation between sexual orientation and penile size". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 28 (3). Springer Netherlands: 213–221. June 1999. Retrieved 2006-08-05. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "Research says erect gay penises are bigger". Salon.com. November 04, 1999. Retrieved 2006-11-09. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Mundell, E.J. "Does Size Matter? Most Romantic Partners Say 'No'," MSN Health & Fitness: Men's Sexual Health, MSN.com, 27 May, 2005. Retrieved 23 September, 2006.
  20. ^ Eisenman, Russell. "Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction," BMC Women's Health 1: 1, 8 June 2001.
  21. ^ "What importance do women attribute to the size of the penis?"
  22. ^ "Does Penis Size Really Matter?". WebMD. May 27, 2002. Retrieved 2006-08-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Gardos, Sandor (1999). "The G-Spot". WebMD. Retrieved 2006-08-06.
  24. ^ Hines, T (2001). "The G-Spot: A modern gynecologic myth". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 185 (2): 359–62. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ "How to Achieve Orgasm During Intercourse". Discovery Health. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
  26. ^ ""Cul-de-sac": Increase Her Orgasm". AskMen.com. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
  27. ^ "The Female Orgasm During Intercourse". WebMD. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
  28. ^ "Beyond the G-Spot". ezinearicles. Retrieved 2006-11-27.
  29. ^ "Does size matter". TheSite.org. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
  30. ^ "do big penises hurt?". AskMen.com. Retrieved 2006-08-14.
  31. ^ Abrams, Rachel (2005-07-05). "Becoming a Multi-Orgasmic Woman". WedMD. Retrieved 2006-08-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "Length-boosting surgery for 'micro-penises'". New Scientist. 2004-12-06. Retrieved 2006-08-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  33. ^ Joanis C, Brookshire T, Piedrahita C, et al. Evaluation of Two Condom Designs: A Comparison of Standard and Larger Condoms in Ghana, Kenya, and Mali. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1990. Cited in [1]
  34. ^ Neupane S, Abeywickrema D, Martinez K, et al. Acceptability and Actual Use Breakage and Slippage Rates of Standard and Smaller Latex Condoms: Nepal and Sri Lanka. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1992. Cited in [2]
  35. ^ Andrada A, Ravelo N, Spruyt A, et al. Acceptability and Functionality of Standard and Smaller Latex Condoms during Human Use: Philippines. Durham, NC: Family Health International, 1993. Cited in [3]
  36. ^ "The Latex Condom: Recent Advances, Future Directions; Chapter 3: User Behaviors and Characteristics Related to Condom Failure," Family Health International.
  37. ^ Tovey SJ, Bonell CP. Condoms: a wider range needed. (letter) BMJ 1993;307:987. [4]
  38. ^ WHO Global Programme on AIDS. Specification and Guidelines for Condom Procurement. Appendix VII, Regional or Ethnic Differences in Erect Penis Size. Geneva: WHO, 1995. Cited in [5]
  39. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6161691.stm
  40. ^ a b Human penis size#Erect length
  41. ^ http://www.slate.com/id/2154841/
  42. ^ http://sexuality.about.com/b/a/257877.htm
  43. ^ Int J Impot Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;17(2):191-5
  44. ^ http://www.altpenis.com/penis_news/20050610180934data_trunc_sys.shtml
  45. ^ [6]
  46. ^ [7]

References

  • The Kinsey Institute penis size bibliography
  • Sutherland et al. "The effect of prepubertal androgen exposure on adult penile length." Journal of Urology, Vol. 156(2S), 783-787, 1996.
  • Lee PA, et al. "Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies, and classification." Johns Hopkins Med J 1980; 146:156.
  • W.A. Schonfeld, Am J Dis Child 1943;65:135
  • Niels Lauersen, M.D. and Steven Whitney, "It's Your Body: A Woman's Guide to Gynecology", 3rd Edition 1983, p. 480 (Berkley Publishing Co.: New York), ISBN 0-425-09917-2
  • Bogaert, A. F., & Hershberger, S. L. (1999). The relation between sexual orientation and penile size. Archives of Sexual Behavior 28:213-221.(PMID:10410197)[8]
  • Mortlock DP, Innis JW (1997) Mutation of HOXA13 in hand-foot-genital syndrome.Nat Genet 15(2):179-80.(PMID:9020844)[9]
  • Goodman FR (2002) Limb malformations and the human HOX genes. Am J Med Genet 112(3):256-265(PMID:12357469)[10]
  • Shah, J. & Christopher, N. (2002) Can Shoe Size Predict Penile Length? BJU Int 90(6):586-7 (PMID:12230622)[11]
  • Siminoski K and Bain J (1993) The Relationship Among Height, Penile Length, and Foot Size. Annals of Sex Research 6(3):231-235
  • Kondo T, Zakany J, Innis JW, Duboule D.(1997) Of fingers, toes and penises. Nature 390(6655):29(PMID:9363887)[12]
  • Rushton, J.P. & Bogaert, A.F. (1987) Race differences in sexual behavior: Testing an evolutionary hypothesis. Journal Research in Personality 21(4): pp. 536-7
  • Eisenman, Russell (2001) "Penis size: Survey of female perceptions of sexual satisfaction", PubMed Central (PMC)
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