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Franz von Papen (October 29, 1879 - May 2, 1969) was a German politician and diplomat of the Weimar Republic and Third Reich, whose policies were important in bringing about the rise to power of Adolf Hitler. Noted for his intrigues, he was called the devil in top hat.

Born to a wealthy Catholic family in Westphalia, Papen served as a soldier on the Turkish front in World War I. Returning, he entered politics, joining the Catholic Centre Party, in which the monarchist Papen formed part of the far right wing. On June 1, 1932, he was plucked from relative obscurity when President Paul von Hindenburg chose him as Chancellor to replace Heinrich Brüning, the leader of Papen's own party. This was largely due to the influence of General Kurt von Schleicher, at the time Hindenburg's closest advisor.

Papen, who was expelled from the Centre Party for his betrayal of Brüning, had practically no support in Reichstag except from the Conservative German National People's Party (DNVP). Papen ruled in an authoritarian manner, launching a coup against the Social Democratic led government of Prussia, and repealing his predecessor's ban on the SA as a way to appease the Nazis, whom he hoped to lure into supporting his government. Ultimately, after two Reichstag elections only increased the Nazis' strength in the Reichstag without substantially increasing Papen's own parliamentary support, he was forced to resign as Chancellor, and was replaced on December 4, 1932 by Schleicher, who hoped to establish a broad coalition government by gaining the support of both Nazi and Social Democratic trade unionists.

As it became increasingly obvious that Schleicher's maneuvering to find a Reichstag majority would be unsuccessful, Papen and DNVP leader Alfred Hugenberg came to an agreement with Hitler to allow him to become Chancellor of a coalition government with the Nationalists, and with Papen serving as Vice-Chancellor. Papen used his personal ties with the aged Von Hindenburg to persuade the President, who had previously vowed never to allow Hitler to become Chancellor, to fire Schleicher and appoint Hitler to the post on January 30, 1933.

Once Hitler was in power, Von Papen and his allies were quickly marginalized, and he retired from the Vice-Chancellorship in 1934, following the Night of the Long Knives, when many of Hitler's enemies inside and outside the party (including Schleicher) were murdered. Von Papen was arrested and put under house arrest for three days but his secretary, Herbert von Bose, and his speech writer, Edgar Julius Jung, were murdered. Later, Papen served the Nazi government as Ambassador to Austria from 1934 to 1938 and Ambassador to Turkey from 1939 to 1944.

Papen was captured by the allies after the war and was one of the defendants at the main Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, but was acquitted.

He tried unsuccessfully to re-start his political career in the 1950s.

Papen's Government, June - November 1932

Franz von Papen - Chancellor
Konstantin Freiherr von Neurath - Minister of Foreign Affairs
Wilhelm Freiherr von Gayl (DNVP) - Minister of the Interior
Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk - Minister of Finance
Hermann Warmbold - Minister of Economics
Hugo Schäffer - Minister of Labour
Franz Gürtner (DNVP) - Minister of Justice
Kurt von Schleicher - Minister of Defense
Paul Freiherr Eltz von Rübenach - Minister of Posts and Transport

Changes

October 29, 1932 - Franz Bracht and Johannes Popitz enter the Cabinet as Ministers without Portfolio.

Chancellor of Germany
Preceded by: Heinrich Brüning	1932	Followed by: Kurt von Schleicher
Prime Minister of Prussia
Preceded by: Otto Braun	1932	Followed by: Kurt von Schleicher
Preceded by: Kurt von Schleicher	1933	Followed by: Hermann Göring

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 As it became increasingly obvious that Schleicher's maneuvering to find a Reichstag majority would be unsuccessful, Papen and DNVP leader [[Alfred Hugenberg]] came to an agreement with Hitler to allow him to become Chancellor of a coalition government with the Nationalists, and with Papen serving as [[Vice Chancellor of Germany|Vice-Chancellor]].  Papen used his personal ties with the aged Von Hindenburg to persuade the President, who had previously vowed never to allow Hitler to become Chancellor, to fire Schleicher and appoint Hitler to the post on [[January 30]], [[1933]].
-Once Hitler was in power, Von Papen and his allies were quickly marginalized, and he retired from the Vice-Chancellorship in 1934, following the [[Night of the Long Knives]], when many of Hitler's enemies inside and outside the party (including Schleicher) were murdered. Von Papen was arrested and but under house arrest for three days but his secretary, Herbert von Bose, and his speech writer, Edgar Julius Jung, were murdered. Later, Papen served the Nazi government as Ambassador to [[Austria]] from 1934 to 1938 and Ambassador to [[Turkey]] from 1939 to 1944.
+Once Hitler was in power, Von Papen and his allies were quickly marginalized, and he retired from the Vice-Chancellorship in 1934, following the [[Night of the Long Knives]], when many of Hitler's enemies inside and outside the party (including Schleicher) were murdered. Von Papen was arrested and put under house arrest for three days but his secretary, Herbert von Bose, and his speech writer, Edgar Julius Jung, were murdered. Later, Papen served the Nazi government as Ambassador to [[Austria]] from 1934 to 1938 and Ambassador to [[Turkey]] from 1939 to 1944.
 Papen was captured by the allies after the war and was one of the defendants at the main [[Nuremberg Trials|Nuremberg War Crimes Trial]], but was acquitted.