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The production of '''New Jersey wines''' has increased significantly in the last thirty years with opening of new wineries crafting wines that have earned recognition for their quality from critics, industry leaders, and in national and international competitions. According the United States Department of Agriculture's 2007 Census of Agriculture 1,043 acres (422.1 hectares) of vineyards were planted at 192 vineyards statewide. As of 2013, 46 wineries were licensed and operating, producing approximately 40 varieties of wine.
The production of '''wine in New Jersey''' has increased significantly in the last thirty years with opening of new [[winery|wineries]]. Beginning in 1981, the [[New Jersey state legislature|state legislature]] relaxed [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition-era]] restrictions and crafted [[Alcohol laws of New Jersey|new laws]] to faciliate the growth of the industry and provide new opportunities for winery licenses.


{{As of|2013}}, New Jersey has 46 currently licensed and operating wineries with several more prospective wineries in various stages of development. According to the United States Department of Agriculture's 2007 Census of Agriculture reports that the state's wineries and vineyards dedicated 1,043 acres to the cultivation of grapes.<ref name="2007USDANASSCensus">National Agricultural Statistics Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2007 Census of Agriculture, State Level Data: New Jersey [http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_State_Level/New_Jersey/st34_1_035_035.pdf Table 35. Specified Fruits and Nuts by Acres: 2007 and 2002]. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</ref> This acreage is expected to double with the forthcoming release of data from the USDA's 2012 Census of Agriculture. New Jersey wineries are growing ''[[Vitis vinifera]]'', ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', or [[Hybrid grapes|French hybrid wine grapes]], and producing or offering for sale over forty types of wines. In 2010, 1.72 million gallons (approximately 716,000 cases) of wine were produced by New Jersey wineries; making it the seventh largest wine-producing state in the United States.<ref>New Jersey was ranked seventh behind (1) California, (2) New York, (3) Washington, (4) Oregon, (5) Kentucky and (6) Florida.</ref>
The first wines were produced on the plantations of prominent landowners during the colonial era in the years leading up to the Revolutionary War. These efforts received the recognition of the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in London. However, the cultivation of vineyards and production of wine did take hold until the 19th Century. During this time, the influx of immigrants from Europe settling in the state—especially Italian immigrants—who brought Old World techniques and knowledge. The industry flourished into the early 20th century. However, the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition era]] (1919-1933) significantly damaged the state's wine industry and restrictive laws put into place after the end of Prohibition kept the industry from recovering. In 1981, the state legislature began to repeal these laws and offer new incentives to reestablish the industry. Since then, the industry has grown from a handful of licensed wineries to 46 currently operating wineries and more in development.
A considerable portion of New Jersey wine sales are non-grape fruit wine, particularly [[apple]], [[blueberry]], [[raspberry]], and [[cranberry]] wines. These fruits are associated with New Jersey and can be purchased from many nearby farms throughout the Garden State.<ref name="USDeptCommWine2011">Hodgen, Donald A. (U.S. Department of Commerce). [http://ita.doc.gov/td/ocg/wine2011.pdf "U.S. Wine Industry 2011"]. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</ref> New Jersey’s 46 wineries generate between US$30,000,000-$40,000,000 of revenue annually.<ref>[http://njmonthly.com/articles/lifestyle/ready-for-prime-time.html Capuzzo, Jill P. "Ready For Prime Time?" in ''New Jersey Monthly'' (13 February 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2013.]</ref>


Wealthy New Jersey landowners began to produce wines during the colonial period, when two landowners received recognition for their successful efforts from the [[Royal Society of Arts]] in London. The Society had challenged colonists in Britain's North American colonies to cultivate grapes and produce "those Sorts of Wines now consumed in Great Britain."<ref name="McCormickNJGrapes" /> While the cultivation of grapes and fruit trees supported a flourishing wine industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the effects of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] (1919-1933) and a legacy of restrictive laws constraining the industry's recovery subsequent to the its repeal, practically devastated the industry.<ref>MacNeil, Karen. The Wine Bible (New York: Workman Publishing Company, 2001), 630-631.]</ref> For fifty years after the repeal of Prohibition, New Jersey was limited by law to a ratio of one winery license for every 1,000,000 state residents, which by 1980 effectively allowed for only seven wineries. The growth of the state's winery industry has been bolstered by the repeal, starting in 1981, with the New Jersey Farm Winery Act, of many Prohibition-era laws and allowed many small growers to open new wineries.<ref>Laws of the State of New Jersey, [http://law.njstatelib.org/law_files/njlh/lh1981/L1981c280.pdf L. 1981 c. 280.], which impacted N.J.S.A. 33:1-10 and 54:43-1</ref><ref name="NYTimesDJanson1988">Janson, Donald. [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/18/nyregion/wine-makers-are-reporting-a-good-crop.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm "Wine makers are reporting a good crop"]. ''New York Times'' (18 September 1988). Retrieved 26 January 2013.</ref>
{{As of|2012}}, the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[New Jersey]] is ranked seventh in the [[United States]] in terms of total wine production—behind [[California]], [[New York]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[Kentucky]] and [[Florida]]. There are currently 46 wineries licensed and operating in 13 of the state's 21 counties. The [[U.S. Department of Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture's]] 2007 [[Census of Agriculture]] reports that the state's wineries and vineyards dedicated 1,043 acres to the cultivation of grapes. These wineries produce approximately 1.72 million gallons of wine annually.


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 05:10, 5 February 2013

The production of wine in New Jersey has increased significantly in the last thirty years with opening of new wineries. Beginning in 1981, the state legislature relaxed Prohibition-era restrictions and crafted new laws to faciliate the growth of the industry and provide new opportunities for winery licenses.

As of 2013, New Jersey has 46 currently licensed and operating wineries with several more prospective wineries in various stages of development. According to the United States Department of Agriculture's 2007 Census of Agriculture reports that the state's wineries and vineyards dedicated 1,043 acres to the cultivation of grapes.[1] This acreage is expected to double with the forthcoming release of data from the USDA's 2012 Census of Agriculture. New Jersey wineries are growing Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, or French hybrid wine grapes, and producing or offering for sale over forty types of wines. In 2010, 1.72 million gallons (approximately 716,000 cases) of wine were produced by New Jersey wineries; making it the seventh largest wine-producing state in the United States.[2] 

A considerable portion of New Jersey wine sales are non-grape fruit wine, particularly apple, blueberry, raspberry, and cranberry wines.  These fruits are associated with New Jersey and can be purchased from many nearby farms throughout the Garden State.[3]  New Jersey’s 46 wineries generate between US$30,000,000-$40,000,000 of revenue annually.[4]

Wealthy New Jersey landowners began to produce wines during the colonial period, when two landowners received recognition for their successful efforts from the Royal Society of Arts in London. The Society had challenged colonists in Britain's North American colonies to cultivate grapes and produce "those Sorts of Wines now consumed in Great Britain."[5] While the cultivation of grapes and fruit trees supported a flourishing wine industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the effects of Prohibition (1919-1933) and a legacy of restrictive laws constraining the industry's recovery subsequent to the its repeal, practically devastated the industry.[6] For fifty years after the repeal of Prohibition, New Jersey was limited by law to a ratio of one winery license for every 1,000,000 state residents, which by 1980 effectively allowed for only seven wineries. The growth of the state's winery industry has been bolstered by the repeal, starting in 1981, with the New Jersey Farm Winery Act, of many Prohibition-era laws and allowed many small growers to open new wineries.[7][8]

History

Viticulture in the New Jersey colony

In 1758, the Royal Society of Arts (formally, the "Society instituted at London for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce") sought to incentivize agricultural innovation and cultivation in the North American colonies by offering a "premium"—or cash award—of 100 British pounds (£100) for the planting of vineyards and the production of "five tuns of red or white wine of acceptable quality."[9] The initial award was unclaimed by 1762, and the Society augmented the bounty to £200 if the goal were reached by a colonial farmer by 1770 adding that at least five hundred vines should be planted and the wine produced equal "those Sorts of Wines now consumed in Great Britain."[9]

In 1767, two men had been recognized by the society for their undertakings.[10][9] William Alexander (1726-1783), the self-styled "Earl of Stirling" informed the society in 1767 that he had planted 2,100 vines at his estate in Basking Ridge, in central New Jersey's Somerset County.[9] Edward Antill (1701-1770) who inherited his father's estate and operated a large brewery at Raritan Landing across the Raritan River in Piscataway Township from the city of New Brunswick, advised the society that he had a vineyard of 800 vines of Madeira, Burgundy and Frontenac grapes as well as a few "Sweet-water Grape vines, and of the best sort of the Native Vines of America by way of tryal."[9]

The society had discussed offering the £200 to both men for their achievements.[9] However, the Society raised concerns about the legitimacy of Alexander's claim to a title of nobility. On 2 December 1767, the Society offered the cash award to Antill, and three weeks later offered Lord Stirling a gold medal "for having planted 2100 vines in North America in pursuance of the Views of the Society."[9] Shortly after his death, Antill published an 80-page tract entitled An Essay on the cultivation of the Vine, and the making and preserving of Wine, suited to the different Climates in North-America (1771) and this account influenced scholarship well into the nineteenth century.[9]

A flourishing industry (1860-1920)

In the mid-19th century, New Jersey was once again recognized for its suitability for growing grapes. Philadelphia land developer Charles K. Landis (1833-1900) purchased 20,000 acres (81 km2) of land in 1861 in Cumberland County near Millville, New Jersey along an existing railroad line to Philadelphia, to create his own alcohol-free utopian society, a "Temperance Town" based on agriculture and progressive thinking. Landis declared that he was "about to build a city, and an agricultural and fruit-growing colony around it." The population reached 5,500 by 1865.[11] Landis determined the potential in growing grapes and named the settlement "Vineland", and advertised to attract Italian grape growers to Vineland, offering 20 acres (81,000 m2) of land that had to be cleared and used to grow grapes. Relocating to Vineland in 1865, clergyman, inventor and dentist Thomas Bramwell Welch (1825-1903), who developed the method for pasteurising grape juice to prevent natural fermentation and spoilage in 1869, purchased the locally grown grapes to make "unfermented wine" (or grape juice) that was marketed as "Dr. Welch's Unfermented Wine" and later as Welch's Grape Juice.[12] Welch was an adherent to the Wesleyan Methodist Connexion which strongly opposed "manufacturing, buying, selling, or using intoxicating liquors."[13]

Renault Winery, located in the Egg Harbor City section of Atlantic County in the southern region of the state, was established in 1864 by French immigrant Louis Nicolas Renault. In its early years, Renault Winery was known for its American version of champagne.[14] This was New Jersey's first commercial winemaking operation and remains one of the oldest continuously-opearting wineries in the United States.[15]

Prohibition and its legacy (1920-1980)

Prohibition was a major reform movement from the 1840s into the 1920s, and was sponsored by evangelical Protestant churches, especially the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Disciples and Congregationalists. Groups like the Women's Christian Temperance Union, Prohibition Party, and Anti-Saloon League used pressure politics on legislators to achieve the goal of nationwide prohibition during World War I, emphasizing a need to destroy political corruption, the political power of the German-based brewing industry, and the need to reduce domestic violence in the home and claiming alcohol was the cause. On 16 January 1919, Prohibition was estalished with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibiting the "...manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States..." and Congress subsequently passed the Volstead Act to enforce the law. Although it was largely unsuccessful, Prohibition would last for 14 years, becoming increasingly unpopular during the Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression. A repeal movement pointed out the hypocrisy of Prohibition activists and politicians, the rise of organised crime, and how it undermined respect for the law. Seeking tax revenue and to weaken the base of organised crime, Franklin Roosevelt and other politicians sought to end prohibition, and did so with the passage of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution on 5 December 1933. By its terms, states were allowed to set their own laws for the control of alcohol.

During the Prohibition era (1919-1933), several wineries survived by adopting clever strategies for skirting the law and preserving their businesses. Renault Winery continued producing wine but cleverly marketed it in drugstores and pharmacies as a medicinal "tonic" that doctor's prescribed "liberally for maladies ranging from pregnancy pains to insomnia."[16] The Krumm family's "Seaview Winery" in Linwood chose to sell wine jellies, tonics, cooking wine and sherry which were permitted under Prohibition's Volstead Act (1920).[17]

By the end of Prohibition, the American wine industry which was (as a whole) fledgling, was largely destroyed. Many winemakers had gone out of business, and to comply with the law many vineyard growers replaced productive wine quality grape vines with lower quality vines growing thicker skinned grapes that could be more easily transported as table fruit. Much of the institutional knowledge was also lost as winemakers either emigrated to other wine producing countries or left the business altogether.[18]

The Farm Winery Act and the industry's renaissance

Wine production within the state remained small until 1980s when New Jersey began to relax its laws and regulations regarding the licensing and operation of alcoholic beverage production facilities (breweries, wineries, and distilleries). Laws that remained unrepealed after the end of the Prohibition era (1919-1933), prevented the creation of new wineries and limited licensing to one winery for every one million state residents.

In 1981, the state legislature passed the New Jersey Farm Winery Act subsequently signed by Governor Brendan Byrne. which sought to facilitate a rebirth for the state's wine industry by exempting low-volume family-owned wineries from the restrictions, and allowed wineries to create outlet stores.[19][8] This act effectively allowed anyone with a minimum of three acres and 1,200 vines to apply for a winery license.[20][21] According to the New York Times, by 1988, the provisions of Farm Winery Act had allowed the industry to grow from 7 wineries to 15, increased the acreage of wine grapes, and the state became the country's tenth largest producer with 204,000 gallons.[8] Comparatively, New Jersey ranked sixth in the country in per capita consumption of wine, with a total of 27,194,000 gallons drunk in 1986.[8]

In 1999, New Jersey implemented its Quality Wine Alliance (QWA) program modelled after similar rigorous standards in Italy and France.[22][23] According to this process, a wine "must undergo a review by an independent review board of certified wine judges, wine editors, wine distributors, liquor store owners, and experienced wine reviewers."[24]

On 17 January 2012, New Jersey governor Chris Christie signed into law a bill (S.3172/A.4436) that legalised direct shipping from winery to consumers, and permits state wineries to open as many as 18 offsite retail tasting rooms in the state.[25] The law allows wineries that make less than 250,000 gallons of wine annually (a "capacity cap limit") to ship wine to state residents.[25] Because this prohibits 90% of wine made in the United States, but does not effect New Jersey's small wineries, proponents of the law fear that this section of the law will be struck down as unconstitutional.[25] The U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit had struck down a similar limit in Massachusetts in 2008 and the Supreme Court of the United States addressed direct shipping laws a few years earlier.[26][27]

Judgment of Princeton (2012)

See also: Judgment of Princeton

On 8 June 2012, a blind tasting comparing red and white wines from New Jersey and Bordeaux and Burgundy wines from France was held at Princeton University during a four-day conference of the American Association of Wine Economists (AAWE). It was modelled after the Judgment of Paris event in 1976, a famous blind tasting in which California wines beat French wines. It was organized by George M. Taber, a former journalist from TIME Magazine who attended the Judgment of Paris event and later wrote a book about it,[28] and Princeton University economics professors Orley Ashenfelter and Richard E. Quandt, New York University economics professor and Journal of Wine Economics managing editor Karl Storchmann, and wine shop owner Mark Censits.

Of the nine judges in Princeton, five were American, three French, and one Belgian and represented vineyard owners, international wine critics and journalists. Each tasted ten wines, of which six were from New Jersey. New Jersey wines took three out of the top four spots in the white wine category and ranked third highest in the reds, and event organizers stated that the results were a "statistical tie."[29]

Several critics have publicly pointed out flaws in the competition including the comparison of weaker vintage French wines, and that that the results are statistically meaningless.[30][31] Indeed, event organizers Ashenfelter and Quandt have published papers criticising the methods of the 1976 Judgment of Paris and undermining the effectiveness of wine tastings.[32][33] According to the AAWE, "A statistical evaluation of the tasting...further shows that the rank order of the wines was mostly insignificant. That is, if the wine judges repeated the tasting, the results would most likely be different. From a statistically viewpoint, most wines were undistinguishable."[34]

Climate and geography

New Jersey is a very geologically diverse region with contrasting sandy soils and maritime climates affected by the Atlantic Ocean in the southern section of the state, and cooler climates in the mountainous and rocky terrain of the state's northwestern counties that are part of the Appalachian Mountains and the protected New York-New Jersey Highlands region. Because of this variety, the state offers a range of climates and terroirs for vineyard cultivation.

Production

Industry statistics

Today, New Jersey is the ranked seventh in the nation in total wine production behind California, New York, Washington, Oregon, Kentucky and Florida. However, New Jersey's production is miniscule compared to California's wine industry which produces 89.5% of the country's total production.[3] In 2010, 1.72 million gallons (approximately 716,000 cases)[35] of wine were produced in the “Garden State”—the most popular red wine varietals grown being Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc and Chambourcin and most popular white wine varietals being Chardonnay and Vidal Blanc.[3] A considerable portion of New Jersey wine sales are non-grape fruit wines—particularly apple, blueberry, raspberry and Cranberry wines—from fruit that readily identified with New Jersey and can be purchased from many nearby farms throughout the Garden State.[3] In 2007, vineyard crop production was valued at $4.7 million in 2007.[36] As of 2013, New Jersey’s 46 wineries generate between US$30,000,000-$40,000,000 of revenue annually.[21]

According to Rutgers University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Census of Agriculture, in 2002, 551 acres of New Jersey farmland were dedicated to the cultivation of grapes.[37] By 2007 (the last census), this had nearly doubled to 1,043 acres.[1] Current estimates indicate that total acreage may increase by 50%-100% when updated statistics for the next USDA Census of Agriculture are released in 2013. As of 2013, New Jersey currently has 46 licensed and operating wineries and several others in development. In 2007, 192 farms in the state were growing grapes to be sold as table grapes and converted into wine and juice production—this is up from 182 in 2002.[1]

Wines produced

According to AppellationAmerica, New Jersey farmers and winemakers grow the following varieties of grapes: Aurore, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Catawba, Cayuga, Chambourcin, Chancellor, Chardonnay, Concord, Fredonia, Gewürztraminer, Horizon, Ives Noir, Landot, Lemberger, Marechal Foch, Merlot, Muscat Ottonel, Niagara, Norton, Pinot Gris, Pinot Noir, Rayon d'Or, Riesling, Rkatziteli, Rumenika, Sangiovese, Sauvignon Blanc, Seyval Blanc, Syrah, Touriga Nacional, Traminette, Vidal Blanc, Vignoles, Villard Blanc, Villard Noir, Viognier[10]

New Jersey laws and regulation regarding farm wineries require that a farm cultivate a minimum 3 acres of vineyards. The New Jersey Department of Agriculture has expressed concern that wines made here are increasingly less dependent on grapes grown in the state and that business models are focused on sourcing grapes or juices for winemaking from out-of-state. Their concerns are centered on the credibility and authenticity of a “New Jersey” wine. As a response, they have recommended expanding the number of acres of vineyard production from 3 acres to 5 acres in order to obtain a plenary winery license. Further, the state is looking to certify wineries and permit the marketing of certain wines under its “Jersey Fresh” agriculture program based on their being produced with New Jersey grown grapes.

Wine regions

Today, 46 wineries are currently in operation in thirteen of the state's 21 counties. Several other wineries are planning to open and are either awaiting the approval of licenses, or in some form of development. Because of favorable sandy soils and warmer cimate, a majority of these wineries are located in South Jersey's Outer Coastal Plain Viticultural Area.[38] Most of the remaining wineries are in western New Jersey's Warren Hills and Central Delaware Valley viticultural areas. These three AVA regions comprise nearly 4 million of the state's 5.6 million acres—over 70% of its area. A few wineries operate in areas of the state that are not within a designated AVA.

Outer Coastal Plain AVA

The Outer Coastal Plain American Viticultural Area was established by federal regulation in 2007. It consist of most of the southern half of New Jersey spanning 2,250,000 acres (911,000 ha) across all of Cumberland, Cape May, Atlantic, and Ocean counties and portions of Salem, Gloucester, Camden, Burlington, and Monmouth counties.[39]

This region is known for its high production yields for all crops and is the center of New Jersey's blueberry, cranberry and tomato production. It is characterized by a combination of factors conducive to cultivating grapes, including a climate modereated by the influence of Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, a growing season extending 190-220 days, and fertile sand and sandy loam soils. This longer growing season and warmer climate allows the region to grow vinifera varieties that are too cold sensitive to be cultivated in the Northeastern United States. Around twenty of New Jersey's 43 wineries are located within this viticultural area.[40]

Central Delaware Valley AVA

The Central Delaware Valley American Viticultural Area was created by federal regulation in 1984 and includes 96,000 acres (38,850 ha) surrounding the Delaware River in both southeastern Pennsylvania and central New Jersey north of Philadelphia and Trenton, New Jersey.[41]Its southern boundary is near Titusville, New Jersey, just north of Trenton, and its northern border is near Musconetcong Mountain. A variety of Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca grape Varieties are grown in the area, most notably Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Riesling, and hybrids Chambourcin, Chancellor, Leon Millot, Seyval Blanc, and Vidal Blanc.[42][43]

Warren Hills AVA

The Warren Hills American Viticultural Area was established by federal regulation in 1988. [44] It consists of 1,446,400 acres (585,337 ha) or roughly one-half of Warren County, New Jersey.[45] This is an area largely know for dairy farming, in the rolling hills and valleyes of the Highlands physiographic province and drained by the watersheds of the Musconetcong River and Delaware River. Roughly 100 acres are planted with grapes in this AVA. This region is primarily planted with French hybrid grapes.[10]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c National Agricultural Statistics Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2007 Census of Agriculture, State Level Data: New Jersey Table 35. Specified Fruits and Nuts by Acres: 2007 and 2002. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  2. ^ New Jersey was ranked seventh behind (1) California, (2) New York, (3) Washington, (4) Oregon, (5) Kentucky and (6) Florida.
  3. ^ a b c d Hodgen, Donald A. (U.S. Department of Commerce). "U.S. Wine Industry 2011". Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  4. ^ Capuzzo, Jill P. "Ready For Prime Time?" in New Jersey Monthly (13 February 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference McCormickNJGrapes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ MacNeil, Karen. The Wine Bible (New York: Workman Publishing Company, 2001), 630-631.]
  7. ^ Laws of the State of New Jersey, L. 1981 c. 280., which impacted N.J.S.A. 33:1-10 and 54:43-1
  8. ^ a b c d Janson, Donald. "Wine makers are reporting a good crop". New York Times (18 September 1988). Retrieved 26 January 2013. Cite error: The named reference "NYTimesDJanson1988" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h McCormick, Richard P. "The Royal Society, The Grape and New Jersey" in Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, Volume LXXXI, Number 2, (April 1953); and later in Journal of the Royal Society of Arts (January 1962).
  10. ^ a b c Appellation America (2007). "New Jersey: Appellation Description". Retrieved 14 November 2007.
  11. ^ Our People of the Century: Charles K. Landis - Founder of a City, Creator of a Dream. Cumberland County, New Jersey. Accessed 26 January 2013.
  12. ^ The Founding of Vineland and Its Growth as an Agricultural Center, West Jersey and South Jersey Heritage. Accessed August 28, 2007.
  13. ^ Hallett, Anthony; and Hallett, Diane. "Thomas B. Welch, Charles E. Welch" in Entrepreneur Magazine Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurs. (John Wiley and Sons, 1997), 481–483; and Haines, Lee M.; and Thomas, Paul William. "A New Denomination" in An Outline History of the Wesleyan Church (4th edition ed.). (Indianapolis, Indiana: Wesley Press, 1990), 68.
  14. ^ Rignani, Jennifer Papale. Images of America: New Jersey Wineries. (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2008). ISBN 0-7385-5722-6
  15. ^ Corcoran, Davis (17 July 2005). "So Crisp, So Complex, So Unexpected". New York Times.
  16. ^ Rignani, 51, 54.
  17. ^ Rignani, 53.
  18. ^ MacNeil, Karen. The Wine Bible (New York: Workman Publishing Company, 2001), 630-631.
  19. ^ Laws of the State of New Jersey, L. 1981 c. 280., which impacted N.J.S.A. 33:1-10 and 54:43-1
  20. ^ N.J.S.A 33:1-10 "Farm winery license 2b"
  21. ^ a b Capuzzo, Jill P. "Ready For Prime Time?" in New Jersey Monthly (13 February 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  22. ^ Garden State Wine Grower's Association. The Quality Wine Alliance Program. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  23. ^ Goldberg, Howard G. "N.J. VINES: Reds and Whites That Win the Gold" in The New York Times (20 May 2001). Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  24. ^ Sitton, Lea. "Cultivating N.J.'s wine industry As winemakers strive to improve quality and gain recognition, a change appears to be on the horizon" in The Philadelphia Inquirer. (23 July 2006). Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  25. ^ a b c "Free at Last: New Jersey Passes Direct Shipping Bill", Wine Spectator website (19 January 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  26. ^ Family Winemakers of California v. Jenkins, 592 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2010) (Docket No. 09-1169/1:2006cv11682); Granholm v. Heald, 544 U.S. 460, 125 S.Ct. 1885, 161 L.Ed.2d 796 (2005).
  27. ^ http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/41581 "Winery Direct Shipping Coming to Massachusetts Residents">Wine Spectator website (15 January 2010). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  28. ^ Taber, George M. Judgment of Paris: California vs France and the Historic Paris Tasting that Revolutionized Wine. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005).
  29. ^ NJTODAY.net (CMD Media). "Blind Test Finds NJ Wines Hold Their Own With French Competitors". (12 June 2012).
  30. ^ Goldstein, Robin. Blind Taste: "The Judgment of Princeton" (13 June 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  31. ^ Murphy, Linda. "The Judgment of...Princeton?" in Wine Review Online (19 June 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  32. ^ Ashenfelter, Orley and Quandt, Richard E. "Analyzing a Wine Tasting Statistically" from Chance 12 (1999). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  33. ^ Quandt, Richard E. "On Wine Bullshit." Journal of Wine Economics 2:2 (2007).
  34. ^ Storchmann, Karl. "The Judgment of Princeton" on the American Association of Wine Economists blog (11 June 2012). Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  35. ^ A case being defined as a standard twelve 750 millilitre bottles (2.4 gallons)
  36. ^ Haddon, Heather. "Years of Growth at Risk for N.J. Wine" in The Wall Street Journal (4 January 2012). Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  37. ^ National Agricultural Statistics Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2002 Census of Agriculture, State Level Data: New Jersey Table 36. Specified Fruits and Nuts by Acres: 2002 and 1997. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  38. ^ Tara Nurin and Elizabeth A. McDonald (October 2009). "Napa Valley, New Jersey?". South Jersey Magazine.
  39. ^ 27 CFR §9.207 Outer Coastal Plain." Code of Federal Regulations Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; Part 9 — American Viticultural Areas; Subpart C — Approved American Viticultural Areas. (Retrieved 14 July 2012).
  40. ^ Appellation America (2007). "Outer Coastal Plain (AVA): Appellation Description". (Retrieved 14 July 2012).
  41. ^ This regulation was amended in 1987. 27 CFR "§9.49 Central Delaware Valley." Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; Part 9 — American Viticultural Areas; Subpart C — Approved American Viticultural Areas. (Retrieved 14 July 2012).
  42. ^ Appellation America (2007). "Central Delaware Valley (AVA): Appellation Description". (Retrieved 14 July 2012).
  43. ^ Barron's Educational Services, Inc. (1995). "Central Delaware Valley AVA". Retrieved 5 February 2008.
  44. ^ 27 CFR §9.121 Warren Hills." Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27: Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms; Part 9 — American Viticultural Areas; Subpart C — Approved American Viticultural Areas. Retrieved 5 February 2008
  45. ^ Wine Institute, The (2008). "American Viticultural Areas by State". Retrieved 5 February 2008.

Further reading

  • Westrich, Sam. New Jersey Wine: A Remarkable History (Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press, 2012). ISBN 978-1-60949-183-3
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