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Several [[farm]]s and [[orchard]]s are located along the banks of the Paulins Kill, raising crops included grain-producing grasses including [[alfalfa]], [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[hay]] and historically [[barley]], [[buckwheat]] and [[rye]]; fruit trees harvesting many varieties of [[cherries]] (''Prunus cerasus''), [[apple]] (''Malus domestica''), [[plum]] (''Prunus domestica''), [[peach]] (''Prunus persica'') and [[pear]] (genus ''Pyrus'').<ref>ibid.</ref> Native wild [[grape]] vines (especially ''Vitis riparia''), and [[Blackberry]] bushes (''Rubus fruticosus'') are often found.<ref>ibid.</ref>
Several [[farm]]s and [[orchard]]s are located along the banks of the Paulins Kill, raising crops included grain-producing grasses including [[alfalfa]], [[wheat]], [[corn]], [[hay]] and historically [[barley]], [[buckwheat]] and [[rye]]; fruit trees harvesting many varieties of [[cherries]] (''Prunus cerasus''), [[apple]] (''Malus domestica''), [[plum]] (''Prunus domestica''), [[peach]] (''Prunus persica'') and [[pear]] (genus ''Pyrus'').<ref>ibid.</ref> Native wild [[grape]] vines (especially ''Vitis riparia''), and [[Blackberry]] bushes (''Rubus fruticosus'') are often found.<ref>ibid.</ref>


==In literature and popular culture==
==Trivia==
* Essayist, poet and children's author [[Aline Murray Kilmer]] (1886&ndash;1941), the widow of poet [[Joyce Kilmer]] (1886&ndash;1918) resided in [[Stillwater, New Jersey]] for the last thirteen years of her life. Located along the Paulins Kill, her home, "Whitehall," was built in 1785 by Abraham Shafer (1754-1820), son of Casper Shafer. The setting of her children's book, ''A Buttonwood Summer'' (1929), was inspired by Stillwater and the Paulins Kill Valley.
* Essayist, poet and children's author [[Aline Murray Kilmer]] (1886&ndash;1941), the widow of poet [[Joyce Kilmer]] (1886&ndash;1918) resided in [[Stillwater, New Jersey]] for the last thirteen years of her life. Located along the Paulins Kill, her home, "Whitehall," was built in 1785 by Abraham Shafer (1754-1820), son of Casper Shafer. The setting of her children's book, ''A Buttonwood Summer'' (1929), was inspired by Stillwater and the Paulins Kill Valley.
* The 1980 horror film ''[[Friday the 13th (film)|Friday the 13th]] was filmed at Camp NoBeBosCo north of [[Blairstown, New Jersey]] in [[Hardwick Township, New Jersey|Hardwick Township]]. The camp's Sand Pond which stood in for the movie's "Crystal Lake" feeds the Jacksonburg Creek, a tributary of the Paulins Kill.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 16:31, 31 October 2006

Paulins Kill
Map
Physical characteristics
MouthDelaware River
Length28.60 miles (46.03 km)[1]

The Paulins Kill (also known as Paulinskill or Paulinskill River) is a 28.6-mile (46 km) long tributary of the Delaware River in northwestern New Jersey in the United States. It is New Jersey's largest contributor to the Delaware River, flowing at a rate of 573 cubic feet of water per second (16.23 m³/s).[5]

The Paulins Kill was a conduit for the emigration of Palatine Germans who settled in northwestern New Jersey and northeastern Pennsylvania during the colonial period and the American Revolution. Remnants of their settlement is still found in local architecture and cemeteries.

Flowing through rural sections of Sussex and Warren counties, the Paulins Kill and its surrounding valley is regarded as an excellent venue for fly fishing, hiking and observation of a variety of species of birds and other wildlife.


Geography and Geology

Course

Map of the Paulins Kill and its watershed

The river emanates from two branches that merge near the hamlet of Augusta, in Frankford Township, New Jersey. One branch, known as the Culver Brook (often marked on maps simply as a "Branch of the Paulins Kill") begins at Culver's Lake, in Frankford Township and flows through Branchville. The other begins in marshes immediately north and west of Newton, New Jersey that strattle both Newton and the northern reaches of Fredon Township and initially flows northward through Lafayette Township before merging with the Culver Brook in neighboring Frankford Township. Although often unnamed on maps, this latter branch is often considered the main branch of the river. The Paulins Kill then flows southwest, through Hampton and Stillwater Townships in Sussex County, before flowing through Frelinghuysen, Hardwick, Blairstown and Knowlton Townships in Warren County where its waters enter the Delaware River just south of the Delaware Water Gap at the hamlet of Columbia in Knowlton Township.

A dam was built in the 1920s across the Paulins Kill in Stillwater Township, to create Paulinskill Lake, a narrow, 3-mile (4.8 km) long body of water that stretches back into Hampton Township to the north. It was constructed in response to the 1914 establishment of Swartswood State Park, to provide seasonal (summer) housing and recreation for vacationers from the New York metropolitan area. Today, it is a year-round residential community managed by a homeowners association.[6]

Today, several dams and mill races remain from the grist, saw, oil and fulling mills built along the river's banks during the 18th and 19th century, and continue to alter the course and flow of the river.

Valley

The valley of the Paulins Kill is bordered on the West by the Kittatinny Ridge of the Appalachians. Kittatinny Mountain, which is a segment of the Blue Ridge chain of the Appalachians, has been known historically as Schawangunk Mountain (as it is known north of the New York-New Jersey border), or Pahaqualong Mountain. Beginning at the western boundary of the valley of the Paulins Kill and extending westward to the Delaware River (and beyond that to the Allegheny Mountains), is the Ridge and Valley physiographic province, one of four physiographic provinces that cover the land mass of New Jersey. This area, was largely formed through the fold-and-thrust action 300 million years ago during the Alleghenian orogeny. Largely, the valley floor, and its eastern boundary constitute the northwesternmost reaches of the New York-New Jersey Highlands region—a geological formation composed primarily of precambrian igneous and metamorphic rock—within New Jersey.

The Paulins Kill shares the valley with Papakating Creek which flows northward to the Wallkill River, and is part of the Hudson River watershed. This valley has often been called, historically, "Mamakating" which derives from the Lenape for "valley of the divided waters"—however, this name has fallen into disuse since the latter half of the 20th century. At their closest, the Papakating Creek and Paulins Kill flow within one mile of each other, in Frankford Township in Sussex County.

Tributaries

The Paulins Kill, itself a tributary of the Delaware River, is fed by several mountain streams—many of which are unnamed. However, several larger streams—with names—contribute their waters to the Paulinskill at various points along its 28.6-mile (46 km) length, including:

  • Blair Creek (Blairstown)
  • Culver Brook (Frankford) - the western branch of the Paulins Kill.
  • Dilts Creek (Blairstown)
  • Jacksonburg Creek (Stillwater, Hardwick, and Blairstown)
  • Moore's Brook (Newton) - an initial feeder streams for the eastern (main) branch.
  • Trout Brook (Stillwater)
  • Walnut Creek (Blairstown)
  • Yards Creek (Knowlton and Blairstown)

History

Origins of the name

A vintage postcard view of the Paulins Kill at Baleville, in Hampton Township, New Jersey, circa 1905. The Paulins Kill is a calm, slow-flowing river, without significant disturbance or rapids, and looks much like this view for all of its length.

The Board of Geographic Names decided that the official spelling of the name would be Paulins Kill in 1898.[7] Other spellings (Pawlins Kill or Paulinskill) have remained in common use. The use of Paulinskill River, however—while often used—is redundant as Kill is a geographic designation for a small stream or creek, derived from Dutch.

The Paulins Kill was originally known as the Tockhockonetcong by the local Native Americans who were either Munsee, or Lenni Lenape. The name Tockhockonetcong (or Tockhockonetcunk) roughly translates to "stream that comes from Tok-Hok-Nok"—Tok-hok-nok being an Indian village believed to been within the boundaries of present-day Newton, New Jersey,[8] near which the eastern (main) branch of the Paulins Kill begins, and the Lenape roots hannek meaning "stream" and the suffix -ong denoting "place."[9][10]

Local tradition says that the Paulins Kill was named for a girl named Pauline, the daughter of a Hessian soldier. During the American Revolution, Hessian soldiers captured at the Battle of Trenton and other skirmishes within New Jersey were held as prisoners of war in the Stillwater, New Jersey area. Several of these Hessians are alleged to have deserted the British and taken up residence in Stillwater because of the village's predominantly German emigrant population. The assumption is that the name Paulins Kill was derived from "Pauline's Kill."[11][12] However, the fact that the name Paulins Kill is present on maps and surveys dating from the 1740s and 1750s—two and three decades before the Revolution—negates the veracity of this tradition.[13][14] Further, some local traditions state that the girl's name was Pauline Snover, however extant genealogical records do not indicate that any person existed by that name at that time.

Two other possibilities for the naming of the Paulins Kill are more likely. First, that the wife of Stillwater, New Jersey's first settler, Johan Peter Bernhardt (died 1748), was named Maria Paulina and that she had died prior to the first settlement at Stillwater in 1742. However, very few records are extant detailing Bernhardt's family. The second and most likely etymological origin is that the Native American name given to the mountain on the valley's western flank, Pahaqualong (also spelled Pahaqualin, Pohoqualin and Pahaquarra) may have been corrupted and anglicized to a spelling such as "Paulins" by early white settlers or surveyors. Pahaqualong is roughly translated as “end of two mountains with stream between” as a combination of the words pe’uck meaning “water hole,” qua meaning “boundary,” and the suffix -onk meaning “place.”[15][16][17] This translation my refer either to the valley of the Paulins Kill itself, or to the Delaware Water Gap.

Local tradition does place an Indian village named Pahaquarra near the mouth of the Paulinskill. Pahaquarry Township in Warren County derives its name from this origin. [18]

A village named Paulina located a short distance east of Blairstown, New Jersey on Route 94, is said to have been named "from the stream upon which it is located." William Armstrong, a local settler, built the first grist mill there along the river in 1768.[19]

Early settlement

File:Caspershaferhouse1741.jpg
Home built by Casper Shafer in Stillwater, New Jersey. The architecture is typical of colonial-era and early America houses built by the German emigrants who settled in the Paulins Kill valley. The log cabin portion of the stucture (left) dates from circa 1742, and the stone portion (right) from circa 1750.

The first human settlement along the Paulins Kill was by early native Americans circa 8,000 BC. At the time of the first settlement by emigrating Europeans in this region, it was populated by the Munsee tribe of the Lenni Lenape (or Delaware) Indians. Artifacts (often of stone, clay or bone) of the Native American culture are often found in nearby farm fields and at the site of their ancient villages. [20]

Typically, early European settlement along the Paulins Kill was achieved by Palatine Germans who had emigrated to the New World by way of the port of Philadelphia from 1720 to 1800. Many had treked north through the valley of the Delaware and settled along the Musconetcong, Pequest and Paulins Kill valleys in New Jersey and along the Lehigh River valley in Pennsylvania. Areas along the Paulins Kill generally were not settled until the 1740s and 1750s.[21] Often villages established and settled by German emigrants remained culturally German well into the Nineteenth Century, with German Lutheran and Reformed churches (often as "Union" churches) established shortly after the first settlements (as was the case in Knowlton and in Stillwater). However, by the early Nineteenth Century, many descendants of these German settlers removed to newly-opened lands in the West (i.e. Ohio, the Northwest Territory, the Southern Tier of New York) and those that remained had assimilated into English-speaking culture, and the German Reformed or Lutheran Churches often became Presbyterian.[22] The German cultural impact of this community can still be seen in local architecture—most notably in barns and in stone houses—and in cemeteries containing intricately-carved gravestones often bearing archaic German text and funerary symbols.[23] English, Scottish, Welsh settlers located in the Paulins Kill valley throughout the latter-half of the eighteenth century, often travelling north from Philadelphia, or west from Long Island, Newark, and Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth).[24]

The area around present-day Stillwater was first settled by the family of Casper Shafer (1712–1784), a Palatine German who had emigrated to Philadelphia a few years earlier. Shafer, with his father-in-law, Johan Peter Bernhardt (?–1748), and his brother-in-law Johann Georg Windemuth (or John George Wintermute) (1711–1782), settled at Stillwater in 1742. Both Shafer and Windemuth were married to Bernhardt's daughters.[25] Shafer, who operated a grist mill at Stillwater starting in 1746, used to take flour, fruit, and other products by flatboat down the Paulins Kill and the Delaware River to the market in Philadelphia. Most of the New Jersey shoreline and cities such as Elizabethtown and Newark were practically unknown to the German settlers along the Paulins Kill who learned of the existence of these cities only through trade with the local Lenni Lenape.[26] Part of this was because of the incredible hardship of an overland journey east to these cities resulting from a lack of roads. The first road connecting Elizabethtown, and Morristown with the Delaware River, was the Military Road built by Jonathan Hampton (1711-1777) in 1755-1756.[27] Very few large roads were built until the creation of turnpike companies in the early decades of the Nineteenth Century. Trade, during much of the mid-eigthteenth century in the northwestern reaches of New Jersey was conducted through Philadelphia.[28]

About the year 1760, Mark Thomson (1739-1803) settled in Hardwick Township (now Frelinghuysen Township) and erected a gristmill and sawmill on the Paulins Kill. The settlement that arose was later named Marksboro in his honour. Thomson, who removed to Changewater in Hunterdon County became an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and served two terms in the House of Representatives.[29]

Commercial and industrial impact

File:October 2006 021.jpg
The Paulinskill or Hainesburg Viaduct, built 1908 to 1911, carries the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad at grade across the Paulins Kill Valley along the Lackawanna Cut-Off.

From the standpoint of conservation, the Paulins Kill has benefited from it having remained chiefly a pastoral river in a largely undeveloped area of New Jersey. No significant industry had developed since the 1740s to cause irreversible damage to the flow of the river or to heavily pollute its waters. During this time, the river was dammed to provide power to the only industries established in these small rural towns: grist, saw, oil, and fulling mills.[30] Many of the dams that once powered the mills, and the electrical power plant at Branchville established in 1903, have been breached, or no longer impede the flow fo the river.[31]

Columbia, a hamlet near the mouth of the Paulins Kill in Knowlton Township, was known for a large glass manufacturing factory.

Also near Columbia, is where the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad constructed the Paulinskill Viaduct (known also as the Hainesburg Viaduct) a bridge crossing the Paulins Kill along a rail corridor known as the Lackawanna Cut-Off. Begun in 1908, this bridge was deemed an engineering marvel for its use of reinforced concrete. Spanning 1,100 feet (335 m) across the Paulins Kill Valley, the Viaduct which rises 115 feet (35 m) above the valley floor, opened up for rail traffic in 1911.[32] [33][34] It was the largest such viaduct in the world until 1915, when the Lackawanna Railroad opened the Tunkhannock Viaduct in Nicholson, Pennsylvania spanning over twice the Paulinskill Viaduct's length.[35] Currently abandoned, several plans are underway by New Jersey Transit to open the route as a passenger line to Scranton, Pennsylvania.[36] This site is commonly visited by adventure-seeking individuals.[37]

However, despite its rural character, the Paulins Kill is still impacted by the pollution chiefly through nearby residential developments and farm run-off (agricultural pesticides and fertilizers), known as "non-point pollution." The New Jersey Public Interest Research Group (NJPIRG) has ranked the Paulins Kill as the seventh in a collection of rivers and creeks in a Top 30 listing of New Jersey waterways to Save [38] Also, New Jersey's Department of Environmental Protection often brings civil actions against local firms that deliberately pollute in the Paulins Kill watershed, most recently levying a $121,500 against a Sussex County shopping mall owner who discharged pollutants from a sewage treatment facility into the main branch near Newton, New Jersey between 1996 and 1998.[39]

Also, recent development prompted by an enlarging New York City Metropolitan area, has prompted development issues thought to possibly threaten the Paulins Kill's future. A public sewer and water project in Branchville, New Jersey was halted in the 2000 out of concern for a population of Dwarf wedgemussels (Alasmidonta heterodon), an endangered species. This project was reauthorized in 2002. [40]

Today

Today, the Paulins Kill continues to maintain its rural character through both local concern and government policy. It is an excellent area for birdwatching, canoeing, hiking, hunting and fishing, and is considered to be one of the best trout streams in New Jersey.[41] As in the past, the Paulins Kill Valley remains rural, and the landscape is dotted with many horse and dairy farms along its entire length.

New Jersey's Green Acres program has targeted the Paulins Kill and its surrounding valley as an excellent natural resources for open space and farmland preservation and recreational opportunities. The state, working together with agricultural development boards in Sussex and Warren County, and with the Ridge and Valley Conservancy, a local nonprofit land trust, share land acquisition costs to enter tracts of real estate into the program.[42] Since 1983, several farms across New Jersey have sold development rights to the county programs. Sussex County has permanently preserved 12,242.39 acres (4,954.32 ha) of woodland and farmland.[43] Likewise, Warren County has preserved 100 farm properties, comprising over approximately 12,200 acres (4,937.16 ha).[44]

The Paulinskill Valley Trail—a network of trails along abandoned railroad beds of the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railroad—have been transformed and maintained for hiking, horseback riding, and other recreational uses, stretches for 27 miles (44 km) from Sparta Junction in Sussex County to Columbia in Warren County, roughly following the entire length of the river. After the New York, Susquehanna and Western decommissioned the route in 1962, the right-of-way along this corridor was purchased by the City of Newark in the following year. Newark hoped to use the bed for a water pipeline connecting to the proposed dam and reservoir project on the Delaware River. However, this project—controversial from the start because of environmental concerns and the federal government's abuse of eminent domain—was cancelled during the 1970s. Newark sold their claim to the corridor in 1992 to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection for $600,000, and the Paulinskill Valley Trail was created.[45]

Flora and fauna

Birds

New Jersey's State Bird, the American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) is a bird commonly sighted in the valley of the Paulins Kill.

Birdwatchers have sighted a variety of common and endangered species of birds that inhabit the Paulins Kill valley. More common species include: American Robin (Turdus migratorius ), Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata), American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Black-capped Chickadee (Paurs atricapillus), Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and the American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis). Also sighted are several species of Woodpecker, including Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) and the endangered Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus). Often sighted are water fowl such as the Mute Swan (Cygnus olor), the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), the Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), and the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and predators such as the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) and the Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). During the winter months, Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Eastern Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) are often hunted. More rare birds sighted in the Paulins Kill valley include: Purple martin (Progne subis), Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula), Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus), and a variety of owls, notably the Barn Owl (Tyto alba), Eastern Screech Owl (Otus asio), Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus), Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca), Barred Owl (Strix varia), Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus).

Mammals

The Paulins Kill is also home to a variety of mammals, many of which are hunted during the winter months, including: Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) Eastern Cottontail Rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus), Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus), Woodchuck or Groundhog (Marmota monax), Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), Beaver (Castor candensis), Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), Eastern Coyote (Canis latrans), Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), Black Bear (Ursus americanus), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis), River Otter (Lutra canadensis), Bobcat (Felis rufus), White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus).

Reptiles and amphibians

The Paulins Kill valley is home to many common northeastern American reptiles, including snakes such as the American Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix), the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus), the Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon), the Common Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) and the Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum), and turtles including the Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), and the Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina). It is also home to a wide variety of amphibians including the Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), Red Spotted Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens), American Toad (Bufo americanus), Fowlers Toad (Bufo woodhousii fowleri), American Bull Frog (Rana catesbeiana) and many others.

Fish and marine life

The Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are abundant in both wild and stocked populations in the waters of the Paulins Kill.

The Paulins Kill is a popular fishing destination for various species of trout—mostly Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)—many of which are stocked each year during fishing season by New Jersey's Division of Fish & Wildlife and others are found wild. Historically, the Paulins Kill was known to be populated with American Shad (Alosa sapidissima), but with the construction of mill dams across the river in the eighteenth and nineteenth century, the population of Shad were unable to spawn in the river.[46] Shad can still be found in the Delaware River.[47] The river is also a breeding ground for Dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon), an endangered species.[48]

Insects

The Paulins Kill owes its fly fishing reputation to the prolific populations of various species of the mayfly (order Ephemeroptera) and caddisfly (order Trichoptera).[49]

Trees and Plants

The Paulins Kill valley is host a a variety of common coniferous and deciduous trees which have in the past been harvested for lumber. Among those to be found in the area include: White Oak (Quercus alba), Black Oak (Quercus velutina), Buttonwood or American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), American Chestnut (Castanea dentata), Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Tamarack Larch (Larix laricina), and various species of Maple (genus Acer),Birch (genus Betula), Hickory (genus Carya), Elm (genus Ulmus), Spruce (genus Picea), Pine (genus Pinus), and Crab Apple (genus Malus).[50]

Several farms and orchards are located along the banks of the Paulins Kill, raising crops included grain-producing grasses including alfalfa, wheat, corn, hay and historically barley, buckwheat and rye; fruit trees harvesting many varieties of cherries (Prunus cerasus), apple (Malus domestica), plum (Prunus domestica), peach (Prunus persica) and pear (genus Pyrus).[51] Native wild grape vines (especially Vitis riparia), and Blackberry bushes (Rubus fruticosus) are often found.[52]

  • Essayist, poet and children's author Aline Murray Kilmer (1886–1941), the widow of poet Joyce Kilmer (1886–1918) resided in Stillwater, New Jersey for the last thirteen years of her life. Located along the Paulins Kill, her home, "Whitehall," was built in 1785 by Abraham Shafer (1754-1820), son of Casper Shafer. The setting of her children's book, A Buttonwood Summer (1929), was inspired by Stillwater and the Paulins Kill Valley.
  • The 1980 horror film Friday the 13th was filmed at Camp NoBeBosCo north of Blairstown, New Jersey in Hardwick Township. The camp's Sand Pond which stood in for the movie's "Crystal Lake" feeds the Jacksonburg Creek, a tributary of the Paulins Kill.

See also

Notes and citations

  1. ^ http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri934076/stations/01443500.html accessed 24 August 2006.
  2. ^ http://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri934076/stations/01443500.html accessed 24 August 2006.
  3. ^ http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nj/nwis/current/?type=flow accessed 24 August 2006.
  4. ^ http://www.state.nj.us/drbc/Flood_Website/floodclaims_reference.htm accessed 24 August 2006.
  5. ^ USGS Real-time data for New Jersey stream flow, accessed 30 October 2006.
  6. ^ "Stillwater" at Skylands Magazine website, accessed 29 October 2006.
  7. ^ Geographic Names Information System Feature Detail Report accessed 24 August 2006.
  8. ^ Snell, James P. (1881) History of Sussex and Warren Counties, New Jersey, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers. (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1881), 23.
  9. ^ Thieme, Christopher D., On Crossroads and Signposts: An Etymology of Place Names in Sussex and Warren Counties, New Jersey. (New York: Newcastle Press, 2006 - release forthcoming) advance copies prior to release (scheduled November 2006) available, contact [1]
  10. ^ Anthony, A. S., Rev. and Brinton, Daniel G. Lenape-English Dictionary. (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1883).
  11. ^ Northwestern New Jersey--A History of Somerset, Morris, Hunterdon, Warren, and Sussex Counties, Vol. 1. (A. Van Doren Honeyman, ed. in chief, Lewis Historical Publishing Co., New York, 1927), 499.
  12. ^ Snell, op. cit., 379.
  13. ^ Labelled "Tockhockonetkunk or Pawlings Kill" on an untitled map of Jonathan Hampton (1758) in the collection of the New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey.
  14. ^ Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey. [Title Varies]. Archives of the State of New Jersey, 1st-2nd series. 47 volumes. (Newark, New Jersey, 1880-1949, passim.
  15. ^ Thieme, op. cit.
  16. ^ Decker, Amelia Stickney, That Ancient Trail (Trenton, New Jersey: Privately printed, 1942), 151
  17. ^ Anthony and Brinton, op. cit.
  18. ^ Snell, op cit., 23; Thieme, op. cit.
  19. ^ Snell, op. cit., 688.
  20. ^ Schrabisch, Max. Indian habitations in Sussex County, New Jersey Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 13. (Union Hill, New Jersey: Dispatch Printing Company, 1915); and Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon counties Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 18. (Trenton, N.J., MacCrellish and Quigley co., state printers, 1917).
  21. ^ Chambers, Theodore Frelinghuysen. The early Germans of New Jersey: Their History, Churches, and Genealogies. (Dover, New Jersey, Dover Printing Company, 1895), passim.
  22. ^ Schaeffer, Capser, M.D. and Johnson, William M. Memoirs and Reminiscences: Together with Sketches of the Early History of Sussex County, New Jersey. (Hackensack, New Jersey: Privately Printed, 1907). 42-43, 46-47; Chambers, op. cit., passim.
  23. ^ Viet, Richard F. "John Solomon Teetzel and the Anglo-German Gravestone Carving Tradition of 18th Century Northwestern New Jersey" in Markers XVII (Richard E. Meyer, ed.), the annual journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies. (2000).
  24. ^ Schaeffer, Capser, M.D. and Johnson, William M. Memoirs and Reminiscences: Together with Sketches of the Early History of Sussex County, New Jersey. (Hackensack, New Jersey: Privately Printed, 1907). passim.; Snell, op. cit., passim.; Armstrong, William C. Pioneer Families of Northwestern New Jersey (Lambertville, New Jersey: Hunterdon House, 1979), passim; Stickney, Charles E. Old Sussex County families of the Minisink Region from articles in the Wantage Recorder (compiled by Virginia Alleman Brown) (Washington, N.J. : Genealogical Researchers, 1988), passim.
  25. ^ Wintermute, Jacob Perry. Wintermute Family History. (Columbus, Ohio: Champlin Press, 1900); Wintermute, Leonard. Windemuth Family Heritage. (Baltimore, Maryland: Gateway Press, 1996).
  26. ^ Schaeffer and Johnson. op. cit., 33.; Snell, op. cit., passim.
  27. ^ Military Trail at Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area website, accessed 29 October 2006.
  28. ^ Schaeffer and Johnson, loc. cit.
  29. ^ Snell, op. cit., passim.
  30. ^ Snell, op. cit., passim.
  31. ^ Branchville, New Jersey - History, accessed 29 October 2006.
  32. ^ Cunningham, John T. Railroad Wonder: The Lackawanna Cut-Off (Newark, New Jersey: Newark Sunday News, 1961). NO ISBN
  33. ^ Richman, Steven M. The Bridges Of New Jersey: Portraits Of Garden State Crossings. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005). ISBN 0813535107
  34. ^ "Touring the Lackawanna Cut-Off" in Skylands Magazine, accessed 29 October 2006.
  35. ^ History and Heritage of Civil Engineering: "Tunkhannock Viaduct" at the American Society of Civil Engineers website ASCE.org), accessed 29 October 2006.
  36. ^ Lackawanna Cutoff Project at NJTransit.com (April 2005), accessed 29 October 2006.
  37. ^ Weird New Jersey Magazine, 2001 Weekly Story Archives, accessed 29 October 2006.
  38. ^ Defend New Jersey Waters Releases List Of Top 30 Waterways To Save at the NJPIRG website, accessed 29 October 2006.
  39. ^ NJ DEP Attains Settlement Over Water Pollution Violations affecting Paulinskill River (Press Release) at NJDEP website, accessed 29 October 2006.
  40. ^ "Branchville Sewer Plant May Still Be Built" in New Jersey Herald (16 April 2002), transcribed at http://www.srk.hk/i/news/activist/part1/branchville-sewer-plant-may-built.asp?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=4620, accessed 29 October 2006.
  41. ^ [http://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/trtartjs.htm "Trout Fishing in New Jersey - The Good 'Ole Days are Now!"] at New Jersey Division of Fish & Wildlife website, accessed 29 October 2006.
  42. ^ State Acquisitions Current Projects, Green Acres Program, NJ Department of Environmental Protection accessed 24 August 2006.
  43. ^ Preserved Farmland in Sussex County (NJ), accessed 30 October 2006.
  44. ^ Preserved Farms in Warren County Hit 100 (2004 Press Release) Warren County (NJ), accessed 30 October 2006.
  45. ^ Paulinskill Valley Trail at Rails-to-Trail Conservancy accessed 24 August 2006.
  46. ^ Cummings, Warren D. Sussex County: A History (Newton, New Jersey: Newton Rotary Club, 1964). transcribed http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/NJSUSSEX/2002-09/1032918263, accessed 26 October 2006.
  47. ^ Fishing for Shad on the Delaware at Delaware River Recreation, accessed 29 October 2006.
  48. ^ Dwarf wedge mussel: August 2003 Species of the Month at NJ Division of Fish & Wildlife website, accessed 29 October 2006.
  49. ^ Music to a Hare's Ears in Skylands Magazine, accessed 29 October 2006.
  50. ^ Schaeffer and Johnson, op. cit., 45 ff.
  51. ^ ibid.
  52. ^ ibid.

Books and printed materials

  • Armstrong, William C. Pioneer Families of Northwestern New Jersey (Lambertville, New Jersey: Hunterdon House, 1979).
  • Cawley, James S. and Cawley, Margaret. Exploring the Little Rivers of New Jersey (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1942, 1961, 1971, 1993). ISBN 0813506840
  • Chambers, Theodore Frelinghuysen. The early Germans of New Jersey: Their History, Churches, and Genealogies (Dover, New Jersey, Dover Printing Company, 1895), passim.
  • Cummings, Warren D. Sussex County: A History (Newton, New Jersey: Newton Rotary Club, 1964). NO ISBN
  • Cunningham, John T. Railroad Wonder: The Lackawanna Cut-Off (Newark, New Jersey: Newark Sunday News, 1961). NO ISBN
  • Documents Relating to the Colonial, Revolutionary and Post-Revolutionary History of the State of New Jersey [Title Varies]. Archives of the State of New Jersey, 1st-2nd series. 47 volumes. (Newark, New Jersey: 1880-1949). NO ISBN
  • Gleason, June Benore. Historical Paulinskill Valley, New Jersey: Blairstown's neighbors. (Blairstown, New Jersey: Blairstown Press, 1949).
  • Honeyman, A. Van Doren (ed.). Northwestern New Jersey--A History of Somerset, Morris, Hunterdon, Warren, and Sussex Counties Volume 1. (Lewis Historical Publishing Co., New York, 1927). NO ISBN
  • Richman, Steven M. The Bridges Of New Jersey: Portraits Of Garden State Crossings. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2005). ISBN 0813535107
  • Schaeffer, Casper M.D. (and Johnson, William M.). Memoirs and Reminiscences: Together with Sketches of the Early History of Sussex County, New Jersey. (Hackensack, New Jersey: Privately Printed, 1907). NO ISBN
  • Schrabisch, Max. Indian habitations in Sussex County, New Jersey Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 13. (Union Hill, New Jersey: Dispatch Printing Company, 1915). NO ISBN
  • Schrabisch, Max. Archaeology of Warren and Hunterdon counties Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 18. (Trenton, N.J., MacCrellish and Quigley co., state printers, 1917). NO ISBN
  • Snell, James P. History of Sussex and Warren Counties, New Jersey, With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers. (Philadelphia: Everts & Peck, 1881). NO ISBN
  • Stickney, Charles E. Old Sussex County families of the Minisink Region from articles in the Wantage Recorder (compiled by Virginia Alleman Brown) (Washington, N.J. : Genealogical Researchers, 1988)
  • Thieme, Christopher D., On Crossroads and Signposts: An Etymology of Place Names in Sussex and Warren Counties, New Jersey. (New York: Newcastle Press, 2006). ISBN Pending
  • Wintermute, Jacob Perry. Wintermute Family History. (Columbus, Ohio: Champlin Press, 1900). NO ISBN. [Reprinted: Salem, Massachusetts: Higginson Book Company, NO ISBN]
  • Wintermute, Leonard. Windemuth Family Heritage. (Baltimore, Maryland: Gateway Press, 1996).

Maps and atlases

  • Map of Jonathan Hampton (1758) in the collection of the New Jersey Historical Society, Newark, New Jersey.
  • Hopkins, Griffith Morgan. Map of Sussex County, New Jersey. (1860) [Reprinted by the Sussex County Historical Society: Netcong, New Jersey: Esposito (Jostens), 2004.]
  • Beers, Frederick W. County Atlas of Warren, New Jersey: From actual surveys by and under the direction of F. W. Beers (New York: F.W. Beers & Co. 1874). [Reprinted by Warren County Historical Society: Harmony, New Jersey: Harmony Press, 1994].
  • Hagstrom Morris/Sussex/Warren counties atlas (Maspeth, New York: Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. 2004).


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