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==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.scouting.org National BSA home page]
*[http://www.scouting.org National BSA home page]
⚫
** [http://www.scouting.org/factsheets/02-507.html List of chartered organizations]
⚫
** [http://www.scouting.org/pubs/gss/toc.html Guide to Safe Scouting]
*[http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/ Scouting Magazine]:
*[http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/ Scouting Magazine]:
**Peterson, Robert (October 1998). [http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/9810/d-wwas.html The BSA's 'forgotten' founding father]. ''Scouting Magazine''.
**Peterson, Robert (October 1998). [http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/9810/d-wwas.html The BSA's 'forgotten' founding father]. ''Scouting Magazine''.
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* [http://www.usscouts.org/ U. S. Scouting Service Project, Inc.] large collection of Scouting resource materials available online and assembled by volunteer Scouters without pay.
* [http://www.usscouts.org/ U. S. Scouting Service Project, Inc.] large collection of Scouting resource materials available online and assembled by volunteer Scouters without pay.
* [http://www.scoutingthenet.com/ Scouting The Net] contains links to thousands of Scouting related sites.
* [http://www.scoutingthenet.com/ Scouting The Net] contains links to thousands of Scouting related sites.
⚫
* [http://www.scouting.org/factsheets/02-507.html List of chartered organizations]
* [http://www.scoutingforall.org Scouting for All] Scout-initiated organization to promote diversity within Scouting
* [http://www.scoutingforall.org Scouting for All] Scout-initiated organization to promote diversity within Scouting
* [http://www.bsamuseum.org/ National Scouting Museum official web site]
* [http://www.bsamuseum.org/ National Scouting Museum official web site]
* [http://www.SCOUTER.com/net_roster/ Searchengine for councils and districts]
* [http://www.SCOUTER.com/net_roster/ Searchengine for councils and districts]
⚫
* [http://www.scouting.org/pubs/gss/toc.html Guide to Safe Scouting]


{{InteramericanScout}}
{{InteramericanScout}}

Revision as of 21:28, 6 December 2006

For the Boy Scout program within the BSA, see [[:Boy Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)]].

The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) is a United States Scouting organization, with some presence in other countries. The BSA is the largest youth organization in the United States; over one hundred million Americans have been members. Founded in 1910, the movement had a registered membership of 2,938,698 youth with 1,146,130 leaders in 122,582 units as of the end of 2005.[1] The BSA is administered mostly by committees of volunteers, but employs professionals at the higher levels of administration and for commercial activities.

The BSA sprang from the concerns of the progressive movement in the United States from people who sought to promote the social welfare of young men. The BSA adheres to the Scout method to teach values such as self-esteem, citizenship, and outdoorsmanship through a variety of outdoor activities such as camping, aquatics, and hiking.[2][3]

The BSA recognizes the achievements of Scouts through advancement in rank and various special awards. It includes several program divisions, targeted at boys ages seven through seventeen and young men and women ages fourteen through twenty-one. The BSA operates locally, through volunteer-led units such as troops, packs, and crews.

Origins

Main article: History of the Boy Scouts of America

The progressive movement in the United States was at its height during the early twentieth century. With the migration of families from rural to urban centers, there were concerns that young men were no longer learning patriotism and individualism. The YMCA was an early promoter of social welfare and other reforms involving young men. Baden-Powell started Scouting in 1907 and the movement began to grow.

In 1909, Chicago publisher W. D. Boyce was visiting London, England where he learned of the Scouting movement. Upon his return to the US, Boyce incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910. The YMCA became interested in the nascent BSA program and provided support. The first managing secretary was John M. Alexander, succeeded by Edgar M. Robinson, both from the YMCA. James E. West took over as managing secretary and later as Chief Scout Executive, beginning a long relationship with the BSA.

Ideals

File:OnMyHonor4k.jpg
BSA "Strategic Plan Identity" emblem

The stated objectives of the BSA are referred to as "Aims of Scouting": character development, citizenship training, and personal fitness. Each of the programs of the BSA pursues these aims through methods that are designed to be appropriate for the age and maturity of the participants.[4] One of these methods is the establishment of ideals. These are statements of goals against which each boy can measure and improve himself. For Boy Scouts and Varsity Scouts, these ideals are reflected in the Scout Oath, Law, Motto and Slogan. There are similar sets of ideals for Cub Scouts and Venturers.

The Scout Motto
Be Prepared.
The Scout Slogan
Do a Good Turn Daily.
The Scout Oath
On my honor, I will do my best to do my duty to God and my country and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.
The Scout Law
A Scout is trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean and reverent.
The Outdoor Code
As an American, I will do my best to be clean in my outdoor manners, be careful with fire, be considerate in the outdoors, and be conservation-minded.
The Scout Sign
The upper arm is held horizontally out to the right side, and the forearm is held vertically. The palm of the hand faces forward, with the first three fingers extended and the tips of the little finger and thumb joined.
The Scout Salute
The hand is held in the same configuration as is used for the Scout Sign, with the tip of the index finger (pointer) touching the forehead or hat brim. This is a modification of the salute used by military organizations around the world.
The Scout Handshake
This is the traditional handshake done with the left hand instead of the right. Several conflicting reasons have been given for this modification:
  • The left hand is closer to one's heart.
  • A soldier must keep his right hand free to grab his weapon.
  • In warfare using simple weapons (practiced in the medieval period, as well as by the Ashanti people that Baden-Powell met in West Africa), a warrior carries a shield in his left hand. To shake with the left hand, he must drop his shield, indicating good faith.[5] [6] [7]

The BSA Scout Oath and Law have remained unchanged since they were first developed in 1910.

Membership

The BSA has three membership divisions:

  • Cub Scouting, the largest of the three divisions, is available to boys from first-grade through fifth-grade, (seven through ten years old) and their families. The Cub Scout program uses a fun and challenging system to pursue the aims of character development, citizenship training, and personal fitness.[2] The program is divided into age-based programs of Tiger Cubs, Wolf Cubs, Bear Cubs and Webelos.
  • Boy Scouting is the flagship program of the BSA for boys ten through seventeen. The program uses a system of outdoor activities to achieve the aims of Scouting. Varsity Scouts is a modified Boy Scout program available to boys from fourteen through eighteen that adds a system of High Adventure and sporting activities to appeal to the older boy, with an emphasis on team competition. The Order of the Arrow (OA) is the Boy Scout national honor society for experienced campers, based on Native American traditions, and dedicated to the ideal of cheerful service and brotherhood.
  • Venturing is the program for young men and women ages fourteen through twenty-one.[8] Its purpose is to provide positive experiences to help youth mature and to prepare them to become responsible adults. According to its website, Venturing is based on a unique and dynamic relationship between youth, adult leaders, and organizations in their communities.[9] Sea Scouting is the nautical oriented part of this division.
Further information: Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts of America), Boy Scouts (Boy Scouts of America), Varsity Scouts (Boy Scouts of America), Order of the Arrow, Venturing (Boy Scouts of America), and Sea Scouts (Boy Scouts of America)

Organization

National Council

The National Council of the BSA is registered as a non-profit private corporation and is funded from private donations, membership dues, corporate sponsors, and special events. The National Council is led by the National Executive Board, a volunteer board of directors that is directed by the national president. Paid professional Scouters perform the administrative tasks of the organization as directed by the Chief Scout Executive— a position currently held by Roy Williams. The National Council develops programs, sets standards for training, provides for leadership selection, sets uniform policies, maintains registration records, develops supporting literature, establishes advancement standards.[10] The National Office is currently located in Irving, Texas. Sea Scouts use the term fleet instead of National Council of the BSA.

Regions and areas

File:RegionMap copy.jpg
BSA Regions

The BSA is divided into four regions (Western, Central, Southern and Northeast). Each region is subdivided into areas, about six per region. These are then divided into local councils, the BSA's main administrative level (as of 2006, a total of 304). Sea Scouts refer to a region as a flotilla and the area as a task force. Councils are subdivided into districts, which in turn directly interact with BSA's units.

Local councils

Main category: Boy Scouts of America Local Councils

Areas are divided into local councils; referred to as squadrons by Sea Scouts. The vast bulk of councils of the Boy Scouts of America have gone through thousands of name changes, merges, splits and re-creations since the necessity for the concept in the 1910s. A council's chief officer is the Scout executive (sometimes called the council executive), a paid employee, who administers a staff of professional Scouters (typically district executives). The council president, a volunteer, serves as the chairman of a volunteer board of directors. Finally the council commissioner, also a volunteer, coordinates the efforts of trained volunteers who provide direct service to the units. These three officials together are known as the "Key 3."

Bruce S. Marks Scout Resource Center

The BSA maintains two councils for Scouts who live overseas, largely on military bases in Europe and Asia. The Transatlantic Council, headquartered in Germany, serves US Scouts in much of Europe, and the Far East Council, headquartered in Japan, serves several nations in the western Pacific. Additionally, the Direct Service branch makes the Scouting program available to US citizens and their dependents living in countries outside these jurisdictions or in isolated areas. The Hawaiian Aloha Council services the American territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Marianas Islands and also provides Scouting to the sovereign countries of the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands and Palau.

Boroughs

Because of the high density of units, the Greater New York Councils is divided into five boroughs with each led by a borough Scout executive.[11] Each borough is then divided into districts.

Districts

Councils are divided into districts with leadership provided by the district executive, district chairman, and the district commissioner. Districts are directly responsible for the operation of Scouting units and, except for the district executive, are mostly staffed with volunteers.

Units

The unit is the main program group of the BSA. Cub Scouts are organized as packs, Boy Scouts as troops, Varsity Scouts as teams, Venturers as crews, and Sea Scouts as ships. Each unit is sponsored by a community organization such as a business, service organization, school, labor group or religious institution. The chartering organization is responsible for selecting leadership, providing a meeting place, and promoting a good program. The chartered organization representative is the liaison between the unit, the chartered organization, and the BSA.

The unit is lead by a registered and trained leader (Cubmaster, Scoutmaster, Coach, Advisor or Skipper) with one or more assistants. The unit committee is a group of adults, led by the committee chairman, who plan the unit program and activities and manage record keeping, finance, leadership recruitment and registration.

Activities

Publications

BSA publishes two magazines: Scouting is targeted towards adult leaders while Boys' Life is for the youth. Boys' Life is published in two editions; one for Boy Scouts and one for Cub Scouts. The Boy Scout edition contains a certain amount of material targeted toward boys aged eleven through eighteen, while the Cub Scout edition contains material targeted toward boys aged six through ten. If subscription is obtained through registration in the Boy Scouts of America program, the publisher will select the appropriate edition based on the boy's status as a Boy Scout or Cub Scout.

Support and Service Divisions

There are several divisions that provide support and service to the main Scouting program:

The ScoutReach Division emphasizes service to rural and urban areas, and includes the American Indian Scouting Association and the Scouting - Vale La Pena program for Hispanic youth.[12][13] The High Adventure Division administers Philmont Scout Ranch, Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases and Florida National High Adventure Sea Base. Jamboree Division provides support for the world and national jamborees. The International Division is responsible for relations with other Scout and Guide organizations. It includes the Interamerican Scout Foundation and Direct Service.[14] The Relationships Division is responsible for relations with supporting organizations outside the BSA, including the AFL-CIO, Elks, VFW and all religious associations and awards.[15] Supply Division is responsible for uniforms and apparel, insignia, literature and equipment. It includes the National Supply Group that sells equipment through Scout Shops, authorized resellers and the online ScoutStuff.org.[16]

The Marketing and Communications Division, Finance Support Division, Human Resources Administration Division, Professional Development Division, Compensation and Benefits Division and Information Services Division provide internal administrative service and support.

Finance

In 2004, BSA ranked as the twelfth-largest non-profit organization in the US, with total revenues of $771 million.

The American Institute of Philanthropy lists the Chief Scout Executive as having the fourth-highest compensation of any nonprofit chief in the United States, at a total of $913,022.[17] The Chief Scout Executive's pay is 0.26% of total expenses, whereas the national average among charities stands at a higher 0.34%.[18] The Chief Scout Executive was honored in August 2005 as one of the top fifty most effective non-profit leaders by Non-Profit Times.

By comparison, the Chief Executive Officer of the similar Girl Scouts of the USA earns 0.39% of total expenses.

National Scouting Museum

The National Scouting Museum was founded in 1959 in New Brunswick, New Jersey. In 1986, it was moved to Murray State University in Murray, Kentucky and moved to its present location in Irving, Texas in 2002. The museum floor is 53,000 ft² (5000 m²) and is a modern facility, featuring several Norman Rockwell paintings, High Adventure sections, hands-on learning experiences, interactive exhibits, and a historical collection tracing uniforms, themes, and documents from the beginning of the American Scouting movement. Among the museum's artifacts are the Eagle Scout medal of Arthur Rose Eldred, the first Eagle Scout.

Good Turns

In 1912, Scouts began the first of a series of Good Turns that included the promotion of a safe and sane Fourth of July. During the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg, Scouts provided service to the veterans. Scouts rendered aid during the 1921 floods in Pueblo, Colorado and San Antonio, Texas. President Roosevelt delivered a radio address in 1934 appealing for assistance for the distressed and needy: Scouts responded by collecting almost two millions items of clothing, household furnishings, foodstuffs, and supplies.

The National Conservation Good Turn in 1954 saw Scouts distribute 3.6 million conservation posters, 6.2 million trees, build and place 55,000 bird-nesting boxes, and arrange 41,000 conservation displays. During the height of the Cold War in 1958, the BSA delivered 40 million Civil Defense emergency handbooks and distributed 50,000 posters.

1986 saw the Donor Awareness Good Turn: 600,000 youth members distributed 14 million brochures to families, informing them of the needs for organ donations. In 1997, the President of the United States called for an increase in volunteer service in the US. The BSA developed the Service to America program with a commitment to provide 200 million hours of service by youth members by the end of the year 2000. As part of Service to America, the BSA provided service projects in conjunction with the National Park Service (NPS). In October 2003, the Department of the Interior expanded the program with the creation of the Take Pride in America program, opening service to all Americans.[19]

The BSA developed Good Turn for America in 2004 as a program to address the problems of hunger, homelessness and inadequate housing and poor health in conjunction with the Salvation Army, the American Red Cross, and Habitat for Humanity.[20]

Advancement and recognition

Main article: Advancement and recognition in the Boy Scouts of America

Cub Scouting provides advancement opportunities throughout the program to help each Scout feel that he has accomplished something when completing an activity. Many advancements in Cub Scouting are of the "Immediate Recognition" type; that is they are designed to be given as soon as possible after the award is earned. Others are to be given ceremoniously at Pack meetings in front of all the Scouts in the unit and their parents.

The Boy Scouting advancement system consists of a series of obstacles and the steps that boys must take to overcome them. The system is designed so that a Scout will plan his advancement and by participating in the troop program, be recognized as he overcomes each challenge. The Scout is rewarded at each step of the way, which is intended to develop self-confidence. The steps in the advancement system are designed to help him grow in self-reliance and the ability to help others. The highest level of Boy Scout advancement is the rank of Eagle Scout; an award considered by some to be so prestigious that many adults continue to list it as a major accomplishment or award on their resumes or CVs, many decades afer they were initially awarded the badge. Indeed, the rank of Eagle Scout is generally spoken of in the present tense, and it is not unusual, at Scout gatherings, to hear men in their 40s, 50s, 60's or even 70's, proudly proclaim: "I'm an Eagle Scout!"

Uniform and insignia

Main article: Uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts of America

The Uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) gives a Scout visibility and creates a level of identity within both the unit and the community. The uniform is used to promote equality while showing individual achievement. While all uniforms are similar in basic design, they do vary in color and detail to identify the different divisions of Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts and Venturers.

While original uniforms were very similar to military uniforms of the time, they slowly began to evolve into a more civilian attire. In 1980, the current uniforms were introduced, with much of the design by Oscar de la Renta, who donated his time for two years.[21]

The uniform and insignia are variously protected by copyright, trademark, and congressional charter.[22] The BSA does allow usage for movies and other events, but this is done on a case by case basis. BSA has rebuked instances where it was felt that the uniform was used inappropriately and without permission.[23] BSA rules and regulations also forbid the use of Scouting emblems for commercial or political purposes. The wear of camouflage or military style apparel as part at the uniform is also prohibited.[24][25] Wear of the uniform and insignia is described in the various handbooks and the Insignia Guide.[26]

Impact on American life

Scouting and Boy Scouts are well known throughout American culture. Eleven of the twelve men to walk on the Moon were Scouts.[27] The "Pinewood Derby," for half a century "a celebrated rite of spring," has been named part of "America's 100 Best" by Reader's Digest magazine.[28] President Gerald Ford said, "I can say without hesitation, because of Scouting principles, I know I was a better athlete, I was a better naval officer, I was a better Congressman, and I was a better prepared President."[29] For a more exhaustive list, see the List of notable Scouts and the List of notable Eagle Scouts.

Other United States Scout organizations

Other Scout organizations in the United States include:

  • Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego (ZHP) is a Scout organization of Polish emigrés, not connected with the Polish organization of the same name (see ZHP), and not aligned to a supranational organization.
  • The BSA had a Rover Scouting program for many years, but the Rovers are now virtually defunct.
  • The Royal Rangers are an explicitly Christian organization operated by the Assemblies of God.

Membership controversy

Main article: Boy Scouts of America membership controversies

The Boy Scouts of America (BSA), the largest youth organization in the United States, has policies which prohibit or restrict certain people from membership and participation. Some of these membership policies are controversial and have resulted in the dismissal of Scouts and adult Scout leaders from the BSA or a Scouting unit for being an atheist, agnostic, or homosexual.[30]

The Boy Scouts of America and its supporters contend that these policies are essential in its mission to "instill in young people lifetime values and develop in them ethical character".[31][32] Critics believe that some or all of these policies are wrong and discriminatory.[33][34]

The organization's right to set such policies has been upheld repeatedly by both state and federal courts. Moreover, in 2000, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed that the Boy Scouts of America is a private organization which can set its own membership standards. In recent years, the policy disputes have led to litigation over the terms under which the BSA can access governmental resources including public lands.[35]

In addition to excluding gays and atheists, the BSA does not allow girls to participate in some Scouting programs and this too has been a source of controversy.

See also

Varsity Scouts preparing to go backpacking

References

  1. ^ "Year in Review: 2005". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-07-19. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  2. ^ a b "Mission Statement and Vision Statement". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-10-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ "Boy Scout Aims and Methods". Meritbadge.com. Retrieved 2006-10-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  4. ^ "Basic Leader Training". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-10-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Foster, Rev. Michael (1999). "Boy Scout History Association". The Origins of the Left Handshake. Retrieved 2006-02-04. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ Saunders, Hilary St. George. "The Left Handshake". Pinetree Web. Retrieved 2006-05-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ Lady Baden-Powell. "The Left Handshake". Geocities. Retrieved 2006-05-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ Venturer Application 28-303K: "Venturers registered in a crew or ship prior to their twenty-first birthday may continue as members after their 21st birthday until the crew or ship recharters or they reach their twenty-second birthday, whichever comes first."
  9. ^ "What is Venturing". Fact Sheet. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-10-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ "Organization of the Boy Scouts of America". U.S. Scouting Service Project. Retrieved 2006-03-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ "Greater New York Councils". Retrieved 2006-08-08. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ "ScoutReach Division– BSA". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-03-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ "Scouting - Vale La Pena". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-03-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ "Interamerican Scout Foundation". Retrieved 2006-03-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^ "Relationships Division". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-03-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ "ScoutStuff.org". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-03-13. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ "Top 25 compensation packages". American Institute of Philanthropy. Retrieved 2006-02-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  18. ^ "CEO compensation". Charity Navigator. Retrieved 2006-02-06. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  19. ^ "Take Pride in America". Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2006-03-30. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  20. ^ "Good Turn for America". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-03-30. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  21. ^ Peterson, Robert (2002). "From Doughboy Duds to Oscar de la Renta". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 12 January. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ 36 U.S.C. § 30905: Exclusive right to emblems, badges, marks, and words
  23. ^ Walton, Mike (2000). "Celebrity Costumes- or Uniforming?". The Badge and Uniform Site. Walton, Mike. Retrieved 12 January. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Walton, Mike (2001). "Camouflage/Military Uniforms and Scouting". The Badge and Uniform Site. Walton, Mike. Retrieved 7 February. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "No 'camouflage' uniforms". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of America. October 2005. Retrieved 7 February. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  26. ^ Insignia Guide 2005. Boy Scouts of America. 2004.
  27. ^ "Astronauts and the BSA". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 2006-10-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ "America's 100 Best: The 2006 List". Reader's Digest. Retrieved 2006-10-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  29. ^ Rumsfeld, Donald R. "Speech: Boy Scout National Meeting Breakfast As Delivered by Secretary of Defense [and Eagle Scout] [[Donald Rumsfeld|Donald H. Rumsfeld]]". United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2006-11-01. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  30. ^ "Case Studies". Inclusive Scouting .NET. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
  31. ^ "Core Values". BSA Legal. Retrieved 2006-10-02.
  32. ^ "Duty to God". BSA Legal Issues. Retrieved 2006-10-22.
  33. ^ "Boy Scouts & Public Funding: Defending Bigotry as a Public Good". Retrieved 2006-11-14.
  34. ^ "Discrimination in the BSA". BSA Discrimination. Retrieved 2006-09-04.
  35. ^ "Supreme Court Won't Review Berkeley Sea Scouts' Case". Retrieved 2006-10-17.

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