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{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Guitarfishes
| image = Shovelnose guitarfish.JPG
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Shovelnose guitarfish]], ''Rhinobatos productus''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Chondrichthyes]]
| subclassis = [[Elasmobranchii]]
| ordo = [[Rajiformes]]
| familia = '''Rhinobatidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1837
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
''[[Aptychotrema]]''<br/>
''[[Platyrhina]]''<br/>
''[[Platyrhinoidis]]''<br/>
''[[Rhina]]''<br/>
''[[Rhinobatos]]''<br/>
''[[Rhynchobatus]]''<br/>
''[[Tarsistes]]''<br/>
''[[Trygonorrhina]]''<br/>
''[[Zanobatus]]''<br/>
''[[Zapteryx]]''<br/>
See text for species.
}}


The '''guitarfishes''' are a family, '''Rhinobatidae''', of [[batoidea|rays]].
Taxonomy
Atlantic guitarfish belong to the subclass Elasmobranchii, which includes stingrays, skates, and sharks. The Atlantic guitarfish was originally named Rhinobatos lentiginosus by Garman in 1880 and this name is still valid today. The genus name comes from the Greek words "rhinos" meaning nose and "batis, -idos" meaning a ray. Rhinobatus lentiginosus Garman, 1880 is the only name applied to this species in previous scientific literature.


Notable species include the [[Shovelnose guitarfish]], ''Rhinobatos productus'', and the [[Bowmouth guitarfish]], ''Rhina ancylostoma''.
Common Names
In the United States and the United Kingdom, R. lentiginosus is known as the Atlantic guitarfish. Other common names include: chuchu blanku (Papiamento), chuchu di santu (Papiamento), freckled guitarfish (English), geigenrochen (German), gitaarrog (Dutch), guitarra (Spanish), guitarra moteada (Spanish), hajrocka (Swedish), hvalhaj (Danish), pesce violino (Italian), poisson-guitarre tacheté (French), pyatnistyi gitarnyi skat (Russian), rejnokovec atlantský (Czech), rina (Greek), sakatazame (Japanese), småskaellet guitarfisk (Danish), spotted guitarfish (English), sproetige gitaarrog (Dutch), täpläkitararausku (Finnish), viola (Portuguese), vioolrog (Dutch).


==Classification==
Geographical Distribution
The taxonomy of this group is highly uncertain. Some taxonomists put Rhinobatidae in its own order, '''Rhinobatiformes'''; others place it in the order [[Myliobatiformes]] with the [[eagle ray]]s and their relatives.
The Atlantic guitarfish inhabits the western Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina to the northern Gulf of Mexico and Yucatan, Mexico. Predominantly found in tropical coastal waters, this fish occasionally occurs in estuaries and freshwater habitats


In some classifications the family is split into three, with the genus ''[[Rhina]]'' in the family Rhinidae, and the genus ''[[Rhynchobatus]]'' in the family Rhynochobatidae (or these two genera may be classified together). These families may be raised to the level of orders: Rhiniformes and Rhynchobatiformes, respectively.


This article follows [[FishBase]] in including about fifty species in ten genera:<ref>{{FishBase family | family = Rhinobatidae | year = 2005 | month = August}}</ref>
World distribution map for the Atlantic guitarfish
* Genus ''[[Aptychotrema]]''
** [[Short-snouted shovelnose ray]], ''[[Aptychotrema bougainvillii]]'' <small>([[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841)</small>.
** [[East Australian shovelnose ray]], ''[[Aptychotrema rostrata]]'' <small>(Shaw, 1794)</small>.
** [[Western shovelnose ray]], ''[[Aptychotrema vincentiana]]'' <small>(Haacke, 1885)</small>.
* Genus ''[[Platyrhina]]''
** [[Amoy fanray]], ''[[Platyrhina limboonkengi]]'' <small>Tang, 1933</small>.
** [[Fanray]], ''[[Platyrhina sinensis]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)</small>.
* Genus ''[[Platyrhinoidis]]''
** [[Thornback guitarfish]], ''[[Platyrhinoidis triseriata]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880)</small>.
* Genus ''[[Rhina]]''
** [[Bowmouth guitarfish]], ''[[Rhina ancylostoma]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801</small>.
* Genus ''[[Rhinobatos]]''
** [[White-spotted guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos albomaculatus]]'' <small>Norman, 1930</small>.
** [[Annandale's guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos annandalei]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>.
** [[Lesser sandshark]], ''[[Rhinobatos annulatus]]'' <small>[[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841</small>.
** [[Bluntnose guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos blochii]]'' <small>[[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841</small>.
** [[Blackchin guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos cemiculus]]'' <small>Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817</small>.
** [[Taiwan guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos formosensis]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>.
** [[Speckled guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos glaucostigma]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1883</small>.
** [[Sharpnose guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos granulatus]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1829</small>.
** [[Halavi's guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos halavi]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>.
** [[Slender guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos holcorhynchus]]'' <small>Norman, 1922</small>.
** [[Brazilian guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos horkelii]]'' <small>[[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841</small>.
** Angel fish, ''[[Rhinobatos hynnicephalus]]'' <small>[[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1846</small>.
** [[Spineback guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos irvinei]]'' <small>Norman, 1931</small>.
** [[Atlantic guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos lentiginosus]]'' <small>[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1880</small>.
** [[Whitesnout guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos leucorhynchus]]'' <small>([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1867)</small>.
** [[Grayspottted guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos leucospilus]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>.
** [[Smoothback guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos lionotus]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>.
** [[Smalleyed guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos microphthalmus]]'' <small>Teng, 1959</small>.
** ''[[Rhinobatos nudidorsalis]]'' <small>Last, Compagno & Nakaya, 2004</small>.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Ichthyological Research | id = {{doi|10.1007/s10228-004-0211-0}} | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | year = 2004 | pages = 153–158 | title = ''Rhinobatos nudidorsalis'', a new species of shovelnose ray (Batoidea: Rhinobatidae) from the Mascarene Ridge, central Indian Ocean | author = Peter R. Last, Leonard J.V. Compagno and Kazuhiro Nakaya}}</ref>
** [[Widenose guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos obtusus]]'' <small>[[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841</small>.
** ''[[Rhinobatos ocellatus]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>.
** [[Chola guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos percellens]]'' <small>([[Johann Julius Walbaum|Walbaum]], 1792)</small>.
** [[Madagascar guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos petiti]]'' <small>Chabanaud, 1929</small>.
** [[Pacific guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos planiceps]]'' <small>[[Samuel Garman|Garman]], 1880</small>.
** [[Gorgona guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos prahli]]'' <small>Acero P. & Franke, 1995</small>.
** [[Shovelnose guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos productus]]'' <small>([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1854)</small>.
** [[Spotted guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos punctifer]]'' <small>Compagno & Randall, 1987</small>.
** [[Common guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos rhinobatos]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)</small>.
** [[Salalah guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos salalah]]'' <small>Randall & Compagno, 1995</small>.
** [[Yellow guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos schlegelii]]'' <small>[[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841</small>.
** [[Spiny guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos spinosus]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1870</small>.
** [[Clubnose guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos thouin]]'' <small>(Anonymous, 1798)</small>.
** [[Giant shovelnose ray]], ''[[Rhinobatos typus]]'' <small>Anonymous [Bennett], 1830</small>.
** [[Stripenose guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos variegatus]]'' <small>Nair & Lal Mohan, 1973</small>.
** [[Zanzibar guitarfish]], ''[[Rhinobatos zanzibarensis]]'' <small>Norman, 1926</small>.
* Genus ''[[Rhynchobatus]]''
** [[Whitespotted wedgefish]], ''[[Rhynchobatus australiae]]'' <small>Whitley, 1939</small>.
** [[Giant guitarfish]], ''[[Rhynchobatus djiddensis]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small>.
** [[Smooth nose wedgefish]], ''[[Rhynchobatus laevis]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]] & [[Johann Gottlob Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)</small>.
** [[African wedgefish]], ''[[Rhynchobatus luebberti]]'' <small>Ehrenbaum, 1915</small>.
* Genus ''[[Tarsistes]]''
** ''[[Tarsistes philippii]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]], 1919</small>.
* Genus ''[[Trygonorrhina]]''
** [[Southern fiddler]], ''[[Trygonorrhina fasciata]]'' <small>([[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841)</small>.
** [[Magpie fiddler ray]], ''[[Trygonorrhina melaleuca]]'' <small>Scott, 1954</small>.
* Genus ''[[Zanobatus]]''
** [[Striped panray]], ''[[Zanobatus schoenleinii]]'' <small>([[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841)</small>.
* Genus ''[[Zapteryx]]''
** [[Lesser guitarfish]], ''[[Zapteryx brevirostris]]'' <small>([[Johannes Peter Müller|Müller]] & [[Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle|Henle]], 1841)</small>.
** [[Banded guitarfish]], ''[[Zapteryx exasperata]]'' <small>([[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Gilbert, 1880)</small>.
** ''[[Zapteryx xyster]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Evermann, 1896</small>.


==References==
Habitat
{{Wikispecies|Rhinobatidae}}
These fish often bury themselves in sand, mud, or weedy bottoms near patch reefs. They can also be found along beaches anywhere from the shoreline to as far out as 98 feet deep (30 meters) and are believed to tolerate fresh, brackish, and marine water.
<references/>


==Further Reading==
*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/fish/Rhina_ancylostoma/ images and movies of the bowmouth guitarfish ''(Rhina ancylostoma)'']


[[Category:Rays]]
Biology
[[Category:Rajiformes]]
[[Category:Rhinobatidae]]


[[de:Geigenrochen]]

[[lt:Gitaržuvinės]]
Atlantic guitarfish
© George Burgess

· Distinctive Features
Guitarfish have the appearance of both a shark and a skate -- their bodies are dorso-ventrally flattened like a skate or ray and the tail has two dorsal fins similar to most sharks. The pectoral fins are fused to the head, creating a heart- or triangle-shaped head and body. A few tubercles are typically found on the tip of the snout. The origin of the first dorsal fin of the Atlantic guitarfish is behind the pelvic fins. The Atlantic guitarfish has no spine on its tail.


Atlantic guitarfish: dorsal and ventral views of head
© George Burgess

Guitarfish swim somewhat as sharks do, by moving their thick tail and caudal fin in side-to-side motions. The Atlantic guitarfish also uses its pectoral fins for acceleration and maneuvering. Instead of swimming perfectly horizontal, the Atlantic guitarfish typically maintains a positive swimming angle with its head just slightly higher than its tail.



Atlantic guitarfish
© George Burgess

· Coloration
The dorsal side of the Atlantic guitarfish is gray, olive brown, or chocolate brown and typically with white freckles covering the surface. The coloration of the area on either side of the rostral cartilage is pale to translucent. The fins are usually slightly darker than the trunk of the fish and its ventral side is white to pale yellow in color



· Dentition
Both sexes of the Atlantic guitarfish have 56-80 blunt teeth in the upper jaw and 51-82 teeth in the lower. In the upper jaw eight to ten rows of teeth are functional and seven to nine rows of teeth are functional in the lower jaw of large guitarfish. The teeth are rectangular at the base with rounded corners and fit closely together.



· Dermal Denticles
The dorsal denticles are very small and set closely together with skin visible between them. They are arranged in a row along the dorsal midline and vary greatly in shape depending upon their location on the guitarfish's body. The denticles along the midzone of the back are egg-shaped at the rear of the denticle and irregularly pointed at the front end. Denticles on either side of the rostral ridge are spear-shaped with concave margins. Those along the sides of the tail are more egg-shaped than pointed. The denticles on the guitarfish's ventral side are slightly rounded, irregularly hexagonal or tetragonal, and completely cover the skin.



Atlantic guitarfish grow to lengths of approximately 30 inches
© George Burgess

· Size, Age & Growth
One of the smaller species of guitarfish, the Atlantic guitarfish only reaches a total length of approximately 30 inches (75.0 cm) (Lieske and Myers, 1994). Males have been recorded at 29.5 inches total length (75.0 cm) and females at 29.9 inches total length (76.0 cm).



· Food Habits
Atlantic guitarfish feed on bottom-dwelling creatures, including molluscs such as scallops and crustaceans such as shrimp. The Atlantic guitarfish also eat a variety of small fishes. While catching prey, the guitarfish uses its rostrum to hold the prey against the sea floor and also to block the prey's escape route.



· Reproduction
These fish reproduce via internal fertilization and give birth to live young. The young are born fully developed and measure approximately 8 inches (20 cm) total length (TL). There can be as many as 6 pups in each litter. Males are believed to be mature at 19-20 inches (48-51 cm) total length as indicated by well developed claspers at these sizes.



· Predators
It is likely that larger predatory fish sharing the same geographical location and habitat consume the Atlantic guitarfish.



Importance to Humans
In the United States, the Atlantic guitarfish is primarily caught in shrimp trawls as bycatch and is of no interest to fisheries or anglers.


Danger to Humans
The Atlantic guitarfish is considered harmless to humans.


Conservation
The World Conservation Union (IUCN), a global union of states, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species has not placed the Atlantic guitarfish on its Red List

Prepared by:
Taylor Sullivan

Revision as of 13:27, 8 December 2006

Guitarfishes
Shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Chondrichthyes
Subclass:
Elasmobranchii
Order:
Rajiformes
Family:
Rhinobatidae

Müller & Henle, 1837
Genera

Aptychotrema
Platyrhina
Platyrhinoidis
Rhina
Rhinobatos
Rhynchobatus
Tarsistes
Trygonorrhina
Zanobatus
Zapteryx
See text for species.

The guitarfishes are a family, Rhinobatidae, of rays.

Notable species include the Shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus, and the Bowmouth guitarfish, Rhina ancylostoma.

Classification

The taxonomy of this group is highly uncertain. Some taxonomists put Rhinobatidae in its own order, Rhinobatiformes; others place it in the order Myliobatiformes with the eagle rays and their relatives.

In some classifications the family is split into three, with the genus Rhina in the family Rhinidae, and the genus Rhynchobatus in the family Rhynochobatidae (or these two genera may be classified together). These families may be raised to the level of orders: Rhiniformes and Rhynchobatiformes, respectively.

This article follows FishBase in including about fifty species in ten genera:[1]

References

Wikispecies has information related to Rhinobatidae.
  1. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Rhinobatidae". FishBase. August 2005 version.
  2. ^ Peter R. Last, Leonard J.V. Compagno and Kazuhiro Nakaya (2004). "Rhinobatos nudidorsalis, a new species of shovelnose ray (Batoidea: Rhinobatidae) from the Mascarene Ridge, central Indian Ocean". Ichthyological Research. 51 (2): 153–158. doi:10.1007/s10228-004-0211-0.

Further Reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guitarfish&oldid=92918916"