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Raspberry Pi
Various Raspberry Pi computers (Pi 1, Pi 5, Pi 400, Zero 2W and Pico)
DeveloperRaspberry Pi Holdings
ManufacturerSony (under contract)
TypeSingle-board computers
Release date29 February 2012; 13 years ago (2012-02-29)
Units sold68 million (as of March 2025)
Operating systemRaspberry Pi OS (default)
StorageMicroSD slot
Websitewww.raspberrypi.com Edit this at Wikidata

Raspberry Pi (/paɪ/ PY) is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in collaboration with Broadcom. To commercialize the product and support its growing demand, the Foundation established a commercial entity, Raspberry Pi Holdings, a public company that trades on the London Stock Exchange.[1]

The Raspberry Pi was originally created to help teach computer science in schools,[2][3][4] but gained popularity for many other uses due to its low cost, compact size, and flexibility. It is now used in areas such as industrial automation, robotics, home automation, IoT devices, and hobbyist projects.

The company's products range from simple microcontrollers to computers that the company markets as being powerful enough to be used as a general purpose PC.[5] Computers are built around a custom designed system on a chip and offer features such as HDMI video/audio output, USB ports, wireless networking, GPIO pins, and up to 16 GB of RAM. Storage is typically provided via microSD cards.

In 2015, the Raspberry Pi surpassed the ZX Spectrum as the best-selling British computer of all time. As of March 2025, 68 million units had been sold.

History

Origins and Launch (2008–2012)

The concept of the Raspberry Pi was inspired by the 1981 BBC Micro from Acorn Computers,[6] with the "Model A" and "Model B" names being a direct reference.[7] The name "Raspberry Pi" itself is a combination of the fruit-naming tradition for early computer companies and a reference to the Python programming language.[8] Early hardware concepts dating back to 2006 were based on an Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller.[9]

The Raspberry Pi Foundation was established as a registered charity in 2009 by a group including Eben Upton.[10][11] They were concerned by a decline in the number and skill level of students applying to the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory.[12] The foundation's goal was to create an affordable computer to inspire children to learn programming.[13][14]

An early alpha-test board in operation using different layout from later beta and production boards

The first prototypes resembled small USB sticks.[15] By August 2011, fifty functionally complete "alpha" boards were produced for testing,[16] with demonstrations showing them running a Debian-based desktop and handling 1080p video playback.[17][18] In late 2011, twenty-five "beta" boards were finalized,[19][20][21] and to generate publicity before the official launch, ten of these were auctioned on eBay in early 2012.[22][23]

The first commercial Raspberry Pi, the Model B, was launched on February 29, 2012, with an initial price of $35.[24] Demand far exceeded expectations, causing the websites of the two initial licensed distributors, Premier Farnell and RS Components, to crash from high traffic.[25][26][27] Initial batches sold out almost immediately, with one distributor reporting over 100,000 pre-orders on the first day.[24] The lower-cost $25 Model A followed on February 4, 2013.[28]

The Raspberry Pi did not ship with a pre-installed operating system. While ports of RISC OS 5 and Fedora Linux were available,[29][30][31] a port of Debian called Raspbian quickly became the standard. Released in July 2012, it was optimized to leverage the Raspberry Pi's floating-point unit, offering significant performance gains.[32][33] Raspberry Pi quickly endorsed it as the official recommended OS, and by September 2013, the company assumed leadership of Raspbian's development.[34]

Corporate Evolution

In 2012, the Foundation restructured, creating Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd. to handle engineering and commercial activities, with Eben Upton as its CEO.[35][36] This allowed the Raspberry Pi Foundation to focus solely on its charitable and educational mission. Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd. was renamed Raspberry Pi Ltd. in 2021.[35][37] In June 2024, the company went public on the London Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol RPI, becoming Raspberry Pi Holdings.[38][39][40][41]

Post-Launch Production (2012–2014)

Following the launch, the first units reached buyers in April 2012.[42] To address overwhelming demand and initial supply chain issues, the Foundation ramped up production to 4,000 units per day by July.[43][44] The first batch of 10,000 boards was produced in factories located in Taiwan and China.[45][46] A significant strategic shift occurred in September 2012, when manufacturing began moving to a Sony factory in Pencoed, Wales.[47][48] During this period, the hardware was also refined: the Model B Revision 2.0 board was announced with minor corrections, and in October, its included RAM was doubled to 512 MB.[49][50][51]

The post-launch period focused heavily on software and ecosystem development. In August 2012, the Foundation enabled hardware-accelerated H.264 video encoding and began selling licenses for MPEG-2 and VC-1 codecs.[52][53][54] A major milestone for the open-source community occurred in October 2012, when the Foundation released the VideoCore IV graphics driver as free software. While the claim of it being the first fully open-source ARM SoC driver was debated, the move was widely praised.[55] This effort culminated in February 2014 with the release of full documentation for the graphics core and a complete source release of the graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license.[56]

Product Line Expansion (2014–present)

In 2014, the product line began to diversify with the introduction of the Raspberry Pi Compute Module for embedded uses and the refined Model B+.[57][58] A smaller, cheaper ($20) Model A+ was released in November 2014.[59] A significant leap in performance came in February 2015 with the Raspberry Pi 2, which featured a 900 MHz quad-core CPU and 1 GB of RAM.[60] Following its release, the price of the Model B+ was lowered to $25, a move some observers linked to the emergence of lower-priced competitors.[61][62]

The Raspberry Pi Zero, launched in November 2015, radically redefined the entry point for computing at a price of just $5.[63] In February 2016, the Raspberry Pi 3 marked another major milestone by integrating a 64-bit processor, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.[64] The product line continued to expand with the wireless-enabled Raspberry Pi Zero W (February 2017),[65][66] the faster Raspberry Pi 3B+ (March 2018),[67] Raspberry Pi 3A+ (November 2018),[68] and Compute Module 3+ (January 2019).[69]

The Raspberry Pi 4, launched in June 2019, represented another major performance leap with a faster processor, up to 8 GB of RAM, dual-monitor support, and USB 3.0 ports.[70] A compute module version (CM4) launched in October 2020.[71] This era saw further diversification with the Raspberry Pi 400 (a computer integrated into a keyboard) in November 2020,[72] and the Raspberry Pi Pico in January 2021. The Pico, based on the in-house designed RP2040 chip, marked the company's first entry into the low-cost microcontroller market.[73] The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, introduced in 2021, featured a faster processor, providing a significant performance boost while maintaining the low-cost, compact form factor.[74]

The global chip shortage starting in 2020, as well as an uptake in demand starting in early 2021, notably affected the Raspberry Pi, causing significant availability issues from that time onward.[75] The company explained its approach to the shortages in 2021,[76] and April 2022,[77] explaining that it was prioritising business and industrial customers.

The Raspberry Pi 5 was released in October 2023, featuring an upgraded CPU and GPU, up to 16 GB of RAM, a PCIe interface for fast peripherals and an in-house designed southbridge chip.[78][79] Updated versions of the Compute Module (CM5) and keyboard computer (Pi 500) based on the Pi 5's architecture were subsequently announced.[80] The Raspberry Pi Pico 2, released in 2024, introduced the RP2350 microcontroller, featuring selectable dual-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-M33 or RISC-V processors, 520 KB of RAM, and 4 MB of flash memory.[81]

Sales Milestones

The Raspberry Pi's sales demonstrated remarkable growth. The one-millionth Pi was sold by October 2013,[82] a figure that doubled just a month later.[83] By February 2016, sales reached eight million units, surpassed the ZX Spectrum as the best-selling British computer of all time.[84][64] Sales hit ten million in September 2016,[85] thirty million by December 2019,[86] and forty million by May 2021.[87] As of its tenth anniversary in February 2022, a total of 46 million Raspberry Pis had been sold.[88] As of March 2025, 68 million units had been sold.[89]

Series and generations

There are five main series of Raspberry Pi computers, each with multiple generations. Most models feature a Broadcom system on a chip (SoC) with an integrated ARM-based central processing unit (CPU) and an on-chip graphics processing unit (GPU). The exception is the Pico series, a microcontroller which uses the RP2040, a custom-designed SoC with an ARM-compatible CPU but no GPU.

Flagship series

Original Raspberry Pi Model B, introduced in 2012
Raspberry Pi Model A+, introduced in 2014
Raspberry Pi 5, introduced in 2023

The flagship Raspberry Pi series, often referred to simply as "Raspberry Pi", offers high-performance hardware, a full Linux operating system, and a variety of common ports in a compact form factor roughly the size of a credit card.

  • The Model B (2012) features a 700 MHz single-core 32-bit ARM11 CPU, a VideoCore IV GPU, 512 MB RAM and a 26-pin GPIO header.
  • The Model A (2013) is a lower-cost version with 256 MB RAM, no Ethernet, and fewer USB ports.
  • The Model B+ and Model A+ (2014) add a 40-pin GPIO header, microSD card support, and replace the RCA video connector with a combined 3.5 mm audio/video jack.
  • The Raspberry Pi 2 Model B (2015) includes a 900 MHz quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU and 1 GB of RAM.
  • The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B (2016) features a 1.2 GHz quad-core 64-bit Cortex-A53 CPU, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and USB boot support.
  • The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ (2018) upgrades to a 1.4 GHz CPU, faster Ethernet, dual-band Wi-Fi, and Power over Ethernet (PoE) support.
  • The Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+ (2018) is the final A-series model, offering the same features as the 3B+, but with 512 MB RAM and in a smaller form factor.
  • The Raspberry Pi 4 (2019) introduces a 1.5 GHz quad-core Cortex-A72 CPU, a VideoCore VI GPU, USB 3.0 ports, true Gigabit Ethernet, support for dual 4K monitors, and options for 1, 2, 4, or 8 GB of RAM.
  • The Raspberry Pi 5 (2023) features a 2.4 GHz quad-core Cortex-A76 CPU, a VideoCore VII GPU, PCIe support, and options for 2, 4, 8, or 16 GB of RAM. It omits the 3.5 mm audio/video jack.[90][91]

Keyboard series

Raspberry Pi 400, introduced in 2020

The Keyboard series combines Raspberry Pi hardware and ports into a keyboard computer form factor, providing a self-contained Linux-based desktop system.

  • The Raspberry Pi 400 (2020) features a custom board based on the Pi 4. It includes a 1.8 GHz quad-core Cortex-A72 processor, 4 GB of RAM, and a large integrated heat sink. It supports dual 4K monitors via two micro HDMI ports and includes gigabit Ethernet.[92][93]
  • The Raspberry Pi 500 (2024) is based on the Pi 5 and succeeds the Pi 400. It features a 2.4 GHz quad-core Cortex-A76 processor and 8 GB of RAM. Unlike the Raspberry Pi 5, it lacks a PCIe interface.[80][94][95]

Zero series

The Raspberry Pi Zero, introduced in 2015
The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, introduced in 2021

The Raspberry Pi Zero series are compact, low-cost, and low-power single-board computers that provide basic functionality and Linux compatibility for embedded and minimalist computing applications.

  • The Raspberry Pi Zero (2015), priced at US$5, features a 1 GHz single-core ARM11 CPU, 512 MB of RAM, mini HDMI, and micro USB ports for data and power. It includes an unpopulated 40-pin GPIO header, with pins provided but not pre-soldered.
    • The Zero v1.3 (2016) added a camera connector.[96]
    • The Zero W (2017) introduced onboard Wi-Fi and Bluetooth for US$10.[97]
    • The Zero WH (2018) added pre-soldered GPIO pins for US$15.[98]
  • The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W (2021), priced at US$15, features a quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex-A53 CPU and includes wireless connectivity. The Zero 2 WH variant adds a pre-soldered GPIO header for US$18.[74]

Pico series

The Raspberry Pi Pico, introduced in 2021
Not to be confused with PIC microcontrollers.
See also: RP2040

The Pico series are compact microcontroller boards based on Raspberry Pi-designed chips. Unlike other models, they do not run Linux or support removable storage, and are instead programmed by flashing binaries to onboard flash memory.

  • The Raspberry Pi Pico (2021) was the first board based on the in-house RP2040 microcontroller. It features a dual-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0+ CPU, 264 KB of RAM, and 2 MB of flash memory, priced at US$4.[99][73] The Pico W (2022) adds Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and launched at US$6.[100] The board has a castellated edge for direct soldering to a carrier board; versions are available with pre-soldered, bottom-mounted header pins, the Pico H for US$5 and the Pico WH for US$7.
  • The Raspberry Pi Pico 2 (2024) introduced the RP2350 microcontroller, featuring selectable dual-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-M33 or RISC-V processors, 520 KB of RAM, and 4 MB of flash memory, priced at US$5.[81] The Pico 2 W adds Wi-Fi and Bluetooth for US$7.[101]

Compute Module series

Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3
Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4

The Compute Module series, also known as "CM" models, offer flagship-equivalent hardware in a stripped-down format intended for industrial and embedded use. They omit onboard ports and GPIO pins, requiring connection to a separate baseboard tailored to the application.

  • The Raspberry Pi Compute Module 1 is based on the original Raspberry Pi and features a single-core ARM11 processor, 512 MB of RAM and 4 GB of flash memory storage. It is built on the same form-factor as a SO-DIMM RAM module.
  • The Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3 is based on the Raspberry Pi 3 and features a quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex-A53 CPU, 1 GB of RAM and 4 GB of flash memory storage. A "Lite" version with no flash memory storage is available. It is built on the same form-factor as a SO-DIMM RAM module.
  • The Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ is based on the Raspberry Pi 3+ with the ARM Cortex-A53 CPU running at a higher clock speed, 1 GB of RAM and 8, 16 or 32 GB of flash memory storage. A "Lite" version with no flash memory storage is available. It is built on the same form-factor as a SO-DIMM RAM module.
  • The Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 is based on the Raspberry Pi 4 with the ARM Cortex-A72 CPU, 1, 2, 4 or 8 GB of RAM and 8, 16 or 32 GB of flash memory storage. A "Lite" version with no flash memory storage is available. Onboard Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity is optional. It is built on a form-factor with dual 100-pin high density connectors. A Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4S version uses the same form-factor as a SO-DIMM RAM module.
  • The Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 is based on the Raspberry Pi 5 with the ARM Cortex-A76 CPU, 2, 4 or 8 GB of RAM and 16, 32 or 64 GB of flash memory storage. A "Lite" version with no flash memory storage is available. Onboard Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity is optional. It is built on a form-factor with dual 100-pin high density connectors.
Series Model SoC CPU Memory Ethernet Wireless GPIO Released Discontinued
Flagship 1B BCM2835 ARM11 256 MB 100 Mbit No 26-pin 2012 Yes
512 MB 2012[102]
1A 256 MB No 2013
1B+ 512 MB 100 Mbit 40-pin 2014 No
1A+ 256 MB No Yes
512 MB No
2B BCM2836 A7 1 GB 100 Mbit No 40-pin 2015 No
3B BCM2837 A53 1 GB 100 Mbit Yes 40-pin 2016 No
3A+ 512 MB No Yes[a] 2018
3B+ 1 GB 300 Mbit[b] 2018
4 BCM2711[103] A72 1 GB Gigabit Yes[a] 40-pin 2019[104] No[c]
2 GB No
4 GB
8 GB 2020
5 BCM2712 A76 2 GB Gigabit Yes[a] 40-pin 2024 No
4 GB 2023
8 GB
16 GB 2025[105]
Keyboard 400 BCM2711 A72 4 GB Gigabit Yes[a] 40-pin 2020 No
500 BCM2712 A76 8 GB Gigabit Yes[a] 40-pin 2024[106] No
Zero 1 BCM2835 ARM11 512 MB No Optional[d] 40-pin 2015 No
2 BCM2710[e][74] A53 2021
Pico 1 RP2040 M0+ 264 KB No Optional[d] 40-pin 2021 No
2 RP2350 M33 520 KB 2024
Compute module 1 BCM2835 ARM11 512 MB No No None No[f]
3 BCM2837 A53 1 GB No No None No[f]
3+ No
4 BCM2711 A72 1 GB No Optional[d] None No
2 GB
4 GB
8 GB
5 BCM2712 A76 2 GB No Optional[d] None No
4 GB
8 GB
  1. ^ a b c d e Dual band
  2. ^ Gigabit Ethernet; Throughput limited to ca. 300 Mbit/s by the internal USB 2.0 connection
  3. ^ Temporarily discontinued between 2020 and 2021.[107][76]
  4. ^ a b c d "W" models only, 2.4 GHz band
  5. ^ Custom Raspberry Pi SiP RP3A0
  6. ^ a b In production, but not recommended for new designs

Hardware

The Raspberry Pi has undergone multiple hardware revisions, with changes in processor type, memory capacity, networking features, and peripheral support.[108]

Processor speeds have ranged from 700 MHz on early models to 2.4 GHz on the Raspberry Pi 5. RAM has increased from 256 MB on the original model to up to 16 GB on the Pi 5. Storage is typically provided via a SD card, though some Compute Module variants include onboard eMMC storage.[109] Newer models also support booting from USB-attached drives, and the Pi 5 can boot from NVMe drives connected via the PCIe interface.[110][111]

Digital video and audio output to a display is via HDMI for digital video and audio output, and many also support composite video via an RCA connector, a 3.5 mm jack, or a board header.

Most models include a GPIO (general-purpose input/output) header that provides power and supports multiple low-speed interfaces. This header allows connection to various accessories and custom hardware.

Networking capabilities vary by model. B-model boards feature a wired Ethernet port, while most models produced after the Pi 3 include built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.[112]

Processors and system-on-chip

BCM2836 on a Pi 2 board

Raspberry Pi boards have used various system on a chip (SoC) designs developed in partnership with Arm and Broadcom, with each generation introducing improvements in performance and capability.

The original Raspberry Pi used the BCM2835, featuring a 700 MHz single-core ARM11 processor and a VideoCore IV GPU, which remained in use through the Pi 3 series.[113][114] The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W also use the BCM2835, but with the CPU clocked at 1 GHz.[115]

The Raspberry Pi 2 introduced the BCM2836 with a 900 MHz quad-core 32-bit Cortex-A7 CPU.[116] A later revision (V1.2) used the 64-bit BCM2837 with a Cortex-A53 CPU, also clocked at 900 MHz.[117] The Raspberry Pi 3 retained the BCM2837, with the CPU clocked up to 1.4 GHz in later models.[118][119][120] The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W uses the RP3A0, a system in a package (SiP) containing a 64-bit quad-core BCM2710 processor with a Cortex-A53 CPU clocked at 1 GHz and 512 MB of LPDDR2 SDRAM stacked above.[121][122]

The Raspberry Pi 4 introduced the BCM2711, a 64-bit SoC with a quad-core Cortex-A72 processor running at 1.5 GHz (later increased to 1.8 GHz), a VideoCore VI GPU, and support for hardware virtualization.[123][124][125][126] The Raspberry Pi 5 features the BCM2712, with a quad-core Cortex-A76 processor running at 2.4 GHz, a VideoCore VII GPU at 800 MHz, cryptographic extensions, and a dedicated RP1 southbridge chip designed in-house.[127]

Raspberry Pi has also developed its own chips outside of its partnership with Broadcom. The Raspberry Pi Pico uses the RP2040, featuring dual-core 32-bit Cortex-M0+ processors running at 133 MHz and 264 kB of on-chip RAM.[128][129] The Pico 2 uses the RP2350, which can operate with either dual-core Cortex-M33 or dual-core Hazard3 RISC-V CPUs selected at boot, running at 150 MHz, with 520 kB of RAM.[130][131]

Overclocking

Most Raspberry Pi systems support overclocking to increase performance, which can be enabled by editing the device's configuration file. On newer models, CPU frequency is managed dynamically, the system adjusts clock speeds based on processor load—increasing frequency during heavy use and lowering it when idle—to balance performance, power consumption, and heat generation. Although this behavior can resemble overclocking, it operates within standard specifications and is part of normal power management. The system automatically reduces performance if the CPU temperature reaches 85 °C (185 °F), or if undervoltage is detected. Additional cooling, such as a heat sink or fan, may be required for sustained high-performance use.[132][133]

RAM

The original Raspberry Pi models featured 256 MB of random-access memory (RAM), initially split evenly between the CPU and GPU.[134] A 512 MB Model B was introduced in October 2012, with support for dynamic GPU memory assignment.[135] The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero 2 also include 512 MB of RAM.

The Raspberry Pi 2 increased RAM to 1 GB. This continued with the Raspberry Pi 3, which includes 1 GB in the B and B+ models and 512 MB in the A+.

The Raspberry Pi 4 is available in 1, 2, 4 and 8 GB variants.[70] The Raspberry Pi 5 is available with 2, 4, 8, or 16 GB of RAM, the highest capacity offered to date.[136]

Networking

Most Raspberry Pi models include built-in options for connecting to the internet. The Model B and B+ include a basic Ethernet port. Starting with the Raspberry Pi 3, most models come with built-in WiFi and Bluetooth. The Raspberry Pi 3B+ adds faster dual-band WiFi and limited gigabit Ethernet. The Raspberry Pi 4 and 5 offer full gigabit Ethernet with no speed limitations.[137] The "A" models and the Pi Zero series do not have Ethernet ports, so they require a separate USB adapter for wired or wireless connections.

Special-purpose features

Some Raspberry Pi models, like the Zero, 1A, 3A+, and 4, can act like a USB device (via the USB On-The-Go protocol) when plugged into another computer.[138] This lets them work as gadgets such as a virtual keyboard, network adapter, or serial device.[139]

Many newer models can also start up (or "boot") directly from a USB drive, without needing a microSD card. This feature isn’t available on older models like the original Raspberry Pi, Pi Zero, or early versions of the Pi 2.[140]

Peripherals

The Model 2B boards incorporate four USB Type-A ports for connecting peripherals.

The Raspberry Pi works with most standard USB accessories like keyboards, mice, and flash drives. It can also connect to other hardware through its various ports and pins, depending on the software and drivers installed.[141][142]

Video

Raspberry Pi devices support a wide range of video outputs and screen resolutions. Early models, such as the original Model A and B, include a full-size HDMI port for digital video and an RCA connector for analog composite output. Later models replace the RCA port with a combined 3.5 mm audio/video jack to save space. Starting with the Raspberry Pi 4, devices switch to dual micro-HDMI ports, allowing two displays to be used simultaneously. The Pi 4 can output dual 4K displays at 30 Hz or a single 4K display at 60 Hz. The Raspberry Pi 5 improves on this by supporting dual 4K displays at 60 Hz.[143][144]

Earlier Raspberry Pi models can output common resolutions such as 720p and 1080p by default, with some capable of even higher resolutions. Under certain conditions, resolutions up to 2048×1152 or 3840×2160 (4K) are possible, though performance at these settings may vary.[145][146][147][148]

Composite video output remains available on many models through the 3.5 mm jack or board-level connectors, although it is disabled by default on newer models and must be enabled in software. Supported analog video standards include PAL, NTSC, and regional variants.[149]

Real-time clock

Most Raspberry Pi models do not include a built-in real-time clock, which means they rely on an internet connection to set the correct time with the Network Time Protocol when they start up. If there's no connection, the time must be set manually or the system assumes no time has passed since it was last used. Add-on clock modules are available for situations where accurate timekeeping is needed without internet access.[150][151] The Raspberry Pi 5 is the first model to include a built-in clock, but it still needs a battery backup to keep time when powered off.[152]

GPIO header

Most Raspberry Pi models include a 40-pin connector known as the GPIO (general-purpose input/output) header, although only some of the pins are dedicated to GPIO functions. The header, designated as J8, uses a consistent pinout across models.

The header supplies 3.3 V and 5 V power along with various multiplexed, low-speed interfaces, including UART, SPI, I²C, I²S, and PCM.[78] GPIO pins can be configured as either inputs or outputs. When set as an output, a pin can drive a high (3.3 V) or low (0 V) signal. When configured as an input, it can read a high (3.3 V) or low (0 V) voltage level.[153]

The original Raspberry Pi 1 Model A and B include only the first 26 pins of this header.[154][155][156] On some Pi Zero models, the header is unpopulated, but solderable through-holes are provided. The Pico models feature a unique layout with unpopulated through-holes and a castellated edge, allowing it to be surface-mounted as a module. Compute Module boards do not include GPIO headers but instead expose GPIO signals through their board connectors.

Function Pin # Function
+3.3 V power 1 2 +5 V power
GPIO 2 (I²C SDA) 3 4 +5 V power
GPIO 3 (I2C SCL) 5 6 Ground
GPIO 4 (GPCLK) 7 8 GPIO 14 (UART TXD)
Ground 9 10 GPIO 15 (UART RXD)
GPIO 17 11 12 GPIO 18
GPIO 27 13 14 Ground
GPIO 22 15 16 GPIO 23
+3.3 V power 17 18 GPIO 24
GPIO 10 (SPI MOSI) 19 20 Ground
GPIO 9 (SPI MISO) 21 22 GPIO 25
GPIO 11 (SPI SCLK) 23 24 GPIO 8 (SPI CE0)
Ground 25 26 GPIO 7 (SPI CE1)
GPIO 0 (EEPROM SDA) 27 28 GPIO 1 (EEPROM SDC)
GPIO 5 29 30 Ground
GPIO 6 31 32 GPIO 12
GPIO 13 33 34 Ground
GPIO 19 35 36 GPIO 16
GPIO 26 37 38 GPIO 20 (PCM_DIN)
Ground 39 40 GPIO 21 (PCM_DOUT)
Legend
  SPI
  GPIO
  I²C
  UART
  PCM
  Ground
  +5 V
  +3.3 V

Board layouts

  • Pi 1B v1.2
    Pi 1B v1.2
  • Pi 1A
    Pi 1A
  • Pi 1A+ v1.1
    Pi 1A+ v1.1
  • Pi 1B+ v1.2 and Pi 2
    Pi 1B+ v1.2 and Pi 2
  • Pi 3
    Pi 3
  • Pi 3+
    Pi 3+
  • Pi 4
    Pi 4
  • Pi 5
    Pi 5

Specifications

Gen Year SoC Speed
(GHz) 		Cores 64‑bit RAM
(GB) 		Video
output 		USB Ethernet
(Mbit/s) 		Wi-Fi Bluetooth Power connector MSRP
(US$)
1 2012 BCM2835 0.7 1 No 0.25 or 0.5 HDMI1.3
Composite 		2 × 2.0 100 — — Micro USB $35
1+ 2014 No 0.5 4 × 2.0 $25
2 2015 BCM2836 0.9 4 No 1 HDMI1.3 $35
2
v1.2 		2016 BCM2837 Yes $35
3 2016 1.2 Yes 2.4 GHz b/g/n 4.1 BLE $35
3+ 2018 1.4 Yes 350 2.4/5 GHz b/g/n/ac 4.2 LS BLE $35
4 2019 BCM2711 1.5/1.8 Yes 1, 2, 4 or 8 2 × Micro HDMI2.0 (4K) 2 × 2.0
2 × 3.0 		1000 5.0 USB-C $35–$75
5 2023 BCM2712 2.4 Yes 2, 4, 8 or 16 $50–$120

Software

Operating systems

Various operating systems for the Raspberry Pi can be installed on a MicroSD or SD card, depending on the board and available adapters; seen here is the MicroSD slot located on the bottom of a Raspberry Pi 2 board.

The recommended operating is Raspberry Pi OS, a Debian-based Linux distribution optimized for performance and energy efficiency on Raspberry Pi hardware. It is available in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions and comes in several editions: a full version with preinstalled software, a "Lite" edition without a desktop environment, and a minimal version with fewer applications. Raspberry Pi OS can be purchased pre-installed on microSD cards or downloaded and installed using the Raspberry Pi Imager.[157]

Raspberry Pi Imager can also be used to install, and in some cases download, third-party operating systems.

Other operating systems (not Linux or BSD-based)
  • Broadcom VCOS – Proprietary operating system which includes an abstraction layer designed to integrate with existing kernels, such as ThreadX (which is used on the VideoCore4 processor), providing drivers and middleware for application development. In the case of the Raspberry Pi, this includes an application to start the ARM processor(s) and provide the publicly documented API over a mailbox interface, serving as its firmware. An incomplete source of a Linux port of VCOS is available as part of the reference graphics driver published by Broadcom.[158]
  • Haiku – an open source BeOS clone that has been compiled for the Raspberry Pi and several other ARM boards.[159] Work on Pi 1 began in 2011, but only the Pi 2 will be supported.[160]
  • HelenOS – a portable microkernel-based multiserver operating system; has basic Raspberry Pi support since version 0.6.0[161]
  • Plan 9 from Bell Labs[162][163] and Inferno[164] (in beta)
  • QNX
  • RISC OS Pi (a cut-down version of RISC OS Pico, for 16 MB cards and larger for all models of Pi 1 & 2, has also been made available)
  • Ultibo Core – OS-less unikernel Run Time Library based on Free Pascal. Lazarus IDE (Windows with 3rd party ports to Linux and MacOS). Most Pi models supported.[165]
  • Windows 10 IoT Core – a zero-price edition of Windows 10 offered by Microsoft that runs natively on the Raspberry Pi 2.[166]
Other operating systems (Linux-based)
Other operating systems (BSD-based)

Driver APIs

See also: VideoCore § Linux support
Scheme of the implemented APIs: OpenMAX IL, OpenGL ES and OpenVG

Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary blob, which is loaded into the GPU at boot time from the SD-card, and additional software, that initially was closed source.[190] This part of the driver code was later released.[55] However, much of the actual driver work is done using the closed source GPU code. Application software makes calls to closed source run-time libraries (OpenMAX IL, OpenGL ES or OpenVG), which in turn call an open source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then calls the closed source VideoCore IV GPU driver code. The API of the kernel driver is specific for these closed libraries. Video applications use OpenMAX IL, 3D applications use OpenGL ES and 2D applications use OpenVG, which both in turn use EGL. OpenMAX IL and EGL use the open source kernel driver in turn.[191]

Vulkan driver

Raspberry Pi first announced it was working on a Vulkan driver in February 2020.[192] A working Vulkan driver running Quake 3 at 100 frames per second on a 3B+ was revealed by a graphics engineer who had been working on it as a hobby project on 20 June.[193] On 24 November 2020 Raspberry Pi announced that their driver for the Raspberry Pi 4 is Vulkan 1.0 conformant.[194] Raspberry Pi Trading announced further driver conformance for Vulkan 1.1 and 1.2 on 26 October 2021[195] and 1 August 2022.[196]

Firmware

The official firmware is a freely redistributable[197] binary blob, that is proprietary software.[159] A minimal proof-of-concept open source firmware is also available, mainly aimed at initialising and starting the ARM cores as well as performing minimal startup that is required on the ARM side. It is also capable of booting a very minimal Linux kernel, with patches to remove the dependency on the mailbox interface being responsive. It is known to work on Raspberry Pi 1, 2 and 3, as well as some variants of Raspberry Pi Zero.[198]

Third-party application software

  • AstroPrint – AstroPrint's wireless 3D printing software can be run on the Pi 2.[199]
  • C/C++ Interpreter Ch – Released 3 January 2017, C/C++ interpreter Ch and Embedded Ch are released free for non-commercial use for Raspberry Pi, ChIDE is also included for the beginners to learn C/C++.[200]
  • Minecraft (Pi edition) – Released 11 February 2013 and support ended on 24 January 2016, a modified version that allows players to directly alter the world with computer code.[201]
  • RealVNC – Since 28 September 2016, Raspbian includes RealVNC's remote access server and viewer software.[202][203][204] This includes a new capture technology which allows directly rendered content (e.g. Minecraft, camera preview and omxplayer) as well as non-X11 applications to be viewed and controlled remotely.[205][206]
  • Steam Link – On 13 December 2018, Valve released official Steam Link game streaming client for the Raspberry Pi 3 and 3 B+.[207][208]
  • UserGate Web Filter – On 20 September 2013, Florida-based security vendor Entensys announced porting UserGate Web Filter to Raspberry Pi platform.[209]

Software development tools

  • Algoid – for teaching programming to children and beginners.
  • Arduino IDE – for programming an Arduino.
  • BlueJ – for teaching Java to beginners.
  • C-STEM Studio – a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics.
  • CircuitPython – an educational fork of MicroPython for microcontrollers and single-board computers
  • Erlang – a functional language for building concurrent systems with light-weight processes and message passing.
  • Greenfoot – Greenfoot teaches object orientation with Java. Create 'actors' which live in 'worlds' to build games, simulations, and other graphical programs.
  • Julia – an interactive and cross-platform programming language/environment, that runs on the Pi 1 and later.[210] IDEs for Julia, such as Visual Studio Code, are available. See also Pi-specific GitHub repository JuliaBerry.
  • LabVIEW Community Edition – a system-design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments.
  • Mathematica – a powerful multi-paradigm mathematical programming environment and kernel.[211]
  • Lazarus[212] – a Free Pascal RAD IDE
  • LiveCode – an educational RAD IDE descended from HyperCard using English-like language to write event-handlers for WYSIWYG widgets runnable on desktop, mobile and Raspberry Pi platforms.
  • Ninja-IDE – a cross-platform integrated development environment (IDE) for Python.
  • Processing – an IDE built for the electronic arts, new media art, and visual design communities with the purpose of teaching the fundamentals of computer programming in a visual context.
  • Scratch – a cross-platform teaching IDE using visual blocks that stack like Lego blocks, originally developed by MIT's Life Long Kindergarten group. The Pi version is heavily optimized[213] for the limited computer resources available and is implemented in the Squeak Smalltalk system.
  • Squeak Smalltalk – a full-scale open Smalltalk.
  • TensorFlow – an artificial intelligence framework developed by Google. Raspberry Pi worked with Google to simplify the installation process through pre-built binaries.[214]
  • Thonny – a Python IDE for beginners.
  • V-Play Game Engine – a cross-platform development framework that supports mobile game and app development with the V-Play Game Engine, V-Play apps, and V-Play plugins.
  • Xojo – a cross-platform RAD tool that can create desktop, web and console apps for Pi 2 and Pi 3.

Accessories

Raspberry Pi 5 megapixel camera
Version 2 of the Pi Camera
Raspberry Pi High Quality Camera Module
Raspberry Pi 4 Model B with a "TV Hat" card (for DVB-T/T2 television reception) attached
  • Gertboard – A Raspberry Pi-sanctioned device, designed for educational purposes, that expands the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins to allow interface with and control of LEDs, switches, analogue signals, sensors and other devices. It may include an optional Arduino-compatible controller to interface with the Pi.[215]
  • Camera – In May 2013, Raspberry Pi and their distributors RS Components and Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi Camera alongside a firmware update to accommodate it.[216] The camera has a flexible flat cable that plugs into the CSI connector, between the Ethernet and HDMI ports. In Raspbian, the user must enable the use of the camera board by running Raspi-config and selecting the camera option. The camera module costs €20 in Europe (9 September 2013).[217] It uses the OmniVision OV5647 image sensor and can produce 1080p, 720p and 640x480p video. The dimensions are 25 mm × 20 mm × 9 mm.[217] In May 2016, v2 of the camera was launched: it is an 8-megapixel camera using a Sony IMX219.[218] In January 2023, v3 of the camera was launched: it is a 12-megapixel camera using a Sony IMX708.[219]
  • Infrared camera – In October 2013, Raspberry Pi announced that they would begin producing a camera module without an infrared filter, called the Pi NoIR.[220]
  • Official display – In September 2015, Raspberry Pi and their distributors RS Components and Premier Farnell/Element 14 launched the Raspberry Pi Touch Display[221]
  • HAT (Hardware Attached on Top) expansion boards – Together with the Model B+, inspired by Arduino shield boards, the interface for HAT boards was devised by Raspberry Pi. Each HAT board carries a small EEPROM (typically a CAT24C32WI-GT3)[222] containing the relevant details of the board,[223] so that the Raspberry Pi's OS is informed of the HAT, and the technical details of it.[224] Mechanical details of a HAT board, which uses the four mounting holes in their rectangular formation, are available online.[225]
  • High quality camera – In May 2020, the 12.3-megapixel Sony IMX477 Exmor sensor camera module was released with support for C- and CS-mount lenses.[226] The unit initially retailed for US$50, with interchangeable lenses starting at US$25.

Reception and use

NASA's Open Source Rover powered by a Raspberry Pi 3

Technology writer Glyn Moody described the project in May 2011 as a "potential BBC Micro 2.0", not by replacing PC compatible machines but by supplementing them.[227] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoed the BBC Micro successor sentiment in ITPRO.[228] Alex Hope, co-author of the Next Gen report, is hopeful that the computer will engage children with the excitement of programming.[229] Co-author Ian Livingstone suggested that the BBC could be involved in building support for the device, possibly branding it as the BBC Nano.[230] The Centre for Computing History strongly supports the Raspberry Pi project, feeling that it could "usher in a new era".[231] Before release, the board was showcased by ARM's CEO Warren East at an event in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas to improve UK science and technology education.[232]

Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more emphasis should be put on improving the educational software available on existing hardware, using tools such as Google App Inventor to return programming to schools, rather than adding new hardware choices.[233] Simon Rockman, writing in a ZDNet blog, was of the opinion that teens will have "better things to do", despite what happened in the 1980s.[234]

In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3's Innovation of the Year award,[235] and futurist Mark Pesce cited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as the inspiration for his ambient device project MooresCloud.[236] In October 2012, the British Computer Society responded to the announcement of enhanced specifications by stating, "it's definitely something we'll want to sink our teeth into."[237]

In June 2017, Raspberry Pi won the Royal Academy of Engineering MacRobert Award.[238] The citation for the award to the Raspberry Pi said it was "for its inexpensive credit card-sized microcomputers, which are redefining how people engage with computing, inspiring students to learn coding and computer science and providing innovative control solutions for industry."[239]

Clusters of hundreds of Raspberry Pis have been used for testing programs destined for supercomputers.[240]

Community

The Raspberry Pi community was described by Jamie Ayre of FOSS software company AdaCore as one of the most exciting parts of the project.[241] Community blogger Russell Davis said that the community strength allows the Foundation to concentrate on documentation and teaching.[241] The community developed a fanzine around the platform called The MagPi[242] which in 2015, was handed over to Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd by its volunteers to be continued in-house.[243] A series of community Raspberry Jam events have been held across the UK and around the world.[244]

Education

As of January 2012, enquiries about the board in the United Kingdom have been received from schools in both the state and private sectors, with around five times as much interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesses will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools.[13] The CEO of Premier Farnell said that the government of a country in the Middle East has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, to enhance her employment prospects.[245][246]

In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of its community members including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of free learning resources for its website.[247] The Foundation also started a teacher training course called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Raspberry Pi in the classroom.[248]

In 2018, NASA launched the JPL Open Source Rover Project, which is a scaled down version of Curiosity rover and uses a Raspberry Pi as the control module, to encourage students and hobbyists to get involved in mechanical, software, electronics, and robotics engineering.[249]

Home automation

There are a number of developers and applications that are using the Raspberry Pi for home automation. These programmers are making an effort to modify the Raspberry Pi into a cost-affordable solution in energy monitoring and power consumption. Because of the relatively low cost of the Raspberry Pi, this has become a popular and economical alternative to the more expensive commercial solutions.[citation needed]

Industrial automation

Compute Module 1
Compute Module 3+

In June 2014, Polish industrial automation manufacturer TECHBASE released ModBerry, an industrial computer based on the Raspberry Pi Compute Module. The device has a number of interfaces, most notably RS-485/232 serial ports, digital and analogue inputs/outputs, CAN and economical 1-Wire buses, all of which are widely used in the automation industry. The design allows the use of the Compute Module in harsh industrial environments, leading to the conclusion that the Raspberry Pi is no longer limited to home and science projects, but can be widely used as an Industrial IoT solution and achieve goals of Industry 4.0.[250]

In March 2018, SUSE announced commercial support for SUSE Linux Enterprise on the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B to support a number of undisclosed customers implementing industrial monitoring with the Raspberry Pi.[251]

In January 2021, TECHBASE announced a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 cluster for AI accelerator, routing and file server use. The device contains one or more standard Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4s in an industrial DIN rail housing, with some versions containing one or more Coral Edge tensor processing units.[252]

Commercial products

The Organelle is a portable synthesiser, a sampler, a sequencer, and an effects processor designed and assembled by Critter & Guitari. It incorporates a Raspberry Pi computer module running Linux.[253]

OTTO is a digital camera created by Next Thing Co. It incorporates a Raspberry Pi Compute Module. It was successfully crowd-funded in a May 2014 Kickstarter campaign.[254]

Slice is a digital media player which also uses a Compute Module as its heart. It was crowd-funded in an August 2014 Kickstarter campaign. The software running on Slice is based on Kodi.[255]

Numerous commercial thin client computer terminals use the Raspberry Pi.[256]

COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, demand increased primarily due to the increase in remote work, but also because of the use of many Raspberry Pi Zeros in ventilators for COVID-19 patients in countries such as Colombia,[257] which were used to combat strain on the healthcare system. In March 2020, Raspberry Pi sales reached 640,000 units, the second largest month of sales in the company's history.[258]

In space

A project was launched in December 2014 at an event held by the UK Space Agency. The Astro Pi was an augmented Raspberry Pi that included a sensor hat with a visible light or infrared camera. The Astro Pi competition, called Principia, was officially opened in January and was opened to all primary and secondary school aged children who were residents of the United Kingdom. During his mission, British ESA astronaut Tim Peake deployed the computers on board the International Space Station.[259] He loaded the winning code while in orbit, collected the data generated and then sent this to Earth where it was distributed to the winning teams. Covered themes during the competition included spacecraft sensors, satellite imaging, space measurements, data fusion and space radiation.

The organisations involved in the Astro Pi competition include the UK Space Agency, UKspace, Raspberry Pi, ESERO-UK and ESA.

In 2017, the European Space Agency ran another competition open to all students in the European Union called Proxima. The winning programs were run on the ISS by Thomas Pesquet, a French astronaut.[260] In December 2021, the Dragon 2 spacecraft launched by NASA had a pair of Astro Pi in it.[261]

See also

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Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raspberry Pi.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Wikijunior:Raspberry Pi
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