Thalmann algorithm

The Thalmann Algorithm (VVAL 18) is a deterministic decompression model originally designed in 1980 to produce a decompression schedule for divers using the US Navy Mk15 rebreather.^[1] It was developed by Capt. Edward D. Thalmann, M.D., USN, who did research into decompression theory at the Naval Medical Research Institute, Navy Experimental Diving Unit, the State University of New York at Buffalo and Duke University. The algorithm forms the basis for the current U.S. Navy mixed gas and standard air dive tables.^[2]^{[full citation needed]}

History

The Mk15 rebreather supplies a constant partial pressure of oxygen of 0.7 bar (70 kPa) with nitrogen as the inert gas. Prior to 1980 it was operated using schedules from printed tables. It was determined that an algorithm suitable for programming into an underwater decompression monitor (an early dive computer) would offer advantages. This algorithm was initially designated "MK15 (VVAL 18) RTA", a real-time algorithm for use with the Mk15 rebreather.^[3]

Description

VVAL 18 is a deterministic model that utilizes the Naval Medical Research Institute Linear Exponential (NMRI LE1 PDA) data set for calculation of decompression schedules. Phase two testing of the US Navy Diving Computer produced an acceptable algorithm with an expected maximum incidence of decompression sickness less than 3.5% assuming that occurrence followed the binomial distribution at the 95% confidence level.

References

^ Thalmann, Edward D; Buckingham, IPB; Spaur, WH (1980). "Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I)". Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report. 11–80. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
^ Staff (2008-09). "VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers". Diver Magazine. Retrieved 2011-01-13. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Thalmann, Edward D (2003). "Suitability of the USN MK15(VVAL18) Decompression Algorithm for Air Diving". Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report. 03–12. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

Sources

Thalmann, E. D. (1983). "Computer algorithms used in computing the MK15/16 constant 0.7 ATA oxygen partial pressure decompression tables". Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report. 1–83. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
Thalmann, E. D. (1984). "Phase II testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer". Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report. 1–84. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
Thalmann, E. D. (1985). "Development of a Decompression Algorithm for Constant Oxygen Partial Pressure in Helium Diving". Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report. 1–85. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
Thalmann, E. D. (1985). "Air-N202 Decompression Computer Algorithm Development". Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report. 8–85. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
Weathersby, P. K. (1992). "Statistically based decompression tables VII: Selection and treatment of primary air and N2O2 data". Joint Report: Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory and Naval Medical Research Institute. NSMRL 1182 and NMRI 92-85. Retrieved 2008-03-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Parker, E. C. (1992). "Statistically Based Decompression Tables VIII: Linear Exponential Kinetics". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 92–73. Retrieved 2008-03-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Ball, R. (1994). "A Model of Bubble Evolution During Decompression Based on a Monte Carlo Simulation of Inert Gas Diffusion". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 94–36. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Parker, E. C. (1996). "Statistically based decompression tables IX: probabilistic models of the role of oxygen in human decompression sickness". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 96–05. Retrieved 2008-03-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Survanshi, S. S. (1996). "Statistically based decompression tables X: Real-time decompression algorithm using a probabilistic model". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 96–06. Retrieved 2008-03-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Thalmann, E. D. (1999). "Statistically Based Decompression Tables XI: Manned Validation of the LE Probabilistic Model for Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 99–01. Retrieved 2008-03-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Survanshi, S. S. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume I. Repetitive decompression tables for air and constant 0.7 ata PO2 in N2 using a probabilistic model". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 97–36. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Survanshi, S. S. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume II. Repetitive dive tables: Air". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 97–36. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Survanshi, S. S. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume III. Exceptional exposure tables: Air". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 97–36. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Survanshi, S. S. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume IV. Repetitive dive tables: 0.7 ATA PO2 in N2". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 97–36. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Survanshi, S. S. (1997). "Statistically based decompression tables XII: Volume V. Exceptional exposure tables: 0.7 ATA PO2 in N2". Naval Medical Research Institute Report. 97–36. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Butler, F. K. (2001). "The U.S. Navy decompression computer". Undersea Hyperb Med. 28 (4): 213–28. ISSN 1066-2936. OCLC 26915585. PMID 12153150. Retrieved 2008-03-16. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
Gault, K. A. (2003). "Potential Benefits of Navy Dive Computer Use in Ships Husbandry Diving: Analysis of Dives Conducted on the USS RONALD REAGAN (CVN-76)". Navy Exp. Diving Unit Res. Report. 06–04. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

External links

"The U.S. Navy Decompression Computer" - F. Butler

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[thalmann1980-1] Thalmann, Edward D; Buckingham, IPB; Spaur, WH (1980). "Testing of decompression algorithms for use in the U.S. Navy underwater decompression computer (Phase I)". Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report. 11–80. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

[Diver2008-2] Staff (2008-09). "VVAL-18M: New algorithm on deck for Navy divers". Diver Magazine. Retrieved 2011-01-13. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[thalmann2003-3] Thalmann, Edward D (2003). "Suitability of the USN MK15(VVAL18) Decompression Algorithm for Air Diving". Navy Experimental Diving Unit Research Report. 03–12. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

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v t e Diving decompression
General	Decompression (diving) Decompression equipment Decompression practice Decompression theory Equivalent air depth Equivalent narcotic depth History of decompression research and development Maximum operating depth Physiology of decompression Uncontrolled decompression
Algorithms	Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model
Diving	Deep diving Professional diving Recreational diving Saturation diving Scuba diving Technical diving Underwater diving
Equipment	Decompression buoy Decompression tables Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving chamber Diving shot Hyperbaric stretcher Jonline Recreational Dive Planner
Gases	Breathing air Breathing gas Gas blending for scuba diving Heliox Nitrox Oxygen Trimix
Injury and treatment	Decompression sickness Diving chamber Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression
Procedures	Pyle stop Ratio decompression
Categories: Underwater diving decompression Commons: Category:Decompression