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{{cite web|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225211431/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD|date=2022|publisher=International Monetary Fund|title=GDP Nominal, current prices|url-status=live|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD}}
{{cite encyclopedia|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330175836/https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Europe|url-status=live|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe}}
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"Europe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
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"Europe". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
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{{cite book|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727133725/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVMYJNvUiYkC&pg=PP5|first=Kim|isbn=978-1-4296-6831-6|last=Covert|page=5|publisher=Capstone|quote=Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece.|title=Ancient Greece: Birthplace of Democracy|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVMYJNvUiYkC&pg=PP5|year=2011}}
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Covert, Kim (2011). Ancient Greece: Birthplace of Democracy. Capstone. p. 5. ISBN978-1-4296-6831-6. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece.
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Covert, Kim (2011). Ancient Greece: Birthplace of Democracy. Capstone. p. 5. ISBN978-1-4296-6831-6. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... Ideas from literature and science also have their roots in ancient Greece.
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{{cite web|access-date=2024-03-21|date=2013-01-10|publisher=BBC News|title=Greek goddess Europa adorns new five-euro note|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20970684}}
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{{cite web|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917144349/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Europe|title=Europe – Origin and meaning of the name Europe by Online Etymology Dictionary|url-status=live|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Europe|website=etymonline.com}}
{{cite journal|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101121039/https://www.robertbeekes.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/b118.pdf|date=2004|doi=10.1515/kadm.43.1.167|first1=Robert|issn=0022-7498|issue=1|journal=Kadmos|last1=Beekes|pages=168–69|s2cid=162196643|title=Kadmos and Europa, and the Phoenicians|url-status=live|url=https://www.robertbeekes.nl/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/b118.pdf|volume=43}}
{{cite encyclopedia|access-date=27 December 2007|archive-date=28 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028013857/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570768/Europe.html|encyclopedia=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007|title=Europe|url-status=dead|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopaedia_761570768/Europe.html}}
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"Europe". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
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"Europe". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
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"Europe – Noun". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
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"Europe – Noun". Princeton University. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2008.
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{{cite book|edition=reprint|first1=Christopher|first2=Glenn|isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6|last1=Dawson|last2=Olsen|page=108|publisher=CUA Press|title=Crisis in Western Education|year=1961}}
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Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108. ISBN978-0-8132-1683-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108. ISBN978-0-8132-1683-6. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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{{cite web|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=13 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613222622/https://www.unaoc.org/repository/9334Western%20Historiography%20and%20Problem%20of%20Western%20History%20-%20JGA%20Pocock.doc.pdf|author-link=J. G. A. Pocock|author=J. G. A. Pocock|pages=5–6|publisher=United Nations|title=Western historiography and the problem of "Western" history|url-status=live|url=https://www.unaoc.org/repository/9334Western%20Historiography%20and%20Problem%20of%20Western%20History%20-%20JGA%20Pocock.doc.pdf}}
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{{cite web|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=18 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218073322/http://velikijporog.narod.ru/st_evraz_gran.htm|language=ru|title=Do we live in Europe or in Asia?|url-status=live|url=http://velikijporog.narod.ru/st_evraz_gran.htm}}
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"Quaternary Period". National Geographic. 6 January 2017. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
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"Quaternary Period". National Geographic. 6 January 2017. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
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{{cite news|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726044340/http://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-long-can-we-expect-present-interglacial-period-last|title=How long can we expect the present Interglacial period to last?|url-status=live|url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-long-can-we-expect-present-interglacial-period-last|work=U.S. Department of the Interior}}
{{cite news|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218071546/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/140820-neanderthal-dating-bones-archaeology-science|date=21 August 2014|title=Neanderthals Died Out 10,000 Years Earlier Than Thought, With Help From Modern Humans|url-status=dead|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/140820-neanderthal-dating-bones-archaeology-science|work=National Geographic}}
{{cite journal|bibcode=2022Natur.606.1035F|doi-access=free|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01593-3|first1=Nic|issue=7916|journal=Nature|last1=Fleming|page=1035|pmid=35676354|s2cid=249520231|title=My work digging up the shelters of our ancestors|volume=606|year=2022}}
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{{cite journal|bibcode=2023Natur.615..117P|date=2023|doi=10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0|issue=2 March 2023|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|last1=Posth|last2=Yu|last3=Ghalichi|pages=117–126|pmc=9977688|pmid=36859578|title=Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers|volume=615}}
{{cite news|date=1 July 2020|title=When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-the-first-farmers-arrived-in-europe-inequality-evolved/|work=Scientific American}}
{{cite journal|date=21 February 2017|first1=Ann|journal=Science|last1=Gibbons|title=Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population}}
{{cite web|access-date=25 December 2018|archive-date=19 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119063421/http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/classical-archaeology-periods.html|publisher=University of Oxford|title=Periods – School of Archaeology|url-status=dead|url=http://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/classical-archaeology-periods.html}}
{{cite book|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428191428/https://books.google.com/books?id=9aZPAQAAQBAJ|first=Jonathan|isbn=978-1-4411-1851-6|last=Daly|pages=7–9|publisher=A&C Black|title=The Rise of Western Power: A Comparative History of Western Civilization|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9aZPAQAAQBAJ|year=2013}}
{{cite book|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623162126/https://books.google.com/books?id=nQFtMcD5dOsC|first=Barry|isbn=978-0-7432-7453-1|last=Strauss|pages=1–11|publisher=Simon and Schuster|title=The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece – and Western Civilization|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQFtMcD5dOsC|year=2005}}
{{cite book|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=30 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530232720/https://books.google.com/books?id=I8KRAgAAQBAJ|first1=Stephen|first2=Gerard|isbn=978-1-135-78262-7|last1=Williams|last2=Friell|page=105|publisher=Routledge|title=Theodosius: The Empire at Bay|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8KRAgAAQBAJ|year=2005}}
{{cite book|access-date=30 July 2022|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521051042/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOht3609JOMC&pg=PA273|first=Moses|isbn=978-0-231-01767-1|last=Hadas|pages=273, 327|publisher=Columbia University Press|title=A History of Greek Literature|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOht3609JOMC&pg=PA273|year=1950}}
{{cite book|date=2004|display-authors=etal|first=Shireen|last=Hunter|page=3|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|quote=(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab [[Muslim conquest of Persia|conquest]] of the Iranian Sassanian Empire.|title=Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security}}
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Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004). Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. (..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire.
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Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004). Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. (..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire.
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{{cite book|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203023/http://books.google.com/books?id=UJpI18JaEL0C&pg=PA330|first1=William J.|first2=Jackson J.|isbn=978-0-495-90227-0|last1=Duiker|last2=Spielvogel|page=330|publisher=Cengage Learning|quote=The Byzantine Empire also interacted with the world of Islam to its east and the new European civilization of the west. Both interactions proved costly and ultimately fatal.|title=The Essential World History|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJpI18JaEL0C&pg=PA330|year=2010}}
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Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2010). The Essential World History. Cengage Learning. p. 330. ISBN978-0-495-90227-0. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. The Byzantine Empire also interacted with the world of Islam to its east and the new European civilization of the west. Both interactions proved costly and ultimately fatal.
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Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2010). The Essential World History. Cengage Learning. p. 330. ISBN978-0-495-90227-0. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. The Byzantine Empire also interacted with the world of Islam to its east and the new European civilization of the west. Both interactions proved costly and ultimately fatal.
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{{cite book|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210105/http://books.google.com/books?id=VOE-sRivB6kC&pg=PA179|first=Ronald|isbn=978-0-262-06251-0|last=Findlay|pages=178–179|publisher=MIT Press|quote=These Christian allies did not accept the authority of Byzantium, and the Fourth Crusade that sacked Constantinople and established the so-called Latin Empire that lasted until 1261 was a fatal wound from which the empire never recovered until its fall at the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1453 (Queller and Madden 1997).|title=Eli Heckscher, International Trade, And Economic History|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOE-sRivB6kC&pg=PA179|year=2006}}
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Findlay, Ronald (2006). Eli Heckscher, International Trade, And Economic History. MIT Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN978-0-262-06251-0. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. These Christian allies did not accept the authority of Byzantium, and the Fourth Crusade that sacked Constantinople and established the so-called Latin Empire that lasted until 1261 was a fatal wound from which the empire never recovered until its fall at the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1453 (Queller and Madden 1997).
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Findlay, Ronald (2006). Eli Heckscher, International Trade, And Economic History. MIT Press. pp. 178–179. ISBN978-0-262-06251-0. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. These Christian allies did not accept the authority of Byzantium, and the Fourth Crusade that sacked Constantinople and established the so-called Latin Empire that lasted until 1261 was a fatal wound from which the empire never recovered until its fall at the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1453 (Queller and Madden 1997).
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{{cite book|access-date=20 January 2013|edition=Revised|first=Robert|isbn=978-0-8132-0754-4|last=Browning|page=[https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow/page/253 253]|publisher=CUA Press|quote=And though the final blow was struck by the Ottoman Turks, it can plausibly be argued that the fatal injury was inflicted by the Latin crusaders in 1204.|title=The Byzantine Empire|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow|year=1992}}
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Browning, Robert (1992). The Byzantine Empire (Revised ed.). CUA Press. p. 253. ISBN978-0-8132-0754-4. Retrieved 20 January 2013. And though the final blow was struck by the Ottoman Turks, it can plausibly be argued that the fatal injury was inflicted by the Latin crusaders in 1204.
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Browning, Robert (1992). The Byzantine Empire (Revised ed.). CUA Press. p. 253. ISBN978-0-8132-0754-4. Retrieved 20 January 2013. And though the final blow was struck by the Ottoman Turks, it can plausibly be argued that the fatal injury was inflicted by the Latin crusaders in 1204.
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{{cite book|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511204709/http://books.google.com/books?id=o8hJgj5q5IEC&pg=PA136|first=Ted|isbn=978-0-9689873-7-7|last=Byfield|page=136|publisher=Christian History Project|quote=continue to stand for another 250 before ultimately falling to the Muslim Turks, but it had been irrevocably weakened by the Fourth Crusade.|title=A Glorious Disaster: A.D. 1100 to 1300: The Crusades: Blood, Valor, Iniquity, Reason, Faith|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8hJgj5q5IEC&pg=PA136|year=2008}}
{{cite book|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511214428/http://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC&pg=PA424|first=Cornelia|isbn=978-90-804114-4-9|last=Golna|page=424|publisher=Go-Bos Press|quote=1204 The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, destroying and pillaging many of its treasures, fatally weakening the empire both economically and militarily|title=City of Man's Desire: A Novel of Constantinople|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC&pg=PA424|year=2004}}
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Golna, Cornelia (2004). City of Man's Desire: A Novel of Constantinople. Go-Bos Press. p. 424. ISBN978-90-804114-4-9. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. 1204 The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, destroying and pillaging many of its treasures, fatally weakening the empire both economically and militarily
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Golna, Cornelia (2004). City of Man's Desire: A Novel of Constantinople. Go-Bos Press. p. 424. ISBN978-90-804114-4-9. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. 1204 The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, destroying and pillaging many of its treasures, fatally weakening the empire both economically and militarily
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{{cite book|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511212456/http://books.google.com/books?id=lBYZAQAAIAAJ|first=John|isbn=978-0-89356-015-7|last=Powell|publisher=Salem Press|quote=However, the fifty-seven years of plunder that followed made the Byzantine Empire, even when it retook the capital in 1261, genuinely weak. Beginning in 1222, the empire was further weakened by a civil war that lasted until 1355. ... When the Ottomans overran their lands and besieged Constantinople in 1453, sheer poverty and weakness were the causes of the capital city's final fall.|title=Magill's Guide to Military History: A-Cor|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBYZAQAAIAAJ|year=2001}}
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Powell, John (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History: A-Cor. Salem Press. ISBN978-0-89356-015-7. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. However, the fifty-seven years of plunder that followed made the Byzantine Empire, even when it retook the capital in 1261, genuinely weak. Beginning in 1222, the empire was further weakened by a civil war that lasted until 1355. ... When the Ottomans overran their lands and besieged Constantinople in 1453, sheer poverty and weakness were the causes of the capital city's final fall.
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Powell, John (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History: A-Cor. Salem Press. ISBN978-0-89356-015-7. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. However, the fifty-seven years of plunder that followed made the Byzantine Empire, even when it retook the capital in 1261, genuinely weak. Beginning in 1222, the empire was further weakened by a civil war that lasted until 1355. ... When the Ottomans overran their lands and besieged Constantinople in 1453, sheer poverty and weakness were the causes of the capital city's final fall.
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{{cite book|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511205749/http://books.google.com/books?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PA405|date=2002|first=Dale T.|isbn=978-0-567-08866-6|last=Irvin|page=405|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|quote=Not only did the fourth crusade further harden the resentments Greek-speaking Christians felt toward the Latin West, but it further weakened the empire of Constantinople, many say fatally so. After the restoration of Greek imperial rule the city survived as the capital of Byzantium for another two centuries, but it never fully recovered.|title=History of the World Christian Movement: Volume 1: Earliest Christianity To 1453|url-status=live|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PA405}}
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Irvin, Dale T. (2002). History of the World Christian Movement: Volume 1: Earliest Christianity To 1453. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 405. ISBN978-0-567-08866-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. Not only did the fourth crusade further harden the resentments Greek-speaking Christians felt toward the Latin West, but it further weakened the empire of Constantinople, many say fatally so. After the restoration of Greek imperial rule the city survived as the capital of Byzantium for another two centuries, but it never fully recovered.
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Irvin, Dale T. (2002). History of the World Christian Movement: Volume 1: Earliest Christianity To 1453. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 405. ISBN978-0-567-08866-6. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. Not only did the fourth crusade further harden the resentments Greek-speaking Christians felt toward the Latin West, but it further weakened the empire of Constantinople, many say fatally so. After the restoration of Greek imperial rule the city survived as the capital of Byzantium for another two centuries, but it never fully recovered.
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