Lexicographic code
Lexicographic codes or lexicodes are greedily generated error-correcting codes with remarkably good properties. They were produced independently by Vladimir Levenshtein[1] and by John Horton Conway and Neil Sloane.[2] The binary lexicographic codes are linear codes, and include the Hamming codes and the binary Golay codes.[2]
Construction
A lexicode of length n and minimum distance d over a finite field is generated by starting with the all-zero vector and iteratively adding the next vector (in lexicographic order) of minimum Hamming distance d from the vectors added so far. As an example, the length-3 lexicode of minimum distance 2 would consist of the vectors marked by an "X" in the following example:
Vector In code? 000 X 001 010 011 X 100 101 X 110 X 111
Here is a table of all n-bit lexicode by d-bit minimal hamming distance, resulting of maximum 2m codewords dictionnary. For example, F4 code (n=4,d=2,m=3), extended Hamming code (n=8,d=4,m=4) and especially Golay code (n=24,d=8,m=12) shows exceptional compactness compared to neighbors.
n \ d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 4 4 3 1 1 5 5 4 2 1 1 6 6 5 3 2 1 1 7 7 6 4 3 1 1 1 8 8 7 4 4 2 1 1 1 9 9 8 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 10 10 9 6 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 11 11 10 7 6 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 12 12 11 8 7 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 13 13 12 9 8 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 14 14 13 10 9 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 15 15 14 11 10 7 6 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 16 16 15 11 11 8 7 5 5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 17 17 16 12 11 9 8 6 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 18 17 13 12 9 9 7 6 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 19 18 14 13 10 9 8 7 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 20 19 15 14 11 10 9 8 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 21 21 20 16 15 12 11 10 9 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 22 22 21 17 16 12 12 11 10 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 23 23 22 18 17 13 12 12 11 6 6 5 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 24 24 23 19 18 14 13 12 12 7 6 5 5 3 2 2 2 1 1 25 25 24 20 19 15 14 12 12 8 7 6 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 26 26 25 21 20 16 15 12 12 9 8 7 6 4 3 2 2 2 1 27 27 26 22 21 17 16 13 12 9 9 7 7 5 4 3 2 2 2 28 28 27 23 22 18 17 13 13 10 9 8 7 5 5 3 3 2 2 29 29 28 24 23 19 18 14 13 11 10 8 8 6 5 4 3 2 2 30 30 29 25 24 19 19 15 14 12 11 9 8 6 6 5 4 2 2 31 31 30 26 25 20 19 16 15 12 12 10 9 6 6 6 5 3 2 32 32 31 26 26 21 20 16 16 13 12 11 10 7 6 6 6 3 3 33 ... 32 ... 26 ... 21 ... 16 ... 13 ... 11 ... 7 ... 6 ... 3
All odd d-bit lexicode distances are exact copies of the even d+1 bit distances minus the last dimension, so an odd-dimensional space can never create something new or more interesting than the d+1 even-dimensional space above.
Since lexicodes are linear, they can also be constructed by means of their basis.[3]
Implementation
Following C generate lexicographic code and parameters are set for the Golay code (N=24, D=8).
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() { /* GOLAY CODE generation */
int i, j, k;
int _pc[1<<16] = {0}; // PopCount Macro
for (i=0; i < (1<<16); i++)
for (j=0; j < 16; j++)
_pc[i] += (i>>j)&1;
#define pc(X) (_pc[(X)&0xffff] + _pc[((X)>>16)&0xffff])
#define N 24 // N bits
#define D 8 // D bits distance
unsigned int * z = malloc(1<<29);
for (i=j=0; i < (1<<N); i++)
{ // Scan all previous
for (k=j-1; k >= 0; k--) // lexicodes.
if (pc(z[k]^i) < D) // Reverse checking
break; // is way faster...
if (k == -1) { // Add new lexicode
for (k=0; k < N; k++) // & print it
printf("%d", (i>>k)&1);
printf(" : %d\n", j);
z[j++] = i;
}
}
}
Combinatorial game theory
The theory of lexicographic codes is closely connected to combinatorial game theory. In particular, the codewords in a binary lexicographic code of distance d encode the winning positions in a variant of Grundy's game, played on a collection of heaps of stones, in which each move consists of replacing any one heap by at most d − 1 smaller heaps, and the goal is to take the last stone.[2]
Notes
- ^ Levenšteĭn, V. I. (1960), "Об одном классе систематических кодов" [A class of systematic codes], Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR (in Russian), 131 (5): 1011–1014, MR 0122629; English translation in Soviet Math. Doklady 1 (1960), 368–371
- ^ a b c Conway, John H.; Sloane, N. J. A. (1986), "Lexicographic codes: error-correcting codes from game theory", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 32 (3): 337–348, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.392.795, doi:10.1109/TIT.1986.1057187, MR 0838197
- ^ Trachtenberg, Ari (2002), "Designing lexicographic codes with a given trellis complexity", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 48 (1): 89–100, doi:10.1109/18.971740, MR 1866958