Description of the Country’s constitution, the symbol of the flag
President Joseph Kabila of Democratic Republic of Congo promulgated a new Congolese post-war, which makes provisions of a new flag and emblem. On 18 February 2006 the Democratic Republic of Congo adopted a new constitution aimed at bringing an end to dedicate of dictatorship, war and chaos. Concerning the colours of the flag, the blue in the flag symbolize peaces; red the blood of the country’s martyr; yellow the country’s wealth; and the star a radiant future to the country. The Description of the Congo’s flag in 1885 was the blue with a large yellow star in the Center, when six stars were added along the hoist. Then the six stars represent the six provinces existing at the time of independence.[1]
Main languages: French, Swahili and Sudanic tribal languages
Regarding the main languages of Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly called Belgian Congo, Congo-Leopoldville, Congo Kinshasa and Congo Zaire, national or official languages: Koongo, Lingala, Luba-kisai, Congo Swahili and French. Literacy rate: 55% to 61. Also includes Boguru, Fanagalo, and Greek people from India. But the number of languages listed for Democratic Republic of Congo is 215. Of those, 214 are living languages and 1 extinct. I will notify some of them: Alur, Amba, Asoa, Aushi, Avokaya, Baango, Baka, Bali, Baloi, Bamwe and so on.[2]
The South Rivers of DRC
After the North Rivers of DRC, we have the south Rivers which are: the Luapala River, the Lomani River and the Aruwimi River. For the first river which is called “Luapala”, it’s flowing from Lake Bangweulu in Zambia to Lake Mweru on the border between Zambia and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Secondly, the Lomani River is approximately 1,500km long. It flows north, west of and parallel to upper Congo. The Lomani rises in the south of the country , near Kamina, and Irema before joining the Congo at Isengui, east of the DRC. Then the last river of the south, which is the Aruwimi, it’s located to the north and the east of the Congo, and is from a tributary of the Congo too. In addition, the Aruwimi rises on the Blues Mountains that overlook the Albert Lake. It continues to the westward, joining the Congo at Bosoko, for a total length of about 1,300 km
Central Rivers of DRC
Finally, we will talk about the last part of the river which is the central River of the DRC. There are two kinds of rivers which are the Kassai River and the Fimi River. The Kasai River is a river in a central Africa. It begins in Angola; part of the river serves as the border between Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). What I have to mention bout the Fimi River is that is that it’s flowing from lake Mai-Ndombe to the Kasai River, which in turn empties into the Congo.
Minerals
Exhibition of Congolese minerals Belgium and Minerals described for the first time in Congo
Now, the second idea will talk about the minerals of the Democratic Republic of Congo. An eminently mining country, the Republic of Congo is the centre of numerous exploitations of most diverse metals multitude of Congo is the centre of numerous exploitations of most diverse metals multitude of mines and quarries. Its soil harbours a wide variety of mineral species with fancies of often very high esthetical quality. In spite of the wealth of Congolese minerals and the multitude of samples of excellent quality provided by mining companies and collected either during scientific mission or bought on the spot by travellers, few minerals are offered to the view of amateurs in Belgian public collections. Then in the royal Museum of Central Africa in Tervuren, they have a small room where is exactly devoted to mineralogy. Consequently there is a few typical deposits are illustrated: Gold of kilo-Moto (oriental province); diamonds from Kasai: copper and zinc of kipushi (Shaba). Rare cooper minerals, of Shaba and secondary uranium minerals of shinkolobwe. This Museum has a very full mineralogical collection including species originating from most of the deposit, which have been, or still are, exploited in Congo. As a result of high prices of prices of good –quality samples, and seeing the financial restrictions imposed on public institutions, all spectacular mineral specimens collected today in Congolese mines, usually end up private collections inaccessible to the general public, and their inventory is difficult to make. Ninety-two minerals have been described for the first time in Congo. Among these, fifty-four are represented by a holotype sample is quite certain.[3]
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The new constitution of Democratic Republic of Congo
Colours of the flag
Concerning the colours of the flag, the blue in the flag symbolize peaces; red the blood of the country’s martyr; yellow the country’s wealth; and the star a radiant future to the country. The Description of the Congo’s flag in 1885 was the blue with a large yellow star in the Center, when six stars were added along the hoist. Then the six stars represent the six provinces existing at the time of independence.<ref name="DRC"retrieved from:www.africaguide.com/country/zaire/ - 22k Cite error: The
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Religions and Education in Democratic Republic of Congo
Roman Catholic, Animist and protestant
About 50% of the Congolese population is Christian, predominantly Roman Catholic. Most of the non-Christians adhere to either traditional religions or syncretic sects. Traditional religions include concepts such as monotheism, animism, vitalism, spirit and ancestor worship, witchcraft, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups; none is formalized. The syncretic sects often merge Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals. The most popular of these sects, Kimbanguism, was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu," now claims about 3 million members, primarily among the Bakongo tribe of Bas-Congo and Kinshasa. In 1969, it was the first independent African church admitted to the World Council of Churches.
Education
Before independence, education was largely in the hands of religious groups. The primary school system was well developed at independence; however, the secondary school system was limited, and higher education was almost nonexistent in most regions of the country. The principal objective of this system was to train low-level administrators and clerks. Since independence, efforts have been made to increase access to education, and secondary and higher education have been made available to many more Congolese. According to estimates made in 2000, 41.7% of the population has no schooling, 42.2% has primary schooling, 15.4% has secondary schooling, and 0.7% has university schooling. At all levels of education, males greatly outnumber females. The largest state-run universities are the University of Kinshasa, the University of Lubumbashi, and the University of Kisangani. The elite continue to send their children abroad to be educated, primarily in Western Europe.
Politics of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Regarding the politics of the Democratic Republic of congo, after some successes at improving internal security and lowering the inflation rate over his first year, kabila was unable to control insurgent activities by various armed groups . In addition, kabila’s pledges to democratize the government over time contrasted with the reality of banned political parties and increasingly centralized power. Criticism of Kabila’s government grew both domestically and within the international community. In attempt to stabilize the country and consolidate his control after his 1997 victory in the first Congo war, president Kabila in August 1998expelled the Rwandan troops remaining in DRC. This prompted army mutinies in Kinshasa and the Kivus continued into a drive to topple the government, now called the second war of Congo. The Kabila government, the Rwanda and the Uganda were concerned. In addition, the movement for the liberation of Congo (MLC) was concerned too.
President : Joseph Kabila
In attempt to stabilize the country and consolidate his control after his 1997 victory in the first Congo war, president Kabila in August 1998expelled the Rwandan troops remaining in DRC. This prompted army mutinies in Kinshasa and the Kivus continued into a drive to topple the government, now called the second war of Congo. The Kabila government, the Rwanda and the Uganda were concerned. In addition, the movement for the liberation of Congo (MLC) was concerned too.
National Assembly of Democratic Republic of Congo
Vice President of Democratic Republic of Congo
Transition's constitution of Democratic Republic of Congo
The constitution of the transition guarantees the inviolability of the fundamental rights and liberties of the individual. Any law that does not comply with the present constitution shall be null and void insofar as this non-compliance has been established by the supreme court of justice
Parliament
Amnesty International today called on the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of Congo to schedule discussion of the draft legislation to implement the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute) as soon as possible at the next parliamentary session. In letters to several deputies to the National Assembly, the organisation also made recommendations with regard to changes that should be made to the draft legislation to enable the DRC to meet its obligation to cooperate fully with the new International Criminal Court (ICC). Amnesty International welcomed some provisions in the legislation, including the elimination of official immunities for the perpetrators of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity; rejection of the possibility of amnesties for these crimes; the fact that some crimes are broader in the draft legislation than in the Rome Statute (such as the crime of genocide); the implementation of international law standards with regard to the definition of child soldiers (those under 18 years of age); the increased protection for victims of crimes; and the provision of privileges and immunities for the staff of the ICC as they carry out their work in the DRC.
Different Rivers and the Importance of the Minerals of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Rivers
The Congo River is the largest river in western central Africa. To begin with the North River of DRC, we have the Sangha River, the Umangui River and the Lulonga.
The North Rivers of DRC
First of all, a river in a central Africa is a tributary of the Congo River. It flows through Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of Congo, and the Central African Republic. Its tributaries include Ngoko, Mambere and the kadei. Coffee is raised on plantation along the Sangha. Secondly, the Ubangui River is a major tributary of the Congo River in central African. It is considered to begin at the junction of the Mbomou and and the Uele river ,flows west for about 350 km approximately, then bends to the southwest , passes through Bangui, the Ubangui defines the boundary between the central Africa Republic and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Contrary, to the Uele River, therefore in turn flows into the Congo. Finally the Lulonga is a river in the equator province. It is about 200 km long from its beginning at the town of Basankusu. There the Lopori and the Maringa join to form the Lulonga. The Lulonga River flows into the River at the town Lulonga.<ref name="DRCMSN"retrieved from:http:www.encarta-msn.com/encyclopedia_761561261/DRC html-40K- Cite error: The
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=== A small history of the Congolese mineralogy === The small history of the Congolese mineralogy was started in the school of mineralogy of the University of Ghent. It was in this school that the study of Congolese mineralogy was initiated. The inspiring guidance of Alfred Schoep (1881-1996) has shown that mainly uranium bearing species, in copper-cobalt and uranium bearing deposit of southern of Katanga: curite, dumontite, julienite, kasolite, likasite and so on… Therefore the hydrate oxide of uranium “Shoepite” was dedicated to him. They have no choice to call it by his name because, he founds it first. === References === <referenceswas invoked but never defined (see the help page).
