Kochi (ⓘ; Malayalam: കൊച്ചി [Kocci]); formerly known as Cochin) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala and one of the principal seaports of the country. The population of the urban agglomeration was 1,355,406 as of the 2001 census.[1] Kochi is located in the district of Ernakulam, about 220 km north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. Old Kochi loosely refers to a group of islands including Willingdon Island, Fort Kochi and Mattancherry. Today Kochi includes Ernakulam, old parts of Kochi, Kumbalangi, and outlying islands. For many centuries up to and during the British Raj, the city of Kochi was the seat of the eponymous princely state.
Heralded as the "Queen of the Arabian Sea"[2], Kochi traces its history back many centuries, when it was an important spice trading centre in the Arabian coast. Very little is known about the history of Kochi prior to the arrival of the Portuguese. However, ancient travellers and tradesmen made references to Kochi through their writings, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Cochi.
Today, Kochi is the commercial hub of Kerala[3], and one of the fastest growing second-tier metros in India.[4]
Name
Theories regarding the etymology of the name "Kochi" are disputed.[5] According to the most popular theory, the city derives its name from the Malayalam word kochazhi, meaning 'small lagoon'. Another version argues that the city derives its name from the Sanskrit word Go Shree which means 'prosperous with cows'. According to some accounts, traders from the court of the Chinese ruler Khubilai Khan gave Cochin the name of their homeland. Yet another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kaci meaning 'harbour'. Certain scholars claim that Cochin is derived from the term Cocha, which is a transfiguration of the Biblical term Cohen. Accounts by Italian explorer Nicolo Conti (15th century) and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi after the river connecting the backwaters and the sea.
It became known to Europeans as Cochin through the Portuguese. The city reverted to a closer anglicisation of its original name, Kochi, in 1996. However, is still widely referred to as Cochin.
History
Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for many centuries, and was known to the Yavanas (Greeks and Romans), Jews, Arabs and Chinese since ancient times.[6] Kochi earned a significant position on the world trading map after the port at Kodungallur (Cranganore) was destroyed by massive flooding of the river Periyar in 1341 AD.[7]The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in the books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan, during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of the treasure fleet of Admiral Zheng He.[8] There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, who visited Cochin in 1440 AD.[9]
The princely state of Kochi came into existence in 1102 AD after the breaking up of the Kulasekhara empire.[10]The Kochi Raja had authority over the region encompassing the present city of Kochi, and adjoining areas. The reign was hereditary, and the family that ruled over Kochi was known as the Cochin Royal Family (Perumpadappu Swaroopam in the local vernacular). The mainland Kochi remained the capital of the princely state of Kochi since the 18th century.
Kochi was also the scene of the first European settlement in India. From 1503 to 1663, Kochi was ruled by Portugal. In 1530, Saint Francis Xavier arrived and founded a Christian mission. This Portuguese period was difficult for the Jews installed in the region, since the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India. Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese explorer, who was buried at St. Francis Church until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539.[11]
The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch, who had alied with the Zamorins in order to conquer Kochi. By 1773, the conquest of the Mysore King Hyder Ali in the Malabar region had descended to Kochi. Kochi was forced to become a tributary of Mysore and the Kochi Raja, who was still the titular head, had to pay a subsidy of 1 lakh Pagodas and four elephants; and an annual tribute of 30,000 Pagodas. The hereditary Prime Ministership of Kochi came to an end during this period.
Meanwhile, the Dutch, fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces signed a treaty with the United Kingdom, under which the islands of Kochi, including Fort Kochi and its territory were ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Banca. Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour Engineer Robert Bristow, was thus brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a span of 21 years, he had transformed Kochi as the safest harbour in the peninsula, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes.[12] Meanwhile, in 1866, Fort Kochi was made a municipality, and its fist Municipal Council election to a board of 18 members was conducted in 1883. The Maharaja of Cochin, who ruled under the British, in 1896 initiated local administration by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam. In 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state. The assembly consisted of 45 members, 10 of who were officially nominated. Thottakkattu Madhaviamma became the first woman to be a member of any legislature in India.[13]
In 1947, India gained independence from the British colonial rule. Cochin was the first princely state to join the Indian Union willingly.[14]
Post independence, Ikkanda Warrier became the first Prime Minister of Kochi. K.P.Madhavan Nair, P.T Jacob, C. Achutha Menon, Panampilly Govinda Menon were few of the other stalwarts who were in the forefront of the democratic movements. Then in 1949, Travancore-Cochin state came into being by the merger of Cochin and Travancore, with Paravur T.K Narayana Pillai as the first chief minister. Travancore-Cochin, was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State. Finally, the Government of India's November 1, 1956 States Reorganisation Act inaugurated a new state — Kerala — incorporating Travancore-Cochin, Malabar District, and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara.[15]On the 9th of July, 1960, the Mattancherry council passed a resolution that was forwarded to the government, requesting the formation of a Municipal Corporation by combining the existing municipalities of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Ernakulam. The proposal was condemned by the Fort Kochi municipality. However, the Ernakulam municipality welcomed the proposal, suggesting the inclusion of more suburban areas in the amalgamated Corporation. The government apoointed a commission to study into the feasibility of the suggested merger. And based on the report submitted by him, the Kerala Legislative Assembly approved the formation of the Corporation. Thus, on the 1st of November 1967 — exactly 11 years since the conception of the state of Kerala — the corporation of Cochin came into existence, by the merger of the municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island and four panchayats viz. Palluruthy, Vennala, Vyttila and Edappally and the small islands of Gundu and Ramanthuruth.
Over the years, the city has witnessed rapid commercialisation, and has today grown into the commerical capital of Kerala.[3]
Geography
Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India, in the southern state of Kerala. The city lies at the sea mouth of seven major rivers which start from the Western Ghats and travel through Kerala’s midlands, lowlands and coastal areas, to drain out into the Arabian Sea.
Earlier, Kochi was used to refer to the region encompassing Mattancherry, Fort Kochi, Palluruthy and Thoppumpadi. Today, Kochi comprises the mainland Ernakulam, old Kochi, the suburbs of Edapally and the exurbia of Kalamassery and Kakkanad to the northeast; Tripunithura to the south east; and a group of islands closely scattered in the Vembanad lake. The islands include namely Bolghatty Island (Ponjikkara), Willingdon Island, Vypeen Island, Ramanthuruthu, Vallarpadam, Kumbalam and Cherai. Most of these islands are very small, varying in extent from 4 square miles to less than a square mile.
Kochi lies at the northern end of a narrow neck of land, about 19 km long and less than 1.6 km wide in many places, and is separated from the mainland by inlets from the Arabian sea and by the estuaries of rivers draining from the Western Ghats. As a result, Kochi is a natural harbour.
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Much of Kochi lies at the sea level, and the entire city spans an area of 87.5 km². The city has a seacoast of about 30 miles.[5] Willingdon Island is a large artificial island, created by dredging the Vembanad Lake under the direction of Lord Willingdon.[12]
The city has a rich network of backwaters, which has been declared as National Waterways by the Central Government.[17]
The soil consists mainly of recent sediments (Alluvium, Teri’s, Brown sands etc.). Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters. The major rock types are Archaean-basic dykes, Charnockites and Gneisses.
Kochi’s climate is generally tropical, with no harsh extremities. Surface temperatures range between 20–35 °C (68–95 °F). The current record high temperature is 38 °C; the lowest is 17 °C. Heavy rains accompanied by thunder are common from June through September due to the South-West monsoon. Light showers are experienced from October to December due to the North-West monsoon. The average annual rainfall is about 350 cm with an average 132 rainy days annually; the bulk of the rainfall stems from the South-West monsoon.
Though much of the city is urbanised, the city retains an ecologically sensitive area right at its centre — the Mangalavanam. Mangalavanam is a nesting ground for a vast variety of migratory birds and supports many varieties of mangroves. This rare ecosystem in the heart of the city has helped mitigate Kochi’s pollution problems.
Economy
Kochi is the biggest city in Kerala by volume of trade.[3] The economy of the city can be classified as a business economy with emphasis on the service sector.[18] Major business areas are gold and textile retail, seafood and spices export, information technology, tourism, health services, banking, ship building, fishing and allied activities. The High Court of Kerala is situated in the city. Consequentially, legal services are a major contributor to the economy. Kochi is home to the International Pepper Exchange, where black pepper is globally traded. The Cochin Shipyard in Kochi is largest[19] ship building facility in India.[20] To tap the potential of the natural harbour at Kochi further, a marina[21] and an international container transshipment terminal[22] are currently under construction. The city also houses Kerala's only stock exchange, the Cochin Stock Exchange.
The economy of the city is mostly dependant on trade and retail activities.[23] As in most of Kerala, inward remittances from abroad by Non Resident Indians (NRI) is a major source of income. Exports and allied activities are also important contributors to the city's economy. Tourism has of late, become a major contributor to the city's income. The Headquarters of the Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy is situated at Venduruthy about 5 kilometers south of the city centre. The state government has given priority to the establishment of IT and BPO enterprises to exploit the opportunities that have arisen in the field. Projects include Kochi InfoPark, Special Export Processing Zone (SEPZ), etc.The Cochin fishing harbour, located at Thoppumpady is a major fishing port in the state and supplies fish to the local and export markets. Kochi is a major destination for IT and ITES companies. The availability of 15 Gbit/s bandwidth, through undersea cables such as FLAG, SAFE and SEA ME WE 3 ensures seamless data flow from world wide which helps the IT business. The Infopark promoted by the Government of Kerala is home to companies like Wipro and TCS. The establishment of a larger hi-tech business campus, the Smart City which will encompass the present Info Park, is under final stages of discussion.[24] Kochi also has an oil refinery — the Kochi Refineries Limited (KRL), in Ambalamedu. Eloor, situated 17 km north of the city, is an island of 11.21 km² and is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. There are more than 247 industries viz. Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT), Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Indian Rare Earths, Hindustan Insecticides Limited and many others manufacturing a range of products like chemical-petrochemical products , pesticides, rare earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, zinc/chrome compounds and leather products.
Central Government establishments like the Coconut Development Board, the Coir Board, the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) and the Spices Board are also located in the city.
Civic administration
| Kochi City officials | |
| Mayor | Mercy Williams |
| Deputy Mayor | C.K.Mani Sankar |
| Police Commissioner | P Vijayan |
Kochi is the administrative headquarters of Ernakulam district. The city is administered by the Cochin Corporation, headed by a Mayor. The city is divided into 70 administrative wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for a period of five years. The corporation has its central office situated in Ernakulam and has zonal offices at Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, Palluruthy, Edappally, Vaduthala and Vyttila. For the purpose of administration, the corporation is divided into different departments, each catering to a different aspect of the city's development and welfare. The Personal Department takes care of the general administration of the city. The various departments include that of Town Planning, Health, Engineering, Revenue, Accounts and the Council Section. The corporation has a Janaseva Kendram (meaning centre for people's service) , that addresses the issues of the public. The corporation also operates eight Maternity and child welfare centers in the city.
The Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA) is the government overseeing agency for the development of the city. The Kochi City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, who is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The Kochi City Police includes the traffic police, Narcotic Cell, Armed Reserve Camps, District Crime Records Bureau, Senior citizen's Cell and a Women Cell and runs 19 police stations, all of which functions under the Home Ministry of State Government. Kochi is the seat of the High Court of Kerala, which is the highest judicial institution in Kerala and the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Kochi also has several lower court at the district level. Kochi contributes 5 seats to the State Assembly and a seat to the Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Indian Parliament).
Transport
Kochi is well-connected to other parts of the country via road, rail, water, and air. Kochi has an international airport, known as the Cochin International Airport (IATA: COK, ICAO: VOCC), which is about 25 km north of the city. Unlike most Indian airports (which are controlled by the Airports Authority of India), the airport is owned by Cochin International Airport Limited, a public company initially held by a large number of Non Resident Indians, major Indian corporations, and the government of Kerala (which holds a majority interest). It is thus the first international airport in India built without Central Government funds.[25] Being one of the safest harbours in the Indian Ocean, Kochi ranks among India's major seaports.[26] The port, administered by a statutory autonomous body known as the Cochin Port Trust, offers facilities like berths for handling cargo and passenger ships, cargo handling equipment, storage accommodation, dry dock, bunkering facilities, and a fisheries harbour. Boat services operated by Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation, the state Water Transport Authority, and of private ownership are available from the Hight Court ferry and the main jetty at Park Avenue to various places. The junkar ferry for the transshipment of vehicles and passengers between the various islands are operated between Ernakulam and Vypin, and between Vypin and Fort Kochi. However, construction of the Goshree bridges (which links Kochi's various islands) has made ferry transport less important.
There are two main railway stations in the city, the Ernakulam Junction and the Ernakulam Town railway stations (locally known as the 'South' and 'North' railway stations respectively). The railway line connecting these two stations cuts the city longitudinally in two, with just two narrow bridges connecting the two halves.
For transport within the city, buses and taxis are available throughout the day. Taxi cabs (Ambassador cars and Indicas) are usually available on an hourly or daily basis. For short trips auto rickshaws, commonly called autos, are more economical. Private buses traveling between different parts of the city comprise the backbone of the public transport system. Narrow roads and the mix of vastly differing types of vehicles has made traffic congestion a major problem in the city. A sky bus service, intended to considerably ease congestion, is planned for the city.[27]
Demographics
As of 2001 Kochi had a population of 1,477,085, with a density of 1052.5 persons per square kilometre.[28] Scheduled Castes and Tribes account for 14.3% of the city's population. There are 1,024 females to every 1,000 males – which is higher than the national average. The overall literacy rate of the city is 94.3%.[28] The gender gap in literacy rate is 1.1, which is amongst the lowest in the country.
The religions practised in Kochi include mainly Hinduism, Christianity and Islam, with a minority representation of Jainism, Judaisms, Sikhism and Buddhism. Hinduism is the major religion, practised by nearly 47% of the population. With over 35% of the population following Christianity, Kochi has the largest number of Christians among the cities of India.[29] The majority of the residents are Malayalis, however there is a substantial population of other ethinic communities like Tamilians, Gujaratis, Jews, Sikkimese, Anglo-Indians, Konkanis and Buddhists. Malayalam is the language of communication, although English is more commonly used in business circles. Hindi and Tamil are widely understood albeit rarely spoken.
Like other fast growing cities in the developing world, Kochi suffers from major urbanisation problems like poor sanitation and unemployment. The city registered an increase of 9.7% fin its unemployment rate of 14.8 in 1998 to 24.5 in 2003.[30] Shortage of potable water is a major concern in the city.[31]The situation is aggravated by the threat posed by pollution in industrial areas.[32] The city also has a growing slum dwelling population.[33] According to the National Crime Records Bureau, Kochi has one of highest rates of criminality in India, with a crime rate of 498.6 against the national average of 287.3.[34] Kochi also has a high suicide rate with 32 suicides per lakh, which is three times higher than the national average of 11.2 per lakh.[35]
Culture
Kochi's culture was enriched by successive values of migration over the course of several millennia. The city once had a large Jewish community that figured prominently in Kochi's business and economic strata.[36] Known as the Malabar Yehuden—and now increasingly as Cochin Jews—the community has now almost entirely migrated to Israel and the United States. Syrian Orthodoxy was the sole Christian tradition in Kochi for a long time.[37] However, the Portuguese arrival in the 1500s, led to Roman Catholicism being a dominant force.[37]
Today, the population of the city is a mix of people from all parts of Kerala and most of India. The city's pan-Indian nature is highlighted by the substantial presence of various ethnic communities from different parts of the country.[38]The presence of the headquarters of the Southern Naval Command adds to the cosmopolitan nature of the city.
The culture of the city can be termed as predominantly South Indian. Kochi has a diverse, multicultural, and secular community consisting of Hindus, Christians, Muslims, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists among other denominations. Keeping up with its multi-ethnic diaspora, Kochi celebrates traditional Kerala festivals like Onam and Vishu along with North Indian festivals like Holi and Diwali with great fervour. Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas, Easter, Eid ul-Fitr, Milad-e-sherif, etc are also celebrated. A merry making feast called the Cochin Carnival is celebrated at Fort Kochi every year during the last ten days of December. Various unique games, dirt bike races, beach volleyball and fireworks display are held as part of the festivities. The carnival is celebrated as a continuity of the Portuguese New Year revelry held here during the colonial days.
Residents of Kochi are known as Kochiites; they are an important part of the South Indian weltanschauung. However, the city's culture is rapidly evolving, with Kochiites generally becoming more cosmopolitan in their outlook.[4] The people are also increasingly fashion-conscious, often deviating from the traditional Kerala wear to western casual clothing.[39] Kochi has also played host to a number of high profile fashion shows, including ones sponsored by Fashion Television.[40]
Kochiites generally partake of Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. Other South Indian cuisines and Chinese cuisine are popular. Fast food culture is very prominent; a large number of fast food outlets include those operated by the multinational conglomerates Pizza Hut, Marrybrown, Chic King, and Dominos.[41] North Indian and Continental cuisines are becoming increasingly popular.
Kochi was home to some of the most influential figures in Malayalam literature, including Changampuzha Krishna Pillai, Kesary Balakrishna Pilla, G. Sankara Kurup, and Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon. Prominent Keralite social reformers such as Sahodaran Ayyappan and Pandit Karuppan also are from Kochi.
Education and health care
Kochi is a hub of health care in the state, with several major super-specialty hospitals located in and around the city[4]. Health services, boosted by medical tourism and Ayurveda, form a vital part of the local economy. Lakeshore Hospital, Amrita Hospital, Specialist's Hospital, Medical Trust Hospital, Lisie Hospital, Lourde Hospital, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Lakshmi Hospital and Saraf Hospital are some of the major hospitals in the city. The city also has a system of publicly-funded health care.
The Cochin University, named after the city, is a premier education centre. The university is regarded as a centre of excellence by the Indian Navy for training Naval officers.[42] The university also conducts research for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[43]The Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training, the National Institute of Oceanography and the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute are the major marine research institutes located in the city. The National University of Advanced Legal Studies and the Government Law College are two law colleges in the city. Other prominent institutes offering tertiary education include the Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Model Engineering College, the School of Communication and Management Studies, Maharajas College, Cochin College, Sacred Hearts College , Rajagiri College of Engineering, St. Albert's College, St. Teresa's College and Toc-H Institute of Science and Technology. Most of the colleges are affiliated either with Mahatma Gandhi University or Cochin University.
A large share of Kochi's primary and secondary schools are run either by the government or by religious trusts and individuals. The schools are each affiliated with either the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the Kerala State Board. English is the typical medium of instruction in most private schools.
Media
A number of newspaper publications and television stations are situated in the city. Malayalam newspapers published and sold in Kochi include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Deshabhimani , Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi, Madhyamam, Mangalam and Flash. Popular English newspapers include The Hindu, The New Indian Express, Times of India and The Pioneer. Newspapers in other regional languages like Tamil, Hindi, Kannada and Telugu are also sold in large numbers in the city.
Being the seat of the Cochin Stock Exchange, a number of financial publications are also popular in the city. These include The Economic Times, The Business Standard and The Financial Times. Magazines and religious publications like the Satya Deepam, The Week and Vanitha are also published from the city. Television stations in Kochi include Asianet Cable Vision, India Vision, Kairali TV, and Amrita TV. Satellite television services are available through Doordarshan Direct Plus and Dish TV. All India Radio has an FM station operating at 102.3 MHz in the city. With the recent approval of private FM radio broadcasts by the Government of India, a growth spurt is expected in this sector.[44]Private satellite radios such as WorldSpace are also available in Kochi. There are over 20 cinema halls which screen movies in Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi. The Cochin International Film Festival (CIFF) organised by the Cochin Film Society is held in the city every year.
Telephony services are provided by various players like Airtel, Idea cellular, Hutch, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL.
Sports and stadiums
The Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium in Kochi is one of the largest in India[45], and has been the ground for many international cricket as well as national football matches. It has a seating capacity of 60,000 and is equipped with floodlights for night play. In 2006 the stadium is in for a major renovation including a fabric roof.[46] The city also houses the Regional Sports Centre at Kadavantra. The centre has an indoor stadium facilities for playing tennis, badminton, basketball, cricket and table tennis.It also houses a swimming pool.
The Maharaja's College Ground is another prominent sporting ground where an eight-lane synthetic track is currently being laid.[47]
See also
External links
Notes
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
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"CUSAT-ISRO tie-up for research studies". The Hindu. 2005-06-24. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
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"Making a splash in the air". The Hindu. 2003-11-06. Retrieved 2006-04-26.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Stadiums in India". List of stadiums in India in order of seating capacity. worldstadiums.com. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
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"Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium to get a facelift". The Hindu. 2005-11-30. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
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"Minister's assurance on synthetic tracks". The Hindu. 2004-10-14. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
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References
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