Enlargement of the European Union

The European Union originally consisted of six member states. It has since grown to 25 member states, and even more states plan to join: up to three new members in 2007 with even more after that. All in all a union of more than 30 states is fully within reach. This process is known as the European integration. In order to join the Union, a state needs to fulfill the economic and political conditions generally known as the Copenhagen criteria (after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993).

States colour-shaded according to entry (darkest being earliest)

Summary of past enlargements

For details see History of the European Union.

In 1950, the French-German politician Robert Schuman presented his proposal of a united Europe, known as the Schuman declaration, which is considered to be the beginning of what is now the European Union.
In 1951, a forerunner of the EU, the European Coal and Steel Community, was founded by Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (the Benelux countries) and (West) Germany, France and Italy.
In 1958 the six ECSC countries formed the European Economic Community which became the European Community and then the European Union.
In 1973, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark joined.
In 1981, Greece joined.

In 1986, Spain and Portugal joined.
In 1990, East Germany was annexed by (West) Germany (see German reunification), adding the former East Germany to the union. This increased the area and population of the union, but not the number of member states.
In 1995, Austria, Sweden and Finland joined.
In 2004, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia joined.

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Treaty of Accession of Portugal to European Communities

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The heads of State or government and the ministers of foreign affairs of the 25 EU member states following the signature of the Treaty of Accession

Current EU statistics

**Existing members of the EU-25**
Country	Year joined	Pop in millions	Area km&sup2	GDP in billions of USD	GDP per capita (PPP)
Belgium	1958	10.3	30510	299.1	29100
France	1958	60.4	547030	1661	27600
Germany	1958¹	82.4	357021	2271	27600
Italy	1958	58.0	301320	1550	26700
Luxembourg	1958	0.5	2586	25.0	55100
Netherlands	1958	16.3	41526	461.4	28600
Denmark	1973²	5.4	43094	167.2	31100
Ireland	1973	4.0	70280	116.2	29600
United Kingdom	1973	60.3	244820	1666	27700
Greece	1981	10.6	131940	213.6	20000
Portugal	1986	10.5	92931	181.8	18000
Spain	1986	40.3	504782	885.5	22000
Austria	1995	8.2	83858	245.3	30000
Finland	1995	5.2	337030	142.2	27400
Sweden	1995	9.0	449964	238.3	26800
Cyprus³	2004	0.8	9250	14.8	19200
Czech Republic	2004	10.2	78866	161.1	15700
Estonia	2004	1.3	45226	17.4	12300
Hungary	2004	10.0	93030	139.8	13900
Latvia	2004	2.3	64589	23.9	10200
Lithuania	2004	3.6	65200	40.9	11400
Malta	2004	0.4	316	7.1	17700
Poland	2004	38.6	312685	427.1	11100
Slovakia	2004	5.4	48845	72.3	13300
Slovenia	2004	2.0	20253	38.2	19000
Subtotal (EU-25)	2004	456.0	3973597	11066.2	24268

¹ German reunification in 1990 led to the inclusion of the territory of the former German Democratic Republic.

² Greenland left the EC in 1985

³ Officially the whole of Cyprus lies within the European Union. However, the de facto EU border runs along the Green Line, dividing the country in a Greek and Turkish part. EU law is currently not applied in the Turkish northern third of the nation.

Diagram showing the population and GNP per capita of EU member states and candidates

Notes (for this and later tables):

Pop is population in millions
Area is in km²
GDP in billions of USD, at purchasing power parity, 2001 figures
GDP per cap is per capita GDP in USD, year as in previous column

Source: CIA World Factbook 2004

Official candidates for membership

Scheduled 2007 enlargement

Bulgaria and Romania have been recommended to join the EU on January 1, 2007. These dates were firmly set at the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003 and confirmed a year later at Brussels on June 18, 2004. The country reports of October 2004 also confirmed the January 1 2007 date of accession for both Bulgaria and Romania.

EU after Bulgaria and Romania admission.

**2007 enlargement**
Country	Pop	Area	GDP	GDP per capita
Bulgaria	7.5	110910	57.1	7600
Romania	22.4	238391	155.0	7000
Subtotal	29.9	349301	212.1	7094
EU-27	485.9	4322898	11278.3	23211

Source: CIA World Factbook 2004

Bulgaria

Bulgaria is set to join the EU in 2007. Bulgaria has already taken steps to integrate itself with the EU, including unilaterally linking its currency to the Euro (Lithuania and Estonia also did this before entry). It closed entry negotiation talks in June 2004 and received confirmation from the EU that it would join in 2007 as planned.

Romania

Romania is set to join the EU in 2007. It hopes to close talks before the end of 2004 so it could sign the accession treaty in 2005 and join the European Union in 2007 as planned. As of September 2004, Romania has closed negotiations on 27 out of 31 chapters of the acquis communautaire (that is the EU's body of law).

The four chapters remaining open are Environment, Competition policy, Justice and home affairs, and 'Others'.

Negotiated post-2007 enlargement

Croatia

Croatia applied for EU membership on 21 February 2003. The European Commission recommended making it an official candidate in early 2004. At the European Council on 18 June 2004, the heads of governments of the European Union granted candidate country status to Croatia. Talks on accession are due to begin early 2005, and the same Brussels summit mentioned the possibility of joining at the same time as Bulgaria and Romania, although it depended mainly on Croatia's fulfillment of the conditions for joining.

File:Crude-EU28.png

EU after the admission of Croatia (as well as Bulgaria and Romania)

**Accession of Croatia**
Country	Pop	Area	GDP	GDP per capita
Croatia	4.5	56542	47.0	10600
EU-28	490.4	405843	11325.3	23094

Source: CIA World Factbook 2004

After Slovenia, Croatia has recovered best from the break-up of the former Yugoslavia and so hopes to become the second former Yugoslav state to become a member, aiming for membership in 2007 alongside Romania and Bulgaria.

Croatia's EU bid may be hampered with several problems. The relations with the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal have repeatedly been cited by the EU officials as something that requires further improvement, and countries such as the Netherlands have stopped the ratification of the Stabilization and Association Agreement with Croatia because of this.

There are also long-standing border issues with Slovenia: a series of border incidents have happened and they threaten Slovenia's support for Croatia's accession, but the otherwise good trade relations between the two countries have so far precluded such a thing.

Turkey

Turkey formally applied to join the European Community on 14 April 1987. It was officially recognised as a candidate for membership on 10 December 1999 by the European Council on the Helsinki summit, after having been an Associate Member since 1963, but it has not yet been permitted to start negotiations.

File:Crude-EU29.png

EU after the admission of Turkey (as well as Bulgaria, Romania and Croatia)

**Accession of Turkey**
Country	Pop	Area	GDP	GDP per capita
Turkey	68.9	780580	458.2	6700
EU-29	559.3	5160020	11783.5	21068

Source: CIA World Factbook 2004

The main EU concerns about Turkey have been its human rights record and the involvement of the military in Turkish politics. The three decade long period of hyperinflation has also been a major deterrent. Turkey has started to thoroughly address these issues in the 1990s and the 2000s, with a strong and wide-reaching reform program under the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a popular pro-European party with Islamist roots.

The AKP government has lifted part of the large-scale a ban on the teaching of Kurdish -there are two private schools teaching Kurdish now- altough it did not yet accept the use of Kurdish in regular education (as required by European conventions in those areas historically and currently inhabited by Kurds), as well as ratified the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights and signed the 13th Protocol, meaning it has abolished the death penalty for all peace time crimes and intends to abolish it for war time crimes. Turkey also strongly backed the latest EU-supported UN plan to reunite Cyprus in 2004, altough at the same time it still maintains its military occupation of northern Cyprus. Turkey has experienced strong growth and for the most part stopped the inflation problem.

In response to this favorable development, the EU might decide whether to start accession negotiations with Turkey at the end of 2004. The European Commission has given an initial recommendation to start the negotiations in early 2005, but has also added various precaution measures. This recommendation and eventual accession now faces democratic approval processes in European and member states legislative procedures.

One of the recommendations of the report, was that the EU will need to define its financial perspective for the period from 2014 before negotiations can be concluded. Though it is yet unknown when Turkey will actually join, this clarified somewhat the timeframe: It is unlikely to happen before 2015 -- EU officials have been circulating 2019 as a potential end-date.

Critics oppose Turkish membership for several reasons, including:

That most of Turkey's territory is not European but Asian
Its continuing military presence in Northern Cyprus.
Its large size, combined with the poor state of its economy, make people worry that the European Union wouldn't be able to support Turkey or absorb the possibly large number of workers that might leave it for the other member states of the Union.
Doubts on the commitment of the Turkish state on democracy and human rights, and its ability to fully reach European standards in these and other issues like gender equality and minority rights.
The belief by some that Turkey culturally belongs to the Middle-east rather than Europe.
Turkey's continuing military occupation of Northern Cyprus, a military occupation doubled with ethnic cleansing of greek cypriotes considered as illegal by the international community.
Turkey still massively favours islam (e.g. paying the salaries of thousands of imams), while at the same time discriminating all other religions: no salary at all for non-muslim clerics, but widespread harassment. The Greek-Orthodox Church can't even re-open one single training school for its clerics. Non-muslims are fleeing Turkey in significant numbers.
Turkey continues sending out state-financed imams to EU-member states (totally in conradiction with any rule on separation of state and church)!
The tight economic embargo against Armenia, although this country didn't commit an hostility of any scale warranting such a painfull economic embargo. Coincidentally, Armenia is at war with another muslim state, Azerbajdian. Officially, there is no link between the embargo and that war, but Turkey is incapable of offering any other reasonable explanation.
Doubts on support for he secular state are further strengthened by the persistent persecution of dissidents and 'anybody' who treathens the unity of Turkish nation-state. As such, according to recent official explanations issued under the current Erdogan regime, it is a criminal offense, punishable with years of imprisonment, of advocating a withdrawal of Turkish troops from Cyprus, or a recognition of the genocide against Armenians in the early 20th century!
Altough Turkey pretends being in favour of a secular state and respecting the gender equality, thousands of state-paid imams still consacrate polygamous mariages on fairly large scale (especially in the country-side).
The recent 'recognition' of the Kurdish language by Turkish authorities appears to be a cosmetic operation: just a few private schools and TV in Kurdish, but only a few hours a week and in a very limited geographic area.

To summarise on this: many Europeans doubt the commitment of the Turkish state on democracy and human rights, and its ability to fully reach European standards in these and other issues like gender equality and minority rights. The focus of these doubts is the behaviour of the Turkish state. The geographical argument is secondary or even unimportant for many critics.

Proponents answer that Turkey has been intimately involved in European history for about 500 years and that it considers itself a European state. A prevalent point of view in Turkey is that some in the EU are reluctant to accept a Muslim state that sees itself as a strongly secular one, into what is seen by some as a Christian club. This line of reasoning is quite bizar, but very revealing; as the EU defines itself very explicitely as a secular club, even removing a historic references towards christianity from its consitution-being-written, then why shoud Turkish governement and protagonists of Turkey joiningthe EU insist on seeing the EU as a christian club?

Future enlargement candidates and possibilities

At present the EU is very interested in the Balkans and their integration. After their integration it is likely that the South Caucacus and Turkey would be the next focus. It has been said that "Belarus is too authoritarian, Moldova too poor, Ukraine too big and Russia too scary" to have a place in the union anytime soon. So it is logical to assume that once the Balkans have a place in the union enlargement will be a much smaller topic. With Georgia's recent reform programme, however, there may still be an open door for the South Caucasus.

Statistics of further enlargement

File:EU33-AK.png

EU after admission of Turkey and Western Balkans.

**Possible enlargement in the 2010s**
Country	Pop	Area	GDP	GDP per capita
Republic of Macedonia	2.0	25333	13.81	6700
Serbia and Montenegro	10.8	102350	23.89	2200
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4.0	51129	24.31	6100
Albania	3.54	28,748	16.13	4500
Moldova	4.44	33843	7.79	1800
Subtotal	24.78	241403	85.93	4260
EU-34	584.08	5401423	11869.43	17120

Source: CIA World Factbook 2004

Balkans

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was reasonably close to applying to join the EEC at the end of 1980s — it was already on a higher level than some member countries like Greece and Portugal. However, it was still a communist state, though with a relatively benign regime when compared with Soviet satellites. Finally, the civil war stopped the integration.

At the Thessaloniki summit in 2003, the integration of the western Balkans was set as the next major goal of future EU expansion. A further meeting in Mamaia, Eastern Romania concluded that "Serbia-Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Albania are (hopefully able) to join the EU between 2010 and 2015" depending on their fulfillment of the adhesion criteria. This summit was attended by two EU members (Austria and Germany), five countries that have since joined the EU (Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia) and nine EU hopefuls (Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, Serbia-Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Moldova and Ukraine).

Republic of Macedonia

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia applied to become an official candidate on 22 March 2004. The EU will probably reply on whether the accession negotiation will start in 2005.

The FYROM will probably have to resolve its disputes with Greece, or at least reduce them, before talks can begin. The republic also faces an Albanian problem similar to Serbia's, although it still maintains sovereignty over all its territory. Macedonian officials have suggested that it could join between 2010 and 2015.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina still has many economic as well as political problems. Recently it has been making a slow but steady progress, so the outlook is good.

The Union may show some leniency regarding its economy due to the political issues at stake. Romano Prodi has stated that Bosnia has a chance of joining the EU soon after Croatia, somewhere around 2010, but that it is entirely dependent on local progress and that it may be delayed until 2014 or even later.

Serbia and Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro may join separately because of economic disputes between the two republics, which still have to settle the decision of whether to continue in a union (around 2006).

Serbia has to deal with the ethnic tensions in the region of Kosovo as well as poverty in the south of Serbia and widespread corruption. Montenegro is having ecological problems and problems with law and crime. Serbia and Montenegro started the reform process in 2000.

The European Commission and the government of Serbia and Montenegro are currently planning to prepare the country for joining in 2012, together with Bosnia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

Albania

Albania's accession to the Union depends on its economic improvement and resolution of border disputes. Given its comparatively recent engagement with Western European politics, it is impossible to predict when it may join but it hopes to do so within a decade. Although its entry has been set as a priority by the European Commission so as to stabilise the Balkans. It hopes to join with the rest of the Balkans between 2010-2015.

European Free Trade Association

Switzerland

Switzerland began talks with the EEC for membership, but a Swiss referendum in 1992 froze them. Further referenda (the last on March 4, 2001) have shown a majority against membership. It is thought that the fear of a loss of neutrality and independence is the key issue against membership. The Swiss federal government policy has recently undergone substantial U-turns in policy, however, concerning specific agreements with the EU on freedom of movement for people, workers and areas concerning tax evasion have been addressed within the Swiss banking system. This was a result of the first Switzerland-EU summit in May 2004 where nine bilateral agreements were signed. It has alledgedly "moved Switzerland closer to the EU" [1].

Norway

Norway, like most other Scandinavian states, is reluctant to surrender sovereignty to a supranational entity. The Norwegian government also wishes to keep control of fishery resources in their territorial waters. Norway has applied twice for EEC and EU membership, but the two referenda on the issue have been lost by the government. Another referendum could take place in 2005 as the majority of the population now favours integration.

Thorbjørn Jagland has proposed that Norway and Iceland should prepare a common strategy before launching membership negotiations with the EU. His Icelandic counterpart has expressed agreement.

Iceland

Iceland, like Norway, is reluctant to join due to a desire to keep control of fishery resources in its territorial waters. Iceland has never applied for EU membership. If Iceland and Norway share a common unity on issues regarding entry as backed by Icelandic Prime Minister Halldor Asgrimsson there is a possibility that its joining will come with more ease as it has the power of two countries in the force of one united view. Entry may come sooner than many are expecting.

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein, is (like Norway and Iceland) a member of the European Economic Area. It might consider joining the EU if Switzerland joined. If it attained membership it would be by far the smallest member state of the European Union -- this might require a significant rearrangement of voting arrangements in the European Parliament.

Microstates

As for the other very small states, such as San Marino, Andorra and Monaco, it is unlikely that they will ever join, as their very existence as sovereign nations is tightly bound up with their special economic laws, which are not compatible with EU standards.

The Vatican City is also a microstate that isn't likely to join the EU due to its rather unique status.

The self styled Principality of Sealand will almost certainly never join since its very status as a country is disputed at best. It has never been officially recognised by any recognised country, though proponents of the Principality of Sealand argue that various past incidents (UK courts ruling it outside of UK jurisdiction and a visit from a German diplomat) amount to de-facto recognition. Although Sealand has expressed concerns over terrorrism, its adherence and/or conformity to EU laws is heavily disputed and its endeavours with HavenCo are, by some, alleged to facilitate crime.

Although the Sovereign Order of Malta is recognized by some countries as a sovereign subject of international law, its precise nature (e.g. the question of statehood) is disputed and it has no territory.

Russia

At present, the prospect of Russia joining any time in the near future is slim.

Under the new voting system proposed in the draft EU Constitution Russia would cause a huge imbalance within the union due to its large population. It also faces the problem in that its territory is mostly in Asia, similar to Turkey (although unlike Turkey, most major population centres, and the centres of power, are in European Russia).

The gap between the rich and the poor is extremely large, the economy needs improvement, and corruption is also a major issue.

Russia is also thought to be too authoritarian. Amnesty International and other human rights organisations have recently declared the Russian press to be controlled. Human rights continue to be an issue and the suspicion cast on Russia after years of communism is still vast. There are also numerous disputes within the Federation, especially in Chechnya.

Russia has built closer relationships with Europe and the USA with a NATO-Russia pact, but the Kaliningrad exclave is still an issue. Should Russia apply to join, steps similar to Turkey's will have to be followed. The earliest it could join would be the year 2020, although at this stage, any speculation on its entry remains premature.

The Caucasus states

These states have been the site of much conflict in 1990s. Currently, there seems to be an overwhelming feeling of hope in the region's future. Their membership in the EU would be controversial as they are often considered to be politically in Europe but not geographically. They have contributed to European culture and the EU has been said to express interest in their integration and the hope to end war in Europe and increase prosperity.

The Caucasus states are, however, closely linked with Russia and would need to concentrate more on their European partners to attain candidate membership. It is unclear as to when they may join but they are part of the so called EU good-neighbour policy and also what the EU calls "a wider Europe". Since their only land contact with existing EU states is through either Russia or Turkey, it is possible that they could only join after Turkey did so. Greece, a member since 1981, has no land links with the rest of the EU, and will not do so until both Romania and Bulgaria have joined, though Greece is considerably closer to the rest of the union and unencumbered by powerful neighbours the likes of Russia inbetween.

Armenia

Armenia is still in conflict over the disputed area Nagorno-Karabakh with neighbouring Azerbaijan. A ten year ceasefire has been in place, but tensions are high, and with Azeri military spending on the increase, there is fear a war could be at hand. The country's economy is growing, but at an incredibly slow pace. Foreign investors are said to be extremely wary. Armenia is also in the embarrassing position of losing 20% of its population in recent years to hopes of a better life abroad.

Whilst Armenia shares European culture, it has not expressed the wish to join the EU, although public opinion suggests the move for membership would be welcomed. It will have to resolve disputes and battle corruption. The Metsamor plant, which is sited some 40km west of the Armenian capital Yerevan, is built on top of one of the world's most active seismic zones and so would have to be closed for any contemplation of their joining. Recently Armenia has told the EU they will not close the plant, this has lead to the freezing of €100m worth of aid by the EU and deterioration of the Armenia-EU relationship. No speculation into Armenia's dates of membership can currently be made but of all the Caucacus it is the least favoured due to fewer natural resources and their close relationship with Russia.

Georgia

Georgia has recently undergone substantial reforms. Under Georgia's new president Mikhail Saakashvili, the wish to join the EU has been explicitly expressed on several occasions and the links to the EU and the USA are being strengthened. Disputes continue over South Ossetia and Abkhazia. In Ajaria, the authoritarian leader, Aslan Abashidze, was forced to resign in May 2004.

Georgia is the most favoured Caucasus country to join the EU but territorial disputes and corruption are still an issue. It has not, as yet, applied for EU membership but the President has said the country would be ready in three years time -- however it is uncertain if the EU would be. Sometime after 2015 is a reasonable estimation but it is debatable whether any estimation can be made at this stage.

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is a predominantly Muslim country and is not thought to share a lot with European culture. Conflict over the disputed area Nagorno-Karabakh would need to be resolved. Its military spending is becoming somewhat of an alarm to the EU which wishes to ease tensions in the area. The oil-rich country has made improvements to the infrastructure of the country but much of the money does not seem to find its way into the country's fragile economy.

Azerbaijan has not expressed wishes to join the EU but, if it did, one can assume that integration would be long delayed. It would most likely face similar difficulties as Turkey as it is predominantly Muslim -- its chances of membership would be however greatly increased if Georgia joined first.

Beyond Europe

Southern Mediterranean (Maghreb) states

Tunisia entered into an Association Agreement with the European Union in 1995 which started removing tariffs and other trade barriers on most goods in the 1998-2008 period. Once the free trade area is fully functional, the status of Tunisia with regards to the EU will be similar to the present status of Norway and Iceland. However, no further involvement is planned beyond that point.

Morocco has submitted applications to join the EU several times, but it has been turned down since it is not considered a European country. Even if this obstacle was ignored, other factors such as the developing economy or unresolved border issues with several of its neighbours and the occupation of Western Sahara would still hinder its application.

Israel

The Israeli government has hinted several times that a EU membership bid is a possibility. It is unknown whether talks will begin, given the current instability in the Middle East.

As in the cases of Tunisia and Morocco, the virtue of being geographically outside Europe might preclude its inclusion into the EU as well.

Dependencies

In theory, the EU treaty covers the European territories for whose external relations a Member State is responsible. In practice this only applies to Gibraltar, and it is not part of the Customs Union. The Åland Islands also have a special status and are part of the EU.

European dependencies

The British crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man might be said to be in a position similar to many of the microstates in Europe. Their economies are often based on special economic laws incompatible with EU standards. They and the UK sovereign base areas on Cyprus were excluded from the EC when the UK joined in 1973.

The Faroe Islands, a Danish dependency, would be reluctant to join due to the economic significance of its fishery and the need to retain control of those resources in their territorial waters, much like Norway and Iceland. It was excluded when Denmark joined in 1973.

Kaliningrad, a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland, has adopted several unique measures with the EU regarding travel for its citizens to and from the rest of Russia. Currently it could only join if Russia did, but there are several independence movements within the enclave.

See Special member state territories and their relations with the EU for more information.

Overseas dependencies

The overseas dependent and autonomous territories of the member countries often have a special status relative to the European Union. In some cases territories not even on the European continent belong to the EU (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Réunion, the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands, Ceuta, and Melilla) yet there are other cases where the European dependencies of member countries are not part of the union. It is fully possible that these could leave or join the union, even though not as full members in their own right.

Greenland

The Danish dependency Greenland was an integral part of Denmark when the country joined in 1973. In 1979 Greenland was granted home rule and following a local referendum it left the European Community, on February 1, 1985. The EC was the predecessor of the European Union and Greenland is unique as an example of a territory having left the organization. Greenland is unlikely to ever rejoin as it becomes increasingly independent, leading to closer integration with its geographical North American neighbours.

External links

Enlargement of the European Union

Summary of past enlargements

Current EU statistics

Official candidates for membership

Scheduled 2007 enlargement

Bulgaria

Romania

Negotiated post-2007 enlargement

Croatia

Turkey

Future enlargement candidates and possibilities

Statistics of further enlargement

Balkans

Republic of Macedonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Serbia and Montenegro

Albania

European Free Trade Association

Switzerland

Norway

Iceland

Liechtenstein

Microstates

Russia

Other post-Soviet states

Ukraine

Belarus

Moldova

The Caucasus states

Armenia

Georgia

Azerbaijan

Beyond Europe

Southern Mediterranean (Maghreb) states

Israel

Dependencies

European dependencies

Overseas dependencies

Greenland

See also

External links