Any non clear-cut connection is denoted by a question mark (?) besides the equivalences. My sole purpose of creating this page was provoking conservations and constructive arguments on connecting Eastern and Western knowledges of those tribes.
Pinyin Romanization | Names in Chinese characters and Pronciation | Approximate residing areas according to Chinese texts | Time of appearance in Chinese history | Equivalence(s) in World history | Time of appearance in World history | Modern decendant(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Miao | 苗 (miao2) | Various areas stretching from provinces (Hebei, Shanxi) north of Hunag he to Yunnan province | >As early as 25th century B.C. to present | ? | ? | Liaotians and minorities in Yunnan, Guizhou provinces |
Xiongnu, Xianyun | 匈奴 (xiong1 nu2), 玁狁 (xian3 yun3) | Today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, northern portions of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and eastern portion of Xinjiang | 6th century B.C. ? to late 1st century for Northern Xiongnu who migrated westward after that period. Southern Xiongnu remained active until mid 5th century then assimilated into Chinese | Huns | late 4th century to mid 6th century | No known decendents |
Wuhuan | 烏桓 (wu1 huan2) | western portions of Manchuria (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning provinces) and Inner Mongolia | 4th century B.C. ? to late 3rd century, assimilated into Chinese | No known equivalence | N/A | No known decendents |
Xianbei | 鮮卑 (xian1 bei1) | Manchuria (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning provinces), Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. Moved into areas north of Huang he as they founded a dynasty there. | 4th century B.C. ? to mid 6th century, assimilated into Chinese | No known equivalence | N/A | No known decendents |
Qiang | 羌 (qiang1) | Gansu, Qinghai, eastren portion of Sichuan, eastern portion of Xinjiang and northeastern portion of Tibet | 4th century B.C. ? to late 5th century, assimilated into Chinese | No known equivalence | N/A | as minorities in Sichuan |
Di | 氐 (di1) | Areas of of neighboring borders of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Shaanxi | 8th century B.C. ? to mid 6th century, assimilated into Chinese | No known equivalence | N/A | as minorities in Sichuan |
Jie | 羯 (jie2) | Shanxi province | late 2nd century to mid 4th century, assimilated into Chinese | No known equivalence | N/A | No known decendents |
Dingling, Gaoche, Shule | 丁零 (ding1 ling2), 高車 (gao1 che1), 疏勒 (shu1 le4) | banks of Lake Baikal and on the borders of Today Mongolia and Russia then migrated to Shanxi province and Xinjiang region | 1st century BC to late 5th century, assimilated into Chinese | ? | ? | some decendents still living by the lake ? |
Gao Gou Li | 高勾驪 (gao1 gou1 li2) | central and southeastern Manchuria (Today Jilin and eastern portion of Liaoning province) | 1st century BC to mid 7th century, dissipated | Koguryo | 1st century to mid 7th century | Korean |
Wo | 倭 (wo1) | central Manchuria (Today Jilin province), continuously moving east | Since 1st century to present | ? | 1st century to present | Japanese |
Rouran, Ruru, | 柔然 (rou2 ran2), 蠕蠕 (ru2 ru2), 茹茹 (ru2 ru2) | Today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, northern portions of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia and eastern portion of Xinjiang | early 3rd century to early 6th century | Avars? | late 6th century to early 9th century | decendents living in today Daghestan? |
Tujue | 突厥 (tu2 jue2) | Today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, northern portions of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, eastern portion of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan | late 5th century to mid 10th century | Gokturks | mid 6th century to early 9th century | decendents living in today Daghestan? |
Huihe | 回紇 (hui2 he2) | Today Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, northern portions of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia | early 7th century to mid 10th century | Uighurs | early 9th century to present | largest enthic group in Xinjinag region |
Tubo | 吐蕃(tu3 fan1) sometimes pronounced as 吐播 (tu bo1) | Today Tibet, Qinghui, western border of Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi and Southern border of Xinjiang | mid 6th century to present | Tibetans | early 6th century to present | Tibetans |
Dangxiang | 黨項 (dang3 xiang4) | Ningxia, Gansu, northern portions of Shanxi,southwestern portion of Mongolia, Southeastern portion of Xinjinag | early 9th century to early 13th century | Tanguts | ? | No known decendents |
Mohe | 靺鞨 (mo4 he2) | Manchuria and northern portion of Inner Mongolia | early 7th century to early 10th century | No known equivalence | N/A | Nuuzhen (see entry below) |
Nuuzhen or Manzhouren | 女真 (nuu3 zhen1), 滿洲人 (man3 zhou1 ren2) | Manchuria and northern portion of Inner Mongolia | early 10th century to early 17th century, established Jin Dynasty and Qing Dynasty | Mancho or Manchurian | Since mid 17th century, first encountered by Russians | largest enthic group in Dongbei region or Manchuria. Their culture has very much assimilated with the Chinese but some distinctive aspects still remains. |
See also: Peoples Republic of China -- Chinese history -- Chinese sovereign -- Turkic peoples -- Wu Hu