PAL

PAL is the analogue video format used in most of Europe (except France, Bulgaria, Russia, Yugoslavia, and some other countries in Eastern Europe, where SECAM is used), Australia and some Asian and African countries. The name PAL comes from Phase Alternating Line, which decribes the way that color information on the video signal is reversed in phase with each line, which prevents color artifacts that can affect NTSC encoded video signals. This is why some engineers jokingly expand NTSC to "Never Twice the Same Colour"! PAL has been developed in Germany by Walter Bruch. It was first introduced in 1967.

The format has 625 lines per frame and a refresh rate of 25 frames per second. Like NTSC it is an interlaced format. Each frame consists of two fields (half-a-frame), each field has half of the lines of a frame (one has all the even lines, one has all the odd lines). Fields are transmitted and displayed successively. There are 50 fields per second. At the time of its design the interlacing of fields was a compromise between flicker and bandwidth.

There are many variants of PAL. M-PAL is a hybrid of NTSC and PAL used in Brazil and N-PAL is a variant of PAL with narrow bandwidth which is used in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. I-PAL is the version used in the United Kingdom.