1859

Template:C19YearInTopicX Year 1859 (MDCCCLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Monday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar).

Events of 1859

January - March

• January 2 - Erastus Beadle publishes The Dime Book of Practical Etiquette.
• January 24 - Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexander John Cuza under the name Romania (see December 1 1918 for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions were still missing at this time).
• January 28 - The city of Olympia is incorporated in the state of Washington in the United States of America.
• February 14 - Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state.
• February 27 - US congressman Daniel Sickles shoots Philip Barton Key for having an affair with his wife.
• March 9 - The army of Piedmont-Sardinia mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the Austro-Sardinian War.
• March 26 - French amateur astronomer claims to have noticed a planet closer to the Sun than Mercury - later named Vulcan.

April - June

• April 9 - The Austrian army in Italy mobilizes against Piedmont.
• April 20 - A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens is published.
• April 23 - The Austrians send an ultimatum to Piedmont, demanding demobilization. This puts Austria in the position of an aggressor, and leads to French intervention. Piedmont rejects the ultimatum, and war breaks out.
• April 25 - Ground is broken for the Suez Canal.
• April 26 - Austro-Sardinian War - Giuseppe Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps confront Austrian forces led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Carl Baron Urban at Varese.
• April 28 - The Pomona is wrecked off the English coast, with 424 dead
• April 29 - Austrian troops begin to cross the Ticino River to Piedmont.
• May 4 - Cornwall Railway opened across the Royal Albert Bridge linking the counties of Devon and Cornwall in England.
• May 21 - The bell Big Ben first activated.
• May 22 - Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his 23-year-old son Francis II of the Two Sicilies.
• May 30 - Sardinians defeat the Austrian army at Battle of Palestro.
• June 4 - Battle of Magenta in Austro-Sardinian War - French and Sardinians defeat Austrians.
• June 6 - The British Crown colony of Queensland in Australia is created by devolving part of the territory of New South Wales.
• June 8 - French and Piedmontese forces enter Milan.
• June 8 - Battle of Marignaro (1859): French victory over Austrians.
• June 15 - The so called Pig War border dispute between the Americans and the British on San Juan Island begins by the death of the namesake pig.
• June 24 - Battle of Solferino: Kingdom of Sardinia and Napoleon III of France armies defeat Franz Josef I of Austria in northern Italy. Battle inspires Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross.

July - September

• July 1 - First intercollegiate baseball game is played, between Amherst and Williams Colleges.
• July 8 - Charles XV succeeds his father Oscar I King of Sweden and Norway (as Charles IV).
• July 8 - Armistice between Austria and others.
• July 11 - Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, faced with an expensive war against France and the Kingdom of Sardinia and potential revolution in Hungary, meets Napoleon III, who also worries at the costs of extending the war and fears the effects of Italian nationalism, at Villafranca. By the preliminary treaty signed there, hostilities cease. Lombardy is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep Venetia and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close.
• August 27 - Edwin Drake drills the first oil well in the United States, near Titusville, Pennsylvania.
• September 2 - Peak of the great auroral storm seen nearly worldwide in the northern hemisphere.
• September 17 - Joshua A. Norton proclaims himself "Emperor of These United States".

October - December

• October 6 - Thomas Austin takes 24 rabbits and 5 hares to Australia in order to release them there as a game. They will multiply exponentially.
• October 12 - Self-described "Emperor of the United States" Joshua A. Norton 'orders' the U.S. Congress to dissolve.
• October 15 - Joel Estes and his son Milton discover the area now known as Estes Park while on a hunting trip from Lyons. They later established a homestead and lived there until 1866.
• October 16 - John Brown raids the Harpers Ferry Armory in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.
• October 18 - Troops under Colonel Robert E. Lee overpower Brown at the Federal arsenal.
• October 26 - The steamship Royal Charter is wrecked on the coast of Anglesey, Wales with 454 dead.
• November 1 - The current Cape Lookout, North Carolina, lighthouse was lighted for the first time. Its first-order Fresnel lens can be seen for nineteen miles.
• November 10 - The Treaty of Zürich, reaffirming the terms of Villafranca, brings the Austro-Sardinian War to an official close.
• November 19 - Opera "Genevieve de Brabant", composed by Jacques Offenbach, debuts at the Theatre de Bouffes Parisians in Paris.
• 24 November - The French Navy's La Gloire ("Glory"), the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, is launched.
• November 24 - British naturalist Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, a book which argues that species gradually evolve through natural selection. (It immediately sold out its initial print run.)
• December 2 - Militant abolitionist leader John Brown is hanged for his October 16th raid on Harper's Ferry.

Undated

• Forty-Niners stream into the Rocky Mountains of the western United States during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush.
• Island of Timor is divided between Portugal and the Netherlands.
• Rincon de Los Esteros Land Grant confirmed to Rafael Alvisa, (part of the present Santa Clara County, California.
• Trinity College in Cambridge UK bans Origin of Species.
• Paraguay mediates a truce between Buenos Aires government and the Argentinean Confederation.
• Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope.
• Codex Sinaiticus found by Constantin von Tischendorf on his third visit to the monastery of Santa Katerina, on Mount Sinai.
• Bernhard Riemann formulates the Riemann hypothesis, one of the most important open problems of contemporary mathematics.
• Solar flares first observed on the Sun by English astronomer Richard Carrington.
• Brisbane declared the capital of newly-made-separate colony Queensland, Australia.
• University of Michigan Law School founded.

Ongoing events

• Second Opium War (1856-1860)
• Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)

Births

1859 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1859 MDCCCLIX
Ab urbe condita	2612
Armenian calendar	1308 ԹՎ ՌՅԸ
Assyrian calendar	6609
Baháʼí calendar	15–16
Balinese saka calendar	1780–1781
Bengali calendar	1265–1266
Berber calendar	2809
British Regnal year	22 Vict. 1 – 23 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2403
Burmese calendar	1221
Byzantine calendar	7367–7368
Chinese calendar	戊午年 (Earth Horse) 4556 or 4349     — to — 己未年 (Earth Goat) 4557 or 4350
Coptic calendar	1575–1576
Discordian calendar	3025
Ethiopian calendar	1851–1852
Hebrew calendar	5619–5620
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1915–1916
- Shaka Samvat	1780–1781
- Kali Yuga	4959–4960
Holocene calendar	11859
Igbo calendar	859–860
Iranian calendar	1237–1238
Islamic calendar	1275–1276
Japanese calendar	Ansei 6 (安政６年)
Javanese calendar	1787–1788
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4192
Minguo calendar	53 before ROC 民前53年
Nanakshahi calendar	391
Thai solar calendar	2401–2402
Tibetan calendar	阳土马年 (male Earth-Horse) 1985 or 1604 or 832     — to — 阴土羊年 (female Earth-Goat) 1986 or 1605 or 833

January - June

• January 11 - Lord George Nathaniel Curzon, British statesman and Viceroy of India (d. 1925)
• January 27 - Wilhelm II of Germany, last Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia (d. 1941)
• February 1 - Victor Herbert, Irish-born composer (d. 1924)
• February 1 - Jeff "the bulldog" Roth, famous bank robber (d. 1883)
• February 3 - Hugo Junkers, German industrialist and aircraft designer (d. 1935)
• February 6 - Elias Disney, American farmer and father of Walt Disney (d. 1941)
• February 14 - Henry Valentine Knaggs, English physician and author (d. 1954)
• February 16 - George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., inventor of the Ferris wheel (d. 1896)
• February 19 - Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1927)
• February 28 - Florian Cajori, Swiss historian of mathematics (d. 1930)
• March 2 - Sholom Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish novelist (d. 1916)
• March 4 - Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Russian physicist (d. 1905)
• March 8 - Kenneth Grahame, English author (d. 1932)
• March 12 - Abraham H. Cannon, American Morman apostle (d. 1896)
• March 26 - Alfred Edward Housman, English poet (d. 1936)
• April 8 - Edmund Husserl, Austrian philosopher (d. 1938)
• May 15 - Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1906)
• May 22 - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Scottish writer (d. 1930)

July - December

• July 6 - Verner von Heidenstam, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
• August 4 - Knut Hamsun, Norwegian author, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1952)
• October 9 - Alfred Dreyfus, French military officer (d. 1935)
• October 18 - Henri Bergson, French philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1941)
• October 21 - Francesc Macià, President of the Catalan Generalitat (d. 1933)
• November 14 - Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier and politician (d. 1938)
• November 19 - Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Russian composer (d. 1935)
• November 23 - Henry McCarty, Outlaw (d. July 14, 1881)
• December 2 - Georges Seurat, French painter (d. 1891)
• December 15 - L. L. Zamenhof, Russo-Polish initiator of Esperanto (d. 1917)
• December 17 - Paul César Helleu, French artist (d. 1927)

Unknown dates

• William Bliss Baker, American painter (d. 1886)
• Gaston Moch, Secretary of the Esperantist Centra Oficejo and a member of the Lingva Komitato

Deaths

January - June

• January 28 - Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1782)
• February 13 - Eliza Acton, English cookery writer (b. 1799)
• February 27 - Philip Barton Key, U.S. District Attorney (b. 1818)
• April 16 - Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian (b. 1805)
• May 6 - Alexander von Humboldt, German naturalist and geographer (b. 1769)
• June 11 - Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, Austrian diplomat (b. 1773)
• June 23 - Maria Pavlovna of Russia, Grand duchess of Saxe-Weimar Eisenach (b. 1786)

July - December

• July 8 - Oscar I, King of Sweden and Norway (b. 1799)
• August 2 - Horace Mann, American educator and abolitionist (b. 1796)
• September 15 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel, British engineer (b. 1806)
• October 4 - Karl Baedeker, German author and publisher (b. 1801)
• October 22 - Louis Spohr, German violinist and composer (b. 1784)
• November 28 - Washington Irving, American author (b. 1783)
• December 2 - John Brown, American abolitionist (hanged) (b. 1800)
• December 8 - Thomas de Quincey, English writer (b. 1785)
• December 16 - Wilhelm Grimm, German writer (b. 1786)

Unknown dates

• Abderrahmane, Sultan of Morocco (b. 1778)

See also Category: 1859 deaths.