Deimos (moon)
 An image of Deimos taken by the Viking 1 orbiter. | |
| Discovery | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Asaph Hall |
| Discovery date | August 12 1877 |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| 23,460 km | |
| Eccentricity | 0.0002 |
| 1.26244 d | |
Average orbital speed | 1.35 km/s |
| Inclination | 0.93° (to Mars' equator) 1.793° (to the local Laplace plane) 27.58° (to the ecliptic) |
| Satellite of | Mars |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 15.0 × 12 × 10.4 km |
| 6.3 km | |
| Mass | 2.244×1015 kg (3.756×10−10 Earths) |
Mean density | 2.2 g/cm³ |
| 0.0039 m/s² (3.9 mm/s²) 0.00040 g (400 µg) | |
| 0.0069 km/s (6.9 m/s) | |
| synchronous | |
| Albedo | 0.07 |
| Temperature | ≈233 K |
Deimos (IPA /ˈdaɪməs/ or /ˈdiːməs/; Greek Δείμος: "Dread"), is the smaller and outermost of Mars’ two moons (the other being Phobos). It is named after Deimos from Greek Mythology. Its systematic designation is Mars II.
Discovery
Phobos and Deimos were both discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall, Sr.. The names, originally spelled Phobus and Deimus, respectively, were suggested by Henry Madan (1838–1901), Science Master of Eton, from Book XV of the Iliad, where Ares (the Roman god Mars) summons Dread (Deimos) and Fear (Phobos).[1]
Deimos was discovered on August 12, 1877 at about 07:48 UTC (given in contemporary sources as "August 11 14:40" Washington mean time using the old astronomical convention of beginning a day at noon, so 12 hours must be added to get the actual local mean time).[2][3][4][5]
Characteristics
Deimos is probably an asteroid that was perturbed by Jupiter into an orbit that allowed it to be captured by Mars, though this hypothesis is still in some dispute. Like most bodies of its size, Deimos is highly nonspherical with dimensions of 15×12×10 km.
Deimos is composed of rock rich in carbonaceous material, much like C-type asteroids and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. It is cratered, but the surface is noticeably smoother than that of Phobos, caused by the partial filling of craters with regolith. The two largest craters, Swift and Voltaire, each measure about 3 kilometres across (they were given these names for both writers had supposed the existence of two moons around Mars well before the real moons were discovered, Swift in Gulliver's Travels (1726), Voltaire in Micromégas (1752)).
Deimos' and Martian skies
As seen from Deimos, Mars would be 1000 times larger and 400 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth, taking up a full 1/11 of the width of a celestial hemisphere.
As seen from Mars, Deimos has an angular diameter of no more than 2.5' and would therefore appear star-like to the naked eye.[6] At its brightest ("full moon") it would be about as bright as Venus is from Earth; at the first or third quarter phase it would be about as bright as Vega. When Deimos passes in front of the Sun its angular diameter is only about 2.5 times the angular diameter for Venus during a transit of Venus from Earth. With a small telescope, a Martian observer could see Deimos' phases, which take 1.2648 days to run their course (Deimos' synodic period).
Unlike Phobos, which orbits so fast that it actually rises in the west and sets in the east, Deimos rises in the east and sets in the west. However, the Sun-synodic orbital period of Deimos of about 30.4 hours exceeds the Martian solar day ("sol") of about 24.7 hours by such a small amount that it takes 2.7 days between rising and setting for an equatorial observer.
Because Deimos' orbit is relatively close to Mars and has only a very small inclination to Mars' equator, it cannot be seen from Martian latitudes greater than 82.7°.
References
- ^ Hall, A.; Names of the Satellites of Mars, Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 92, No. 2187 (March 14, 1878, signed February 7, 1878), p. 47/48
- ^ Hall, A.; Observations of the Satellites of Mars, Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 91, No. 2161 (October 17, 1877, signed September 21 ,1877) pp. 11/12–13/14
- ^ Morley, T. A.; A Catalogue of Ground-Based Astrometric Observations of the Martian Satellites, 1877-1982, Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series (ISSN 0365-0138), Vol. 77, No. 2 (February 1989), pp. 209–226 (Table II, p. 220: first observation of Deimos on 1877-08-12.32526)
- ^ Notes: The Satellites of Mars, The Observatory, Vol. 1, No. 6 (September 20, 1877), pp. 181–185
- ^ The Discovery of the Satellites of Mars, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 38, No. 4, (February 8, 1878), pp. 205–209
- ^ Richardson, R. S., If You Were on Mars, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets, Vol. 4, Leaflet No. 178 (December 1943), pp. 214–221
See also
- Phobos, the other moon of Mars
- List of features on Phobos and Deimos
- Transit of Deimos from Mars
- Phobos and Deimos in fiction
External links
Natural satellites of the Solar System | ||
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| Ranked by size | ||
