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Caribbean Community

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Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Flag of Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Flag
Map showing CARICOM members, associates and observers
Map showing CARICOM members, associates and observers
Seat of SecretariatGeorgetown, Guyana
Official languagesEnglish4
Membership
  15 full members1
  5 associate members2
  7 observers3
Leaders
Edwin W. Carrington
(since 1992)
 
Establishment
August 1, 1973
Website
http://www.caricom.org
  1. 14 independent states, 1 dependent territory.
  2. 5 dependent territories.
  3. 4 independent states, 3 dependent territories.
  4. Dutch, French and Haitian Creole also used unofficially.
  5. Used by OECS members.
Currencies
ISO 4217 codes in brackets:
Bahamian dollar (BSD) • Barbadian dollar (BBD) •
Belize dollar (BZD) • East Caribbean dollar (XCD)5 •
Guyanese dollar (GYD) • Haitian gourde (HTG) •
Jamaican dollar (JMD) • Surinamese dollar (SRD) •
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

The Caribbean Community (CARICOM), originally the Caribbean Community and Common Market, was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas[1] which came into effect on August 1, 1973. The first four signatories were Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.

CARICOM replaced the 1965–1972 Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA), which had been organized to provide a continued economic linkage between the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean following the dissolution of the West Indies Federation which lasted from January 3, 1958 to May 31, 1962.

A Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas[2] establishing the Caribbean Community including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) was signed by the Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community on July 5 2001 at their Twenty-Second Meeting of the Conference in Nassau, The Bahamas.

Overview

The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) has become unofficially multilingual in practice with the addition of Dutch-speaking Suriname on July 4 1995 and Haiti, where French and Haitian Creole are spoken, on July 2 2002.

In 2001, the heads of government signed a Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas thus clearing the way for the transformation of the Common Market aspect of CARICOM. Part of the revised treaty includes the establishment and implementation of the Caribbean Court of Justice.

Membership

Template:Life in the Caribbean Community Currently CARICOM has 15 full members:

There are five associate members:

There are seven observers:

From March 2004, Haiti's participation in CARICOM was suspended by its interim Prime Minister, Gerard Latortue in response to the visit of Jean-Bertrand Aristide (the ousted President) to Jamaica.[3] Haiti's membership had been effectively suspended though since February 29, 2004 as CARICOM refused to recognize the new interim government. In early June 2006, Haiti was readmitted as a full member of the CARICOM, and Haitian President René Préval gave the opening address at the organization's Council of Ministers meeting in July.

In July 1999, Anguilla once again became involved with CARICOM when it gained associate membership. Prior to this, Anguilla had briefly been a part of CARICOM (1974-1980) as a constituent of the full member state of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla.

In 2005 the Foreign Minister of the Dominican Republic had proposed seeking to obtain full membership status in CARICOM for his country (for the second time); however, due to the sheer size of the Dominican Republic's economy and population size in comparison with the current CARICOM states, and coupled with the Dominican Republic's checkered history of foreign policy solidarity with the CARICOM states it is unclear whether the CARICOM states will unanimously vote to admit the Dominican Republic as a full member into the organization. It has been proposed that CARICOM may deepen ties with the Dominican Republic through the auspice of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) instead, which is an organisation that stops just short of the proposed political integration which will underpin CARICOM at a later date. Currently, the Dominican Republic also has a free trade agreement (from 2001) with CARICOM and also cooperates with CARICOM (since 1992) under the umbrella organization, Cariforum, in economic negotiations with the EU.[4] The Dominican Republic originally became an Observer of CARICOM in 1982 and in 1991 it had presented CARICOM with a request for full membership.[5]

Also in 2005, the Netherlands Antilles made an official request for the status of associate membership.[6] It is not known how the future dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles will affect the current observer status or the requested associate membership status of the islands, such as Sint Maarten, in the future though Curaçao has announced [4], [5] it wants to continue deepening ties with the CARICOM bloc.

In 2007, the U.S. Virgin Islands government announced it would begin seeking ties with CARICOM.[7] It is not clear what membership status the USVI would obtain should they join CARICOM. It is possible the USVI would obtain observer status, considering fellow U.S. Caribbean territory Puerto Rico's current observer status.

Population and Economic Statistics of Full Members
Member Population[8] GDP (PPP) Millions USD[9] GDP Per Capita USD[10]
Haiti 8,706,497 14,560 1,800
Jamaica 2,780,132 12,710 4,600
Trinidad and Tobago 1,056,608 20,990 19,700
Guyana 769,095 3,620 4,700
Suriname 470,784 3,098 7,100
Bahamas 305,655 6,476 21,300
Belize 294,385 2,307 8,400
Barbados 280,946 5,108 18,200
Saint Lucia 170,649 886 4,800
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 118,149 342 3,600
Grenada 89,971 440 3,900
Dominica 72,386 384 3,800
Antigua and Barbuda 69,481 750 10,900
Saint Kitts and Nevis 39,349 339 8,200
Montserrat 9,538 29 3,400
Population and Economic Statistics of Associate Members
Member Population[8] GDP (PPP) Millions USD[9] GDP Per Capita USD[10]
Anguilla 13,677 109 8,800
Bermuda 66,163 4,500 69,900
British Virgin Islands 23,552 853 38,500
Cayman Islands 46,600 1,939 43,800
Turks and Caicos Islands 32,000 400 12,500
Population and Economic Statistics of Observers
Member Population[8] GDP (PPP) Millions USD[9] GDP Per Capita USD[10]
Aruba 100,018 2,258 21,800
Colombia 44,379,598 366,700 8,400
Dominican Republic 9,365,818 73,740 8,000
Mexico 108,700,891 1,134,000 10,600
Netherlands Antilles 223,652 2,800 16,000
Puerto Rico 3,944,259 74,890 19,100
Venezuela 26,023,528 176,400 6,900
See also: Trade bloc

Structure

After the revised Treaty of Chaguaramas, CARICOM reorganised itself into a state like Government structure made up of the following branches:

The Executive

Comprising of a rotating prime ministerial Chairmanship of CARICOM (Head of CARICOM), the CARICOM Secretary General (Chief Executive) and the CARICOM Headquarters secretariat (Chief Administrative Organ). There is also a quasi Cabinet of individual Heads of Government who are given specific responsibility or portfolios for overall regional development and integration.[11] The term of office of the Secretary-General is 5 years, which may be renewed.

The Legislative

The Community Council: The Council consists of Ministers responsible for Community Affairs and any other Minister designated by the Member States in their absolute discretion. It is one of the principal organs (the other being the Conference of the Heads of Government) and is supported by four other organs and three bodies.

Supporting Organs

  • The Council for Finance and Planning (COFAP)
  • The Council for Trade and Economic Development (COTED)
  • The Council for Foreign and Community Relations (COFCOR)
  • The Council for Human and Social Development (COHSOD)

Supporting Bodies

  • The Legal Affairs Committee: provides legal advice to the organs and bodies of the Community (related: CARICOMLaw)
  • The Budget Committee: examines the draft budget and work programme of the Secretariat and submits recommendations to the Community Council; and,
  • The Committee of Central Bank Governors: provides recommendations to the COFAP on monetary and financial matters

The Judiciary

Main article: Caribbean Court of Justice

The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) will act as the original jurisdiction for settlement of disputes on the functioning of the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy (CSME), as well as serving as an appellate court of last resort for member states which have severed their country's ties with the Privy Council in London, United Kingdom. The CCJ is based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. Many member states however, continue to utilize the Privy Council as their final appellate court and three member states do not use the CCJ for either its original jurisdiction or its appellate jurisdiction because they have either not signed the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (the Bahamas and Haiti) or are awaiting instruments of entrustment in order to ratify the Revised Treaty (Montserrat).

Caribbean Community organs and bodies

Structures that comprise the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

  • Standing Committee of Ministers - Ministerial responsibilities for specific areas, for example the Standing Committee of Ministers responsible for Health will consist of Ministers of Health from each member state

Secretariat

The Secretariat is located in Georgetown, Guyana.

The goal statement of the CARICOM Secretariat is:"To provide dynamic leadership and service, in partnership with Community institutions and Groups, toward the attainment of a viable, internationally competitive and sustainable Community, with improved quality of life for all."

Caribbean Community Institutions

Associate Institutions

Secondary organs

Other bodies

CARICOM projects

CARICOM Single Market and Economy

Main article: CARICOM Single Market and Economy
  CARICOM members part of CSM
  CARICOM members not part of CSM
  CARICOM associate members

Three countries: Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago had originally set January 5 2005 as the date of signing the agreement relating to the (CSME), the ceremony had then been rescheduled to coincide with the February 19, 2005 inauguration of the new CARICOM-headquarters building in Georgetown, Guyana. But this was later postponed after a ruling by the London Privy council caused alarm to several Caribbean countries.

The prospect was that ten of the remaining twelve CARICOM countries would join the CSME by the end of 2005. The Bahamas and Haiti were not expected to be a part of the new economic arrangement at that time. The CARICOM Secretariat maintains frequent contact with another organisation named the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), which represents seven Full members and two Associate members of CARICOM in the Eastern Caribbean. Many of the OECS countries are seeking to maintain themselves as a micro-economic grouping within CARICOM.

The CARICOM Single Market and Economy treaty finally went into effect on 1 January 2006 with Barbados, Belize, Jamaica, Guyana, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago as the first full members. On 3 July 2006 the total membership was brought up to twelve when Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and St. Vincent and the Grenadines became full members. The British overseas territory of Montserrat is seeking permission from the United Kingdom to become a part of the single market; Haiti will not join the market initially because of its difficult internal political situation; and the Bahamas will not join because of local opposition to a provision that allows skilled workers to move more easily among nations.

The CARICOM Common Passport

On Friday, January 7, 2005, the Republic of Suriname became the first full member state to officially launch the new bloc "CARICOM Passport". The new passports boast having better security and are also machine-readable. The full member states of the Caribbean Community had agreed to establish a common passport in order to make intra-regional and international travel easier for their citizens. The passports are also thought to save additional costs for member states by using a similar cover design, the designs will also follow newly updated international standards on Passport design.

The second state that released the national CARICOM passport was Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: SVG began issuing the new CARICOM passports around April 2005. On 25 October 2005, St. Kitts and Nevis became the third CARICOM member state to bring the CARICOM passport into operation, making good on its promise to launch it before the end of the year and began Issuance of the document to its citizens on 14 November 2005.[12]

Antigua and Barbuda had announced that it would begin using the new CARICOM passport format by the middle of 2005.

St. Lucia has also proposed introducing the common passport in early 2007 [13] and actually introduced it on January 16, 2007.[14]

Trinidad and Tobago had announced that it would begin to issue the new CARICOM passport in June 2006, and then indicated that it would introduce the passport in July 2006 along with Guyana,[15] but only finally introduced the passport on January 24, 2007.[14]

Grenada planned to begin issuing the common passport in mid-2006,[13] but started issuing them on January 29, 2007.[14]

Barbados had planned to switch to the common format by late 2006,[13] but then proposed to introduce it by December 31, 2007.[16] Barbados launched the the new common-format passport on October 1, 2007.[17]


  Members with common passport implemented
  Members without common passport
  Associate members

Currently (as of late 2007) nine Member States have introduced CARICOM passports. These states are Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago.[15] [14] [17]

The CARICOM passport creates awareness that CARICOM nationals are nationals of the Community, as well as a specific country.

The expectation is that all the member states will have introduced the CARICOM passport by 2008 when the stock of their old passports is depleted.

Belize is to introduce the passport after its current stock is depleted, but ultimately by December 31, 2007.[16]

Jamaica was expected to institute the passport by January 2007, having recently upgraded its passport to a machine-readable state[13], but this deadline lapsed; however, Jamaica is now expected to begin issuing the passport before the end of 2007.[18]

The Co-operative Republic of Guyana had also announced that it would begin to use the new CARICOM passport format by the middle of 2005, but the introduction was delayed and the new target date is July 2006.[15] Guyana officially launched the passport on 13 July 2007.[19]

The Bahamas has not launched the machine-readable passport, and intends to launch the e-passport in October 2007.

Passport designs

The three colours of the new passports are:

In the case of Suriname, the Passport is adorned with the national symbols for the Republic of Suriname, as well as the CARICOM insignia on its cover. President of the Republic of Suriname Ronald Venetiaan received the first of these new CARICOM passports.

Antigua and Barbuda's design is to feature the country's Coat of Arms and country name as well as the CARICOM logo.

The passports for Suriname were created by the Canadian Banknote Company Ltd. (CBN) Under a five-year programme with a price tag of US$1.5 million. It is believed other member states of CARICOM will now soon follow with the introduction of their own branded version of the national 'CARICOM' Passport.

CARICOM Visa and the Single Domestic Space

During the July 2006 CARICOM Summit, the various leaders reached an agreement on measures to ensure hassle-free movement for visitors to the 2007 Cricket World Cup, as well intelligence sharing and cooperation for the security of the event.[20] People were originally to be able to travel amongst the nine host countries and Dominica between January 15, 2007 and May 15, 2007 using a single CARICOM visa.[21] However, during a meeting in Trinidad and Tobago on December 29, 2006, the Heads of Government decided to push back the creation of the Single Domestic Space to February 1, 2007 in response to representation from tourism ministers and others involved in the tourism industry.[22]A single CARICOM visa had been considered for the Cricket World Cup as far back as March 2005.[23] The (CARICOM) visas were originally to have been issued from August 15, 2006[24], but that deadline was pushed back to early November 2006[25] however, that deadline also lapsed. Finally it was announced on December 4, 2006 that the visas were ready and the application process began on December 15, 2006.[26] The visas were issued by three CARICOM states (Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago[25]) outside of the region on the behalf of the 10 countries.[27] Jamaica issued the Common CARICOM Visa at its consulates in Miami, New York and Toronto. Trinidad and Tobago issued the visas at its embassy in New Delhi, India and made special arrangements to open up a facility in Sydney, Australia, attached to its honorary consulate there. Barbados issued the visas at its High Commission in London for a number of countries.[27] These international venues were ready to accept applications by December 15, 2006. Additionally, those in need of visas who were already in CARICOM states could apply directly to the special visa sites there.[26] For countries that have no Caribbean representatives, the CARICOM visa would originally have been issued by the UK,[24] but this was no longer the case[28] and instead the application form were made available for those unable to download it.[29] In addition to the six issuing sites, remote sites had been set up to facilitate persons requiring the visa. These sites were located in Geneva (Jamaican permanent mission to the office of specialized agencies of the UN), Berlin (Jamaican embassy), Brussels (Barbadian embassy), Beijing (Jamaican embassy) and Caracas (Trinidadian embassy).[30] In late January, the Pakistan Cricket Board began lobbying for a satellite visa office to be setup in Pakistan for fans there who were having trouble obtaining the visa from the New Delhi site.[31] The visa cost US$100[27] and it was expected that most visas would be issued between two to three weeks after application. Applicants first had to satisfy security requirements and other local immigration criteria before being granted the visa, which would only be valid from February 1 to May 15 in 2007.[26] The common CARICOM visa was originally supposed be applicable to the nationals of 46 countries[32], but was finally made applicable to all nationalities with the following exceptions: citizens of Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa, Spain, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and all of the dependent territories, associated states and departments of those countries do not require the visa.[27] [33] Citizens of CARICOM member states (excepting Haiti), associate member states or persons who were in the region and enjoying status as residents, or were on visitors visas, work permits, and student visas were also not be required to obtain the visa[33] [34] By January, the Heads of Government also moved to waive the visa fees for children under age of 12, thus easing the cost for families. [22] Non-accredited diplomats or persons travelling on diplomatic or official passports; cricket teams, officials, media and sponsors and their spouses and children; Cuban nationals and seamen and airline crew entering to join vessels/aircraft were also exempted from payment (but not necessarily from the visa requirement).[30]

Cruise ship passengers not staying more than 24 hours at any of the 10 Caribbean countries were issued with a CARICOM day pass. However, those who were staying on cruise ships, dubbed “floating hotels” for the duration of the games, were required to obtain a visa unless their countries fell within those that are exempted.[33] Visa abolition agreements between some of the ten Caribbean states concerned and countries whose citizens were then required to obtain CARICOM visas during the Cricket World Cup provided for the suspension of the visa-free policy in such cases.[33]

During the 31/2 month period from February to May, the ten Caribbean countries became a “single domestic space”[32] in which travellers only had their passport stamped and had to submit completed entry and departure forms at the first port and country of entry. The entry and departure forms were also standardised for all ten countries.[24] When continuing travel throughout the Single Domestic Space, persons (including those using the common visa) were not required to have their documents processed to clear customs and immigration and did not need to have their passports stamped, but still needed to travel with them.[20] Once passengers arrived at the Immigration Department Desk at the first port of entry, they were provided with a blue CARICOM wristband that identified them for hassle free movement through the single domestic space.[35][36][37]

By February 1, 2007 officials in Barbados announced that of 6 000+ CARICOM visas applied for thus far, about 5 000 had already been processed. The Barbados government went on with the announcement saying that that the rest of the CARICOM visas would be processed soon.[6] By March 5, 2007, shortly before the start of the Cricket World Cup, over 20,000 CARICOM visas had been issued[38] and by the end of April, at the end of the Cricket World Cup, over 42,000 visas had been issued, with only 1,540 applications being denied, primarily for reasons of human trafficking.[39] When the single domestic space came to an end on May 15, 2007 nearly 45,000 visas had been issued.[40]

In February 2007 the CARICOM Heads of Government agreed to set up a Task Force to recommend a revised CARICOM Special Visa for the future, making any changes necessary from the experiences of the 3 month Single Domestic Space. This Task Force had its first meeting on 25 May in Trinidad and Tobago and reported to the July 2007 Meeting of CARICOM Heads of Government in Barbados. In addition, a paper will also be presented on the issue of how best to establish a rationalised Single Domestic Space to facilitate hassle-free travel within the region on a permanent basis.[40][41]

CARICOM Travel Card

At the 28th CARICOM Heads of Government Conference [42] in Barbados it was agreed to implement a CARICOM travel card that will be issued to every CARICOM national except those on the Community’s watch list. An implementation plan for the document will be put together and submitted to the Heads at the next inter-sessional meeting to be held in September. The card will virtually maintain the ‘single domestic space’ and holders will not need a passport, during inter-community travel.[43] The card will also allow a CARICOM national an automatic six-month stay in any territory within the bloc.[44] It is not expected to affect the security of the member countries, as any holder will be deported if he or she breaks the law.[43] Similar to the "Pass Cards" available in other parts of the world, [45] the new card would be the size of a credit card and will feature facial and fingerprinting biometrics – so upon arrival at an airport, travellers can swipe the card in the machine which will open the barrier allowing them to walk through.[43][44][45] In addition to being available to all CARICOM national, the card would be available to expatriates who have legal status in a member country. Their card would be time-bound in a way that is linked exclusively to the time of their legal status.[44][45] The cost of acquiring the card is to yet be determined, but the country leaders have agreed that the proceeds would go towards offsetting the cost of enhanced security at the ports.[44]

Future proposals

Free trade

From around the year 2000, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) states have placed a new focus and emphasis on establishing Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with local and international trading partners. This is practically done in collaboration with the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM).

Preferential agreements
Free Trade Agreements
Proposed
  • CARICOM - Canada: To be negotiated, after Canada finishes their CAFTA agreement.
  • CARICOM/CARIFORUM - European Union: On-going negotiation on the EPA ("Economic Partnership Agreement") [7]
  • CARICOM - Mercosur: Opened for discussions in May 2005

Note that the on-going negotiations with the EU over an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) involves all the CARICOM Member States (except Montserrat, which is not independent) plus the Dominican Republic grouped under the Caribbean Forum or CARIFORUM sub-grouping of the ACP countries. At the end of these negotiations (begun in 2002 and due to end in 2007) there will be a new Free Trade Agreement that will replace the Lomé system of preferential access to the European market for the ACP from 2008.[46]

Petrocaribe

13 of the 15 CARICOM countries have signed in 2005 the Petrocaribe, an oil alliance with Venezuela which permits them to purchase oil on conditions of preferential payment.

Comparison with other regional blocs

Note: It must be noted that The European Union (EU) is not simply a regional bloc in the common sense. The EU is a Union of sovereign States with the deepest connections in the political, economical and executive fields. Thus, it is a far more integrated bloc than any other regional bloc or cooperative association of sovereign States in the world.

Template:Most active regional blocs

See also

References

  1. ^ Original Treaty of Chaguaramas
  2. ^ Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas
  3. ^ Haiti suspends ties with CARICOM
  4. ^ Template:PDFlink
  5. ^ Dominican Republic in CARICOM?
  6. ^ Netherlands Antilles policy towards the Caribbean is one of committed neighbour
  7. ^ USVI, BVI leaders discuss areas of mutual interest
  8. ^ a b c CIA World Factbook: Population rankings: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html
  9. ^ a b c CIA World Factbook: GDP rankings: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html
  10. ^ a b c CIA World Factbook: GDP Per Capita rankings: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html
  11. ^ Regoinal Portfolios of CARICOM Heads of Government
  12. ^ St. Kitts and Nevis launches CARICOM passport
  13. ^ a b c d Template:PDFlink
  14. ^ a b c d [1]
  15. ^ a b c Lesser Known Facts about the CSM
  16. ^ a b Template:PDFlink
  17. ^ a b The Nation Newspaper - New Caricom passport
  18. ^ [2]
  19. ^ [3]
  20. ^ a b Freedom of Movement during Cricket World Cup
  21. ^ CARICOM’s historic steps towards integration
  22. ^ a b Visa fee ease for families
  23. ^ Will we lose the Cricket World Cup?.
  24. ^ a b c Mega-security plan for Cricket World Cup ‘07
  25. ^ a b Caricom visa soon CBC.bb - click video link
  26. ^ a b c CARICOM visa ready
  27. ^ a b c d Region could begin issuing CARICOM visas in December (scroll down to "November 16, 2006" archive)
  28. ^ News UKvisas
  29. ^ Caricom IMPACS Instruction Sheet for Visa Application Form
  30. ^ a b CARICOM SPECIAL VISA FACTS
  31. ^ Pakistan wants visa problems sorted out for World Cup pakistan seeks satellite visa office reuters
  32. ^ a b Hassle-free movement for CWC 2007 travellers.
  33. ^ a b c d Common CARICOM visa policy for CWC 2007
  34. ^ Haiti not exempt from visa for Cricket World Cup 2007
  35. ^ Offshore 2 Offshore :: CARICOM Countries Launch `Single Domestic Space`
  36. ^ CARICOM Single Domestic Space comes into effect
  37. ^ TravelPod:Gros Inlet and Soufriere, Saint Lucia (has a picture of the wristband)
  38. ^ 20,000 CARICOM Visas Issued Ahead of Cricket World Cup
  39. ^ 42,000 VISAS ISSUED BY END OF APRIL
  40. ^ a b CARICOM visa and single domestic space effective border security tools
  41. ^ Task Force to recommend future course for CARICOM Visa
  42. ^ Communiqué 28th Heads of Government Conference Meeting
  43. ^ a b c Caribbean Net News: Regional Heads agree to implement CARICOM travel card
  44. ^ a b c d Jamaica Gleaner News - New electronic card for Caribbean travel - Friday | July 6, 2007
  45. ^ a b c The Nation Newspaper | Travel swipe cards coming soon
  46. ^ Economic Partnership Agreements

History
Members
Associate members
Observers
Institutions
Related organizations
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